Mu'tazilism - Knowledge

2293:. To them, it is the human intellect that guides a human to know God, his attributes, and the very basics of morality. Once this foundational knowledge is attained and one ascertains the truth of Islam and the Divine origins of the Qur'an, the intellect then interacts with scripture such that both reason and revelation come together to be the main source of guidance and knowledge for Muslims. Harun Nasution in the Mu'tazila and Rational Philosophy, translated in Martin (1997), commented on Mu'tazili extensive use of rationality in the development of their religious views saying: "It is not surprising that opponents of the Mu'tazila often charge the Mu'tazila with the view that humanity does not need revelation, that everything can be known through reason, that there is a conflict between reason and revelation, that they cling to reason and put revelation aside, and even that the Mu'tazila do not believe in revelation. But is it true that the Mu'tazila are of the opinion that everything can be known through reason and therefore that revelation is unnecessary? The writings of the Mu'tazila give exactly the opposite portrait. In their opinion, human reason is not sufficiently powerful to know everything and for this reason humans need revelation in order to reach conclusions concerning what is good and what is bad for them." 2448:

they should be rejected: they relied on both faulty human memory and bias, neither of which could be trusted to transmit what is true. Al-Naẓẓām bolstered his strong refutation of the trustworthiness of ḥadīths narrated by Abu Hurayra within the larger claim that his ḥadīths circulated and thrived to support polemical causes of various theological sects and jurists, and that no single transmitter could by himself be held above suspicion of altering the content of a single report. Al-Naẓẓām's skepticism involved far more than excluding the possible verification of a report narrated by Abu Hurayra, be it single or mutawātir. His stance also excluded the trustworthiness of consensus, which proved pivotal to classical Mu'tazilite criteria devised for verifying the single report (see below). Indeed, his shunning of both consensus and tawātur as narrated by Abu Hurayra earned him a special mention for the depth and extent of his skepticism.

2444:(700–748 CE, by many accounts a founder of the Mu'tazilite school of thought), held that there was evidence for the veracity of a report when it had four independent transmitters. His assumption was that there could be no agreement between all transmitters in fabricating a report. Wāṣil's acceptance of tawātur seems to have been inspired by the juridical notion of witnesses as proof that an event did indeed take place. Hence, the existence of a certain number of witnesses precluded the possibility that they were able to agree on a lie, as opposed to the single report which was witnessed by one person only, its very name meaning the "report of one individual" (khabar al-wāḥid). Abū l-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf (died 227/841) continued this verification of reports through tawātur, but proposed that the number of witnesses required for veracity be twenty, with the additional requirement that at least one of the transmitters be a believer. 2323:), 'Abd al-Jabbar replied: Because he knows the immorality of all unethical acts and that he is self-sufficient without them...For one of us who knows the immorality of injustice and lying, if he knows that he is self-sufficient without them and has no need of them, it would be impossible for him to choose them, insofar as he knows of their immorality and his sufficiency without them. Therefore, if God is sufficient without need of any unethical thing it necessarily follows that he would not choose the unethical based on his knowledge of its immorality. Thus every immoral thing that happens in the world must be a human act, for God transcends doing immoral acts. Indeed, God has distanced himself from that with his saying: "But Allah wills no injustice to his servants" (Qur'an 40:31), and his saying: "Verily Allah will not deal unjustly with humankind in anything" ( 2213:, in the sense of moving away from the literal meaning, is not justified. If a contradiction results from adopting the literal meaning, such as a literal understanding of the "hand" of God that contravenes his transcendence and the Qur'anic mention of his categorical difference from all other things, then an interpretation is warranted. In the above quote, Justice 'Abd al-Jabbar emphatically mentioned that if there are two possible interpretations, both capable of resolving the apparent contradiction created by literal understanding of a verse, then the interpretation closer to the literal meaning should take precedence, for the relationship between the interpretations, close and distant, becomes the same as the literal understanding and the interpretation. 1915:

him. And you know that he sees visible things, and perceives perceptibles, and that he does not have need of sense organs. And you know that he is eternally past and in future sufficient and it is not possible for him to be in need. And you know that he is not like physical bodies, and that it is not possible for him to get up or down, move about, change, be composite, have a form, limbs and body members. And you know that he is not like the accidents of motion, rest, color, food or smells. And you know that he is One throughout eternity and there is no second beside him, and that everything other than he is contingent, made, dependent, structured, and governed by someone/thing else. Thus, if you know all of that you know the oneness of God.

2189:(When a text cannot be interpreted according to its truth and apparent meaning, and when (in this case) two metaphoric interpretations are possible, one being proximal and the other being distal; then, in this case, we are obligated to interpret the text according to the proximal metaphoric interpretation and not the distal, for (the relationship between) the distal to the proximal is like unto (the relationship between) the metaphor to the truth, and in the same way that it is not permissible, when dealing with the word of God, to prefer a metaphoric interpretation when a discernment of the truth is possible, it is also not permissible to prefer the distal interpretation over the proximal interpretation) 2101:(i.e. rejecter; non-believer), for this entails, inter alia, denying the Creator—something not necessarily done by a committer of a grave sin. The fate of those who commit grave sins and die without repentance is Hell. Hell is not considered a monolithic state of affairs but as encompassing many degrees to accommodate the wide spectrum of human works and choices, and the lack of comprehension associated to The Ultimate Judge (one of the other names in Islam of God.) Consequently, those in the intermediate position, though in Hell, would have a lesser punishment because of their belief and other good deeds. Mu'tazilites adopted this position as a middle ground between 2271: 2222:

something exists rather than nothing. If one realises that there is a being who caused this universe to exist, not reliant on anything else and absolutely free from any type of need, then one realizes that this being is all-wise and morally perfect. If this being is all-wise, then his very act of creation cannot be haphazard or in vain. One must then be motivated to ascertain what this being wants from humans, for one may harm oneself by simply ignoring the whole mystery of existence and, consequently, the plan of the Creator. This paradigm is known in

12027: 10514: 3449: 1267: 54: 12016: 2138:, Mu'tazilites give them a specific interpretation in the sense that, even though God enjoins what is right and prohibits what is wrong, the use of reason allows a Muslim in most cases to identify for himself what is right and what is wrong, even without the help of revelation. Only for some acts is the revelation necessary to determine whether a certain act is right or wrong. This is discussed in further details 1802: 589: 1933:: "God does not order/give the soul of any of his creation, that which is beyond its capacity." This entailed the existence of an "act of god" to serve a greater good, or the existence of evil acts to prevent a far greater evil. In conclusion, it comprised life is an ultimate "fair test" of coherent and rational choices, having a supremely just accountability in one's current state, as well as the hereafter. 2010:) for it, nor does he impose upon a human what he is unable to do, but he only gives to the unbeliever to choose unbelief on his own part, not on the part of God. And you know that God does not will, desire or want disobedience. Rather, he loathes and despises it and only wills obedience, which he wants and chooses and loves. And you know that he does not punish the children of polytheists ( 3433: 2033:) so that we could avoid it. So, whoever perishes does so only after all this has been made clear. And you know that every benefit we have is from God; as he has said: "And you have no good thing that is not from Allah" (Qur'an 16:53); it either comes to us from him or from elsewhere. Thus, when you know all of this you become knowledgeable about justice from God. 1006:, the basics of Islam were their starting point and ultimate reference. The accusations leveled against them by rival schools of theology that they gave absolute authority to extra-Islamic paradigms reflect more the fierce polemics between various schools of theology than any objective reality. For instance, most Mu'tazilis adopted the doctrine of creation 3366:

adversaries, were for that reason called muʿtazila. He even drew the conclusion that the theological Mu'tazilism of Wasil and his successors was merely a continuation of this initial political Mu'tazilism; in reality, there does not seem to have been the least connection between one and the other. But, in its principle, this explanation is probably valid."

2117:) and not a believer, nor is his case the same that of believers with respect to praise and attributing greatness, since he is to be cursed and disregarded. Nonetheless, he is not an unbeliever who cannot be buried in our Muslim cemetery, or be prayed for, or marry a Muslim. Rather, he has an intermediate position, in contrast to the Seceders ( 1951:

deprived and trivialized. The inequalities in human fortunes and the calamities that befell them are, thus, an integral part of the test of life. Everyone is being tested. The powerful, the rich, and the healthy are required to use all their powers and privileges to help those who suffer and to alleviate their suffering. In the

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Wasil's time on the crucial issue with which the Muʿtazilah and their adversaries grappled.... good and evil are not conventional or arbitrary concepts whose validity is rooted in the dictates of God, as the Traditionists and later the Ashʿarites held, but are rational categories which can be established through unaided reason

2069:) to those who follow. His warning is looked at as a conscious decision by a human submitting themselves, and choosing a varying principle which he had given a clear warning to. He will not go back on his word, nor can he act contrary to his promise and warning, nor lie in what he reports, in contrast to what the Postponers ( 3132: 1929:

punishment would have been meaningless, as man performed the will of God no matter what he did. Mu'tazilis did not deny the existence of suffering that goes beyond human abuse and misuse of their free will granted to them by God. In order to explain this type of "apparent" evil, Mu'tazilis relied on the Islamic doctrine of

2480:. The "majority of the Mu'tazila rejected categorically" the idea that God had already created the Garden and the Fire on the grounds that "the physical universe does not allow for their existence yet". They also argued that because the Qur'an described everything in the universe except God being destroyed (the great 2186:إن الكلام متى لم يمكن حمله على ظاهره و حقيقته، و هناك مجازان أحدهما أقرب و الآخر أبعد، فإن الواجب حمله على المجاز الأقرب دون الأبعد، لأن المجاز الأبعد من الأقرب كالمجاز مع الحقيقة، و كما لا يجوز فى خطاب الله تعالى أن يحمل على المجاز مع إمكان حمله على الحقيقة، فكذلك لا يحمل على المجاز الأبعد و هناك ما هو أقرب منه 2097:). The reason behind this is that a mu’min is, by definition, a person who has faith and conviction in and about God, and who has their faith reflected in their deeds and moral choices. Any shortcoming on any of these two fronts makes one, by definition, not a mu’min. On the other hand, one does not become a 1192:(847–861), "who sought to reestablish the traditional Muslim's faith" (he intentionally wanted to restore his legitimacy due to the backlash towards Ahmad ibn Hanbal's persecution under previous Caliphs), Mu'tazilite doctrine was repudiated and Mu'tazilite professors were persecuted in the Abbasid Caliphate; 2025:) and that he only causes sickness and illness in order to turn them to advantage. Whoever says otherwise has allowed that God is iniquitous and has imputed insolence to him. And you know that, for their sakes, he does the best for all of his creatures, upon whom he imposes moral and religious obligations ( 2221:

Mu'tazilis believed that the first obligation on humans, specifically adults in full possession of their mental faculties, is to use their intellectual power to ascertain the existence of God, and to become knowledgeable of his attributes. One must wonder about the whole existence, that is, about why

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of the past and present and that ignorance is not possible for him. And you know that he knows everything that was, everything that is, and how things that are not would be if they were. And you know that he is eternally in the past and future living, and that calamities and pain are not possible for

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the knowledge that God, being unique, has attributes that no creature shares with him. This is explained by the fact that you know that the world has a creator who created it and that: he existed eternally in the past and he cannot perish while we exist after being non-existent and we can perish. And

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For Ibrahim an-Nazzam (c. 775 – c. 845), both the single and the mutawātir hadith reports as narrated by Abu Hurayra, the most prolific hadith narrater, could not be trusted to yield knowledge. He recounted contradictory ḥadīth from Abu Hurayra and examined their divergent content (matn) to show why

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In the above formulation, a problem emerged, which is rendering something obligatory on the Divine being—something that seems to directly conflict with Divine omnipotence. The Mu'tazili argument is predicated on absolute Divine power and self-sufficiency, however. Replying to a hypothetical question

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asked about the legal state of a sinner: is a person who has committed a serious sin a believer or an unbeliever? Hasan answered the person remains a Muslim. Wasil dissented, suggesting that a sinner was neither a believer nor an unbeliever and withdrew from the study circle. Others followed to form

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in Arabic) are created with an innate need in their essence to submit themselves to something. Also, it is seen as an innate need of all humans to pursue an inner peace and contentment within the struggles of an imperfect world. Knowledge of God, truth, and choices, in relation to one's innate need

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reflected in their moral choices, deeds, and relationship with God, fellow humans, and all of the creation in this world. If everyone is healthy and wealthy, then there will be no meaning for the obligations imposed on humans to, for example, be generous, help the needy, and have compassion for the

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Mu'tazilite atomism however did not imply determinism. Since God was ultimately responsible for manipulating the particles, his actions were not bound by the material laws of the universe. This radically sovereign God entailed an occasionalist theology: God could intervene directly in the world to

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The test of life is specifically for adults in full possession of their mental faculties. Children may suffer, and are observed to suffer, given the nature of life but they are believed to be completely free from sin and liability. Divine justice is affirmed through the theory of compensation. All

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in the world, the Mu'tazilis pointed at the free will of human beings, so that evil was defined as something that stems from the errors in human acts. God does nothing ultimately evil, and he demands not from any human to perform any evil act. If man's evil acts had been from the will of God, then

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Thus according to a leading Mu'talite authority of the end of the ninth century, five basic tenets make up the strict Mu'tazilite creed: monotheism, justice and unity, the inevitability of the threats and promises of God, the intermediary position, the injunction of right and the prohibition of

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literature, it denotes some sort of abstinence from sexual activity, from worldly pleasures, or, more generally, from sin. Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-'Arab, s.v oy.':/ : wensirck, Concordance a indices de la tradition musulmatle, vol Iv, p. 11)7. 'Amr taught his followers to be "the party which

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The early Muslim theologians had naturally been unanimous in denying that God could be unjust, but the problem of reconciling the justice of God and the glaring reality of evil in the world does not appear to have disturbed them particularly. And it was precisely this problem that became, from

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would designate a position of neutrality in the face of opposing factions. Nallino drew support for the argument from the fact that at the time of the first civil war, some of the Companions ('Abd Allah b. 'Umar, Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas, etc.), who had chosen to side neither with ʿAli nor with his

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The thrust of ʿAbd al-Jabbar's argument is that acting immorally or unwisely stems from need and deficiency. One acts in a repugnant way when one does not know the ugliness of one's deeds, i.e., because of lack of knowledge, or when one knows but one has some need, material, psychological, or

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The conflict between Mu'tazilis and Ash'aris concerning this point was a matter of focus. Mu'tazilis focused on divine justice, whereas the Ashʿaris focused on divine omnipotence. Nevertheless, Divine self-restraint in Mu'tazili discourse is part of divine omnipotence, not a negation of it.

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No sin may be ordered by God as it is wrong and forbidden, and no sin shall be permitted by God, as they are wrong by themselves. To know about it and believe otherwise, and all that God commands is good for the ordered and all that it is not permissible except to order it is good for

766:", arguing that since God is just and wise, he cannot command what is contrary to reason or act with disregard for the welfare of His creatures; consequently evil must be regarded as something that stems from errors in human acts, arising from man's divinely bestowed 2133:

These two tenets, like the "intermediate position", follow logically (according to scholar Majid Fakhry) from the basic Mu'tazilite concepts of divine unity, justice and free will, of which they are the logical conclusion. Even though they are accepted

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is absolutely self-sufficient (a result from the cosmological "proof" of his existence), all-knowing, and all-powerful, he is categorically free from any type of need and, consequently, he never does anything that is ridiculous, unwise, ugly, or evil.

3115: 2308:كل معصية كان يجوز أن يأمر الله سبحانه بها فهي قبيحة للنهي، وكل معصية كان لا يجوز أن يبيحها الله سبحانه فهي قبيحة لنفسها كالجهل به والاعتقاد بخلافه، وكذلك كل ما جاز أن لا يأمر الله سبحانه فهو حسن للأمر به وكل ما لم يجز إلا أن يأمر به فهو حسن لنفسه 1955:(Judgment Day), they will be questioned about their response to Divine blessings and bounties they enjoyed in their lives. The less fortunate are required to patiently persevere and are promised a compensation for their suffering that, as the 4154: 2249:

an obligation even if one does not encounter a fellow human being claiming to be a messenger from the Creator, and even if one does not have access to any alleged God-inspired or God-revealed scripture. On the other hand, the obligation of

2494:) will be part of the reward of the faithful in paradise. However, the Mu'tazila, aside from their skepticism of ḥadīth, argued that if "God was an immaterial substance", as they believed he was, He was "by definition" not visible. 1023:

Mu'tazili theology faced implacable opposition from Hanbali and Zahiri traditionalists, on the one hand, and from the Ash'ari school (founded by a former Mu'tazili, Abu al Hasan al-Ash'ari) and Maturidi theologians on the other.

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of the later Umayyad period. The Mu'tazilites also maintained that justice and reason must form the foundation of the action God takes toward men. Both of these doctrines were repudiated by the later orthodox school of the

3747: 3161: 3357:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands (1999): "It is an explanation of this kind which today, in particular as a result of the studies undertaken by Nallino ("Sull'origine del nome dei Mu'taziliti", in 2460:

produce contingent events at will. This radical freedom was possible precisely because the world was composed solely of inert matter rather than an immaterial spirit with an independent vital force of its own.

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That is, Muslims who commit grave sins and die without repentance are not considered as mu’minīn (believers), nor are they considered kafirs (non-believers), but in an intermediate position between the two,

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According to a "leading Mu'tazilite authority" of the end of the ninth century (al-Khayyat), and "clearly enunciated for the first time by Abu al-Hudhayl", five basic tenets make up the Mu'tazilite creed:

1157:) were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless they conformed to Mu'tazila doctrine. The policy lasted for 18 years (833–851 CE) as it continued through the reigns of al-Ma'mun's immediate successors, 1179:

school of thought was a victim of al-Ma'mun's Mihna. Due to his rejection of al-Ma'mun's demand to accept and propagate the Mu'tazila creed, ibn Hanbal was imprisoned and tortured by the Abbasid rulers.

2017:) in Hellfire because of their fathers' sin, for he has said: "Each soul earns but its own due" (Qur'an 6:164); and he does not punish anyone for someone else's sin because that would be morally wrong ( 4136: 2772:

Almost all authorities agree that the speculation of the Muʿtazilah centers around the two crucial concepts of divine justice and unity, of which they claim to be the exclusive, genuine exponents.

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were termed the Mu'tazila. By the 10th century CE the term had also come to refer to an Islamic school of speculative theology (kalām) that flourished in Basra and Baghdad (8th–10th century).

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Mu'tazilite ideas of God were underpinned by the doctrine of atomism. This is the belief that all things and processes are reducible to fundamental physical particles and their arrangements.

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schools) which argued that with God being all-knowing, his knowledge of the Quran must have been eternal, hence uncreated just like him. The school also worked to resolve the theological "

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The persecution campaign, nonetheless, cost them their theology and generally, the sympathy of the Muslim masses in the Abbasid state. As the number of Muslims increased throughout the

3994: 4444: 4242: 3740: 3154: 2029:), and that He has indicated to them what he has imposed upon them and clarified the path of truth so that we could pursue it, and he has clarified the path of falsehood ( 3202:

18:16, 19:48 and 4:90). According to Sarah Siroumsa, "The verb i'tazala means "to withdraw", and in its most common use, as given in the dictionaries and attested in

7306: 4360: 11766: 2618:, "Mu'tazilite" is used as an epithet by rival groups hoping to undermine each other's credibility. The North African "Institute for the Faith Brigades" denounced 2060:). According to 'Abd al-Jabbar, The doctrine of irreversible Divine promises and warnings, is fashioned out the Islamic philosophy of human existence. Humans, (or 3845: 2230:, i.e., the obligation to use one's speculative reasoning to attain ontological truths. About the "first duty," ʿAbd al-Jabbar said it is "speculative reasoning ( 11648: 2623: 11016: 9220: 2484:) "between the trumpet blasts" before Judgement Day, it would be more sensible to assume that the two abodes of the afterlife would be created after the great 4401: 3215:

was their most striking characteristic. They were given the name "Mu'tazila" in reference to their pious asceticism, and they were content with this name,"

11633: 5103: 3531: 938:, the third caliph, in 656 CE. Those who would neither condemn nor sanction Ali or his opponents but took a middle position were termed the Muʿtazilah." 8833: 2805: 11732: 4210: 10488: 3620: 1219:

from 800 to 909, also adhered to Mu'tazilism, which they imposed as the state doctrine of Ifriqiya. Similarly, the leading elite figures of the

4659: 2913: 3219: 2434:(died 1245 CE), al-Ansari (died 1707 CE), and Ibn ‘Abd al-Shakur (died 1810 CE) found "no more than eight or nine" hadiths that fell into the 2006:) and thus strays from the doctrine of justice. And you know that God does not impose faith upon the unbeliever without giving him the power ( 7489: 5076: 4749: 2375:

According to Racha El Omari, early Mu'tazilites believed that hadith were susceptible to "abuse as a polemical ideological tool"; that the

3978: 3892: 3685: 3069: 2740: 1131:, and in reaction to the excesses of this newly imposed rationalism, theologians began to lose ground. The problem was exacerbated by the 11663: 9275: 3314: 3047: 804:

where religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless they conformed to Mu'tazila doctrine, until it was reversed by

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argued that the theological Mu'tazilism of Wasil and his successors was merely a continuation of this initial political Mu'tazilism.

963:. Those who would neither condemn nor sanction Ali or his opponents but took a middle position between him and his opponents at the 11754: 8210: 7957: 5214: 2210: 1355: 1276: 928:

is also used to designate a neutral party in a dispute (as in "withdrawing" from a dispute between two factions). According to the

142: 63: 1400: 1074:, is considered the theologian who systematized and formalized Mu'tazilism in Basra. Another branch of the school found a home in 187: 11717: 11638: 8001: 6062: 5139: 5134: 12056: 11658: 10548: 7433: 3350: 2109:. In the words of ʿAbd al-Jabbar, the doctrine of the intermediate position is the knowledge that whoever murders, or commits 11668: 11625: 7173: 6582: 6072: 6054: 5209: 5186: 4712: 4541: 4516: 4107: 4074: 3443: 3126: 3041: 3377:"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR" 2859: 2711:"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR" 2285:

The Mu'tazilis had a nuanced theory regarding reason, Divine revelation, and the relationship between them. They celebrated

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Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World

934:, "The name first appears in early Islāmic history in the dispute over Ali's leadership of the Muslim community after the 5542: 1492: 279: 10216: 6527: 4703:

Lia, Brynjar (2011). "Jihadis divided between strategists and doctrinarians". In Moghadam, Assaf; Fishman, Brian (eds.).

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you know that he was and is eternally all-powerful and that impotence is not possible for him. And you know that he is

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One of the "most sharply defined" issues where the Mu'tazila disagreed with "their theological opponents" was whether

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sufferers will be compensated. This includes non-believers and, more importantly, children, who are destined to go to

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Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (died 235 AH/849 AD), who lived a few generations after Wāṣil ibn ʿAtāʾ (واصل بن عطاء) and

722:, partly influenced by ancient Greek and Indian philosophy, based around three fundamental principles: the oneness ( 11391: 11247: 10724: 10620: 10412: 8884: 5069: 4397: 1830: 1555: 1294: 617: 342: 81: 7637: 7382: 5020: 774:

rationalism, but believed that human intelligence and reason allowed Man to understand religious principles; that

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Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

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the reputed founder of Mu'tazila, the movement uses the mantle of the Mu'tazila primarily as an identity marker.

1591: 378: 9736: 2414:(single-isnad hadith, i.e. almost all hadith) and their importance from the legal theoretician's point of view, 824:(r. 961–976) were followers of the Mu'tazila. Mu'tazilism also flourished to some extent during the rule of the 11950: 11498: 11396: 10480: 9452: 7200: 7178: 6492: 6457: 5933: 4939:

Nawas, J. A. (1994). "A Rexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma'mun's Introduction of the Mihna".

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the intermediary position (i.e. Muslims who die without repentance after committing a grave sin are neither

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According to Sunni sources, Mu'tazili theology originated in the eighth century in Basra (now in Iraq) when

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in the words of ʿAbd al-Jabbar: It is the knowledge that God is removed from all that is morally wrong (

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in 1899, he attempted to adapt Islam to the modern times and to introduce changes in the teachings at

930: 12071: 11815: 11802: 11503: 11332: 11028: 10750: 10713: 10362: 9463: 8097: 7815: 7466: 7228: 6452: 6357: 6332: 6182: 5926: 5899: 5709: 3326: 1626: 1249: 413: 36: 9375: 4681: 750:"must have preceded his own speech". This went against the orthodox Sunni position (followed by the 11967: 11686: 11510: 11283: 10763: 10493: 10442: 10287: 9926: 9478: 9468: 9458: 8228: 7748: 7362: 6981: 6552: 6482: 5889: 5240: 3216: 2661: 2549: 1887: 1406: 1227:

were followers of the Mu'tazila. Mu'tazilism also flourished to some extent during the rule of the

999: 995: 193: 12051: 894:. Hasan's remark, "Wāṣil has withdrawn from us", is said to be the origin of the movement's name. 11825: 10636: 10427: 10372: 10231: 10128: 9647: 9366: 9330: 7355: 7313: 7168: 6783: 6572: 6477: 6307: 6262: 6128: 5526: 5435: 5358: 2548:, although he himself does not seem to have called himself a Mu'tazilite. After he was appointed 2533: 2175: 1443: 1314: 1096: 935: 230: 101: 10790: 2385:—ought to be scrutinized for doctrine and clarity; that for hadith to be valid they ought to be 2368:, was also critical of those who followed such Hadiths, referring to his Hadithist opponents as 11982: 11911: 11880: 11810: 10734: 10729: 10647: 10177: 9512: 9048: 9002: 8396: 8077: 7572: 7233: 7163: 7123: 7108: 6788: 6542: 6447: 6432: 6423: 6302: 6267: 6192: 5859: 5809: 5804: 5770: 5638: 5465: 5455: 5287: 4620: 4508: 4502: 3896: 3683: 3343: 3067: 2270: 1898:

on the one hand or emptying scriptural references to those attributes of all concrete meaning.

1338: 1304: 663: 643: 125: 91: 3311: 3031: 11928: 11906: 10657: 10534: 10317: 10221: 9991: 9954: 9906: 9794: 9271: 8930: 8102: 8019: 7765: 7735: 7292: 7188: 6735: 6562: 6312: 6222: 5894: 5643: 5562: 4875:

On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's Faysal al-Tafriqa

4646:

Rationalism in Exegesis: A Study of the Problem of Metaphor in the Writing of the Mutazilites

3247: 1482: 1321: 1146: 939: 794: 269: 108: 8971: 4612: 3239: 673:) is an Islamic theological school that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in 12066: 11585: 11492: 11437: 10337: 9986: 8717: 8124: 7982: 7907: 7752: 7567: 7415: 7320: 7299: 7158: 7113: 7098: 6647: 6497: 6487: 6472: 6292: 6257: 6247: 6242: 6217: 5874: 5750: 5684: 5633: 5628: 5557: 5547: 3376: 3330: 2710: 2522: 2245:

The difference between Mu'tazilis and other Muslim theologians is that Mu'tazilis consider

1823: 1149:

instituted by the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun in AD 833 in which religious scholars (such as

610: 1266: 681:. Its adherents, the Mu'tazilites, were known for their neutrality in the dispute between 53: 8: 11820: 11696: 11590: 11406: 10845: 10642: 10432: 10063: 10001: 9911: 9848: 9758: 9746: 9384: 9151: 8951: 8722: 8453: 8330: 7969: 7269: 7195: 6537: 6187: 6001: 5834: 5765: 5745: 5704: 5181: 5146: 3242:

The physical theory of Kalām : atoms, space, and void in Basrian Muʻtazilī cosmology

2573: 2553: 1309: 743: 96: 4067:

Theological Approaches to Quranic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis

2021:), and God is far removed from such. And you know that he does not transgress his rule ( 1859:

the inevitability of the threats and promises of God (or "the warning and the promise"),

1062:, so that even the Qur'an was "to be interpreted in the light of , and not vice versa." 11987: 11901: 11832: 11742: 11678: 11486: 11462: 11139: 11117: 11077: 10919: 10822: 10773: 10739: 10630: 10417: 10380: 10347: 10342: 10307: 10264: 10152: 10123: 10043: 10006: 9541: 9315: 8198: 8154: 7899: 7712: 7599: 7373: 7334: 7248: 7083: 7046: 7008: 6930: 6805: 6577: 6362: 6237: 6212: 6034: 6021: 5844: 5699: 5460: 5232: 5085: 4985: 4956: 4861: 4653: 4584: 4483: 4202: 4092:

Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite

3033:

Religion and Politics Under the Early ?Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite

2907: 2259: 1902: 1891: 1299: 86: 10985: 9291: 4968:

Nawas, J. A. (1996). "The Mihna of 218 A.H./833 A. D. Revisited: An Empirical Study".

4844:

Gimaret, D. (1979). "Les Usul al-Hamsa du Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar et leurs commentaires".

4705:

Fault Lines in Global Jihad : Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures

2296:

The Mu'tazili position on the roles of reason and revelation is well captured by what

1901:

The doctrine of Tawhīd, in the words of the prominent Mu'tazili scholar Chief Justice

812:(800–909 CE) also adhered to Mu'tazilism, which they imposed as the state doctrine of 11962: 11957: 11862: 11852: 11842: 11515: 11401: 11353: 11196: 11107: 10810: 10800: 10795: 10785: 10780: 10613: 10513: 10470: 10103: 10048: 10038: 10030: 9996: 9881: 9830: 9652: 9505: 9341: 9307: 9251: 8494: 8433: 8340: 8048: 7912: 7761: 7707: 7603: 7238: 7205: 7133: 7128: 7088: 7076: 7061: 7041: 6942: 6918: 6744: 6567: 6407: 6342: 5760: 5679: 5603: 5006: 4960: 4918: 4897: 4878: 4865: 4830: 4824: 4809: 4790: 4755: 4718: 4708: 4624: 4613: 4591: 4562: 4537: 4512: 4487: 4416: 4260: 4144: 4103: 4070: 3984: 3980:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...

3860: 3765: 3707: 3667: 3439: 3251: 3240: 3179: 3122: 3091: 3037: 2895: 2885: 2849: 2801: 2746: 2565: 2541: 2353: 2301: 2278: 2255: 1687: 1671: 1499: 1128: 1003: 786: 474: 458: 286: 8499: 4279:

Racha El-Omari, "Accommodation and Resistance: Classical Muʿtazilites on Ḥadīth" in

3347: 2234:) which leads to knowledge of God, because he is not known by the way of necessity ( 1082:(died 210 AH/825 AD); the instigators thought it was the Caliph's own scheme: under 11992: 11977: 11727: 11432: 11154: 11092: 11082: 11072: 11057: 10805: 10708: 10680: 10568: 10322: 10182: 10134: 10053: 9871: 8309: 8283: 7986: 7659: 7562: 7403: 7285: 7138: 7118: 7103: 6668: 6327: 6095: 5884: 5854: 5829: 5814: 5674: 5440: 5275: 4977: 4948: 4853: 4475: 4194: 3653:

Adamson, Peter. "Al-Kindi and Mu'tazila: Divine Attributes, Creation and Freedom."

2797: 2518: 2163: 1895: 1465: 1172: 964: 252: 11918: 11615: 11560: 11360: 11046: 11006: 10895: 10851: 10625: 10517: 10422: 10352: 10108: 10058: 9876: 9763: 9379: 9266: 8853: 8203: 8188: 8150: 8117: 8092: 8006: 7953: 7854: 7849: 7825: 7739: 7642: 7589: 7584: 7071: 6974: 6969: 6952: 6913: 6853: 6810: 6617: 6547: 6352: 6100: 5869: 5864: 5819: 5280: 5265: 5260: 4998: 3689: 3354: 3318: 3223: 3118:

The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences

3073: 2843: 2656: 2615: 2596: 1988:). This is explained by the fact that you know that all human acts of injustice ( 1925: 1816: 1766: 1621: 1526: 1418: 1035: 968: 864: 763: 654: 634: 603: 553: 408: 313: 205: 8993: 12030: 11747: 11600: 11442: 11144: 10282: 9949: 9773: 9768: 9741: 9610: 9401: 9320: 9186: 9163: 9146: 8997: 8922: 8846: 8367: 8273: 7882: 7837: 7832: 7683: 7652: 7557: 7440: 7278: 7031: 6964: 6957: 6947: 6795: 6532: 6393: 6322: 6297: 6157: 6090: 6006: 5799: 5775: 5755: 5735: 5270: 5151: 4914:

Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol

4615:

Defenders of Reason in Islam: Muʿtazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol

2608: 2581: 2564:(1865–1935 C.E), 'Abduh would become the chief source of inspiration for later 2537: 2171: 2002:). Whoever attributes that to him has ascribed to him injustice and insolence ( 1938: 1776: 1721: 1650: 1561: 1477: 1374: 1158: 1051: 979: 882: 563: 508: 437: 348: 264: 161: 9361: 9168: 8360: 4952: 4386:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillian Reference USA. p. 6322. 2681: 12045: 11933: 11760: 11610: 11149: 11112: 11087: 10924: 10192: 10093: 9685: 9590: 9325: 9255: 9235: 9197: 8821: 8806: 8570:

Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī

8377: 8302: 8112: 8073: 8060: 8035: 7941: 7730: 7702: 7579: 7533: 7451: 7150: 7051: 7036: 7026: 6861: 6823: 6800: 6762: 6673: 6403: 6397: 6387: 6375: 5689: 5613: 5587: 5521: 4722: 4021: 2649: 2585: 2511: 2477: 2441: 2206: 1960: 1761: 1679: 1666: 1655: 1362: 1189: 1166: 1071: 975: 891: 886: 881:

The name is derived from the founder's "withdrawal" from the study circle of

805: 775: 708: 548: 466: 453: 442: 149: 9287: 2899: 12020: 11945: 11595: 11447: 11325: 11041: 10890: 10875: 10589: 10407: 10312: 10302: 10202: 10167: 10147: 10088: 10016: 9901: 9804: 9751: 9353: 9282: 9070:

Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī

9010: 8988: 8979: 8879: 8356: 8172: 8107: 7800: 7697: 7688: 7594: 7348: 7016: 6935: 6866: 6730: 6227: 6167: 6142: 6123: 5879: 5824: 5648: 5577: 5333: 5318: 5156: 4857: 4294:

RMaha Elkaisy-Friemuth, "God and Humans in Islamic Thought Abd Al-Jabbar",

2529: 2431: 2194: 2057: 1806: 1781: 1289: 1197: 1193: 1139: 1083: 959:'s leadership of the Muslim community after the death of the third caliph, 861: 851: 801: 735: 697:

had come to refer to a distinctive Islamic school of speculative theology (

593: 568: 76: 9020: 8518: 8138: 5511: 4479: 2401:(chains of oral transmitters), each beginning with a different Companion. 1543: 1145:

The movement reached its political height during the Mihna, the period of

330: 11572: 11062: 10970: 10870: 10757: 10385: 10297: 10226: 10162: 10118: 9936: 9891: 9844: 9778: 9622: 9585: 9335: 9057: 9025: 8975: 8841: 8539: 8504: 8486: 8278: 8015: 7945: 7625: 7524: 7093: 7066: 7056: 6993: 6898: 6888: 6883: 6715: 6698: 6522: 6437: 6277: 6152: 5740: 5664: 5470: 4356:

A Euro-American 'Ulama? Mu 'tazilism, (Post)Modernity, and Minority Islam

2577: 2561: 2415: 2361: 2201:(verse) is consistent with the rest of scripture, the main themes of the 2167: 2166:

framework. They, as the majority of Muslim jurist-theologians, validated

2159: 1786: 1771: 1596: 1224: 821: 719: 573: 558: 383: 2430:

hadith can. However, these mutawir were extremely scarce. Scholars like

2426:

hadith is only probable and can not reach the level of certainty that a

11875: 10957: 10914: 10885: 10450: 10357: 10332: 10292: 9886: 9657: 9642: 9637: 9605: 9580: 8984: 8781: 8562: 8508: 8406: 8344: 8295: 8261: 8214: 8135: 8068: 8055: 7973: 7949: 7878: 7783: 7725: 7647: 7550: 6923: 6687: 6683: 6517: 6442: 6418: 6383: 6337: 6272: 6232: 6207: 6162: 6147: 6137: 5669: 5572: 5491: 5406: 5250: 5022:

Aqeedah 11, An Exposition of Some Schools, Movements and Sects of Islam

4877:. Studies in Islamic Philosophy, V.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4206: 4099: 4018:. Translated by Michael E. Marmura. 2nd ed, Provo Utah, 2000, pp.116–7. 3726:

William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in William L. Langer (1948), ed.,

3338: 3212: 2155: 2118: 2102: 1911: 1379: 751: 166: 6768:

Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)

6627:

Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

4989: 4141:

The Sunna and its Status in Islamic Law: The Search for a Sound Hadith

1116: 11580: 11011: 10953: 10900: 10768: 10113: 9944: 9835: 9632: 9617: 9600: 9595: 9575: 9239: 9227: 9205: 9136: 9049:

Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī

9040: 8946: 8891: 8816: 8470: 8465: 8391: 8335: 8081: 7936: 7929: 7805: 7716: 7630: 7610: 7455: 7396: 6908: 6876: 6831:

Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī

6719: 6597: 6512: 6507: 6317: 6282: 6177: 6172: 5730: 5618: 5552: 5496: 5445: 5313: 5255: 5245: 5054: 2619: 2419: 2387: 2324: 2290: 2202: 2128: 2065:

of submission is seen in Islam as the promise and recompense of God (

1956: 1726: 1699: 1695: 1616: 1606: 1208: 1162: 1136: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1079: 1008: 809: 767: 513: 486: 482: 403: 393: 9230: 4198: 3792:(second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46. 2934:(second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 47. 2770:(second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46. 955:

The Mu'tazili appeared in early Islāmic history in the dispute over

742:. The Mu'tazilites are best known for rejecting the doctrine of the 11923: 11419: 11277: 11229: 11023: 10929: 10880: 10608: 10465: 10098: 9680: 9627: 9528: 9424: 9391: 9246: 9131: 9123: 8917: 8322: 8253: 8176: 8159: 7990: 7977: 7810: 7756: 7538: 6986: 6777: 6610: 6202: 5918: 5567: 5506: 5501: 5425: 5323: 4981: 2627: 2473: 2365: 2274: 2122: 2106: 2070: 1968: 1942:, secure faith and conviction in and about God, and do good works, 1751: 1731: 1611: 1586: 1581: 1384: 1216: 1059: 1017: 813: 778:

are rational categories that could be "established through unaided

755: 730: 704: 538: 518: 398: 373: 368: 171: 5003:

The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy

4894:

Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection

2397: 699: 11938: 11534: 11222: 11102: 10980: 10975: 10962: 10946: 10939: 10934: 10666: 10455: 10157: 10068: 9916: 9863: 9799: 9693: 9429: 9409: 9370: 9215: 9062:

Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī

9006: 8963: 8810: 8800: 8525: 8474: 8428: 8266: 8163: 8064: 8043: 7922: 7917: 7792: 7743: 7671: 7620: 7341: 7220: 6893: 6707: 6639: 6029: 5348: 5328: 5199: 5118: 2503: 2476:) had already been created or if their existence was waiting for 2357: 2349: 2053: 2013: 1952: 1757: 1716: 1711: 1691: 1506: 1458: 1453: 1328: 1201: 1176: 1092: 1089: 1075: 1020:, believed in the eternity of the world in some form or another. 771: 678: 544: 503: 498: 478: 293: 245: 240: 115: 3217:

http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~stroums/files/MuTazila_Reconsidered.pdf

2360:

called the Nazzamiyya that rejected the authority of Hadiths by

11452: 11426: 11385: 11346: 11263: 11176: 11097: 10999: 10909: 10840: 10835: 10602: 10526: 10403: 9966: 9553: 9434: 9414: 9295: 9259: 8448: 8351: 8288: 8167: 8010: 7964: 7444: 6753:

Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)

6711: 6658: 6082: 5993: 5378: 5219: 4095: 3203: 2742:

Many Peoples, Many Faiths: Women and Men in the World Religions

2469: 2286: 2151: 1984: 1742: 1511: 1472: 1367: 1257: 1232: 1228: 1150: 1055: 960: 833: 825: 798: 779: 759: 724: 690: 686: 529: 298: 259: 154: 44: 6618:

Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī

4611:

Martin, Richard C.; Woodward, Mark R.; Atmaja, Dwi S. (1997).

4586:

On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today

4122:

see: Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (died 728/815) In his al-Taḥrīsh wa-l-irjāʾ

2521:, widely recognised by his peers as an authority on Islam and 2197:

methodology proceeds as follows: if the literal meaning of an

1886:

All Muslim schools of theology faced the dilemma of affirming

956: 11701: 11526: 11480: 11468: 11270: 11256: 11215: 10992: 10830: 10687: 10673: 10594: 10557: 9959: 9809: 9700: 9675: 9570: 9419: 8460: 8085: 7886: 7874: 6676: 6651: 6622: 6011: 5383: 5373: 5368: 5338: 4507:(15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 3199: 2557: 2545: 2410: 2223: 1746: 1536: 1521: 1516: 1438: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1343: 1333: 1154: 1132: 790: 747: 746:, asserting that if the Quran is the literal word of God, he 739: 715: 674: 533: 323: 308: 303: 225: 220: 210: 200: 130: 120: 5050:

Association pour la renaissance de l'Islam mutazilite (ARIM)

3337:

were neutral in the dispute between ʿAlī and his opponents (

2739:

Ellwood, Robert S.; McGraw, Barbara A. (30 September 2022).

2052:

This comprised questions of the Last day, or in Arabic, the

1054:

and his principle that the final authority of Islam was the

11367: 11339: 11289: 11236: 11181: 10694: 10187: 9970: 9840: 9497: 9113:

Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

6662: 6657:

Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-

6587: 5714: 5608: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5166: 4776:

Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (1969). M. M. 'Abd al-Hamid (ed.).

4775: 3524:

Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review

2377: 2254:

to other Muslim theologians materializes upon encountering

2198: 2110: 2022: 1990: 1531: 1428: 1348: 1212: 829: 318: 215: 135: 9073:

Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī

2560:

establishment as well as his immediate successors such as

2490:

A number of ḥadīth promise that viewing that face of God (

2242:). Thus, he must be known by reflection and speculation." 1870:(non-believers), but in an intermediate position known as 10327: 9814: 9714: 7021: 5049: 3946: 3113: 2882:

Islamic philosophy and theology : an extended survey

2536:, was noted for embracing Mu'tazilite views. His student 2332: 2319:

as to why God does not do that which is ethically wrong (

1975: 682: 6763:

Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī

4673: 4466:

H. Al-Rahim, Ahmed (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty".

4179:"The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem" 3285:"Mengenal 7 Aliran dengan Pandangan Berbeda dalam Islam" 2544:

that contributed to a revival of Mu'tazilite thought in

5025:. West Coast Demarara, Guyana: Guyana Islamic Institute 5044: 4917:. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. p. 27. 4027:

For Ibn Rushd's response, see Khalid, Muhammad A. ed.

4008: 3934: 1877:

the injunction of right, and the prohibition of wrong.

1086:(813–833) "Mu'tazilism became the established faith." 6815:

Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

6778:

Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī

4034: 3588: 3554: 3552: 3090:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. 2601:

Association pour la renaissance de l’Islam mutazilite

785:

The movement reached its political height during the

9045:

Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī

6648:

Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī

4911:

Martin, R. C.; M. R. Woodward; D. S. Atmaja (1997).

4739:'Abd al-Jabbar (1965). 'Abd al-Karim 'Uthman (ed.). 4610: 4046: 3958: 3922: 3910: 3873: 3612: 3415: 3413: 3029: 2593:

Association for the Renaissance of Mu'tazilite Islam

2556:. Although his reforms were disputed by traditional 1095:

who were known for supporting the Mu'tazila include

922: 911: 898: 873: 855: 845: 668: 648: 4780:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyah. 3822: 3264: 2540:(1849–1905) was one of the key founding figures of 982:after a theological dispute regarding the issue of 909:, "people of monotheism and justice") and the name 738:, human freedom of action, and the creation of the 9089:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī 9037:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī 6756:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) 4997:Walzer, R. (1967). "Early Islamic Philosophy". In 4738: 4583: 4177: 3730:, rev. edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 189. 3549: 3479: 3398: 3109: 3107: 2129:5. The enjoining of right and prohibiting of wrong 1050:are remembered in Islamic history as opponents of 978:(died 131 AH/748 AD) left the teaching lessons of 8582:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) 4501:Kerr, Malcolm H. (2010). Hoiberg, Dale H. (ed.). 3893:"Message Of Quran By Muhammad Asad 039 – WikiMir" 3706:. Oxford: The Islamic Texts Society. p. 47. 3695: 3674:, rev. edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p.189. 3576: 3564: 3410: 2036: 12043: 7511: 6745:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām 5401: 5045:Mu'tazila: The use of reason in Islamic theology 2630:'s juridical committee, of being a Mu'tazilite. 2076: 8909:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī 6759:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī 4330: 4314: 4309:The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz 3600: 3463: 3114:Julio Samsó; Maribel Fierro (23 October 2019). 3104: 3015:Studies in Modern Islamic Law and Jurisprudence 685:and his opponents after the death of the third 4751:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 4382:Van Ess, Joseph (2005). Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 3488:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 3472:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 3088:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 2786:"The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought" 1106:The Mu'tazilites maintained man's creation of 816:. Similarly, the leading elite figures of the 10542: 9513: 7490:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam 6840:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) 5934: 5070: 4137:"3. Concept of Sunna in Mu'tazilite Thought." 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3783: 3781: 3508: 3025: 3023: 2925: 2923: 2738: 2679: 2644: 2642: 2113:, or commits serious sins is a grave sinner ( 1824: 1135:, the inquisition launched under the Abbasid 611: 4941:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4778:Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin 4559:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4285:, Vol. 71, No. 2 (October 2012), pp. 234–235 3618: 3307: 3305: 2607:) was founded in France in February 2017 by 904: 868: 8588:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) 4465: 4130: 4128: 3517:"Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht" 2675: 2673: 2671: 2352:dynasty, the poet, theologian, and jurist, 2145: 2121:) who say that he is an unbeliever, or the 1998:), and the like cannot be of his creation ( 1165:, and the first four years of the reign of 878:"to separate (oneself); to withdraw from". 10549: 10535: 9979: 9520: 9506: 8609:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) 5961: 5941: 5927: 5077: 5063: 4789:. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. 4658:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4064: 3800: 3778: 3020: 2920: 2912:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2639: 2525:, was deeply influenced by the Mu'tazila. 2502:Today, Mu'tazilism persists mainly in the 2182:(The Explication of the Five Principles): 2139: 1982:) and that all his acts are morally good ( 1831: 1817: 897:The group later referred to themselves as 744:Quran as uncreated and co-eternal with God 618: 604: 27:Early Islamic rationalist theological sect 4784: 4353:Byrd, Anthony Robert (27 November 2007). 4346: 3970: 3594: 3302: 3282: 3085: 2837: 2835: 2783: 2162:operated in the service of scripture and 1065: 10263: 8211:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 6750:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm 4970:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4643: 4556: 4459: 4125: 3666:William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in 2759: 2668: 2269: 2265: 2150:Mu'tazila relied on a synthesis between 714:The later Mu'tazila school developed an 8434:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī 4891: 4872: 4843: 4531: 4381: 4029:Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings 3828: 3701: 3237: 2216: 1959:puts it in 39:10, and as translated by 1046:were forerunners of the Mu'tazili. The 14: 12044: 9540: 7791: 7434:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 5084: 4996: 4910: 4787:Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World) 4421:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4265:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4175: 4052: 4040: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3879: 3865:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3787: 3770:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3558: 3404: 3325:. Accessed 13 March 2014. Some of the 3270: 3184:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2929: 2832: 2765: 1843: 1175:, the Sunni jurist and founder of the 1038:describes the Mu'tazila as "the later 11787: 11555: 11171: 10530: 10252: 9539: 9501: 7510: 6583:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar 5960: 5922: 5400: 5058: 4967: 4938: 4896:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4803: 4684:from the original on 22 December 2017 4581: 4437:"Chapter 74: Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani" 4134: 4089: 4069:. London: Routledge. pp. 33–34. 3976: 3582: 3570: 3514: 3431: 3419: 3233: 3231: 2841: 2381:(content) of the hadith—not just the 2343: 990:). Though Mu'tazilis later relied on 867:"separate, segregate, retire", as in 793:", an 18-year period (833–851 CE) of 11556: 11172: 5948: 4808:. USA: Wipf & Stock Publishers. 4666: 4648:(4 ed.). Beirut and Casablanca. 4500: 4352: 4169: 4157:from the original on 14 October 2021 3438:. Infobase Publishing. p. 512. 3135:from the original on 14 October 2021 3121:. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. 2879: 2506:among those who call themselves the 1936:Humans are required to have belief, 1919: 8222:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi 4822: 4743:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba. 4702: 4590:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4447:from the original on April 11, 2021 4016:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 3635:from the original on 8 January 2021 3606: 905: 869: 658: 638: 24: 5005:. UK: Cambridge University Press. 3537:from the original on 20 April 2018 3228: 3007: 2622:'s "misguided errors" and accused 2572:scholars and philosophers such as 1221:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 1169:, who reversed the policy in 851. 818:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 25: 12083: 10085:Attributes of God in Christianity 8594:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) 5038: 4829:. USA: Harvard University Press. 4747: 4707:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. 4363:from the original on 8 March 2021 4336: 4320: 3485: 3469: 2819: 2209:, and the well-known facts, then 917:was first used by its opponents. 885:over a theological disagreement: 12026: 12025: 12014: 11535:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 10725:Timeline of the history of Islam 10556: 10512: 8612:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) 6834:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard 6706:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad- 6384:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit 4826:The Flowering of Muslim Theology 4534:Les Nouveaux Penseurs de l'Islam 4216:from the original on 10 May 2016 3728:An Encyclopedia of World History 3672:An Encyclopedia of World History 3361:, vii ), is generally accepted: 2802:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x 2422:(1233–1277) argued that any non- 1881: 1800: 1265: 988:a position between two positions 984:al-Manzilah bayna al-Manzilatayn 587: 52: 11886:List of ex-Muslim organisations 10143:Great Architect of the Universe 9159:United Submitters International 8443:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir 7821:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 7174:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 4806:The Kalam Cosmological Argument 4732: 4696: 4637: 4604: 4575: 4550: 4525: 4494: 4429: 4404:from the original on 2021-10-14 4390: 4375: 4301: 4288: 4282:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4273: 4248:from the original on 2020-11-09 4228: 4116: 4083: 4058: 3997:from the original on 2020-12-27 3885: 3848:from the original on 2021-08-17 3834: 3790:A History of Islamic Philosophy 3753:from the original on 2021-08-30 3733: 3720: 3677: 3660: 3647: 3495: 3452:from the original on 2021-10-14 3425: 3387:from the original on 2021-06-21 3369: 3283:Damayanty, Putry (2023-09-01). 3276: 3192: 3167:from the original on 2021-08-30 3147: 3079: 3061: 3050:from the original on 2019-12-17 2994: 2981: 2968: 2955: 2942: 2932:A History of Islamic Philosophy 2862:from the original on 2021-02-25 2808:from the original on 2021-07-19 2768:A History of Islamic Philosophy 2721:from the original on 2021-06-21 2692:from the original on 2011-11-20 2580:(born 1959), and in particular 2281:followed laws that God created. 2125:who say that he is a believer. 1027: 693:. By the 10th century the term 9453:Sunni schools of jurisprudence 8471:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād 7184:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 7179:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 6837:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) 6458:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 5019: 4754:. Cambridge University Press. 4090:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997). 4014:For al-Ghazali's argument see 3655:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 3503:An Introduction to Islamic Law 3323:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2873: 2777: 2732: 2703: 2463: 2037:3. The Promise and the Threat 13: 1: 12057:Islamic philosophical schools 9922:Trinity of the Church Fathers 8885:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi 7211:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid 5850:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 5840:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 5431:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 3030:Muhammad Qasim Zaman (1997). 2633: 2517:The Arab Islamic philosopher 2304:(died 231 AH/845 AD) (1969): 2077:4. The Intermediate Position 1963:, is "beyond all reckoning". 1183: 11871:Apostasy in Islam by country 11738:Liberalism and progressivism 10253: 9527: 8573:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) 8514:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi 8495:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi 7513:Islamic schools and branches 6348:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad 6253:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 5517:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 4619:. Oxford: Oneworld. p. 4065:Abdul-Raof, Hussein (2012). 4031:, Cambridge UK, 2005, p.162) 3895:. 2010-09-26. Archived from 3622:Handbook of Leaving Religion 3432:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). 3207:abstains" (i.e., from evil: 2880:Watt, W. Montgomery (1985). 2174:whenever necessary. Justice 1926:problem of existence of evil 839: 7: 10173:Phenomenological definition 8505:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin 7201:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 6558:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi 6493:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi 4785:Cooperson, Michael (2005). 4561:. Oxford University Press. 4139:. In Duderija, Adis (ed.). 3983:macmillan. pp. 118–9. 3505:(1964), supra note 5, at 47 3036:. BRILL. pp. 106–112. 2827:The Qur'an: an introduction 2784:Campanini, Massimo (2012). 2418:notes the medieval scholar 1016:who, with the exception of 923: 912: 899: 874: 856: 846: 669: 649: 10: 12088: 11788: 9256:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir 8701:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī 8454:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī 8132:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani 7616:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 6872:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 6503:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 6463:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 6288:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 5795:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 5695:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 5609:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 3702:Siddiqi, Muhammad (1993). 2682:"Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila" 2451: 2205:, the basic tenets of the 1905:(died 415 AH/1025 AD) is: 1238: 945: 797:instituted by the Abbasid 12009: 11894: 11861: 11801: 11797: 11783: 11710: 11677: 11649:Geography and cartography 11624: 11571: 11567: 11551: 11377: 11299: 11246: 11195: 11191: 11167: 11037: 10861: 10821: 10704: 10656: 10580: 10576: 10565: 10510: 10479: 10441: 10394: 10371: 10259: 10248: 10201: 10077: 10029: 9935: 9862: 9823: 9787: 9724: 9713: 9666: 9561: 9552: 9548: 9535: 9447: 9400: 9352: 9306: 9196: 9183: 9122: 9019: 8962: 8945: 8832: 8780: 8771: 8710: 8627: 8561: 8538: 8485: 8405: 8390: 8320: 8187: 8030: 7894: 7869: 7845:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects 7782: 7682: 7532: 7523: 7519: 7506: 7480: 7425: 7372: 7268: 7261: 7219: 7189:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine 7149: 7007: 6904:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 6852: 6822: 6729: 6697: 6638: 6596: 6417: 6371: 6358:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 6333:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 6183:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 6122: 6113: 6081: 6053: 6020: 5992: 5985: 5981: 5956: 5784: 5723: 5657: 5596: 5543:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 5535: 5484: 5418: 5414: 5396: 5306: 5231: 5096: 5092: 4953:10.1017/S0020743800061134 4748:Brown, Daniel W. (1996). 3246:. Leiden: Brill. p. 3086:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 2848:. macmillan. p. 77. 2497: 2408:(multi-isnād Hadith) and 994:and different aspects of 950: 11968:Islamic view of miracles 9927:Trinitarian universalism 8874:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī 7749:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 7363:The Moderation in Belief 7244:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya 6982:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi 6553:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 6483:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 4532:Benzine, Rachid (2008). 4384:Encyclopedia of Religion 4143:. Springer. p. 65. 3515:Forte, David F. (1978). 3238:Dhanani, Alnoor (1994). 2745:. Taylor & Francis. 2662:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2291:human intellectual power 2146:Theory of interpretation 1500:Theology of the Ismailis 1466:Theology of the Twelvers 1122: 1000:ancient Greek philosophy 996:early Islamic philosophy 900:Ahl al-Tawḥīd wa al-ʿAdl 890:a new circle, including 770:. The Mu'tazila opposed 287:Theology of the Ismailis 253:Theology of the Twelvers 11723:Creationism (evolution) 10129:Godhead in Christianity 9331:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 8727:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān 8645:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī 8417:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād 7356:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi 7314:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah 7169:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6573:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 6478:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 6468:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 6308:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani 6263:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 6198:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini 5527:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 5476:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 5436:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 4892:Jackson, S. A. (2005). 4873:Jackson, S. A. (2002). 4741:Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa 4644:Abu Zayd, Nasr (1998). 4557:Esposito, John (1995). 4296:Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali 3977:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 2842:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 2534:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 2298:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 2180:Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa 2178:(935–1025) said in his 1894:, without falling into 1449:Forbidding what is evil 1444:Commanding what is just 1204:were also persecuted. 1097:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 1078:under the direction of 936:assassination of Uthman 931:Encyclopædia Britannica 758:and the traditionalist 236:Forbidding what is evil 231:Commanding what is just 11983:Persecution of Muslims 11881:List of former Muslims 10730:Succession to Muhammad 9003:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu 8585:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) 8078:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 7573:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 7234:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd 7229:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani 7164:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 7124:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi 7109:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 6789:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri 6784:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar 6543:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 6453:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 6448:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 6433:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 6303:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 6268:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 6193:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 5860:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 5810:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 5771:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 5639:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 5466:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 5288:Transcendent theosophy 4858:10.3406/anisl.1979.979 4846:Annales Islamologiques 3788:Fakhry, Majid (1983). 3344:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3327:Companions of Muhammad 2978:Istanbul, 1928, pp.26f 2930:Fakhry, Majid (1983). 2766:Fakhry, Majid (1983). 2680:NEAL ROBINSON (1998). 2626:, a leading figure in 2600: 2372:("the contemptible"). 2364:. His famous student, 2316: 2282: 2191: 1917: 1562:Theology of the Ibadis 1544:Theology of the Zaydis 1142:(died 218 AH/833 AD). 1066:Historical development 1012:, contrary to certain 349:Theology of the Ibadis 331:Theology of the Zaydis 11767:Conversion to mosques 11634:Alchemy and chemistry 9955:Fate of the unlearned 9907:Shield of the Trinity 9272:Wallace Fard Muhammad 8229:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya 7736:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 7485:Early Muslim scholars 7293:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 6563:Rahmatullah Kairanawi 6313:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi 6223:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 5644:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 4804:Craig, W. L. (2000). 4582:Esack, Farid (1999). 4480:10.1353/jod.2006.0002 4443:. September 3, 2015. 4339:Islamic Understanding 4323:Islamic Understanding 4176:Hallaq, Wael (1999). 4135:Ghani, Usman (2015). 3628:. Brill. p. 82. 3435:Encyclopedia of Islam 3209:al-firqa al-muʿtazila 2624:Abu Hafs al Mawritani 2306: 2273: 2266:Reason and revelation 2238:) nor by the senses ( 2184: 1907: 1407:Basic Tenets of Faith 1322:Five Pillars of Islam 1147:religious persecution 1080:Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir 940:Carlo Alfonso Nallino 795:religious persecution 194:Basic Tenets of Faith 109:Five Pillars of Islam 11493:Ma malakat aymanukum 11068:Association football 10967:Moderate Kharijites 8923:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya 8718:Al-Harith ibn Surayj 7908:Theology of Twelvers 7753:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 7300:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 7099:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 6498:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 6488:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 6473:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 6293:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 6258:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 6248:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 6243:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 6218:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 5875:Reza Davari Ardakani 5751:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 5685:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 5634:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5548:Afdal al-Din Kashani 4468:Journal of Democracy 4337:Smith & Haddad, 4321:Smith & Haddad, 4307:William Lane Craig, 3819:, Beirut, 1957, p.93 2991:, London, 1892, p.31 2686:muslimphilosophy.com 2611:and Faker Korchane. 2562:Muhammad Rashid Rida 2550:Grand Mufti of Egypt 2523:comparative religion 2391:, i.e. supported by 2217:The first obligation 1888:divine transcendence 1283:Six Articles of Iman 1223:during the reign of 1215:dynasty centered in 850:is derived from the 820:during the reign of 70:Six Articles of Iman 10489:Slavic Native Faith 9912:Trinitarian formula 9849:Father of Greatness 9732:Abrahamic religions 9152:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 8899:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī 8871:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya 8669:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī 8331:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah 7638:Other Salafi trends 7467:Musta'li Isma'ilism 7383:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya 6774:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr 6538:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 6188:Zakariyya al-Ansari 5835:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5756:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 5746:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 5705:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 5215:Medieval psychology 5187:Natural philosophy 4823:Ess, J. V. (2006). 3331:Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas 2989:al-Milal wa'l-Nihal 2987:Al-Shahrastani, M., 2554:Al-Azhar University 2321:la yaf`alu al-qabih 2164:Islamic theological 1844:The Five Principles 1356:Schools of theology 1014:Muslim philosophers 906:اهل التوحيد و العدل 862:triconsonantal root 852:reflexive stem VIII 143:Schools of theology 11988:Quran and miracles 11902:Criticism of Islam 11606:Geometric patterns 11458:Gender segregation 11029:Non-denominational 10451:Abrahamic prophecy 10381:Ayyavazhi theology 10153:Apophatic theology 9542:Conceptions of God 9451:Other scholars of 9342:Islamic modernists 9316:Modernist Salafism 8972:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 8931:Abdullah ibn Saba' 8866:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar 8751:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf 8739:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr 8730:Muhārīb ibn Dithār 8661:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī 7983:Astarabadi (Naimi) 7713:Abdullah al-Harari 7667:Muhammad bin Dawud 7600:Syed Nazeer Husain 7335:Tabsirat al-Adilla 7249:Al-Mansur al-Qasim 7084:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 6931:Syed Nazeer Husain 6854:Salafi Theologians 6606:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham 6578:Muhammad Abu Zahra 6363:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 6213:Abdul Qadir Gilani 5845:Abdolkarim Soroush 5690:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 5604:Hajji Bektash Wali 5140:medieval astronomy 5086:Islamic philosophy 3955:, p. 82, 106. 3815:Al-Khayyat, A.H., 3688:2021-06-14 at the 3353:2010-04-25 at the 3317:2010-02-02 at the 3222:2011-06-10 at the 3072:2021-06-14 at the 2974:Al-Baghdadi, A.Q., 2655:2018-06-21 at the 2344:Validity of hadith 2283: 2277:insisted that all 1994:), transgression ( 1903:Qadi Abd al-Jabbar 1856:justice and unity, 1782:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 1310:The Last Judgement 1042:", suggesting the 703:). This school of 569:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 97:The Last Judgement 12062:Abbasid Caliphate 12039: 12038: 12005: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11973:Domestic violence 11963:Islamic terrorism 11958:Islamic extremism 11779: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11333:Marriage contract 11163: 11162: 11123:Political aspects 10852:Story of Prophets 10621:Prophets of Islam 10524: 10523: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10135:Latter Day Saints 10104:Divine simplicity 10025: 10024: 9882:Consubstantiality 9858: 9857: 9709: 9708: 9653:Theistic finitism 9495: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9443: 9442: 9252:Muhammad Jaunpuri 9179: 9178: 9105:Sumāma ibn Ashras 8941: 8940: 8792:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî 8767: 8766: 8637:Gaylān ibn Marwān 8534: 8533: 8386: 8385: 8049:Abdallah al-Aftah 7865: 7864: 7778: 7777: 7762:Necmettin Erbakan 7604:Siddiq Hasan Khan 7568:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7476: 7475: 7416:Tajrid al-I'tiqad 7410:Tashih al-I'tiqad 7321:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 7257: 7256: 7239:Al-Qasim al-Rassi 7206:Idris Imad al-Din 7159:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 7134:Ruhollah Khomeini 7114:Zurarah ibn A'yan 7089:Sharif al-Murtaza 7077:Muhammad al-Mahdi 7062:Muhammad al-Jawad 7042:Muhammad al-Baqir 6943:Siddiq Hasan Khan 6919:Rabee al-Madkhali 6568:Murtada al-Zabidi 6343:Ibrahim al-Bajuri 6109: 6108: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5761:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 5700:Mahmud Shabistari 5680:Jalaladdin Davani 5629:Nasir al-Din Tusi 5451:Abu Hatim al-Razi 5392: 5391: 4714:978-0-203-81492-5 4543:978-2-226-29040-3 4518:978-1-59339-837-8 4109:978-9-00410-678-9 4076:978-0-41544-958-8 3704:Hadith Literature 3668:William L. Langer 3445:978-1-4381-2696-8 3335:Abdullah ibn Umar 3128:978-1-351-88957-5 3043:978-90-04-10678-9 2542:Islamic Modernism 2404:In writing about 2354:Ibrahim an-Nazzam 2331:otherwise. Since 2302:Ibrahim an-Nazzam 2279:natural phenomena 2158:. That is, their 1974:The doctrine of ' 1920:2. Divine justice 1892:divine attributes 1866:(believers), nor 1841: 1840: 1129:Abbasid Caliphate 1004:Indian philosophy 828:(934–1062 CE) in 787:Abbasid Caliphate 667: 647: 628: 627: 16:(Redirected from 12079: 12072:Islamic branches 12029: 12028: 12021:Islam portal 12019: 12018: 12017: 11799: 11798: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11626:Medieval science 11569: 11568: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11210:Economic history 11193: 11192: 11169: 11168: 11155:Islam by country 10940:Bektashi Alevism 10578: 10577: 10569:Outline of Islam 10551: 10544: 10537: 10528: 10527: 10516: 10261: 10260: 10250: 10249: 10137: 9977: 9976: 9872:Athanasian Creed 9722: 9721: 9559: 9558: 9550: 9549: 9537: 9536: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9499: 9498: 9194: 9193: 8960: 8959: 8778: 8777: 8754:Nusayr ibn Yahyā 8736:Awn ibn Abdullāh 8723:Sa'id ibn Jubayr 8693:Ubayd al-Mūktaib 8559: 8558: 8403: 8402: 8372:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus 8341:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī 8310:Khashabiyya Shia 8246:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān 8204:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān 7987:Imadaddin Nasimi 7892: 7891: 7789: 7788: 7660:Salafi Modernism 7563:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 7530: 7529: 7521: 7520: 7508: 7507: 7404:Awail Al Maqalat 7286:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 7266: 7265: 7196:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 7151:Isma'ili Shi'ism 7139:Wilayat al-faqih 7119:Hisham ibn Hakam 7104:Allamah Al-Hilli 6328:Muhammad Mayyara 6120: 6119: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5958: 5957: 5950:Islamic theology 5943: 5936: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5890:Hasanzadeh Amoli 5885:Mostafa Malekian 5855:Taha Abdurrahman 5830:Ismail al-Faruqi 5788: 5710:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 5441:Abu Bakr al-Razi 5416: 5415: 5398: 5397: 5223: 5210:Medieval science 5205: 5190: 5172: 5162: 5125: 5114: 5094: 5093: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5016: 4993: 4964: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4907: 4888: 4869: 4840: 4819: 4800: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4744: 4727: 4726: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4618: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4589: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4536:. Albin Michel. 4529: 4523: 4522: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4441:www.al-islam.org 4433: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4350: 4344: 4334: 4328: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4215: 4184: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4132: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3817:Kitab al-Intisar 3813: 3798: 3797: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3699: 3693: 3681: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3657:1 (2003): 45–77. 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3373: 3367: 3348:s.v. "Mu'tazila" 3309: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3245: 3235: 3226: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3083: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3027: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2953: 2948:Al-Shahrastani, 2946: 2940: 2939: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2903: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2839: 2830: 2829:. 2008, page 203 2825:Abdullah Saeed. 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2790:Religion Compass 2781: 2775: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2677: 2666: 2646: 2614:In contemporary 2584:(1919–1998) and 2519:Ismail al-Faruqi 2224:Islamic theology 2089: 2088: 2084: 2049: 2048: 2044: 1896:anthropomorphism 1833: 1826: 1819: 1807:Islam portal 1805: 1804: 1803: 1269: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1242: 1173:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 965:battle of Siffin 926: 915: 908: 907: 902: 877: 872: 871: 859: 849: 672: 662: 660: 652: 642: 640: 620: 613: 606: 594:Islam portal 592: 591: 590: 56: 47: 41: 40: 30: 29: 21: 12087: 12086: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12015: 12013: 11997: 11919:Cultural Muslim 11890: 11857: 11803:Other religions 11793: 11789: 11771: 11706: 11673: 11620: 11563: 11561:Islamic studies 11557: 11539: 11373: 11318: 11295: 11242: 11187: 11186: 11159: 11108:Moral teachings 11051: 11033: 11007:Nation of Islam 10920:Twelver Shi'ism 10857: 10823:Religious texts 10817: 10735:Early conquests 10718: 10700: 10652: 10572: 10561: 10555: 10525: 10520: 10518:Religion portal 10498: 10475: 10437: 10418:Holy Scriptures 10390: 10367: 10255: 10236: 10197: 10133: 10109:Divine presence 10073: 10021: 9975: 9931: 9877:Comma Johanneum 9854: 9819: 9783: 9717: 9705: 9662: 9544: 9531: 9526: 9496: 9483: 9439: 9396: 9367:Ahmed Raza Khan 9348: 9302: 9292:Fethullah Gülen 9267:Nation of Islam 9188: 9185: 9175: 9118: 9095:Ahmad ibn Hābīt 9023: 9015: 8953: 8949: 8937: 8858:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā 8828: 8763: 8748:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb 8706: 8623: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8530: 8481: 8394: 8382: 8316: 8190: 8183: 8151:Hassan-i Sabbah 8034: 8026: 7898: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7861: 7826:Hasan al-Utrush 7774: 7740:Ahmed Raza Khan 7686: 7678: 7585:Dawud al-Zahiri 7536: 7515: 7494: 7472: 7421: 7368: 7328:Kitab al-Tawhid 7253: 7215: 7145: 7072:Hasan al-Askari 7047:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7009:Twelver Shi'ism 7003: 6975:Salafi Jihadism 6970:Osama bin Laden 6953:Safar Al-Hawali 6914:Saleh Al-Fawzan 6848: 6818: 6811:Sahib ibn Abbad 6806:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 6771:Ja'far ibn Harb 6736:Wasil ibn 'Ata' 6733: 6725: 6693: 6654:ī (Muqātilīyya) 6634: 6592: 6548:Shah Abdul Aziz 6421: 6413: 6367: 6353:Ahmad al-Dardir 6238:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 6126: 6105: 6077: 6049: 6016: 5977: 5976: 5952: 5947: 5917: 5904: 5870:Fouad Zakariyya 5865:Mohammed Arkoun 5820:Frithjof Schuon 5786: 5780: 5766:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 5719: 5653: 5592: 5531: 5480: 5410: 5388: 5302: 5261:Illuminationism 5227: 5221: 5203: 5188: 5171:(jurisprudence) 5170: 5160: 5123: 5112: 5088: 5083: 5041: 5028: 5026: 5013: 4999:A. H. Armstrong 4929: 4927: 4925: 4904: 4885: 4837: 4816: 4797: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4735: 4730: 4715: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4504:'Abduh Muhammad 4499: 4495: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4398:"Archived copy" 4396: 4395: 4391: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4335: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4278: 4274: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4236:"Archived copy" 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4199:10.2307/1596086 4187:Studia Islamica 4182: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4151: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943:, p. 65-6. 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3858: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3842:"Archived copy" 3840: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3801: 3786: 3779: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3741:"Archived copy" 3739: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3700: 3696: 3690:Wayback Machine 3682: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3355:Wayback Machine 3319:Wayback Machine 3310: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3291:(in Indonesian) 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3236: 3229: 3224:Wayback Machine 3197: 3193: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3155:"Archived copy" 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3129: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3084: 3080: 3074:Wayback Machine 3066: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3044: 3028: 3021: 3013:Oussama Arabi. 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2782: 2778: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2669: 2657:Wayback Machine 2647: 2640: 2636: 2616:Salafi jihadism 2510:. Referring to 2500: 2466: 2454: 2442:Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ 2346: 2287:power of reason 2268: 2219: 2148: 2136:by most Muslims 2131: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2058:Day of Judgment 2050: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2039: 1922: 1884: 1846: 1837: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1767:Sulaymani Bohra 1736: 1705: 1676: 1660: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1622:Nation of Islam 1576: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1497: 1463: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1353: 1319: 1279: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1186: 1125: 1072:ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd 1068: 1036:Daniel W. Brown 1032: 976:Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā' 969:battle of Jamal 953: 948: 892:ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd 887:Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā' 842: 764:problem of evil 728:) and justice ( 707:was founded by 624: 588: 586: 584: 582: 579: 554:Sulaymani Bohra 523: 492: 463: 447: 429: 420: 419: 418: 409:Nation of Islam 363: 353: 352: 345: 335: 334: 328: 284: 250: 190: 180: 179: 178: 140: 106: 66: 43: 42: 34: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12085: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12023: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12003: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11921: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11909: 11898: 11896: 11895:Related topics 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11867: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11807: 11805: 11795: 11794: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11757: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11683: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11577: 11575: 11565: 11564: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11537: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11518: 11516:Sources of law 11513: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11496: 11489: 11484: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11394: 11389: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11252: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11173: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11140:Social welfare 11137: 11132: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11009: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10965: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10912: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10867: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10827: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10766: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10745:Historiography 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10662: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10606: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10586: 10584: 10574: 10573: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10554: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10522: 10521: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10485: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10428:Predestination 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10400: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10283:Biblical canon 10280: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10257: 10256: 10246: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10208: 10206: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10078:Other concepts 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9983: 9981: 9974: 9973: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9952: 9950:Apocalypticism 9947: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9868: 9866: 9864:Trinitarianism 9860: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9779:Zoroastrianism 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9728: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9611:Urmonotheismus 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9556: 9546: 9545: 9533: 9532: 9525: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9373: 9358: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9321:Muhammad Abduh 9312: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9202: 9200: 9191: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9164:Rashad Khalifa 9156: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9147:Muhammad Iqbal 9139: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9038: 9031: 9029: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9000: 8998:Bektashi Order 8991: 8982: 8968: 8966: 8957: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8847:Abu al-Khattab 8838: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8805:Abū Hulmān al- 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8784: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8760:Amr ibn Murrah 8758: 8757:Ahmad ibn Hārb 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8745:Salm ibn Sālem 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8677:Sāleh ibn Umar 8672: 8671: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8653:Gassān al-Kūfī 8648: 8647: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8511: 8502: 8500:Jābir ibn Zayd 8497: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8468: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8411: 8409: 8400: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8368:Tawussite Shia 8365: 8364: 8363: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8223: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8195: 8193: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8170: 8157: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8071: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8040: 8038: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8013: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7980: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7904: 7902: 7889: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7838:Imams of Yemen 7835: 7833:Yahya ibn Umar 7830: 7829: 7828: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7797: 7795: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7759: 7746: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7705: 7694: 7692: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7587: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7527: 7517: 7516: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7459: 7448: 7441:Kitab al-Majmu 7437: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7279:Asas al-Taqdis 7274: 7272: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7129:Ja'far Sobhani 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7032:Husayn ibn Ali 7029: 7024: 7013: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6965:Salman al-Ouda 6962: 6961: 6960: 6958:Sahwa movement 6950: 6948:Zubair Ali Zai 6945: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6796:Al-Zamakhshari 6793: 6792: 6791: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6671: 6655: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Ahmad Sirhindi 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6394:Malik ibn Anas 6391: 6380: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6158:Al-Shahrastani 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5987: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:Muhammad Iqbal 5797: 5791: 5789: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5776:Hādī Sabzavārī 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Mir Fendereski 5733: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5461:Ikhwan al-Safa 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5412: 5411: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5293:Traditionalist 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5164: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5127: 5116: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5039:External links 5037: 5036: 5035: 5017: 5011: 4994: 4982:10.2307/605440 4976:(4): 698–708. 4965: 4947:(4): 615–629. 4936: 4924:978-1851681471 4923: 4908: 4902: 4889: 4883: 4870: 4841: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4801: 4795: 4782: 4773: 4760: 4745: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4713: 4695: 4678:mutazilisme.fr 4665: 4636: 4629: 4603: 4596: 4574: 4567: 4549: 4542: 4524: 4517: 4493: 4474:(1): 166–169. 4458: 4428: 4389: 4374: 4345: 4329: 4313: 4300: 4287: 4272: 4227: 4168: 4149: 4124: 4115: 4108: 4102:. p. 55. 4082: 4075: 4057: 4045: 4043:, p. 187. 4033: 4020: 4007: 3989: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3884: 3872: 3833: 3821: 3799: 3777: 3732: 3719: 3712: 3694: 3676: 3659: 3646: 3611: 3599: 3595:Cooperson 2005 3587: 3575: 3563: 3548: 3507: 3494: 3478: 3462: 3444: 3424: 3409: 3397: 3368: 3301: 3275: 3263: 3257:978-9004098312 3256: 3227: 3191: 3146: 3127: 3116:"&pg=PR27 3103: 3096: 3078: 3060: 3042: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2954: 2941: 2919: 2890: 2872: 2854: 2831: 2818: 2776: 2758: 2751: 2731: 2702: 2667: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2582:Harun Nasution 2538:Muhammad Abduh 2532:revolutionary 2499: 2496: 2465: 2462: 2453: 2450: 2345: 2342: 2267: 2264: 2240:bi l-mushahada 2228:wujub al-nazar 2218: 2215: 2211:interpretation 2176:ʿAbd al-Jabbar 2147: 2144: 2130: 2127: 2078: 2075: 2038: 2035: 1921: 1918: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1777:Hebtiahs Bohra 1774: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1688:Ja'fari school 1684: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1672:Shafi'i school 1669: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1651:Hanbali school 1647: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1574:Other variants 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1359: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1318: 1317: 1315:Predestination 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1240: 1237: 1185: 1182: 1124: 1121: 1067: 1064: 1031: 1026: 980:Hasan al-Basri 952: 949: 947: 944: 883:Hasan al-Basri 841: 838: 626: 625: 623: 622: 615: 608: 600: 597: 596: 581: 580: 578: 577: 571: 566: 564:Hebtiahs Bohra 561: 556: 551: 542: 536: 526: 524: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 493: 491: 490: 475:Ja'fari school 471: 469: 464: 462: 461: 459:Shafi'i school 456: 450: 448: 446: 445: 440: 438:Hanbali school 434: 431: 422: 421: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 365: 364: 361:Other variants 359: 358: 355: 354: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 256: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 197: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 177: 176: 175: 174: 169: 159: 158: 157: 146: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 112: 105: 104: 102:Predestination 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 67: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12084: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12032: 12024: 12022: 12012: 12011: 12008: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11934:Post-Islamism 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11826:Protestantism 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11786: 11782: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11664:Ophthalmology 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11554: 11550: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11412:Death penalty 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378:Other aspects 11376: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11225: 11224: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11183: 11182:Jurisprudence 11180: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10863:Denominations 10860: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10648:Holiest sites 10646: 10644: 10643:Judgement Day 10641: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10545: 10540: 10538: 10533: 10532: 10529: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461:Denominations 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10433:Last Judgment 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10251: 10247: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10193:Unmoved mover 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10094:Binitarianism 10092: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9815:Supreme Being 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9686:Gender of God 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9591:Kathenotheism 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9518: 9516: 9511: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9402:Other beliefs 9399: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9376:Hilmi Tunahan 9374: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9326:Muhammad Asad 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236:Sabbatai Zevi 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9182: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086:Ali al-Aswarī 9085: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8948: 8944: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8865: 8864: 8863:Muʿāmmarīyya 8862: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8548: 8541: 8537: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8378:Waqifite Shia 8376: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8319: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8303:Ishaq al-Turk 8301: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8061:Hamdan Qarmat 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7958:Safavid Islam 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7942:Sheikh Haydar 7940: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7535: 7534:Ahl al-Hadith 7531: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7221:Zaydi Shi'ism 7218: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Musa al-Kazim 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7037:Ali al-Sajjad 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7027:Hasan ibn Ali 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7006: 6998:Post-Salafism 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Ibn Taymiyyah 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6843:Mustadrakīyya 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801:Amr ibn Ubayd 6799: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5588:Shams Tabrizi 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Nasir Khusraw 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Ibn Miskawayh 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5012:0-521-04054-X 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4903:0-19-518081-X 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4884:0-19-579791-4 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4836:0-674-02208-4 4832: 4828: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4815:1-57910-438-X 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4796:1-85168-386-0 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4683: 4680:(in French). 4679: 4675: 4674:"Mutazilisme" 4669: 4661: 4655: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4630:9781851681471 4626: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4607: 4599: 4597:1-85168-146-9 4593: 4588: 4587: 4578: 4570: 4568:9780195148039 4564: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4262: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4193:(89): 75–90. 4192: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4150:9781137369925 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4055:, p. 96. 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3990:9780099523277 3986: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3967:, p. 90. 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 93. 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 58. 3918: 3913: 3899:on 2010-09-26 3898: 3894: 3888: 3882:, p. 92. 3881: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3713:0-946621-38-1 3709: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3670:(1948), ed., 3669: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3631: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3466: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3198:For example, 3195: 3187: 3181: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2961:Al-Baghdadi, 2958: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2891:0-85224-487-8 2887: 2884:. Edinburgh. 2883: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2855:9780099523277 2851: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2752:9780429844584 2748: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2588:(1943–2010). 2587: 2586:Nasr Abu Zayd 2583: 2579: 2576:(1919–1988), 2575: 2574:Fazlur Rahman 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2512:Wasil ibn Ata 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Judgement Day 2475: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2207:Islamic creed 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2085: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2034: 2032: 2031:tariq l-batil 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1961:Muhammad Asad 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1916: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1882:1. Monotheism 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:Dawoodi Bohra 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1680:Hanafi school 1678: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1667:Maliki school 1665: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656:Zahiri school 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363:Ahl al-Hadith 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:al-Mutawakkil 1188:Under Caliph 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1167:al-Mutawakkil 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1110:, as did the 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 943: 941: 937: 933: 932: 927: 925: 918: 916: 914: 901: 895: 893: 888: 884: 879: 876: 866: 863: 858: 853: 848: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:al-Mutawakkil 803: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 776:good and evil 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732: 727: 726: 721: 717: 712: 710: 709:Wasil ibn Ata 706: 702: 701: 696: 695:al-muʿtazilah 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 665: 656: 651: 645: 636: 632: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 601: 599: 598: 595: 585: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 549:Dawoodi Bohra 546: 543: 540: 537: 535: 531: 528: 527: 525: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 494: 488: 484: 480: 476: 473: 472: 470: 468: 467:Hanafi school 465: 460: 457: 455: 454:Maliki school 452: 451: 449: 444: 443:Zahiri school 441: 439: 436: 435: 433: 432: 430: 428: 424: 423: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 362: 357: 356: 351: 350: 344: 339: 338: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 289: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 255: 254: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 196: 195: 189: 184: 183: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150:Ahl al-Hadith 148: 147: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 72: 71: 65: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 46: 38: 32: 31: 19: 11946:Islamophobia 11811:Christianity 11759: 11692:Contemporary 11586:Architecture 11525: 11491: 11479: 11467: 11425: 11418: 11384: 11366: 11361:Nikah mut'ah 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11288: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11235: 11228: 11221: 11214: 11127: 10850: 10774: 10756: 10749: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10658:Five Pillars 10635: 10601: 10590:God in Islam 10567: 10328:Hamartiology 10313:Ecclesiology 10303:Pneumatology 10212:Christianity 10203:Names of God 10178:Philo's view 10168:Personal god 10148:Great Spirit 10087: / 10044:Christianity 9902:Perichoresis 9805:Emanationism 9747:Christianity 9737:Baháʼí Faith 9715:Singular god 9688: 9648:Spiritualism 9385:Other orders 9290: / 9283:Nur movement 9254: / 9211:Mirza Ghulam 9142:Tolu-e-Islam 9011:Galibi Order 9009: / 8994:Balım Sultan 8989:Babai revolt 8980:Qalandariyya 8978: / 8880:Mufaḍḍaliyya 8789:Jawārībīyya 8742:Umar ibn Zar 8711:Other Murjīs 8440:Bayhasīyyah 8357:Nuqta-yi Ula 8173:Pir Sadardin 8166: / 8080: / 8076: / 7993: / 7985: / 7972: / 7952: / 7948: / 7944: / 7801:Zayd ibn Ali 7751: / 7738: / 7689:Ilm al-Kalam 7602: / 7595:Ahl-i Hadith 7463:Umm al-kitab 7461: 7450: 7439: 7432: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7361: 7354: 7349:Fihi Ma Fihi 7347: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7017:Twelve Imams 6936:Ahl-i Hadith 6867:Ibnul Qayyim 6747:(Nazzāmīyya) 6228:Ibn al-Jawzi 6168:Al-Taftazani 6143:Al-Baqillani 5900:Partawi Shah 5895:Javadi Amoli 5880:Ahmad Fardid 5825:Martin Lings 5675:Hajji Bayram 5649:Ibn Taymiyya 5578:Omar Khayyám 5563:Ayn-al-Quzat 5558:Ahmad Yasavi 5471:Ibn Masarrah 5405:by century ( 5403:Philosophers 5298:Contemporary 5200: 5167: 5157: 5120: 5109: 5029:16 September 5027:. 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SCHACHT, 3497: 3487: 3481: 3471: 3465: 3454:. Retrieved 3434: 3427: 3400: 3389:. Retrieved 3381:BBC Bitesize 3380: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3342: 3293:. Retrieved 3289:liputan6.com 3288: 3278: 3273:, p. ?. 3266: 3241: 3208: 3194: 3169:. Retrieved 3149: 3137:. Retrieved 3117: 3087: 3081: 3063: 3052:. Retrieved 3032: 3017:. page 27–28 3014: 3009: 3001: 3000:al-Ash'ari, 2996: 2988: 2983: 2976:Usul al Din, 2975: 2970: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2881: 2875: 2864:. Retrieved 2844: 2826: 2821: 2810:. Retrieved 2793: 2789: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2741: 2734: 2723:. Retrieved 2715:BBC Bitesize 2714: 2705: 2694:. Retrieved 2685: 2660: 2613: 2604: 2592: 2590: 2530:pan-Islamist 2527: 2516: 2507: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2467: 2458: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2432:Ibn al-Salah 2427: 2423: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2295: 2284: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2170:readings of 2149: 2132: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2066: 2061: 2051: 2030: 2027:yukallifuhum 2026: 2018: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000:min khalqihi 1999: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1908: 1900: 1885: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1847: 1796: 1639: 1638: 1627:Unaffiliated 1601: 1560: 1542: 1498: 1464: 1405: 1354: 1320: 1281: 1231:in Iraq and 1206: 1194:Shia Muslims 1187: 1171: 1144: 1126: 1105: 1088: 1069: 1048:ahl al-kalām 1047: 1044:ahl al-kalām 1043: 1040:ahl al-kalām 1039: 1033: 1029:Ahl al-kalām 1028: 1022: 1007: 987: 983: 973: 954: 929: 921: 919: 910: 896: 880: 843: 789:during the " 784: 729: 723: 713: 698: 694: 650:al-muʿtazila 630: 629: 583: 426: 425: 414:Unaffiliated 388: 347: 329: 285: 251: 192: 141: 107: 68: 12067:Rationalism 12052:Mu'tazilism 11816:Catholicism 11711:Other areas 11702:Theological 11697:Eschatology 11654:Mathematics 11591:Calligraphy 11521:Theological 11475:Inheritance 11392:Cleanliness 10764:Shi'a Imams 10758:Ahl al-Bayt 10386:Krishnology 10363:Soteriology 10318:Eschatology 10298:Christology 10163:Open theism 10119:Exotheology 10017:Zoroastrian 9980:By religion 9937:Eschatology 9892:Homoiousian 9845:Ahura Mazda 9623:Panentheism 9586:Hermeticism 9336:Rashid Rida 9184:Independent 9169:Edip Yüksel 9132:Ahle Qur'an 9083:Nazzāmīyya 9080:Ikhshīdiyya 9067:Huzaylīyya 9058:Bahshamiyya 9034:Mā’marīyya 9026:Rationalism 8976:Malamatiyya 8896:Mānsūrīyya 8842:Khaṭṭābiyya 8773:Mu'shabbiha 8733:Sābit Kutna 8666:Sawbānīyya 8650:Gassānīyya 8634:Gaylānīyya 8628:Other sects 8423:Sa'labīyyah 8420:Maymunīyyah 8397:Arbitration 8279:Khurramites 8243:Sam‘ānīyya 8016:Bābā Rexheb 7946:Shah Ismail 7766:Millî Görüş 7684:Ahl ar-Ra'y 7626:Al-Uthaymin 7547:Kullabiyya 7525:Sunni Islam 7426:Independent 7270:Sunni books 7094:Shaykh Tusi 7067:Ali al-Hadi 7057:Ali al-Rida 6994:Yasir Qadhi 6899:Al-Uthaymin 6889:Rashid Rida 6884:Al-Shawkani 6780:(Jāhizīyya) 6765:(Jubbāīyya) 6669:Jawālikīyya 6523:Ali al-Qari 6438:Al-Sarakhsi 6424:Al-Maturidi 6298:Al-Sha'rani 6278:Ibn Khaldun 6153:Al-Qushayri 6115:Theologians 6096:Metaphysics 6002:Eschatology 5969:Theologians 5815:René Guénon 5805:Gohar Shahi 5741:Mulla Sadra 5665:Ibn Khaldun 5276:metaphysics 5222:(mysticism) 5204:(education) 5182:Metaphysics 5161:(dialectic) 5147:Eschatology 5124:(intellect) 4053:Martin 1997 4041:Martin 1997 3965:Martin 1997 3953:Martin 1997 3941:Martin 1997 3929:Martin 1997 3917:Martin 1997 3880:Martin 1997 3559:Martin 1997 3405:Walzer 1967 3271:Martin 1997 2963:Usul al Din 2609:Eva Janadin 2578:Farid Esack 2464:Eschatology 2416:Wael Hallaq 2362:Abu Hurayra 2348:During the 2195:hermeneutic 2168:allegorical 2160:rationalism 1924:Facing the 1853:monotheism, 1787:Qutbi Bohra 1772:Alavi Bohra 1375:Ahl al-Ra'y 1225:al-Hakam II 1159:al-Mu'tasim 822:al-Hakam II 720:rationalism 653:, singular 631:Mu'tazilism 574:Qutbi Bohra 559:Alavi Bohra 162:Ahl al-Ra'y 12046:Categories 11876:Ex-Muslims 11761:Shu'ubiyya 11755:Psychology 11743:Literature 11733:Inventions 11679:Philosophy 11487:Leadership 11463:Honorifics 11118:Philosophy 10925:Isma'ilism 10886:Maturidism 10769:Caliphates 10740:Golden Age 10631:Revelation 10471:Philosophy 10358:Sophiology 10338:Philosophy 10333:Messianism 10293:Paterology 9897:Hypostasis 9887:Homoousian 9718:theologies 9658:Theopanism 9643:Polytheism 9606:Monotheism 9581:Henotheism 9380:Süleymancı 9288:Said Nursî 9247:Mahdavīyya 9198:Messianism 9102:Sumamīyya 9092:Hābītīyya 8985:Baba Ishak 8927:Saba'īyya 8914:Mukhāmmīsa 8905:Mughīrīyya 8892:Ghurābīyya 8854:Bāzīghiyya 8822:Bārāq Bābā 8801:Hulmānīyya 8698:Ziyādīyya 8690:Ubaydīyya 8682:Shamrīyya 8674:Sālehīyya 8658:Tūmanīyya 8642:Yūnusīyya 8603:Sauwāqīyya 8579:Hakāiqīyya 8563:Karrāmīyya 8553:Hanafiyyah 8407:Kharijites 8345:Nuktawiyya 8296:al-Muqanna 8274:Muḥammirah 8262:Abu Muslim 8258:Rezāmīyya 8233:Hārithīyya 8225:Janāhiyya 8215:Hashimiyya 8189:Kaysanites 8136:Badakhshan 8069:Qarmatians 8056:Batiniyyah 8036:Isma'ilism 8007:Demir Bābā 8002:Baktāshism 7995:Bektashism 7974:ibn Nusayr 7970:al-Khaṣībī 7954:Kul Nesîmî 7950:Pir Sultan 7855:Khalafiyya 7850:Dukayniyya 7784:Shia Islam 7726:Maturidism 7648:Madkhalism 7551:Ibn Kullab 7374:Shia books 6924:Madkhalism 6824:Najjārīyya 6714:al-Qībtī ( 6688:Karramiyya 6684:Ibn Karram 6640:Mu'jassimā 6528:Al-Maydani 6518:Ali Qushji 6443:Al-Bazdawi 6419:Maturidism 6404:Al-Shafi'i 6273:Al-Baydawi 6233:Qadi Ayyad 6208:Ibn Tumart 6163:Al-Ghazali 6148:Al-Juwayni 6138:Al-Bayhaqi 6129:al-Ash'ari 6101:Philosophy 6022:Philosophy 5670:Yunus Emre 5614:Ibn Sab’in 5583:Suhrawardi 5573:Ibn Tufail 5492:Al-Ghazali 5446:Apharabius 5281:psychology 5251:Avicennism 5113:(theology) 4761:0521570778 4408:2020-12-13 4252:2020-12-12 4100:E.J. Brill 4001:2020-10-27 3903:2021-02-04 3852:2021-03-25 3757:2020-10-29 3583:Nawas 1996 3571:Nawas 1994 3456:2021-10-14 3420:Craig 2000 3391:2021-06-19 3339:Muawiyah I 3312:Muʿtazilah 3295:2024-03-26 3213:asceticism 3171:2020-10-29 3139:14 October 3097:0521337674 3054:2019-05-03 2866:2015-09-16 2812:2021-01-09 2725:2021-06-19 2696:2012-11-05 2650:Muʿtazilah 2634:References 2492:wajh Allah 2472:and hell ( 2438:category. 2356:founded a 2156:revelation 2119:Kharijites 2103:Kharijites 1946:, to have 1944:amal saleh 1912:omniscient 1640:Including: 1592:Mujassimah 1300:Holy books 1198:Christians 1184:Post-Mihna 1117:Ashʿarites 1052:Al-Shafi‘i 427:Including: 379:Mujassimah 87:Holy books 11993:Symbolism 11951:Incidents 11929:Criticism 11821:Mormonism 11718:Astrology 11644:Cosmology 11639:Astronomy 11581:Arabesque 11448:Etiquette 11407:Blasphemy 11197:Economics 11012:Ahmadiyya 10954:Muhakkima 10901:Wahhabism 10891:Mu'tazili 10876:Ash'arism 10348:Practical 10343:Political 10308:Cosmology 10265:Christian 10124:Holocaust 10114:Egotheism 10069:Goddesses 10064:Mormonism 9992:Christian 9945:Afterlife 9831:Sustainer 9638:Polydeism 9633:Pantheism 9618:Mysticism 9601:Monolatry 9596:Nontheism 9576:Dystheism 9308:Modernism 9240:Sabbatean 9228:Kabbalist 9206:Ahmadiyya 9137:Kala Kato 9110:Kā‘bīyya 9041:Bishriyya 9021:Muʿtazila 8954:al-Juhani 8947:Qadariyah 8817:Kalandars 8797:Hāshwīyya 8685:Abū Shamr 8618:Zarībīyya 8615:Wāhidīyya 8606:Sūramīyya 8600:Razīnīyya 8576:Dhīmmīyya 8545:Hasan ibn 8519:Wahbiyyah 8466:Abu Qurra 8392:Muhakkima 8336:Hurufiyya 8323:Mahdiists 8238:Riyāhīyya 8219:Hārbīyya 8160:Aga Khans 8155:Assassins 8118:Sulaymani 8082:ad-Darazi 8020:Hārābātīs 7937:Qizilbash 7930:Shaykhism 7806:Jarudiyya 7717:Al-Ahbash 7698:Ash'arism 7631:Al-Albani 7611:Wahhabism 7456:Ahmadiyya 7397:Al-Khisal 7307:Al-Irshad 7262:Key books 6909:Al-Albani 6877:Wahhabism 6731:Mu'tazila 6720:Qadariyah 6598:Mu'attila 6513:Ibn Kemal 6508:Khidr Bey 6388:Hanafiyah 6323:Al-Bahūtī 6318:Ibn Ashir 6283:Ibn Arafa 6178:Ibn Furak 6173:Al-Maziri 6124:Ash'arism 6091:Cosmology 6068:Cosmology 6063:Astronomy 6035:Education 5731:Mir Damad 5724:17th–19th 5658:14th–16th 5624:al-Abharī 5619:Ibn Arabi 5553:Ahi Evren 5512:Bahmanyār 5271:cosmology 5256:Averroism 5189:(physics) 5135:astrology 5130:Cosmology 4961:159973328 4866:259055137 4852:: 47–96. 4723:797919202 4654:cite book 4488:154412966 4451:March 11, 3639:6 January 3492:: p.13-15 2965:, pp.150f 2908:cite book 2796:: 41–50. 2620:Bin Laden 2570:reformist 2566:modernist 2508:Wasiliyah 2436:mutawatir 2428:mutawatir 2424:mutawatir 2420:Al-Nawawi 2406:mutawatir 2388:mutawatir 2370:al-nabita 2260:scripture 2236:daruratan 2172:scripture 2067:al-thawab 2014:mushrikin 1864:mu'mineen 1727:Qizilbash 1617:Ahmadiyya 1612:Quraniyya 1607:Qadariyya 1602:Mu'tazila 1556:Muhakkima 1209:Aghlabids 1163:al-Wathiq 1140:al-Ma'mun 1112:Qadarites 1108:free will 1101:Yazid III 1084:al-Ma'mun 1009:ex nihilo 920:The verb 913:Mu'tazili 860:) of the 847:Mu'tazili 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