1855:âIn particular, and continuing to use species as a âtypeâ example of individuality at higher levels, all evolutionary criteria apply to the species as a basic unit of macro-evolution. Species have children by branching (in our professional jargon, we even engender these offspring as âdaughter speciesâ). Speciation surely obeys principles of hereditary, for daughters, by strong constraints of homology, originate with phenotypes and genotypes closer to those of their parent than to any other species of a collateral lineage. Species certainly vary, for the defining property of reproductive isolation demands genetic differentiation from parents and collateral relatives. Finally, species interact with the environment in a causal way that can influence rates of birth (speciation) and death (extinction).â
775:
Linneon verwandeln kann oder muĂ. Im
Gegenteil, uns scheint, daà sich bei der Evolution die verschiedenen taxonomischen Einheiten so verhalten, daà Gleiches Gleiches erzeugt. Aus einem Biotyp entsteht durch Mutation ein neuer Biotypus, aus einem Jordanon bildet sich - durch eine Neugruppierung der ihn bildenden Biotypen, sowie durch das Auftreten einiger neuer - ein zweites Jordanon; endlich zerfÀllt ein aus mehreren Jordanonen bestehendes Linneon infolge des Verschwindens einiger von ihnen in zwei selbstÀndige Linneone. Es ist vollkommen richtig, daà niemand eine Umwandlung der Rassen in eine Art beobachtet hat, aber das braucht auch nicht zu sein, da im Prozeà der Evolution eine neue Art oder Arten gewöhnlich aus einer alten Art, eine neue Gattung aus einer anderen Gattung usw. entstehen.
779:
evolution. On the contrary, it seems to us that in evolution the various taxonomic units behave in such a way that like produces like. A new biotype arises from one biotype through mutation; a
Jordanone forms a second Jordanone through a regrouping of the biotypes that make up it and the appearance of some new ones; finally, a Linneone consisting of several Jordanones splits into two independent Linneones as a result of the disappearance of some of them. It is quite true that no one has observed a transformation of the races into a species, but that need not be the case, since in the process of evolution a new species or species usually arise from an old species, a new genus from another genus, etc.
1379:
1502:
1871:âIn reaction to the arguments of macromutationists who opposed Neo-Darwinism, modern evolutionists have forcefully asserted that the process of natural selection is responsible for both microevolution, or evolution within species, and evolution above the species level, which is also known as macroevolution or transpecific evolution. Macroevolution is decoupled from microevolution, and we must envision the process governing its course as being analogous to natural selection but operating at a higher level of biological organization. In this higher-level process species become analogous to individuals, and speciation replaces reproductionâ
894:" ... macroevolutionary processes are underlain by microevolutionary phenomena and are compatible with microevolutionary theories, but macroevolutionary studies require the formulation of autonomous hypotheses and models (which must be tested using macroevolutionary evidence). In this (epistemologically) very important sense, macroevolution is decoupled from microevolution: macroevolution is an autonomous field of evolutionary study." Francisco J. Ayala (1983)
1899:âFollowing these early attempted modifications of Darwinism, the rest of the 20th Century onward stayed largely within a Darwinian model. However, there were different major schools of thought. Many of these differences hinged on views of microevolution (evolutionary change within a species) and macroevolution (evolutionary change above the species level). While most agreed that the ultimate processes in macroevolution were ultimately microevolutionary, there were disagreement whether the patterns produced were actually reducible to microevolutionary changes.â
1391:
1095:, families and other groups of animals. In other words, macroevolution is reducible to microevolution through selection of traits over long periods of time. In addition, some scholars have argued that selection at the species level is important as well. The advent of genome sequencing enabled the discovery of gradual genetic changes both during speciation but also across higher taxa. For instance, the evolution of humans from ancestral primates or other mammals can be traced to numerous but individual mutations.
1580:
49:
6052:
604:
1365:, which postulates that evolutionary progress (increase in fitness) of any given species causes a decrease in fitness of other species, ultimately driving to extinction those species that do not adapt rapidly enough. High rates of origination must therefore correlate with high rates of extinction. Stanley's rule, which applies to almost all taxa and geologic ages, is therefore an indication for a dominant role of biotic interactions in macroevolution.
6062:
854:
has been used widely as a neutral label for the study of evolutionary changes that take place over a very large time-scale. Further, species selection suggests that selection among species is a major evolutionary factor that is independent from and complementary to selection among organisms. Accordingly, the level of selection has become the conceptual basis of a third definition, which defines macroevolution as evolution through selection among
747:
dieser Frage auf die exakten
Resultate der Genetik zu stĂŒtzen, so sind sie doch, unserer Meinung nach, zu diesem Zweck ganz unbrauchbar, da die Frage ĂŒber die Entstehung der höheren systematischen Einheiten ganz auĂerhalb des Forschungsgebietes der Genetik liegt. Infolgedessen ist letztere auch eine exakte Wissenschaft, wĂ€hrend die Dezendenzlehre heute, ebenso wie auch in XIX. Jahrhundert, einen einen spekulativen Charakter trĂ€gt.
591:
1806:âSince the modern synthesis, many evolutionary biologists have focused their attention on evolution at one of two different timescales: microevolution, that is, the evolution of populations below the species level (in fields such as population genetics, phylogeography and quantitative genetics), or macroevolution, that is, the evolution of species or higher taxonomic levels (for example, phylogenetics, palaeobiology
1195:
1318:-binding, 3-α fold via a single amino-acid mutation. This example also shows that such a transition can happen with neither function nor native structure being completely lost. In other words, even when multiple mutations are required to convert one protein or structure into another, the structure and function is at least partially retained in the intermediary sequences. Similarly,
755:
of genetics in this question, they are, in our opinion, completely useless for this purpose, since the question about the origin of the higher systematic units lies entirely outside the field research area of genetics. As a result, the latter is also an exact science, while the doctrine of descent today, as well as in the 19th century, has a speculative character.
1914:
show how the field itself has evolved. Here we will consider usage of the term macroevolution in a few key works, as well as present a definition of macroevolution that we endorse. Lieberman and
Eldredge (2014) defined macroevolution as âthe patterns and processes pertaining to the birth, death, and persistence of speciesâ and we adopt this definition here.â
1487:) is over expressed so that it stimulates an elongation of certain bones. Genetic changes in the bat genome identified the changes that lead to this phenotype and it has been recapitulated in mice: when specific bat DNA is inserted in the mouse genome, recapitulating these mutations, the bones of mice grow longer.
803:, etc). For example, the origin of families must require the sudden appearance of new traits which are different in greater magnitude compared to the characters required for the origin of a genus or species. However, this view is no longer consistent with contemporary understanding of evolution. Furthermore, the
853:
suggested that the difference between macroevolution and microevolution reflects essentially a difference in time-scales, and that macroevolutionary changes were simply the sum of microevolutionary changes over geologic time. This view became broadly accepted, and accordingly, the term macroevolution
754:
In such a state of affairs, it must be admitted that the decision of the question depends on the factors of the larger features of evolution, of what we call macroevolution, must occur independently of the results of current genetics. As advantageous as it would be for us to rely on the exact results
1913:
provides a very detailed historical overview for the definition of âmacroevolutionâ: âThe meaning of the term âmacroevolutionâ has shifted over time. Indeed, early definitions do to not necessarily make much sense in light of our current understanding of evolution, yet are still worth considering to
898:
Many scientists see macroevolution as a field of study rather than a distinct process that is similar to the process of microevolution. Thus, macroevolution is concerned with the history of life and macroevolutionary explanations encompasses ecology, paleontology, mass extinctions, plate tectonics,
778:
There seems to be a fundamental misunderstanding here. Not to mention that it is hardly correct to see the
Jardanones as products of the fission of a Linneone, it is even more incorrect to assume that, according to modern views, a Jordanone can or must transform into a new Linneone in the process of
774:
Hier scheint uns ein wesentliches MiĂverstĂ€ndnis obzuwalten. Davon schon gar nicht zu reden, daĂ es kaum richtig ist, in den
Jardanonen Spaltungsprodukte eines Linneone zu sehen, ist es noch unrichtiger anzunehmen, daĂ nach den heutigen Anschauungen ein Jordanon sich im EvolutionsprozeĂ in ein neues
744:
Makroevolution), liegt gĂ€nzlich auĂerhalb ihres
Gesichtsfeldes, und dieser Umstand scheint uns die von uns oben angefĂŒhrten ErwĂ€gungen ĂŒber das Fehlen einer inneren Beziehung zwischen der Genetik und der Deszendenzlehre, die sich ja hauptsĂ€chlich mit der Makroevolution befaĂt, nur zu unterstreichen.
3111:
Foley, Nicole M.; Mason, Victor C.; Harris, Andrew J.; Bredemeyer, Kevin R.; Damas, Joana; Lewin, Harris A.; Eizirik, Eduardo; Gatesy, John; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Zoonomia
ConsortiumâĄ; Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Andrews, Gregory; Armstrong, Joel C. (28 April 2023).
1069:
According to the modern definition, the evolutionary transition from the ancestral to the daughter species is microevolutionary, because it results from selection (or, more generally, sorting) among varying organisms. However, speciation has also a macroevolutionary aspect, because it produces the
751:
In this way, modern genetics undoubtedly lifts the veil from the evolution of biotypes, Jordanones and
Linneones (a kind of microevolution), but that evolution of the higher systematic groups, which has always particularly occupied the minds of men (a kind of macroevolution), lies entirely outside
746:
Bei einer solchen
Sachlage muĂ zugegeben werden, daĂ die Entscheidung der Frage ĂŒber die Faktoren der gröĂeren ZĂŒge der Evolution, d. h. dessen, was wir Makroevolution nennen, unabhĂ€ngig von den Ergebnissen der gegenwĂ€rtigen Genetik geschehen muĂ. So vorteilhaft es fĂŒr uns auch wĂ€re, uns auch in
1247:
While some mutations may not change the molecular function of a protein significantly, their biological function may be dramatically changed. For instance, most brain receptors recognize specific neurotransmitters, but that specificity can easily be changed by mutations. This has been shown by
659:
is evolution occurring within the population(s) of a single species. In other words, microevolution is the scale of evolution that is limited to intraspecific (within-species) variation, while macroevolution extends to interspecific (between-species) variation. The evolution of new species
1356:
Macroevolution is driven by differences between species in origination and extinction rates. Remarkably, these two factors are generally positively correlated: taxa that have typically high diversification rates also have high extinction rates. This observation has been described first by
743:
Auf die Weise hebt die heutige Genetik zweifellos den Schleier von der Evolution der Biotypen, Jordanone und Linneone (eine Art Mikroevolution), dagegen jene Evolution der höheren systematischen Gruppen, welche von jeher die Geister besonders fĂŒr sich in Anspruch genommen hat (eine Art
1566:
While human evolution from their primate ancestors did not require massive morphological changes, our brain has sufficiently changed to allow human consciousness and intelligence. While the latter involves relatively minor morphological changes it did result in dramatic changes to
768:
Regarding the origin of higher systematic units, Filipchenko stated his claim that âlike-produces-likeâ. A taxon must originate from other taxa of equivalent rank. A new species must come from an old species, a genus from an older genus, a family from another family, etc.
881:
view holds there is no fundamental difference between the two aside from scale; i.e. macroevolution is merely cumulative microevolution. Hence, the patterns observed at the macroevolutionary scale can be explained by microevolutionary processes over long periods of time.
1933:"With the development of genetics the concept of species widened according to the ideas of variability and heredity of organisms. New terms were introduced for the determination of species subdivision, such as "biotype", "pure line", "jardanon", "linneon", etc. "
1930:
The terms ('biotypes', 'Jordanone', and 'Linneone') used here by Filipchenko were/are rarely used among non-Russian speaking scientists. According to Krasil'nikov (1958), these terms were used to describe the variety of forms observed within a single species:
1343:
A macroevolutionary benchmark study is Sepkoski's work on marine animal diversity through the Phanerozoic. His iconic diagram of the numbers of marine families from the Cambrian to the Recent illustrates the successive expansion and dwindling of three
1607:, is viviparous throughout most of its range, but oviparous in the extreme southwest portion. That is, within a single species, a radical change in reproductive behavior has happened. Similar cases are known from South American lizards of the genus
1463:, form well-ordered sheets of cells, which ultimately develop into a bulbous structure. Similarly, unicellular yeast cells can become multicellular by a single mutation in the ACE2 gene, which causes the cells to form a branched multicellular form.
1852:
In his book âThe Structure of Evolutionary Theoryâ (2002) page 612, Stephen J. Gould describes the species as the basic unit of macroevolution, and compares speciation and extinction to birth and death in microevolutionary processes respectively:
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its field of vision, and this circumstance seems to us only to emphasize the considerations we have given above about the lack of an inner relationship between genetics and the theory of descent, which is mainly concerned with macroevolution.
3169:
Meredith, R. W.; Janecka, J. E.; Gatesy, J.; Ryder, O. A.; Fisher, C. A.; Teeling, E. C.; Goodbla, A.; Eizirik, E.; Simao, T. L. L.; Stadler, T.; Rabosky, D. L.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Flynn, J. J.; Ingram, C. M.; Steiner, C. (28 October 2011).
1412:
While the vast majority of mutations are inconsequential, some can have a dramatic effect on morphology or other features of an organism. One of the best studied cases of a single mutation that leads to massive structural change is the
1025:
The observation of long-term trends in evolution. Evolutionary trends can be passive (resembling diffusion) or driven (directional). A related question is whether these trends are directed in some way, e.g. towards complexity or
1348:" that were characterized by differences in origination rates and carrying capacities. Long-term ecological changes and major geological events are postulated to have played crucial roles in shaping these evolutionary faunas.
889:
view holds that microevolutionary processes are decoupled from macroevolutionary processes because there are separate macroevolutionary processes that cannot be sufficiently explained by microevolutionary processes alone.
4528:
Richardson, Rose; Feigin, Charles Y.; Bano-Otalora, Beatriz; Johnson, Matthew R.; Allen, Annette E.; Park, Jongbeom; McDowell, Richard J.; Mereby, Sarah A.; Lin, I-Hsuan; Lucas, Robert J.; Mallarino, Ricardo (August 2023).
1613:
which have egg-laying species at lower altitudes, but closely related viviparous species at higher altitudes, suggesting that the switch from oviparous to viviparous reproduction does not require many genetic changes.
1190:
may be slightly changed or the stability of a protein slightly altered. However, occasionally mutations can dramatically change the structure and functions of protein. This may be called "molecular macroevolution".
4593:
Grinin, L., Markov, A. V., Korotayev, A. Aromorphoses in Biological and Social Evolution: Some General Rules for Biological and Social Forms of Macroevolution / Social evolution & History, vol.8, num. 2, 2009
1107:. Macroevolution is often thought to require the evolution of structures that are 'completely new'. However, fundamentally novel structures are not necessary for dramatic evolutionary change. As can be seen in
930:). Additionally, scientists research the 'tempo' of speciation, i.e. the rate at which species change genetically and/or morphologically. Classically, competing hypothesis for the tempo of specieation include
1070:
interspecific variation species selection operates on. Another macroevolutionary aspect of speciation is the rate at which it successfully occurs, analogous to reproductive success in microevolution.
4061:
Mizuno, Kouhei; Maree, Mais; Nagamura, Toshihiko; Koga, Akihiro; Hirayama, Satoru; Furukawa, Soichi; Tanaka, Kenji; Morikawa, Kazuya (11 October 2022). Goldstein, Raymond E; Weigel, Detlef (eds.).
918:. However, the scope of evolution can be expanded to higher scales where different where different observations are made. Macroevolutionary mechanisms are provided to explain these. For example,
1804:
Rolland et al. (2023) in the introduction describe âmicroevolutionâ and âmacroevolutionâ occurring at two different scales; below the species level and at/above the species level respectively:
814:
Nevertheless, Filipchenkoâs distinction between microevolution and macroevolution had a major impact on the development of evolutionary science. The term was adopted by Filipchenko's protĂ©gĂ©
1821:âMacroevolution is the study of patterns and processes associated with evolutionary change at and above the species level, and includes investigations of both evolutionary tempo and mode.â
664:) is an example of macroevolution. This is the common definition for 'macroevolution' used by contemporary scientists. Although, the exact usage of the term has varied throughout history.
1622:
Most animals are either active at night or during the day. However, some species switched their activity pattern from day to night or vice versa. For instance, the African striped mouse (
1601:
do. In several clades of lizards, egg-laying (oviparous) species have evolved into live-bearing ones, apparently with very little genetic change. For instance, a European common lizard,
1558:
has lost limbs in multiple cases, with all possible intermediary steps, that is, there are species which have fully developed limbs, shorter limbs with 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or no toes at all.
3233:
Wu, Ping; Yan, Jie; Lai, Yung-Chih; Ng, Chen Siang; Li, Ang; Jiang, Xueyuan; Elsey, Ruth M; Widelitz, Randall; Bajpai, Ruchi; Li, Wen-Hsiung; Chuong, Cheng-Ming (21 November 2017).
1115:
diversity in the past 100 million years has not required any major innovation. All of this diversity can be explained by modification of existing organs, such as the evolution of
838:
either due to mutations that affect the rates of developmental processes or due to alterations in the chromosomal pattern. Particularly the latter idea was widely rejected by the
2531:
4497:"Phylogenetic relationships in the iguanid lizard genus Liolaemus: multiple origins of viviparous reproduction and evidence for recurring Andean vicariance and dispersal"
1479:). However, the finger bones in bats are dramatically elongated, so the question is how these bones became so long. It has been shown that certain growth factors such as
1312:
1292:
2775:
Ayala Francisco J (1983). "Beyond Darwinism? The Challenge of Macroevolution to the Synthetic Theory of Evolution". In Asquith, Peter D and Nickles, Thomas (eds.).
1887:âMicroevolution happens on a small scale (within a single population), while macroevolution happens on a scale that transcends the boundaries of a single speciesâ
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320:
4647:
874:. However, there has been considerable debate over the past 80 years regarding causal and explanatory connection between microevolution and macroevolution.
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4616:
2500:
Hendricks, Jonathan R.; Saupe, Erin E; Myers, Corinne E.; Hermsen, Elizabeth J.; Allmon, Warren D. (2014). "he generification of the fossil record".
791:
Filipchenko believed this was the only way to explain the origin of the major characters that define species and especially higher taxonomic groups (
1439:
The evolution of multicellular organisms is one of the major breakthroughs in evolution. The first step of converting a unicellular organism into a
1361:, who attributed it to a variety of ecological factors. Yet, a positive correlation of origination and extinction rates is also a prediction of the
4458:"Hybridization Experiment between Oviparous and Viviparous Strains of Lacerta vivipara: A New Insight into the Evolution of Viviparity in Reptiles"
3629:
2757:
2761:
2017:
1831:
Michael Hautmann (2019) discusses 3 categories of definitions that have been historically used. He argues in favor of the following definition :
1077:, that is, they cannot interbreed anymore. However, this classical concept has been challenged and more recently, a phylogenetic or evolutionary
846:(or evo-devo) explanations found a moderate revival in recent times. Occasionally such dramatic changes can lead to novel features that survive.
4620:
4403:
2695:
980:'. However, this term is criticized for wrongly implying that such species have not evolved. The term 'stabilomorph' has been proposed instead.
635:
1038:
4734:
1029:
How the distinctive and of complext traits, which differentiate species and higher taxa from another, have evolved. Examples of this include
5533:
1589:) consists of populations that are egg-laying or live-bearing, demonstrating that this dramatic difference can even evolve within a species.
4833:
902:
Within microevolution, the evolutionary process of changing heritable characteristics (e.g. changes in allele frequencies) is described by
243:
3076:
Grantham, T A (November 1995). "Hierarchical Approaches to Macroevolution: Recent Work on Species Selection and the "Effect Hypothesis"".
1270:. Although protein structures are highly conserved, sometimes one or a few mutations can dramatically change a protein. For instance, an
2407:
1593:
Most lizards are egg-laying and thus need an environment that is warm enough to incubate their eggs. However, some species have evolved
1271:
554:
1536:
of lizards, demonstrating that they have a common ancestor. This split happened about 180 million years ago and several intermediary
1111:, most "new" organs are actually not newâthey are simply modifications of previously existing organs. For instance, the evolution of
6037:
5492:
3858:
Sepkoski, J. John (1984). "A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions".
1014:
Why different species or high taxonomic groups (even in spite of having similar ages) exhibit different survival/extinction rates,
826:. âMacroevolutionâ was also adopted by those who used it to criticize the Modern Synthesis. A notable example of this was the book
362:
1869:, Steven M. Stanly (1974) described macroevolution as being evolution above the species level and decoupled from microevolution:
4843:
68:
1843:
David Jablonski (2017) states: âMacroevolution, defined broadly as evolution above the species level, is thriving as a field.â
976:. Why do some groups experience a lot of change while others remain morphologically stable? The latter case are often called '
5800:
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1986:
1174:). This probably happened when certain cells that make collagen also accumulated calcium phosphate to get a proto-bone cell.
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1910:
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which actually have very different functions. Their similar gene structure also indicates that they must have arisen from
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5883:
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1186:, the vast majority of which have no or very small effects on gene or protein function. For instance, the activity of an
1091:
first discovered that speciation can be extrapolated so that species not only evolve into new species, but also into new
1217:. There are countless cases in which protein function is dramatically altered by mutations. For instance, a mutation in
707:
in 1859, evolution was widely accepted to be real phenomenon. However, many scientists still disagreed with Darwin that
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5205:
1680:
843:
628:
357:
188:
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Brainerd, E. L. (1 December 1999). "New perspectives on the evolution of lung ventilation mechanisms in vertebrates".
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Ratcliff, William C.; Fankhauser, Johnathon D.; Rogers, David W.; Greig, Duncan; Travisano, Michael (May 2015).
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Tyzack, Jonathan D; Furnham, Nicholas; Sillitoe, Ian; Orengo, Christine M; Thornton, Janet M (1 December 2017).
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5857:
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How different species are related to each other via common ancestry. This topic is researched in the field of
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6055:
5642:
5386:
5125:
4419:"Ătude comparative de la membrane coquillĂšre chez les souches ovipare et vivipare du lĂ©zard Lacerta vivipara"
621:
608:
5587:
2377:
5995:
5497:
1641:
1484:
1443:(a multicellular organism) is to allow cells to attach to each other. This can be achieved by one or a few
1073:
Speciation is the process in which populations within one species change to an extent at which they become
922:
can be discussed in terms of the âmodeâ, i.e. how speciation occurs. Different modes of speciation include
539:
6065:
5659:
4254:"Phylogenomic analyses of more than 4000 nuclear loci resolve the origin of snakes among lizard families"
2282:"Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions"
957:. Such questions are researched from various fields of science. This makes the study of 'macroevolution'
804:
595:
734:(1927). While introducing the concept, he claimed that the field of genetics is insufficient to explain
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4935:
2842:
Erwin, Douglas H. (24 December 2001). "Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution".
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867:
808:
95:
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Alvarez-Carreño, Claudia; Gupta, Rohan J.; Petrov, Anton S.; Williams, Loren Dean (27 December 2022).
683:, the fossil record, and molecular biology to answer how different taxonomic groups exhibit different
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which shows many intermediary steps with increasing loss of digits and toes. The species shown here,
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5298:
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5261:
3823:
Sepkoski, J. John (1981). "A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record".
2088:
1897:
Thomas Holtzâs course GEOL331 lecture notes discusses macroevolution observed in the fossil record:
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376:
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Alexander, Patrick A.; He, Yanan; Chen, Yihong; Orban, John; Bryan, Philip N. (15 December 2009).
3563:"The insertion of two amino acids into a transcriptional inducer converts it into a galactokinase"
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471:
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411:
372:
173:
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4735:"AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws as Hundreds of K-12 Teachers Convene for 'Front Line' Event"
3171:
1322:
can be converted into other domains (and thus other functions). For instance, the structures of
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5671:
5540:
5502:
5403:
5374:
5347:
5342:
4940:
4185:
Sears, Karen E.; Behringer, Richard R.; Rasweiler, John J.; Niswander, Lee A. (25 April 2006).
3895:"A multiscale view of the Phanerozoic fossil record reveals the three major biotic transitions"
3172:"Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg Extinction on Mammal Diversification"
1770:
1722:
1434:
1249:
1158:
The same concept applies to the evolution of "novel" tissues. Even fundamental tissues such as
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935:
476:
431:
253:
148:
5528:
4610:
3398:
Jensen, Bjarke; Wang, Tobias; Christoffels, Vincent M.; Moorman, Antoon F. M. (1 April 2013).
1833:"Macroevolution is evolutionary change that is guided by sorting of interspecific variation."
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One of the main questions in evolutionary biology is how new structures evolve, such as new
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More questions can be asked regarding the evolution of species and higher taxonomic groups (
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5766:
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Ii, James A. Schulte; Macey, J. Robert; Espinoza, Robert E.; Larson, Allan (January 2000).
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2909:
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Simons, Andrew M. (21 August 2002). "The continuity of microevolution and macroevolution".
2562:
2146:
2026:
1775:
1496:
1362:
1241:
1203:
1019:
716:
688:
426:
198:
83:
40:
5572:
5442:
3406:. Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
2611:
TheiĂen, GĂŒnter (March 2009). "Saltational evolution: hopeful monsters are here to stay".
1368:
730:
Filipchenko appears to have been the one who coined the term âmacroevolutionâ in his book
8:
6000:
5958:
5908:
5827:
5675:
5667:
5597:
5577:
5523:
5367:
5120:
5063:
4925:
4908:
4886:
1765:
1545:
1233:
class (there are only 7 main classes of enzymes). Another example is the conversion of a
958:
931:
903:
866:
The fact that both micro- and macroevolution (including common descent) are supported by
831:
516:
506:
441:
406:
290:
193:
118:
53:
5278:
4571:
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3649:
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3303:
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3146:
3113:
3089:
2913:
2566:
2150:
2030:
5973:
5925:
5918:
5515:
5427:
5288:
5249:
5073:
5017:
5007:
4967:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4789:
4513:
4496:
4477:
4397:
4345:
4302:
4278:
4253:
4229:
4186:
4162:
4121:
4097:
4062:
4038:
4003:
3927:
3894:
3805:
3792:
3749:
3725:
3690:
3671:
3489:
3456:
3437:
3375:
3342:
3323:
3267:
3234:
3215:
3062:
3031:
2992:
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2897:
2751:
2689:
2644:
2306:
2281:
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2232:
1667:
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1345:
1081:
concept has been adopted. Their main criteria for new species is to be diagnosable and
1004:
992:
559:
491:
275:
203:
168:
4776:
4418:
3634:"Organisation of the murine 5-HT 3 receptor gene and assignment tohuman chromosome 11"
2057:
2012:
1540:
are known to document the origin. In fact, limbs have been lost in numerous clades of
6061:
6015:
5741:
5689:
5467:
5283:
5184:
5147:
5142:
5098:
5093:
5046:
5012:
4684:
4576:
4558:
4469:
4438:
4385:
4375:
4350:
4332:
4283:
4234:
4216:
4167:
4149:
4102:
4084:
4043:
4025:
3965:
3955:
3932:
3914:
3875:
3840:
3809:
3797:
3779:
3730:
3712:
3663:
3658:
3633:
3610:
3605:
3592:
3562:
3543:
3535:
3494:
3476:
3429:
3421:
3380:
3362:
3315:
3272:
3254:
3207:
3199:
3151:
3133:
3093:
3023:
2984:
2945:
2927:
2859:
2855:
2828:
2795:
2739:
2729:
2677:
2667:
2636:
2628:
2578:
2447:
2311:
2262:
2213:
2164:
2102:
2092:
2062:
2044:
1982:
1971:
Chapter: Macroevolution, Book: Evolutionary Developmental Biology - A Reference Guide
1866:
1785:
1602:
1585:
1571:. Thus, macroevolution does not have to be morphological, it can also be functional.
1533:
1358:
1015:
911:
708:
684:
260:
138:
128:
123:
4595:
3675:
3441:
3327:
3219:
1390:
5607:
5174:
5152:
4960:
4566:
4550:
4508:
4430:
4340:
4322:
4273:
4265:
4224:
4206:
4187:"Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits"
4157:
4141:
4092:
4074:
4033:
4015:
3922:
3906:
3867:
3832:
3787:
3769:
3720:
3702:
3653:
3600:
3582:
3525:
3484:
3468:
3411:
3370:
3354:
3307:
3262:
3246:
3191:
3141:
3125:
3085:
3058:
2976:
2935:
2917:
2851:
2824:
2648:
2620:
2570:
2509:
2437:
2301:
2293:
2252:
2244:
2205:
2154:
2052:
2034:
1974:
1750:
1700:
1690:
1476:
1261:
1257:
1030:
996:
988:
984:
946:
823:
796:
724:
712:
672:
295:
5452:
4717:
3893:
Rojas, A.; Calatayud, J.; Kowalewski, M.; Neuman, M.; Rosvall, M. (8 March 2021).
1978:
5968:
5592:
5419:
5408:
5362:
5305:
5254:
5034:
4838:
3472:
3416:
3399:
2922:
1513:
1475:
have the same structural elements (bones) as any other five-fingered mammal (see
1104:
954:
950:
800:
676:
248:
238:
100:
2574:
1966:
719:â) many scientists argued in favor of alternative explanations. These included â
5808:
5680:
5622:
4982:
4915:
4893:
3910:
3567:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3358:
2209:
1760:
1319:
1171:
1088:
1000:
977:
700:
667:
Macroevolution addresses the evolution of species and higher taxonomic groups (
656:
651:
comprises the evolutionary processes and patterns which occur at and above the
330:
233:
4554:
3871:
3836:
3530:
3513:
3311:
2624:
2442:
2425:
2297:
2248:
1579:
938:). Lastly, what are the causes of speciation is also extensively researched.
48:
6080:
6010:
5888:
5847:
5693:
5447:
5115:
5110:
4562:
4473:
4442:
4389:
4336:
4220:
4153:
4088:
4029:
3918:
3879:
3844:
3783:
3716:
3596:
3539:
3480:
3425:
3366:
3319:
3258:
3203:
3137:
3097:
3027:
2988:
2931:
2681:
2632:
2451:
2217:
2168:
2048:
1529:
1452:
1414:
1403:
1237:
1199:
1132:
973:
966:
915:
680:
481:
153:
4327:
4211:
3774:
3707:
3250:
3195:
3129:
2106:
807:
of âgenusâ (and higher) are not real entities but artificial concepts which
6005:
5953:
5898:
5731:
5726:
5320:
5078:
4765:
4689:
4580:
4354:
4287:
4269:
4238:
4171:
4106:
4047:
3969:
3936:
3801:
3734:
3614:
3587:
3547:
3498:
3433:
3384:
3276:
3211:
3155:
2949:
2863:
2743:
2640:
2582:
2315:
2266:
2233:"Approaches to Macroevolution: 1. General Concepts and Origin of Variation"
1733:
1629:
1456:
1140:
1034:
720:
501:
486:
270:
265:
183:
4369:
3667:
3514:"Understanding enzyme function evolution from a computational perspective"
3235:"Multiple Regulatory Modules Are Required for Scale-to-Feather Conversion"
2066:
2039:
1732:
The role of development in shaping evolution, particularly such topics as
6032:
5903:
5632:
5167:
4997:
4903:
4861:
4063:"Novel multicellular prokaryote discovered next to an underground stream"
2898:"The Horseshoe Crab of the Genus Limulus: Living Fossil or Stabilomorph?"
511:
228:
178:
5472:
4079:
4020:
3400:"Evolution and development of the building plan of the vertebrate heart"
2189:
Rolland, J.; Henao-Diaz, L.F.; Doebeli, M.; et al. (10 July 2023).
5893:
5794:
5716:
5703:
5337:
5137:
5024:
5002:
4955:
4950:
4898:
4866:
4781:
4481:
4457:
4145:
3035:
3011:
2996:
2964:
2159:
2132:
1780:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1697:, genome fusions in endosymbioses, and adaptive changes in genome size.
1633:
1594:
1323:
1108:
1064:
927:
919:
850:
661:
285:
208:
163:
143:
57:
3691:"A minimal sequence code for switching protein structure and function"
1244:(Gal3) which can be achieved by an insertion of only two amino acids.
953:, etc), and how these have evolved across geography and vast spans of
6027:
5878:
5487:
5105:
4853:
1644:
revealed that this transition was achieved by modifying genes in the
1609:
1422:
1253:
1124:
1082:
923:
544:
158:
78:
4434:
3049:
Greenwood, P. H. (1979). "Macroevolution - myth or reality ?".
2980:
2191:"Conceptual and empirical bridges between micro- and macroevolution"
5930:
5132:
4675:
4531:"The genomic basis of temporal niche evolution in a diurnal rodent"
4527:
3349:. Physiology of respiratory networks of non-mammalian vertebrates.
2779:. Vol. 2. Philosophy of Science Association. pp. 118â132.
1645:
1448:
1444:
1183:
1167:
907:
822:(1937), a seminal piece that contributed to the development of the
534:
133:
3747:
3561:
Platt, A.; Ross, H. C.; Hankin, S.; Reece, R. J. (28 March 2000).
3343:"Evolution of lung breathing from a lungless primitive vertebrate"
2513:
1421:
The mutation duplicates the wings of a fly to make it look like a
5315:
5029:
1554:
1541:
1507:
1327:
1315:
1163:
1128:
1120:
1078:
652:
4184:
3520:. Proteinânucleic acid interactions âą Catalysis and regulation.
1003:
events. In contrast, famous evolutionary radiations include the
715:, during the period between the 1880s to the 1930s (dubbed the â
2726:
The extended phenotype : the gene as the unit of selection
2188:
1598:
1537:
1525:
1440:
1226:
1194:
1187:
1112:
942:
792:
668:
590:
3892:
3627:
3012:"Species in Concept and Practice: Herpetological Applications"
5236:
4119:
3404:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
3397:
1568:
1549:
1521:
1369:"Macromutations": Single mutations leading to dramatic change
1234:
1148:
1092:
711:
was the primary mechanism to explain evolution. Prior to the
4456:
Arrayago, Maria-Jesus; Bea, Antonio; Heulin, Benoit (1996).
4303:"Rapid and repeated limb loss in a clade of scincid lizards"
2532:"Filipchenko [Philiptschenko], Iurii Aleksandrovich"
4611:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12465
4301:
Skinner, Adam; Lee, Michael SY; Hutchinson, Mark N (2008).
4252:
Streicher, Jeffrey W.; Wiens, John J. (30 September 2017).
3511:
1882:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1116:
4122:"Origins of multicellular evolvability in snowflake yeast"
3341:
Hoffman, M.; Taylor, B. E.; Harris, M. B. (1 April 2016).
3168:
3110:
2965:"Species Concepts: Assumptions, Methods, and Applications"
2499:
1532:
analysis shows that snakes are actually nested within the
694:
4617:
AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science
3455:
Wagner, Darja Obradovic; Aspenberg, Per (1 August 2011).
1472:
723:â, and among its proponents was the Russian entomologist
4371:
Macroevolution: explanation, interpretation and evidence
4002:
Datta, Sayantan; Ratcliff, William C (11 October 2022).
2664:
Turtles as hopeful monsters : origins and evolution
1597:, that is, they give birth to live young, as almost all
972:
The rates of evolutionary change and across time in the
4060:
2723:
834:, a close friend of Filipchenko. Goldschmidt suggested
2792:
Genetics, Paleontology, and Macroevolution 2nd edition
2467:
On the origin of species by means of natural selection
1098:
811:
when they are combined with the process of evolution.
4494:
3632:; Weiss, Birgit; Koenen, Michael (21 February 1994).
2553:
Goldschmidt, R. (1933). "Some aspects of evolution".
1969:. In Nuño de la Rosa, Laura; MĂŒller, Gerd B. (eds.).
1617:
1574:
1300:
1280:
27:
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
4300:
3688:
3628:
Uetz, Peter; Abdelatty, Fawzy; Villarroel, Alfredo;
3560:
3114:"A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution"
3340:
2896:Kin, Adrian; BĆaĆŒejowski, BĆaĆŒej (2 October 2014).
1406:
gene lead to a duplication of wings in fruit flies.
861:
3949:
3750:"Creative destruction: New protein folds from old"
1965:Saupe, Erin E.; Myers, Corinne E. (1 April 2021).
1490:
1306:
1286:
899:and unique events such as the Cambrian explosion.
4455:
2774:
1505:Limbloss in lizards can be observed in the genus
995:. Prominent examples of mass extinctions are the
6078:
4766:Macroevolution as the common descent of all life
3983:Van Valen, L. (1973). "A new evolutionary law".
2789:
2661:
1973:(1 ed.). Springer, Cham. pp. 149â167.
1659:Subjects studied within macroevolution include:
1428:
1225:(EC:4.1.3.39), i.e., a mutation that changes an
1085:, that is, they form a clearly defined lineage.
4367:
4191:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3754:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3695:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3454:
2419:
2417:
2359:. University of Maryland Department of Geology.
2018:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2013:"A theory of evolution above the species level"
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1909:The âDigital Atlas of Ancient Lifeâ website by
872:uncontroversial within the scientific community
4368:Serrelli, Emanuele; Gontier, Nathalie (2015).
4251:
2895:
2493:
2273:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
1053:
4797:
4004:"Illuminating a new path to multicellularity"
4001:
2794:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2525:
2523:
2480:KrasilÊčnikov, NikolaÄ Aleksandrovich (1958).
2224:
629:
4773:Macroevolution as an independent discipline.
2783:
2756:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2479:
2414:
2322:
2078:
2076:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1917:
849:As an alternative to saltational evolution,
4710:NSTA, National Science Teachers Association
3010:Frost, Darrel R.; Hillis, David M. (1990).
3009:
2808:
2595:
2552:
2473:
2401:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2175:
1177:
842:, but the hopeful monster concept based on
4804:
4790:
4732:
4649:IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution
4402:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3886:
3232:
2870:
2835:
2760:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2708:
2694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2520:
2489:. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
1964:
983:The impacts and causes of major events in
636:
622:
4680:"Ann Coulter: No Evidence for Evolution?"
4570:
4512:
4501:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4344:
4326:
4277:
4228:
4210:
4161:
4096:
4078:
4037:
4019:
3982:
3926:
3791:
3773:
3724:
3706:
3657:
3604:
3586:
3529:
3488:
3415:
3374:
3347:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
3266:
3145:
3051:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3048:
2939:
2921:
2441:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2305:
2279:
2256:
2230:
2158:
2073:
2056:
2038:
1951:
1881:The âUnderstanding Evolutionâ website by
1466:
1330:which in turn can evolve into CLB folds.
6038:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4811:
4646:IAP, Interacademy Panel (21 June 2006).
4621:"Statement on the Teaching of Evolution"
3857:
3822:
3289:
3078:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
3075:
2889:
2340:
2130:
1578:
1500:
1223:4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate pyruvate lyase
1193:
1170:) with calcium phosphate (specifically,
4733:Pinholster, Ginger (19 February 2006).
2610:
2423:
2010:
736:âthe origin of higher systematic unitsâ
695:Origin and changing meaning of the term
14:
6079:
4416:
2962:
2877:Moran, Laurence A. (13 October 2022).
2814:
2464:
2363:
2353:"Macroevolution in the Fossil Record?"
1683:(the connection between evolution and
1338:
5801:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
4785:
4674:
3518:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
2876:
2841:
2529:
2483:Soil microorganisms and higher plants
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2087:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of
2082:
1865:In his paper proposing the theory of
1632:behavior of its close relatives to a
1628:), transitioned from the ancestrally
4708:
4655:. interacademies.net. Archived from
4615:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2085:The structure of evolutionary theory
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1517:, has no digits and only 1 toe left.
1451:form multicellular assemblies, e.g.
820:âGenetics und the Origin of Speciesâ
4645:
3952:Macroevolution, pattern and process
3090:10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.001505
1210:) by just a 2 amino-acid insertion.
1162:can evolve from combining existing
1099:Evolution of new organs and tissues
24:
5206:Evolutionary developmental biology
4771:Macroevolution in the 21st century
4603:
4514:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01670.x
4178:
3063:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00061.x
2711:Genetics and the origin of species
2662:Rieppel, Olivier (13 March 2017).
2536:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2388:
2011:Stanley, S. M. (1 February 1975).
1654:
1618:Behavior: Activity pattern in mice
1575:Evolution of viviparity in lizards
1561:
844:Evolutionary developmental biology
25:
6098:
4754:
2280:Jablonski, D. (24 October 2017).
2113:
1995:
1819:Saupe & Myers (2021) states:
1351:
1221:(EC:1.2.1.10) can change it to a
1182:Microevolution is facilitated by
1009:Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution
6060:
6051:
6050:
2856:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00045.x
2829:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00437.x
2724:Dawkins, Richard, 1941- (1982).
1544:, and there are cases of recent
1389:
1377:
1314:fold can be transformed into an
862:Microevolution vs Macroevolution
836:saltational evolutionary changes
603:
602:
589:
47:
5863:Extended evolutionary synthesis
5052:Gene-centered view of evolution
4609:What is marcroevolution? (pdf)
4587:
4521:
4488:
4449:
4410:
4361:
4294:
4245:
4113:
4054:
3995:
3976:
3954:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
3943:
3851:
3816:
3741:
3682:
3621:
3554:
3505:
3448:
3391:
3334:
3283:
3239:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3226:
3162:
3104:
3069:
3042:
3003:
2956:
2817:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2768:
2717:
2702:
2655:
2604:
2598:The material basis of evolution
2589:
2546:
2458:
2330:"Evolution at different scales"
1903:
1891:
1875:
1859:
1846:
1837:
1491:Limb loss in lizards and snakes
1477:periodicity in limb development
1459:. Another species of bacteria,
1425:, a different order of insect.
828:The Material Basis of Evolution
596:Evolutionary biology portal
5991:Hologenome theory of evolution
5858:History of molecular evolution
5084:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4973:Last universal common ancestor
4761:Introduction to macroevolution
2424:Gregory, T.R. (25 June 2008).
2286:Springer, Evolutionary Biology
2237:Springer, Evolutionary Biology
2198:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1825:
1813:
1798:
1047:constructive neutral evolution
679:, etc) and uses evidence from
555:Creationâevolution controversy
309:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
5785:Renaissance and Enlightenment
4417:Heulin, BenoĂźt (1 May 1990).
2382:Digital Atlas of Ancient Life
2231:Jablonski, D. (3 June 2017).
1979:10.1007/978-3-319-32979-6_126
1944:
1429:Evolution of multicellularity
1151:(a muscularized segment of a
1058:
993:evolutionary diversifications
5996:Missing heritability problem
5623:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3659:10.1016/0014-5793(94)80435-4
3473:10.3109/17453674.2011.588861
3417:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.004
2923:10.1371/journal.pone.0108036
2713:. Columbia University Press.
1583:The European Common Lizard (
540:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
4714:"An NSTA Evolution Q&A"
4423:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3950:Stanley, Steven M. (1979).
3457:"Where did bone come from?"
3292:Experimental Biology Online
2844:Evolution & Development
2790:Levinton Jeffrey S (2001).
2575:10.1126/science.78.2033.539
2083:Gould, Stephen Jay (2002).
1744:
1481:bone morphogenetic proteins
1333:
1054:Macroevolutionary processes
10:
6103:
5628:Life cycles/nuclear phases
5180:TriversâWillard hypothesis
4737:. aaas.org. Archived from
4626:. aaas.org. Archived from
3911:10.1038/s42003-021-01805-y
3359:10.1016/j.resp.2015.09.016
2404:VariabilitÀt und Variation
2210:10.1038/s41559-023-02116-7
2131:Hautmann, Michael (2020).
1494:
1432:
1219:acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
1062:
906:, with mechanisms such as
785:VariabilitÀt und Variation
783:— Yuri Filipchenko,
762:VariabilitÀt und Variation
760:— Yuri Filipchenko,
732:VariabilitÀt und Variation
575:Nature-nurture controversy
6046:
5946:
5871:
5775:
5702:
5658:
5513:
5417:
5234:
5193:
5126:Parentâoffspring conflict
5062:
4931:Earliest known life forms
4852:
4819:
4555:10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.068
3872:10.1017/s0094837300008186
3837:10.1017/s0094837300003778
3531:10.1016/j.sbi.2017.08.003
3312:10.1007/s00898-999-0002-1
2625:10.1007/s12064-009-0058-z
2443:10.1007/s12052-008-0055-6
2378:"What is Macroevolution?"
2298:10.1007/s11692-017-9434-7
2249:10.1007/s11692-017-9420-0
2133:"What is macroevolution?"
1756:Interspecific competition
1123:. Other examples include
830:(1940) by the geneticist
738:above the species level.
462:Evolutionary neuroscience
437:Evolutionary epistemology
417:Evolutionary anthropology
397:Applications of evolution
5979:Cultural group selection
5843:The eclipse of Darwinism
5815:On the Origin of Species
5790:Transmutation of species
4307:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2963:Luckow, Melissa (1995).
2666:. Bloomington, Indiana.
2600:. Yale University Press.
2596:Goldschmidt, R. (1940).
2402:Filipchenko, J. (1927).
2089:Harvard University Press
1791:
1695:horizontal gene transfer
1178:Molecular macroevolution
705:On the Origin of Species
452:Evolutionary linguistics
447:Evolutionary game theory
422:Evolutionary computation
5984:Dual inheritance theory
5823:History of paleontology
4328:10.1186/1471-2148-8-310
4212:10.1073/pnas.0509716103
3775:10.1073/pnas.2207897119
3708:10.1073/pnas.0906408106
3196:10.1126/science.1211028
3130:10.1126/science.abl8189
2709:Dobzhanski, T. (1937).
2334:Understanding Evolution
1651:pathway, among others.
1307:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1252:that can be changed to
1250:acetylcholine receptors
1075:reproductively isolated
1020:morphological disparity
689:morphological disparity
565:Objections to evolution
472:Evolutionary psychology
467:Evolutionary physiology
412:Evolutionary aesthetics
391:Fields and applications
373:History of paleontology
5672:Punctuated equilibrium
4993:Non-adaptive radiation
4941:Evolutionary arms race
4270:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0393
3899:Communications Biology
3588:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3154
2530:Adams, Mark B (1990).
2469:. London: John Murray.
1771:Punctuated equilibrium
1723:punctuated equilibrium
1590:
1518:
1467:Evolution of bat wings
1435:Multicellular organism
1326:folds can evolve into
1308:
1288:
1287:{\displaystyle \beta }
1211:
1202:can be converted to a
936:punctuated equilibrium
896:
497:Speciation experiments
477:Experimental evolution
432:Evolutionary economics
254:Recent human evolution
112:Processes and outcomes
5964:Evolutionary medicine
5838:Mendelian inheritance
5546:Biological complexity
5534:Programmed cell death
5226:Phenotypic plasticity
4946:Evolutionary pressure
4936:Evidence of evolution
4834:Timeline of evolution
4126:Nature Communications
3251:10.1093/molbev/msx295
2613:Theory in Biosciences
2426:"Evolutionary Trends"
2357:GEOL331 Lecture Notes
2040:10.1073/pnas.72.2.646
1738:phenotypic plasticity
1710:, including rates of
1708:diversification rates
1685:developmental biology
1582:
1504:
1309:
1289:
1198:The metabolic enzyme
1197:
1043:facilitated variation
892:
868:overwhelming evidence
816:Theodosius Dobzhansky
457:Evolutionary medicine
402:Biosocial criminology
368:History of speciation
281:Evolutionary taxonomy
244:Timeline of evolution
6087:Evolutionary biology
5938:Teleology in biology
5833:Blending inheritance
5211:Genetic assimilation
5074:Artificial selection
4813:Evolutionary biology
4619:(16 February 2006).
4541:(15): 3289â3298.e6.
2728:. Oxford : Freeman.
1776:Red Queen hypothesis
1548:. For instance, the
1497:Limbless vertebrates
1363:Red Queen hypothesis
1298:
1278:
1242:transcription factor
1229:from one to another
1204:transcription factor
1109:vertebrate evolution
1001:Cretaceous-Paleogene
764:(1927), pages 93-94
717:Eclipse of Darwinism
655:level. In contrast,
427:Evolutionary ecology
41:Evolutionary biology
6001:Molecular evolution
5959:Ecological genetics
5828:Transitional fossil
5618:Sexual reproduction
5458:endomembrane system
5387:pollinator-mediated
5343:dolphins and whales
5121:Parental investment
4633:on 21 February 2006
4547:2023CBio...33E3289R
4319:2008BMCEE...8..310S
4203:2006PNAS..103.6581S
4138:2015NatCo...6.6102R
4080:10.7554/eLife.71920
4021:10.7554/eLife.83296
3985:Evolutionary Theory
3766:2022PNAS..11907897A
3760:(52): e2207897119.
3701:(50): 21149â21154.
3650:1994FEBSL.339..302U
3579:2000PNAS...97.3154P
3304:1999EvBO....4b...1B
3188:2011Sci...334..521M
2914:2014PLoSO...9j8036K
2567:1933Sci....78..539G
2465:Darwin, C. (1859).
2151:2020Palgy..63....1H
2031:1975PNAS...72..646S
1808:and biogeography).â
1766:Molecular evolution
1721:The debate between
1664:Adaptive radiations
1346:evolutionary faunas
1339:Evolutionary faunas
987:history, including
932:phyletic gradualism
904:population genetics
832:Richard Goldschmidt
725:Yuri A. Filipchenko
703:published his book
529:Social implications
517:Universal Darwinism
507:Island biogeography
442:Evolutionary ethics
407:Ecological genetics
353:Molecular evolution
291:Transitional fossil
119:Population genetics
35:Part of a series on
5974:Cultural evolution
5089:Fisher's principle
5018:Handicap principle
5008:Parallel evolution
4872:Adaptive radiation
4777:Macroevolution FAQ
4741:on 19 October 2013
4720:on 2 February 2008
4146:10.1038/ncomms7102
3124:(6643): eabl8189.
2160:10.1111/pala.12465
1668:Cambrian Explosion
1591:
1519:
1461:Jeongeupia sacculi
1396:Bithorax phenotype
1304:
1284:
1212:
1127:(modified limbs),
1039:novelty in evodevo
1005:Cambrian Explosion
560:Theistic evolution
492:Selective breeding
204:Parallel evolution
169:Adaptive radiation
6074:
6073:
5690:Uniformitarianism
5643:Sex-determination
5148:Sexual dimorphism
5143:Natural selection
5047:Unit of selection
5013:Signalling theory
4381:978-3-319-15045-1
4197:(17): 6581â6586.
3461:Acta Orthopaedica
3182:(6055): 521â524.
2969:Systematic Botany
2673:978-0-253-02507-4
2561:(2033): 539â547.
1988:978-3-319-32979-6
1867:species selection
1786:Unit of selection
1649:phototransduction
1638:Genome sequencing
1625:Rhabdomys pumilio
1534:phylogenetic tree
1402:Mutations in the
1268:Protein structure
1262:gene duplications
1258:glycine receptors
1016:species diversity
959:interdisciplinary
912:natural selection
787:(1927), page 89
709:natural selection
685:species diversity
646:
645:
337:Origin of Species
139:Natural selection
18:Macroevolutionary
16:(Redirected from
6094:
6064:
6054:
6053:
5853:Modern synthesis
5613:Multicellularity
5608:Mosaic evolution
5493:auditory ossicle
5175:Social selection
5158:Flowering plants
5153:Sexual selection
4806:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4716:. Archived from
4705:
4703:
4701:
4692:. Archived from
4678:(18 June 2006).
4671:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4429:(5): 1015â1019.
4414:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4393:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4330:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4214:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4082:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4023:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3795:
3777:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3710:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3661:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3590:
3573:(7): 3154â3159.
3558:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2925:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2879:"Macroevolution"
2874:
2868:
2867:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2747:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2430:Evo Edu Outreach
2421:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2338:
2337:
2336:. UCMP, Berkely.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2204:(8): 1181â1193.
2195:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2128:
2111:
2110:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2042:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1967:"Macroevolution"
1962:
1935:
1928:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1751:Extinction event
1701:Mass extinctions
1691:Genome evolution
1604:Zootoca vivipara
1586:Zootoca vivipara
1447:. In fact, many
1393:
1384:Normal phenotype
1381:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1215:Protein function
1143:, e.g. found in
1031:gene duplication
997:Permian-Triassic
989:mass extinctions
985:palaeontological
961:. For example:
840:modern synthesis
824:Modern Synthesis
713:Modern Synthesis
638:
631:
624:
611:
606:
605:
598:
594:
593:
570:Level of support
363:Current research
348:Modern synthesis
343:Before synthesis
296:Extinction event
54:Darwin's finches
51:
32:
31:
21:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6042:
5969:Group selection
5942:
5867:
5771:
5698:
5660:Tempo and modes
5654:
5509:
5413:
5230:
5189:
5065:
5058:
5035:Species complex
4848:
4839:History of life
4815:
4810:
4757:
4744:
4742:
4723:
4721:
4699:
4697:
4696:on 22 June 2006
4665:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4606:
4604:Further reading
4601:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4535:Current Biology
4526:
4522:
4493:
4489:
4454:
4450:
4435:10.1139/z90-147
4415:
4411:
4395:
4394:
4382:
4366:
4362:
4299:
4295:
4264:(9): 20170393.
4258:Biology Letters
4250:
4246:
4183:
4179:
4118:
4114:
4059:
4055:
4000:
3996:
3981:
3977:
3962:
3948:
3944:
3891:
3887:
3856:
3852:
3821:
3817:
3746:
3742:
3687:
3683:
3630:Rappold, Gudrun
3626:
3622:
3559:
3555:
3510:
3506:
3453:
3449:
3396:
3392:
3339:
3335:
3288:
3284:
3231:
3227:
3167:
3163:
3109:
3105:
3074:
3070:
3047:
3043:
3008:
3004:
2981:10.2307/2419812
2961:
2957:
2908:(10): e108036.
2894:
2890:
2875:
2871:
2840:
2836:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2788:
2784:
2773:
2769:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2722:
2718:
2707:
2703:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2660:
2656:
2609:
2605:
2594:
2590:
2551:
2547:
2528:
2521:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2422:
2415:
2400:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2278:
2274:
2229:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2176:
2129:
2114:
2099:
2081:
2074:
2009:
1996:
1989:
1963:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1747:
1657:
1655:Research topics
1642:transcriptomics
1620:
1577:
1564:
1562:Human evolution
1514:Lerista cinerea
1499:
1493:
1469:
1437:
1431:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1371:
1354:
1341:
1336:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1180:
1172:hydroxy-apatite
1147:), or even the
1101:
1067:
1061:
1056:
955:geological time
879:âExtrapolationâ
864:
789:
781:
780:
776:
766:
758:
757:
749:
697:
642:
601:
588:
587:
580:
579:
530:
522:
521:
392:
384:
383:
382:
310:
302:
301:
300:
249:Human evolution
239:History of life
223:
222:Natural history
215:
214:
213:
113:
105:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6100:
6090:
6089:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5809:Charles Darwin
5806:
5805:
5804:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5747:Non-ecological
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5687:
5678:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5520:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5498:nervous system
5495:
5490:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4998:Origin of life
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Microevolution
4980:
4978:Macroevolution
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Common descent
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4894:Baldwin effect
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4755:External links
4753:
4752:
4751:
4730:
4706:
4672:
4662:on 5 July 2006
4643:
4613:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4520:
4487:
4468:(3): 333â342.
4448:
4409:
4380:
4360:
4293:
4244:
4177:
4112:
4053:
3994:
3975:
3960:
3942:
3885:
3866:(2): 246â267.
3850:
3815:
3740:
3681:
3644:(3): 302â306.
3620:
3553:
3504:
3467:(4): 393â398.
3447:
3410:(4): 783â794.
3390:
3333:
3282:
3245:(2): 417â430.
3225:
3161:
3103:
3084:(1): 301â321.
3068:
3057:(4): 293â304.
3041:
3002:
2975:(4): 589â605.
2955:
2888:
2869:
2834:
2823:(5): 688â701.
2807:
2800:
2782:
2767:
2734:
2716:
2701:
2672:
2654:
2603:
2588:
2545:
2519:
2508:(4): 511â528.
2492:
2472:
2457:
2436:(3): 259â273.
2413:
2387:
2362:
2339:
2321:
2292:(4): 451â475.
2272:
2243:(4): 427â450.
2223:
2174:
2112:
2097:
2072:
1994:
1987:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1916:
1902:
1890:
1874:
1858:
1845:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Microevolution
1758:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1656:
1653:
1619:
1616:
1576:
1573:
1569:brain function
1563:
1560:
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1483:(specifically
1468:
1465:
1433:Main article:
1430:
1427:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1359:Steven Stanley
1353:
1352:Stanley's rule
1350:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1303:
1283:
1179:
1176:
1133:reptile scales
1117:elephant tusks
1100:
1097:
1089:Charles Darwin
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1027:
1023:
1012:
981:
978:living fossils
970:
863:
860:
805:Linnaean ranks
777:
773:
772:
771:
750:
742:
741:
740:
701:Charles Darwin
696:
693:
657:microevolution
649:Macroevolution
644:
643:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
615:
614:
613:
612:
599:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Social effects
547:
542:
537:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
381:
380:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Classification
273:
268:
263:
258:
257:
256:
246:
241:
236:
234:Common descent
231:
229:Origin of life
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6099:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:Phylogenetics
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5914:Structuralism
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:Catastrophism
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Neo-Darwinism
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Reinforcement
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5694:Catastrophism
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Macromutation
5682:
5681:Micromutation
5679:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Immune system
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:symbiogenesis
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:Kin selection
5114:
5112:
5111:Genetic drift
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4658:
4651:
4650:
4644:
4629:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4515:
4510:
4507:(1): 75â102.
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:Herpetologica
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4405:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3961:0-7167-1092-7
3957:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:(1): 86â104.
3021:
3017:
3016:Herpetologica
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2883:Sandwalk Blog
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2801:0-521-80317-9
2797:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2735:0-7167-1358-6
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:10.1666/13076
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2138:Palaeontology
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-674-00613-5
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:(2): 646â50.
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:through time.
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:evolved from
1523:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:The wings of
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:cyanobacteria
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Ultrabithorax
1405:
1404:Ultrabithorax
1392:
1380:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:galactokinase
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:galactokinase
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:swim bladders
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:
975:
974:fossil record
971:
968:
967:phylogenetics
964:
963:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:genetic drift
913:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
888:
883:
880:
875:
873:
869:
859:
857:
856:interspecific
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
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788:
786:
770:
765:
763:
756:
748:
739:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:phylogenetics
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
654:
650:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
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482:Phylogenetics
480:
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468:
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349:
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344:
341:
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334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Before Darwin
324:
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314:
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306:
305:
297:
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155:
154:Genetic drift
152:
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142:
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137:
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127:
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55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6023:Polymorphism
6006:Astrobiology
5954:Biogeography
5909:Saltationism
5899:Orthogenesis
5884:Alternatives
5813:
5799:
5732:Cospeciation
5727:Cladogenesis
5676:Saltationism
5633:Mating types
5556:Color vision
5541:Avian flight
5463:mitochondria
5201:Canalisation
5079:Biodiversity
4977:
4824:Introduction
4743:. Retrieved
4739:the original
4722:. Retrieved
4718:the original
4700:12 September
4698:. Retrieved
4694:the original
4690:ScienceBlogs
4683:
4664:. Retrieved
4657:the original
4648:
4635:. Retrieved
4628:the original
4589:
4538:
4534:
4523:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4370:
4363:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3951:
3945:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3863:
3860:Paleobiology
3859:
3853:
3831:(1): 36â53.
3828:
3825:Paleobiology
3824:
3818:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3641:
3638:FEBS Letters
3637:
3623:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2882:
2872:
2850:(2): 78â84.
2847:
2843:
2837:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2663:
2657:
2619:(1): 43â51.
2616:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2505:
2502:Paleobiology
2501:
2495:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2433:
2429:
2403:
2381:
2356:
2333:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2201:
2197:
2142:
2136:
2084:
2022:
2016:
1970:
1940:
1932:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1734:heterochrony
1675:biodiversity
1666:such as the
1658:
1623:
1621:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1584:
1565:
1553:
1530:Phylogenetic
1520:
1512:
1506:
1470:
1460:
1457:myxobacteria
1438:
1419:fruit flies.
1417:mutation in
1411:
1355:
1342:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1240:(Gal1) to a
1214:
1213:
1181:
1157:
1102:
1087:
1083:monophyletic
1072:
1068:
1035:heterochrony
940:
901:
897:
893:
886:
884:
878:
876:
865:
848:
827:
819:
818:in his book
813:
790:
784:
782:
767:
761:
759:
753:
745:
735:
731:
729:
721:orthogenesis
704:
698:
666:
648:
647:
502:Sociobiology
487:Paleontology
335:
271:Biogeography
266:Biodiversity
184:Coextinction
174:Co-operation
149:Polymorphism
74:Introduction
29:
6033:Systematics
5904:Mutationism
5722:Catagenesis
5650:Snake venom
5583:Eusociality
5561:in primates
5551:Cooperation
5479:In animals
5299:butterflies
5272:Cephalopods
5262:Brachiopods
5194:Development
5168:Mate choice
4921:Convergence
4904:Coevolution
4862:Abiogenesis
4676:Myers, P.Z.
4132:(1): 6102.
3524:: 131â139.
3298:(2): 1â28.
2408:Borntraeger
2145:(1): 1â11.
1706:Estimating
1673:Changes in
1272:IgG-binding
1026:simplicity.
887:âDecoupledâ
858:variation.
512:Systematics
321:Renaissance
199:Convergence
189:Contingency
179:Coevolution
5894:Lamarckism
5872:Philosophy
5795:David Hume
5757:Peripatric
5752:Parapatric
5737:Ecological
5717:Anagenesis
5712:Allopatric
5704:Speciation
5668:Gradualism
5593:Metabolism
5453:chromosome
5443:Eukaryotes
5221:Modularity
5138:Population
5064:Population
5025:Speciation
5003:Panspermia
4956:Extinction
4951:Exaptation
4926:Divergence
4899:Cladistics
4887:Reciprocal
4867:Adaptation
4745:14 January
4724:1 February
4685:Pharyngula
4666:14 January
4637:14 January
4313:(1): 310.
4073:: e71920.
4014:: e83296.
3905:(1): 309.
2542:(297â303).
2406:. Berlin:
1945:References
1781:Speciation
1727:gradualism
1716:extinction
1712:speciation
1595:viviparity
1139:(modified
1131:(modified
1065:speciation
1059:Speciation
928:allopatric
920:speciation
851:Dobzhansky
809:break down
662:speciation
286:Cladistics
209:Extinction
194:Divergence
164:Speciation
144:Adaptation
58:John Gould
6028:Protocell
5879:Darwinism
5767:Sympatric
5516:processes
5404:Tetrapods
5353:Kangaroos
5279:Dinosaurs
5216:Inversion
5185:Variation
5106:Gene flow
5099:Inclusive
4909:Mutualism
4854:Evolution
4563:0960-9822
4474:0018-0831
4443:0008-4301
4398:cite book
4390:903489046
4337:1471-2148
4221:0027-8424
4154:2041-1723
4089:2050-084X
4030:2050-084X
3919:2399-3642
3880:0094-8373
3845:0094-8373
3810:254907939
3784:0027-8424
3717:0027-8424
3597:0027-8424
3540:0959-440X
3481:1745-3674
3426:0167-4889
3367:1569-9048
3353:: 11â16.
3320:1430-3418
3259:0737-4038
3204:0036-8075
3138:0036-8075
3098:0066-4162
3028:0018-0831
2989:0363-6445
2932:1932-6203
2752:cite book
2690:cite book
2682:962141060
2633:1431-7613
2452:1936-6434
2218:2397-334X
2169:0031-0239
2049:0027-8424
1630:nocturnal
1610:Liolaemus
1546:limb loss
1445:mutations
1423:dragonfly
1302:α
1282:β
1254:serotonin
1184:mutations
1018:, and/or
924:sympatric
545:Dysgenics
261:Phylogeny
159:Gene flow
129:Diversity
124:Variation
6081:Category
6056:Category
5931:Vitalism
5926:Theistic
5919:Spandrel
5603:Morality
5598:Monogamy
5473:plastids
5438:Flagella
5394:Reptiles
5375:sea cows
5358:primates
5267:Molluscs
5245:Bacteria
5133:Mutation
5066:genetics
5042:Taxonomy
4988:Mismatch
4968:Homology
4882:Cheating
4877:Altruism
4712:(2007).
4581:37480852
4572:10529858
4374:. Cham.
4355:19014443
4288:28904179
4239:16618938
4172:25600558
4107:36217817
4048:36217823
3937:33686149
3802:36534803
3735:19923431
3676:28979681
3615:10737789
3548:28892668
3499:21657973
3442:28787569
3434:23063530
3385:26476056
3328:35368264
3277:29177513
3220:38120449
3212:21940861
3156:37104581
3147:10233747
2950:25275563
2902:PLOS ONE
2864:11258393
2777:PSA 1982
2641:19224263
2583:17811930
2316:29142334
2267:29142333
2107:47869352
1745:See also
1681:Evo-devo
1542:reptiles
1449:bacteria
1441:metazoan
1334:Examples
1328:OB folds
1168:collagen
1164:proteins
1129:feathers
1121:incisors
947:families
908:mutation
870:remains
797:families
673:families
609:Category
535:Eugenics
377:timeline
358:Evo-devo
316:Overview
134:Mutation
96:Evidence
91:Glossary
5947:Related
5777:History
5638:Meiosis
5573:Empathy
5568:Emotion
5468:nucleus
5409:Viruses
5399:Spiders
5311:Mammals
5294:Insects
5094:Fitness
5030:Species
4829:Outline
4543:Bibcode
4482:3892653
4346:2596130
4315:Bibcode
4279:5627172
4230:1458926
4199:Bibcode
4163:4309424
4134:Bibcode
4098:9555858
4039:9553208
3991:: 1â30.
3970:5101557
3928:7977041
3793:9907106
3762:Bibcode
3726:2779201
3668:8112471
3646:Bibcode
3575:Bibcode
3490:3237026
3376:5138057
3300:Bibcode
3268:5850302
3184:Bibcode
3176:Science
3118:Science
3036:3892607
2997:2419812
2941:4183490
2910:Bibcode
2744:7652745
2649:4983539
2563:Bibcode
2555:Science
2307:5661022
2258:5661017
2147:Bibcode
2067:1054846
2027:Bibcode
1693:, like
1634:diurnal
1599:mammals
1555:Lerista
1538:fossils
1526:lizards
1508:Lerista
1320:domains
1316:albumin
1079:species
687:and/or
653:species
101:History
84:Outline
6066:Portal
5742:Hybrid
5578:Ethics
5420:organs
5382:Plants
5368:lemurs
5363:humans
5348:horses
5338:hyenas
5326:wolves
5321:canids
5255:origin
4579:
4569:
4561:
4480:
4472:
4441:
4388:
4378:
4353:
4343:
4335:
4286:
4276:
4237:
4227:
4219:
4170:
4160:
4152:
4105:
4095:
4087:
4046:
4036:
4028:
3968:
3958:
3935:
3925:
3917:
3878:
3843:
3808:
3800:
3790:
3782:
3733:
3723:
3715:
3674:
3666:
3613:
3603:
3595:
3546:
3538:
3497:
3487:
3479:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3383:
3373:
3365:
3326:
3318:
3275:
3265:
3257:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3154:
3144:
3136:
3096:
3034:
3026:
2995:
2987:
2948:
2938:
2930:
2862:
2798:
2742:
2732:
2680:
2670:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2581:
2450:
2384:. PRI.
2314:
2304:
2265:
2255:
2216:
2167:
2105:
2095:
2065:
2058:432371
2055:
2047:
1985:
1552:genus
1522:Snakes
1227:enzyme
1188:enzyme
1113:mammal
1105:organs
1093:genera
1045:, and
951:orders
943:genera
914:, and
801:orders
793:genera
699:After
677:orders
669:genera
607:
331:Darwin
5529:Death
5524:Aging
5503:brain
5289:Fungi
5250:Birds
5163:Fungi
4961:Event
4844:Index
4660:(PDF)
4653:(PDF)
4631:(PDF)
4624:(PDF)
4478:JSTOR
4067:eLife
4008:eLife
3806:S2CID
3672:S2CID
3606:16208
3438:S2CID
3324:S2CID
3216:S2CID
3032:JSTOR
2993:JSTOR
2645:S2CID
2487:(PDF)
2194:(PDF)
1792:Notes
1636:one.
1550:skink
1235:yeast
1208:yeast
1149:heart
1137:lungs
1125:wings
1119:from
1041:from
69:Index
6016:Tree
5488:hair
5428:Cell
5331:dogs
5316:cats
5306:Life
5284:Fish
5237:taxa
4747:2007
4726:2008
4702:2007
4668:2007
4639:2007
4577:PMID
4559:ISSN
4470:ISSN
4439:ISSN
4404:link
4386:OCLC
4376:ISBN
4351:PMID
4333:ISSN
4284:PMID
4235:PMID
4217:ISSN
4168:PMID
4150:ISSN
4103:PMID
4085:ISSN
4044:PMID
4026:ISSN
3966:OCLC
3956:ISBN
3933:PMID
3915:ISSN
3876:ISSN
3841:ISSN
3798:PMID
3780:ISSN
3731:PMID
3713:ISSN
3664:PMID
3611:PMID
3593:ISSN
3544:PMID
3536:ISSN
3495:PMID
3477:ISSN
3430:PMID
3422:ISSN
3408:1833
3381:PMID
3363:ISSN
3316:ISSN
3273:PMID
3255:ISSN
3208:PMID
3200:ISSN
3152:PMID
3134:ISSN
3094:ISSN
3024:ISSN
2985:ISSN
2946:PMID
2928:ISSN
2860:PMID
2796:ISBN
2762:link
2758:link
2740:OCLC
2730:ISBN
2696:link
2678:OCLC
2668:ISBN
2637:PMID
2629:ISSN
2579:PMID
2448:ISSN
2312:PMID
2263:PMID
2214:ISSN
2165:ISSN
2103:OCLC
2093:ISBN
2063:PMID
2045:ISSN
1983:ISBN
1883:UCMP
1736:and
1725:and
1714:and
1640:and
1485:Bmp2
1473:bats
1206:(in
1160:bone
1153:vein
1145:fish
1007:and
999:and
991:and
934:and
926:and
885:The
877:The
79:Main
5514:Of
5483:eye
5433:DNA
5418:Of
5235:Of
4567:PMC
4551:doi
4509:doi
4431:doi
4341:PMC
4323:doi
4274:PMC
4266:doi
4225:PMC
4207:doi
4195:103
4158:PMC
4142:doi
4093:PMC
4075:doi
4034:PMC
4016:doi
3923:PMC
3907:doi
3868:doi
3833:doi
3788:PMC
3770:doi
3758:119
3721:PMC
3703:doi
3699:106
3654:doi
3642:339
3601:PMC
3583:doi
3526:doi
3485:PMC
3469:doi
3412:doi
3371:PMC
3355:doi
3351:224
3308:doi
3263:PMC
3247:doi
3192:doi
3180:334
3142:PMC
3126:doi
3122:380
3086:doi
3059:doi
2977:doi
2936:PMC
2918:doi
2852:doi
2825:doi
2621:doi
2617:128
2571:doi
2510:doi
2438:doi
2302:PMC
2294:doi
2253:PMC
2245:doi
2206:doi
2155:doi
2053:PMC
2035:doi
1975:doi
1911:PRI
1646:rod
1455:or
1324:SH3
1274:, 4
1256:or
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