Muhammad - Knowledge

1461:); the lack of such a chain for the biographical literature makes it unverifiable in their eyes. The hadiths generally present an idealized view of Muhammad. Western scholars have expressed skepticism regarding the verifiability of these chains of transmission. It is widely believed by Western scholars that there was widespread fabrication of hadith during the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions, and it has been suggested that it is "very likely that a considerable number of hadiths that can be found in the hadith collections did not actually originate with the Prophet". In addition, the meaning of a hadith may have drifted from its original telling to when it was finally written down, even if the chain of transmission is authentic. Overall, some Western academics have cautiously viewed the hadith collections as accurate historical sources, while the "dominant paradigm" in Western scholarship is to consider their reliability suspect. Scholars such as 3342: 3221:, resulted in actual fighting and capture of booty and prisoners. In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr. Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. A Meccan force was sent to protect the caravan and went on to confront the Muslims upon receiving word that the caravan was safe. Due to being outnumbered more than three to one, a spirit of fear ran throughout the Muslim camp; Muhammad tried to boost their morale by telling them he had a dream in which God promised to send 1,000 angels to fight with them. From a tactical standpoint, Muhammad placed troops in front of all of the wells so the Quraysh would have to fight for water, and positioned other troops in such a way that would require the Quraysh to fight uphill while also facing the sun. The 4675: 72: 3402:, Muhammad disclosed that he had received a divine revelation of a planned assassination attempt on him by the Banu Nadir, which involved dropping a boulder from a rooftop. Muhammad then initiated a siege on the tribe; during this time he also commanded the felling and burning of their palm groves, which was an unambiguous symbol of declaring war in Arabia. After a fortnight or so, the Banu Nadir capitulated. They were directed to vacate their land and permitted to carry only one camel-load of goods for every three people. From the spoils, Muhammad claimed a fertile piece of land where barley sprouted amongst palm trees. 2197:, who jubilantly exclaimed "Holy! Holy! If you have spoken the truth to me, O Khadijah, there has come to him the great divinity who came to Moses aforetime, and lo, he is the prophet of his people." Khadija instructed Muhammad to let her know if Gabriel returned. When he appeared during their private time, Khadija conducted tests by having Muhammad sit on her left thigh, right thigh, and lap, inquiring Muhammad if the being was still present each time. After Khadija removed her clothes with Muhammad on her lap, he reported that Gabriel left at that moment. Khadija thus told him to rejoice as she concluded it was not 4883:, in which he presents the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and compares their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers. He rejects the common view that Muhammad is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers "the most sublime truths of cult and morals"; it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision". Pastoret writes that the common accusations of his immorality are unfounded: on the contrary, his law enjoins sobriety, generosity, and compassion on his followers: the "legislator of Arabia" was "a great man". 3456:, located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against Muhammad. Although the Meccan forces were swayed by suggestions that Muhammad was sure to be overwhelmed, they desired reassurance in case the confederacy was unable to destroy him. No agreement was reached after prolonged negotiations, partly due to sabotage attempts by Muhammad's scouts. After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered; according to 2341:. As Muhammad passed by them, they reportedly said hurtful things to him. The same happened when he passed by them a second time. On his third pass, Muhammad stopped and said, "Will you listen to me, O Quraysh? By Him (God), who holds my life in His hand, I bring you slaughter." They fell silent and told him to go home, saying that he was not a violent man. The next day, a number of Quraysh approached him, asking if he had said what they had heard from their companions. He answered yes, and one of them seized him by his cloak. 4176: 2208:, a soothsayer, or a magician, suggesting that his experiences during these events bore resemblance to those associated with such figures widely recognized in ancient Arabia. Nonetheless, these enigmatic seizure events might have served as persuasive evidence for his followers regarding the divine origin of his revelations. Some historians posit that the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition in these instances are likely genuine, as they are improbable to have been concocted by later Muslims. 1197: 4482: 3610: 4056: 2082:, which had previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was needed to accommodate the new weight. Amid concerns about upsetting the deities, a man stepped forth with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Our intentions are only for the best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, but his unharmed continuation the next day was seen as a sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected by 2762:

would warn them that a prophet would be sent to punish them. On hearing Muhammad's religious message, they said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us. Don't let them get to him before us!" Upon embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the Aws, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.

4547: 3559:, a man nearing death from an infection in his wounds from the previous Meccan siege. He pronounced that all the men should be put to death, their possessions to be distributed among Muslims, and their women and children to be taken as captives. Muhammad approved this pronouncement saying it aligned with the God's judgement. Consequently, 600–900 men of Banu Qurayza were executed. The women and children were distributed as slaves, with some being transported to 26070: 22086: 4647:

eyelashes. His hair, black and not entirely curly, hung over his ears. His long, dense beard stood out against his neatly trimmed mustache. His nose was long and aquiline, ending in a fine point. His teeth were well-spaced. His face was described as intelligent, and his clear skin had a line of hair from his neck to his navel. Despite a slight stoop, his stride was brisk and purposeful. Muhammad's lip and cheek were ripped by a slingstone during the

2045: 2212: 3976: 4803: 3762: 1865: 2570:, prohibiting trade and marriage with them. Nevertheless, Banu Hashim members could still move around the town freely. Despite facing increasing verbal abuse, Muhammad continued to navigate the streets and engage in public debates without being physically harmed. At a later point, a faction within Quraysh, sympathizing with Banu Hashim, initiated efforts to end the sanctions, resulting in a general consensus in 619 to lift the ban. 3840: 3292:, which tells the story of a Muslim woman being pranked by a Qaynuqa goldsmith. Regardless of the cause, the Banu Qaynuqa sought refuge in their fort, where Muhammad blockaded them, cutting off their access to food supplies. The Banu Qaynuqa requested help from their Arab allies, but the Arabs refused since they were supporters of Muhammad. After roughly two weeks, the Banu Qaynuqa capitulated without engaging in combat. 4303: 3418:, Muhammad's troops executed a surprise attack on them at their watering place, causing them to flee rapidly. In the confrontation, the Muslims lost one man, while the enemy suffered ten casualties. As part of their triumph, the Muslims seized 2,000 camels, 500 sheep and goats, and 200 women from the tribe. The Muslim soldiers desired the captive women, but they also sought ransom money. They asked Muhammad about using 2671: 26091: 22075: 825: 4537:) and covers a broad array of activities and beliefs ranging from religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead to the mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The Sunnah is considered a model of emulation for pious Muslims and has to a great degree influenced the Muslim culture. The greeting that Muhammad taught Muslims to offer each other, "may peace be upon you" (Arabic: 2707:, holy enclosure in Mecca, is widely accepted as the starting point, but there is disagreement among Islamic traditions as to what constitutes "the farthest place of worship". Some modern scholars maintain that the earliest tradition saw this faraway site as a celestial twin of the Kaaba, so that Muhammad's journey took him directly from Mecca through the heavens. A later tradition, however, refers to it as 26080: 4739:, these were essentially "printed manuscripts". Today, millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, especially Turkey and Iran, on posters, postcards, and even in coffee-table books, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world, and when encountered by Muslims from other countries, they can cause considerable consternation and offense. 1395: 1295: 3737:, a Jewish woman whose father, uncle, and husband had been killed by the Muslims. When asked why she did it, she replied, "You know what you've done to my people... I said to myself: If he is truly a prophet, he will know about the poison. If he's merely a king, I'll be rid of him." Muhammad suffered illness for a period due to the poison he ingested, and he endured sporadic pain from it until his death. 1966:, unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mecca. Recent studies, however, challenge this notion, as other evidence suggests that the expedition, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth. Later Muslim scholars presumably linked Abraha's renowned name to the narrative of Muhammad's birth to elucidate the unclear passage about "the men of elephants" in Quran 105:1–5. 2782:, which basically means "severing of kinship ties." The departures spanned approximately three months. To avoid arriving in Medina by himself with his followers remaining in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed back to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant. Some were held back by their families from leaving, but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca. 2232:

rejected Muhammad's God and alluded to past and future calamities. The verses also stressed the imminent final judgment and the threat of hellfire for skeptics. Due to the complexity of the experience, Muhammad was initially very reluctant to tell others about his revelations; at first, he confided in only a few select family members and friends. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife

2113: 2193:. By the time he got to her, he was already crawling on his hands and knees, shaking wildly and crying "Cover me!", as he thrusted himself onto her lap. Khadijah wrapped him in a cloak and tucked him in her arms until his fears dissipated. She had absolutely no doubts about his revelation; she insisted it was real and not a jinn. Muhammad was also reassured by Khadija's Christian cousin 3790:, had allied with the Meccans. A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza'a, killing a few of them. The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and, according to some sources, a few Meccans also took part in the fighting. After this event, Muhammad sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. These were: either the Meccans would pay 3712:, to whom the treasure of Banu al-Nadir was entrusted, denied knowing its whereabouts. After a Jew disclosed his habitual presence around a particular ruin, Muhammad ordered excavations, and the treasure was found. When questioned about the remaining wealth, Kenana refused to divulge it. Kinana was then put through torture by Muhammad's decree and subsequently beheaded by 3229:. Seventy prisoners had been acquired, many of whom were ransomed. Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and Muhammad ascribed the victory to the assistance of an invisible host of angels. The Quranic verses of this period, unlike the Meccan verses, dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils. 1380:

cases, may have been subject only to "tendential shaping". Other scholars have criticized the reliability of this method, suggesting that one cannot neatly divide traditions into purely legal and historical categories. Western historians describe the purpose of these early biographies as largely to convey a message, rather than to strictly and accurately record history.

2656:. Mut'im agreed, and after equipping himself, he rode out in the morning with his sons and nephews to accompany Muhammad to the city. When Abu Jahl saw him, he asked if Mut'im was simply giving him protection or if he had already converted to his religion. Mut'im replied, "Granting him protection, of course." Then Abu Jahl said, "We will protect whomever you protect." 837: 3929: 2559:, which claimed that Muhammad was infallible and thus could not be fooled by Satan, the historical memory of the early community has been reevaluated. As of the 20th century CE, Muslim scholars unanimously rejected this incident. On the other hand, most European biographers of Muhammad recognize the veracity of this incident of satanic verses on the basis of the 3701:. With the prospect of rich spoils from the mission, numerous volunteers answered his call. To keep their movements hidden, the Muslim military chose to march during the nighttime. As dawn arrived and the city folks stepped out of their fortifications to harvest their dates, they were taken aback by the sight of the advancing Muslim forces. Muhammad cried out, " 4757:, religion for Muhammad was not a private and individual matter but "the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself. He was responding [not only]... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject." 4923:'s admiration for Islam as an aesthetic product, enviably authentic, radiantly holistic, played such a central role in his view of Mohammed as an exemplary world-fashioner that he even used it as a scale of judgement for the classical (the dithyramb, we are told, has to radiate pure beauty if it is to resemble 'a Koran of poetry')". After quoting 2040:, a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a successful career as a merchant in the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take one of her caravans into Syria, after which she was so impressed by his competence in the expedition that she proposed marriage to him; Muhammad accepted her offer and remained monogamous with her until her death. 2854:). Tree trunks were used as pillars to hold up the roof, and there was no fancy pulpit; instead, Muhammad stood on top of a small stool to speak to the congregation. The structure was completed after about seven months in April 623, becoming the first Muslim building and mosque; its northern wall had a stone marking the direction of prayer ( 3543:. As the situation turned against the Qurayza, the tribe proposed to leave their land with one loaded camel each, but Muhammad refused. They then offered to leave without taking anything, but this was rejected as well, with Muhammad insisting on their unconditional surrender. The Qurayza subsequently requested to confer with one of their 2090:, a dispute arose over which clan should have the privilege. It was determined that the first person to step into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on this role, asking for a cloak. He placed the stone on it, guiding clan representatives to jointly elevate it to its position. He then personally secured it within the wall. 2317:, such as bringing forth springs of water, yet he declined, reasoning that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majesty. Some satirized his lack of success by wondering why God had not bestowed treasure upon him. Others called on him to visit Paradise and return with tangible parchment scrolls of the 2437:. As for the third query, concerning the nature of the spirit, the Qur'anic revelation asserted that it was beyond human comprehension. Neither the Jews who devised the questions nor the Quraysh who posed them to Muhammad converted to Islam upon receiving the answers. Nadr and Uqba were later executed on Muhammad's orders after the 5280:, writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger ( 2929:

a treaty or a unilateral proclamation by Muhammad, the number of documents it comprised, the primary parties, the specific timing of its creation (or that of its constituent parts), whether it was drafted before or after Muhammad's removal of the three leading Jewish tribes of Medina, and the proper approach to translating it.

4427:. According to a BBC summary, "the Prophet Muhammad did not try to abolish slavery, and bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves himself. But he insisted that slave owners treat their slaves well and stressed the virtue of freeing slaves. Muhammad treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem". 3967:. He also reaffirmed that husbands had the right to discipline and strike their wives without excessive force if they were unfaithful or misbehaved. He explained that wives were entrusted to their husbands and, if obedient, deserved to be provided with food and clothing, as they were gifts from God for personal enjoyment. 2373:"By God, we can no longer endure this vilification of our forefathers, this derision of our traditional values, this abuse of our gods. Either you stop Muhammad yourself, Abu Talib, or you must let us stop him. Since you yourself take the same position as we do, in opposition to what he’s saying, we will rid you of him." 5333:, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after verses 19 and 20: "Have you thought of Allāt and al-'Uzzā and Manāt the third, the other; These are the exalted Gharaniq, whose intercession is hoped for." (Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshiped by the Meccans). cf Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume p. 166. 4701:, typically in literary genres describing the life and deeds of Muhammad. During the Ilkhanid period, when Persia's Mongol rulers converted to Islam, competing Sunni and Shi'a groups used visual imagery, including images of Muhammad, to promote their particular interpretation of Islam's key events. Influenced by the 3653:'s second cousin, to negotiate with the Quraysh. As the negotiations were prolonged, rumors of Uthman's death began to spark, prompting Muhammad to call his followers to renew their oaths of loyalty. Uthman returned with news of a negotiation impasse. Muhammad remained persistent. In the end, the Quraysh sent 3887:. Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty. Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers. When Muhammad and his army reached 3452:. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home. The Quran discusses this battle in sura Al-Ahzab, in verses 33:9–27. During the battle, the Jewish tribe of 4705:

tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite's conversion, this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world, and accompanied by a "broader shift in Islamic artistic culture away from abstraction toward representation" in "mosques, on tapestries, silks, ceramics, and in

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In the siege of Medina, the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community. The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with Syria vanished. Following the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad made two expeditions to the north, both ended without any fighting.

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and some of Muhammad's daughters, since it was considered shameful to kill a man in front of the women in his family. They instead chose to wait until Muhammad left the house the next morning; one of the men peeked into a window and saw what he believed to be Muhammad (but was actually Ali dressed in

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Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages. The early Quranic revelations utilized approaches of cautioning non-believers with divine punishment, while promising rewards to believers. They conveyed potential consequences like famine and killing for those who

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During the 632 pilgrimage season, Muhammad personally led the ceremonies and gave a sermon. Among the key points highlighted are said to have been the prohibition of usury and vendettas related to past murders from the pre-Islamic era; the brotherhood of all Muslims; and the adoption of twelve lunar

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offered their help, which Muhammad declined. Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims initially held their ground but lost advantage when some archers disobeyed orders. As rumors of Muhammad's death spread, the Muslims started to flee, but he had only been injured and managed to escape with a group of

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or corroboration. The appellation is generally deemed imprecise, as the text neither established a state nor enacted Quranic statutes, but rather addressed tribal matters. While scholars from both the West and the Muslim world agree on the text's authenticity, disagreements persist on whether it was

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wished to send a prophet, couldn't He have found a better person than you, a weak and fatherless orphan?" Realizing his efforts were in vain, Muhammad asked the people of Ta'if to keep the matter a secret, fearing that this would embolden the hostility of the Quraysh against him. However, instead of

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Abu Talib politely dismissed them at first, thinking it was just a heated talk. But as Muhammad grew more vocal, Abu Talib requested Muhammad to not burden him beyond what he could bear, to which Muhammad wept and replied that he would not stop even if they put the sun in his right hand and the moon

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Shortly after Waraqa's death, the revelations ceased for a period, causing Muhammad great distress and thoughts of suicide. On one occasion, he reportedly climbed a mountain intending to jump off. However, upon reaching the peak, Gabriel appeared to him, affirming his status as the true Messenger of

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When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the

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offered his services, explaining that the task would require deception. Muhammad did not contest this. He then gathered accomplices, including Ka'b's foster brother, Abu Naila. They pretended to complain about their post-conversion hardships, persuading Ka'b to lend them food. On the night of their

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and staunch critic of Muhammad, had just returned from Mecca after producing poetry that mourned the death of the Quraysh at Badr and aroused them to retaliate. When Muhammad learned of this incitement against the Muslims, he asked his followers, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b, who has hurt God and His

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Permission has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory. Those who have been evicted from their homes without right—only because they say, "Our Lord is Allah." And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means

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to join them on their return to Medina to promote Islam. Come June 622, a significant clandestine meeting was convened, again at Aqaba. In this gathering, seventy-five individuals from Yathrib (Medina) attended, including two women, representing all the converts of the oases. Muhammad asked them to

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As resistance to his proselytism in Mecca grew, Muhammad began to limit his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During this period, Muhammad had an encounter with six individuals from the Banu Khazraj. These men had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn

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dismiss the idea that Muhammad deliberately deceived his followers, arguing that Muhammad "was absolutely sincere and acted in complete good faith" and Muhammad's readiness to endure hardship for his cause, with what seemed to be no rational basis for hope, shows his sincerity. Watt, however, says

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Muhammad began to prepare for a campaign. In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. With minimal casualties, Muhammad seized control of Mecca. He declared an amnesty for past offences, except for ten men and women who were "guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off

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chieftain who had been aided by the Qaynuqa in the past encouraged Muhammad to show leniency. In a narrated incident, Muhammad turned away from Ibn Ubayy, but undeterred, the chieftain grasped Muhammad's cloak, and refused to let go until Muhammad agreed to treat the tribe leniently. Despite being

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at that time. Muhammad used the building to host public and political meetings, as well as a place for the poor to gather to receive alms, food, and care. Christians and Jews were also allowed to participate in community worship at the mosque. Initially, Muhammad's religion had no organized way to

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included only the story of Muhammad's ascension from the sanctuary in Mecca to "the earthly heaven". Tabari placed this story at the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry, between his account of Khadija becoming "the first to believe in the Messenger of God" and his account of "the first male to

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for his methods, in particular his decision to omit his sources. Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and purely historical events. In the legal group, traditions could have been subject to invention while historic events, aside from exceptional

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Islam (1%) than among Shias (10%–15%). While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of Muhammad in the past, Islamic depictions of Muhammad are rare. They have mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature, and since about 1500 most depictions show Muhammad with his face

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on it and instructed him to read. When Muhammad confessed his illiteracy, Gabriel choked him forcefully, nearly suffocating him, and repeated the command. As Muhammad reiterated his inability to read, Gabriel choked him again in a similar manner. This sequence took place once more before Gabriel

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Various sources present a probable description of Muhammad in the prime of his life. He was slightly above average in height, with a sturdy frame and wide chest. His neck was long, bearing a large head with a broad forehead. His eyes were described as dark and intense, accentuated by long, dark

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put upon his tongue two short verses: "These are the high flying ones / whose intercession is to be hoped for." This led to a general reconciliation between Muhammad and the Meccans, and the Muslims in Abyssinia began to return home. However, the next day, Muhammad retracted these verses at the

2479:, and her husband. The Quraysh then sent two men to retrieve them. Because leatherwork at the time was highly prized in Abyssinia, they gathered a lot of skins and transported them there so they could distribute some to each of the kingdom's generals. But the king firmly rejected their request. 3851:

gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight. They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors. Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at Wadi Hunayn. The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals. Muhammad then turned his

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regarding Muhammad. The rabbis advised them to ask Muhammad three questions: recount the tale of young men who ventured forth in the first age; narrate the story of a traveler who reached both the eastern and western ends of the earth; and provide details about the spirit. If Muhammad answered

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of the 'Amr b. 'Awf tribe, had composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims. They were killed by people belonging to their own or related clans, and Muhammad did not disapprove of the killings. This report, however, is considered by some to be a fabrication. Most members of those tribes

2025:, who is said to have then foretold his prophethood. There are multiple versions of the story with details that contradict each other. All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious by modern historians as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars such as 3723:

Following their defeat by the Muslims, some of the Jews proposed to Muhammad that they stay and serve as tenant farmers, given the Muslims' lack of expertise and labor force for date palm cultivation. They agreed to give half of the annual produce to the Muslims. Muhammad consented to this

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took power in the early 16th century. The Safavaids, who made Shi'i Islam the state religion, initiated a departure from the traditional Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style by covering Muhammad's face with a veil to obscure his features and at the same time represent his luminous essence.

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have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq's narrative. Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with memories of earlier massacres in Jewish history; he notes that Ibn Ishaq was considered an unreliable historian by his

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The historical record of Mecca during Muhammad's early life is limited and fragmentary, making it difficult to distinguish between fact and legend. Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as a child, went on a trading trip to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib and met a monk named

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to prevent pregnancy, to which Muhammad replied, "You are not under any obligation to forbear from that..." Later, envoys arrived in Medina to negotiate the ransom for the women and children. Despite having the choice, all of them chose to return to their country instead of staying.

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and discussed how they had never faced such serious problems as they were facing from Muhammad. They said that he had derided their culture, denigrated their ancestors, scorned their faith, shattered their community, and cursed their gods. Sometime later, Muhammad came, kissing the

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which was published posthumously in 1730, described Muhammad as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker. He presents him as a divinely inspired messenger whom God employed to confound the bickering Oriental Christians, to liberate the Orient from the despotic rule of the

5068:, who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of Muhammad, viewed the prophet of Islam not only as a prophet but also as a perfect human being. All Sufi orders trace their chain of spiritual descent back to Muhammad. Some notable Sufis, such as 4666:, and instead decorate mosques with calligraphy, Quranic inscriptions, or geometrical designs. Today, the interdiction against images of Muhammad—designed to prevent worship of Muhammad, rather than God—is much more strictly observed in Sunni Islam (85%–90% of Muslims) and 4408:

Nine of Muhammad's wives survived him. Aisha, who became known as Muhammad's favorite wife in Sunni tradition, survived him by decades and was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of Muhammad that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam.

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immediately sent an envoy to Muhammad and agreed to the same terms of relinquishing 50% of their annual harvest. However, since no combat occurred, the rank and file had no claim to a portion of the spoils. Consequently, all the loot became Muhammad's exclusive wealth.

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spoke for them, Muhammad refrained from executing them and commanded that they be exiled from Medina. Following the Battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of

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in Medina, Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. Muhammad adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer.

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written by Muhammad. In the constitution, Medina's Arab and Jewish tribes promised to live peacefully alongside the Muslims and to refrain from making a separate treaty with Mecca. It also guaranteed the Jews freedom of religion. In the agreement, everyone under its

3383:. Mass casualties suffered by the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud resulted in many wives and daughters being left without a male protector, so after the battle, Muhammad received revelation allowing Muslim men to have up to four wives each, marking the beginning of 2248:. As word of Muhammad's revelations continued to spread throughout the rest of his family, they became increasingly divided on the matter, with the youth and women generally believing in him, while most of the men in the elder generations were staunchly opposed. 2806:

Muhammad's cloak), though unbeknownst to them, Muhammad had previously escaped from the back of the residence. When Ali went outside to go for a walk the following morning, the men realized they had been fooled, and the Quraysh consequently offered a 100-camel

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mustered a force of 10,000 men. Muhammad prepared a force of about 3,000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam,

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arrangement with the caveat that he could displace them at any time. While they were allowed to farm, he demanded the surrender of all gold or silver, executing those who secreted away their wealth. Taking a cue from what transpired in Khaybar, the Jews in

2538:, claiming that they had been cast by Satan to his tongue and God had abrogated them. Instead, verses that revile those goddesses were then revealed. The returning Muslims thus had to make arrangements for clan protection before they could re-enter Mecca. 2510:, the episodes were more complex than the traditional accounts suggest; he proposes that there were divisions within the embryonic Muslim community, and that they likely went there to trade in competition with the prominent merchant families of Mecca. In 2036:. But likely owing to his poverty, his proposal was rejected by her father, Abu Talib, who chose a more illustrious suitor. When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; his business reputation caught the attention of his 40-year-old distant relative 2611:

to try to establish himself in the city and gain aid and protection against the Meccans, but he was met with a response: "If you are truly a prophet, what need do you have of our help? If God sent you as his messenger, why doesn't He protect you? And if

2270:. These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and the literate ones recorded it in writing. Muhammad also introduced rituals to his group which included prayer ( 3370:, they assembled an army to oppose Muhammad. Upon being alerted by his scout about the impending threat, Muhammad convened a war council. Initially, he considered defending from the city center, but later decided to meet the enemy in open battle at 3232:

The victory strengthened Muhammad's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers. As a result, the opposition to him became less vocal. Pagans who had not yet converted were very bitter about the advance of Islam. Two pagans,

2417:

and asked Muhammad the questions, he told them he would provide the answers the next day. However, 15 days passed without a response from his God, leading to gossip among the Meccans and causing Muhammad distress. At some point later, the angel

4345:

who was 40 years old. The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one. Muhammad did not enter into marriage with another woman during this marriage. After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to Muhammad that he should marry

4600:) to the worlds". The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining Muhammad as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands, reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth. 3532:. Abu Sufyan refused their requirement. Nevertheless, later accounts claim that 11 Jewish individuals from the Qurayza were indeed agitated and acted against Muhammad, though the course of event may have been dramatized within the tradition. 3880:, who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this. One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color." 4369:

Muhammad performed household chores such as preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes. He is also said to have had accustomed his wives to dialogue; he listened to their advice, and the wives debated and even argued with him.

1895:

tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia. While his clan was one of the more distinguished in the tribe, it seems to have experienced a lack of prosperity during his early years. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a

1941:) when he was young; however, historians differ as to whether it was given by people as a reflection of his nature or was simply a given name from his parents, i.e., a masculine form of his mother's name "Amina". Muhammad acquired the 1346:. However, Ibn Hisham wrote in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Another early historical source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by 4366:. Muhammad is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both. According to classical sources, Muhammad married Aisha when she was 6–7 years old; the marriage was consummated later, when she was 9 years old and he was 53 years old. 3554:

After a 25-day siege, the Banu Qurayza surrendered. The Muslims of Banu Aws entreated Muhammad for leniency, prompting him to suggest that one of their own should serve as the judge, which they accepted. Muhammad assigned the role to

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incited the Qurayza to attack the Muslims from their compound, but the Qurayza demanded the Quraysh to provide 70 hostages from among themselves to ascertain their commitment to their plans, as proposed by Muhammad's secret agent

2841:

A few days after settling in Medina, Muhammad negotiated for the purchase of a piece of land; upon this plot, the Muslims began constructing a building that would become Muhammad's residence as well as a community gathering place

2871:) like the Jews or a wooden clapper like the Christians, but one of the Muslims in the community had a dream where a man in a green cloak told him that someone with a loud booming voice should announce the service by crying out " 2563:. Historian Alfred T. Welch proposes that the period of Muhammad's turning away from strict monotheism was likely far longer but was later encapsulated in a story that made it much shorter and implicated Satan as the culprit. 2352:

attempted to entice Muhammad to quit preaching by giving him admission to the merchants' inner circle as well as an advantageous marriage, but he refused both of the offers. A delegation of them then, led by the leader of the

3732:

At the feast following the battle, the meal served to Muhammad was reportedly poisoned. His companion, Bishr, fell dead after consuming it, while Muhammad himself managed to vomit it out after tasting it. The perpetrator was

2228:

God. This encounter soothed Muhammad, and he returned home. Later, when there was another long break between revelations, he repeated this action, but Gabriel intervened similarly, calming him and causing him to return home.

3856:, a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts. 4761:

says there are two important political traditions in Islam—Muhammad as a statesman in Medina, and Muhammad as a rebel in Mecca. In his view, Islam is a great change, akin to a revolution, when introduced to new societies.

3489:, Muhammad's wife. Aisha was exonerated from accusations when Muhammad announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses (sura 24, 4144:

retook—and this time managed to keep—the city. In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked graves. Although the practice is frowned upon by the Saudis, many pilgrims continue to practice a

2765:

The next year, five of the earlier converts revisited Muhammad, bringing with them seven newcomers, three of whom were from the Banu Aws. At Aqaba, near Mecca, they pledged their loyalty to him. Muhammad then entrusted

5342:"Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and outright despising of paganism." (The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Jonathan E. Brockopp, p. 35). 1154:) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( 3551:. When asked about Muhammad's intentions, he gestured towards his throat, indicating an imminent massacre. He immediately regretted his indiscretion and tied himself to one of the Mosque pillars as a form of penance. 2621:, a Meccan chief with a summer residence in Ta'if. Muhammad felt despair due to the unexpected rejection and hostility he received in the city; at this point, he realized he had no security or protection except from 3902:

The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally. After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and terror attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the

4464:. Islamic belief is that ideally the Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear; children are taught it immediately and it will be recited upon death. Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer ( 4140:, Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration, and the one of Muhammad is reported to have narrowly escaped. Similar events took place in 1925, when the 3860:

plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids. Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the

11606: 18248: 3705:! Khaybar is destroyed. For when we approach a people's land, a terrible morning awaits the warned ones." After a strenuous battle lasting more than a month, the Muslims successfully captured the city. 10032:

Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.

2711:, which is generally associated with Jerusalem. Over time, these different traditions merged to present the journey as one that began in Mecca, passed through Jerusalem, and then ascended to heaven. 6219:

Things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as I have been told are not to be accepted as trustworthy – all these things have I omitted.

3998:

After praying at the burial site in June 632, Muhammad suffered a dreadful headache that made him cry in pain. He continued to spend the night with each of his wives one by one, but he fainted in

25526: 2636:, and he said, "They did not allow him to enter Ta'if, so let us deny him entry to Mecca as well." Knowing the gravity of the situation, Muhammad asked a passing horseman to deliver a message to 1253:

to Muhammad. The Quran is mainly addressed to a single "Messenger of God" who is referred to as Muhammad in a number of verses. The Quranic text also describes the settlement of his followers in

1045:, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, 11407: 4543:) is used by Muslims throughout the world. Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the Sunnah and not the Quran. 3664:

If a Qurayshite came to Muhammad's side without his guardian's allowance, he was to be returned to the Quraysh; yet, if a Muslim came to the Quraysh, he would not be surrendered to Muhammad.

11484: 13972:

The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia

4626:. In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used ( 25546: 2629:

stopped by and offered grapes, which Muhammad accepted. By the end of the encounter, Addas felt overwhelmed and kissed Muhammad's head, hands, and feet in recognition of his prophethood.

6455:

of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/796). Later ḥadīth compendia often included other collections as well. None of these books, however, has enjoyed the esteem of al-Bukhārīʼs and Muslimʼs works.

3174:

Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. War would later break out between the people of Mecca and the Muslims. Muhammad delivered

1264:

The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammad's chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context and timeline. Almost none of

1457:

Muslim scholars have typically placed a greater emphasis on the hadith literature instead of the biographical literature, since hadiths maintain a traditional chain of transmission (

4901:

be in earnest". Carlyle's interpretation has been widely cited by Muslim scholars as a demonstration that Western scholarship validates Muhammad's status as a great man in history.

4581:

Muslims have traditionally expressed love and veneration for Muhammad. Stories of Muhammad's life, his intercession and of his miracles have permeated popular Muslim thought and

2549:

and documented by nearly all of the major biographers of Muhammad in Islam's first two centuries, which according to them corresponds to Quran 22:52. But since the rise of the

4927:, who said in a letter to some friend that "I must admit that you, the great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory", 25804: 25536: 25531: 4244:

between the two had devastated the region, making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes. Furthermore, in the lands that would be conquered by Muslims, many Christians (

3304:

angered by the incident, Muhammad spared the Qaynuqa, stipulating that they must depart Medina within three days and relinquish their property to the Muslims, with a fifth (

2814:

for Medina, which at the time was still named Yathrib; the two men arrived in Medina on 4 September 622. The Meccan Muslims who undertook the migration were then called the

1422:

collections, accounts of verbal and physical teachings and traditions attributed to Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including

4213:. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by Muhammad at 3280:, regarded as the weakest and wealthiest of Medina's three main Jewish tribes. Muslim sources provide different reasons for the siege, including an altercation involving 1268:

are mentioned by name in the Quran, hence not providing sufficient information for a concise biography. The Quran is considered to be contemporary with Muhammad, and the

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On February 631, Muhammad received a revelation granting idolaters four months of grace, after which the Muslims would attack, kill, and plunder them wherever they met.

3225:

commenced, and the Muslims ultimately won, killing at least forty-five Meccans with fourteen Muslims dead. They also succeeded in killing many Meccan leaders, including

2974: 3473:. Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe were killed, while some of the fighters were merely enslaved. Watt finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing", while 2640:, a member of his mother's clan, requesting his protection so that he could enter in safety. But Akhnas declined, saying that he was only a confederate of the house of 169: 4612:-dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged. When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with the Arabic phrase 2592:, also died. Despite Muhammad's persuasions to Abu Talib to embrace Islam on his deathbed, he clung to his polytheistic beliefs until the end. Muhammad's other uncle, 4030:, Muhammad said that he felt his aorta being severed because of the food he ate at Khaybar. On 8 June 632, Muhammad died. In his last moments, he reportedly uttered: 2425:

In response to the first query, the Qur'an tells a story about a group of men sleeping in a cave (Qur'an 18:9–25), which scholars generally link to the legend of the

4875:(1762), "brushing aside hostile legends of Muhammad as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a sage legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers". 21825: 5263:, p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the 4225:) forces because of the previous defeat, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an event that Muslim historians later referred to as the 2700:, while Mi'raj is from Jerusalem to the heavens. There is considered no substantial basis for the Mi'raj in the Quran, as the Quran does not address it directly. 21707: 4022:. He replied that God would not afflict him with such a vile disease, and ordered all the women to also take the remedy. According to various sources, including 2525:

Along with many others, Tabari recorded that Muhammad was desperate, hoping for an accommodation with his tribe. So, while he was in the presence of a number of

1317:(around the 8th and 9th century CE respectively). These include traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information about his life. 2378:

in his left. When he turned around, Abu Talib called him and said, "Come back nephew, say what you please, for by God I will never give you up on any account."

21075: 3843:

Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines). Shown: Byzantine empire (North and West) & Sassanid-Persian empire (Northeast).

4397:, who both died in childhood). All but one of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him. Some Shi'a scholars contend that Fatimah was Muhammad's only daughter. 25521: 23249: 1637:, the "Mountain of Light" near Mecca. At age 40, Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) was said to appear to Muhammad on the mountain and call him "the Prophet of Allah" 4861:

he vilifies Muhammad as a symbol of fanaticism, and in an essay in 1748 he calls him "a sublime and hearty charlatan". But in Voltaire's historical survey

1851: 7078:"From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art" 3805:

the war and disrupted the peace". Some of these were later pardoned. Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of

21692: 16984: 13309: 4955:

that sincerity does not directly imply correctness: in contemporary terms, Muhammad might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation. Watt and

4893: 3398:, and they agreed to his request. However, while waiting, he departed from his companions and disappeared. When they found him at his home, according to 14186: 2164:, this time seeing a mighty being that engulfed the horizon and stared back at Muhammad even when he turned to face a different direction. This was the 1985:

to illness and became an orphan. For the next two years, until he was eight years old, Muhammad was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather,

25825: 3667:

Any tribes interested in forming alliances with Muhammad or the Quraysh were free to do so. These alliances were also protected by the ten-year truce.

2912:

was required to defend and protect the oasis if attacked. Politically, the agreement helped Muhammad better understand which people were on his side.

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accepting his request, they pelted him with stones, injuring his limbs. He eventually evaded this chaos and persecution by escaping to the garden of

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was among the first to present a more positive view of Muhammad when he argued that Muhammad should be esteemed by Christians as a valid prophet.

3206:

in which the name of Allah is much mentioned. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.

16954: 16146: 2967: 2391: 2204:

Muhammad's demeanor during his moments of inspiration frequently led to allegations from his contemporaries that he was under the influence of a

5064:

The Sunnah contributed much to the development of Islamic law, particularly from the end of the first Islamic century. Muslim mystics, known as

26142: 23495: 18411: 6439:

of Abū Dāwūd (d. 275/889) and al-Nāsaʾī (d. 303/915). The Five Book canon, which is first noted in the sixth/twelfth century, incorporates the

4793:) for the benefit of the poor; as Muhammad's power grew he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular. 3637:, Muhammad embarked on the journey. He was dressed in his customary pilgrim attire and was accompanied by a group of followers. Upon reaching 3535:

Citing the intrigue of the Qurayza, Muhammad besieged the tribe, though the tribe denied the charges. However, there are sources that say the

3341: 2156:, which made him no longer want to live. In desperation, Muhammad fled from the cave and began climbing up towards the top of the mountain to 25509: 4044:

Historian Alfred T. Welch speculates that Muhammad's death was caused by Medinan fever, which was aggravated by physical and mental fatigue.

3587:, whom Zayd had raided in the past, the tribe seized the opportunity for revenge, attacking the caravan and injuring him. Upon his return to 2441:, while other captives were held for ransom. As Uqba pleaded, "But who will take care of my children, Muhammad?" Muhammad responded, "Hell!" 1133:. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the 3629:). The Kaaba has been rebuilt several times; the present structure, built in 1629, is a reconstruction of an earlier building dating to 683. 5131: 4460:: "I testify that there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is a Messenger of God". The Shahadah is the basic creed or tenet of 2506:

after the event of Hijra. These accounts agree that persecution played a major role in Muhammad sending them there. According to historian

15120: 10821: 2152:

When Muhammad came to his senses, he felt scared; he started to think that after all of this spiritual struggle, he had been visited by a

1129:. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and 26257: 22122: 21722: 15733: 12954: 12694: 11707: 11637: 10864: 10756: 10691: 10594: 4596:(1211–1294) is particularly well-known, and widely held to possess a healing, spiritual power. The Quran refers to Muhammad as "a mercy ( 2875:" ("God is greater") to remind Muslims of their top priority; when Muhammad heard about this dream, he agreed with the idea and selected 14862: 14227: 13115: 12529: 12374: 11954: 11832:, where, astonishingly for the sixteenth century, he argued that Muhammad ought to be esteemed even in Christendom as a genuine prophet. 11671: 11461: 11310: 10787: 10725: 10654: 5095: 4018:

fed him an Abyssinian remedy when he was unconscious. When he came to, he inquired about it, and they explained they were afraid he had

3794:

for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null.

2738:'s account, the Isra' came first and then the Mi'raj, and he put these stories before the deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib. In contrast, 24285: 23926: 16947: 12248: 11179: 8196: 3000: 2960: 2801:, the group of planned assassins approached Muhammad's home to carry out the attack but changed their minds upon hearing the voices of 3621:

long held a major economic and religious role for the area. Seventeen months after Muhammad's arrival in Medina, it became the Muslim

2514:'s letter preserved by Tabari, these emigrants returned after the conversion to Islam of a number of individuals in positions such as 21796: 21712: 15209: 12893:(1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". 5972: 4133: 4777:

privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents". Muhammad's message transformed society and

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Hill, following the insistence of the younger faction of his followers. As they prepared to depart, the remaining Jewish allies of

2600:

clan leadership, was initially willing to provide Muhammad with protection. However, upon hearing from Muhammad that Abu Talib and

1844: 7077: 26152: 26083: 25750: 25078: 24380: 21776: 21697: 15912: 15168: 5099: 3460:, all the men apart from a few converts to Islam were beheaded, while the women and children were enslaved. Walid N. Arafat and 3249:, one of three main Jewish tribes, but some historians contend that the expulsion happened after Muhammad's death. According to 2771:

protect him as they would protect their wives and children. They concurred and gave him their oath, commonly referred to as the

24499: 22760: 21717: 20607: 6435:. Beyond these two foundational classics, some fourth-/tenth-century scholars refer to a four-book selection that adds the two 4674: 3755: 3178:

verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans. According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the

1092: 543: 2703:

Quranic verse 17:1 recounts Muhammad's night journey from a revered place of prayer to the most distant place of worship. The

1372:

AH). Due to these early biographical efforts, more is known about Muhammad than almost any other founder of a major religion.

1313:

Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the

25911: 24487: 21727: 21684: 15095: 15071: 15052: 15026: 14945: 14922: 14901: 14848: 14797: 14773: 14749: 14714: 14690: 14666: 14644: 14617: 14596: 14575: 14551: 14529: 14508: 14484: 14463: 14444: 14425: 14372: 14348: 14324: 14297: 14276: 14255: 14221: 14171: 14147: 14126: 14105: 14081: 14057: 14036: 14012: 13991: 13956: 13932: 13908: 13884: 13856: 13832: 13808: 13784: 13763: 13741: 13716: 13692: 13668: 13644: 13609: 13588: 13562: 13537: 13513: 13489: 13463: 13442: 13412: 13388: 13344: 13323: 13299: 13276: 13252: 13206: 13182: 13158: 13134: 13109: 13078: 13054: 13024: 12996: 12964: 12943: 12880: 12828: 12807: 12779: 12755: 12734: 12713: 12688: 12664: 12636: 12572: 12551: 12523: 12502: 12481: 12457: 12433: 12414: 12360: 12329: 12304: 12279: 12224: 11948: 11900: 11821: 11701: 11665: 11631: 11600: 11571: 11538: 11496: 11455: 11370: 11304: 11173: 10858: 10815: 10781: 10750: 10719: 10685: 10648: 10578: 10018: 9924: 9888: 9425: 9180: 8768: 8743: 8650: 8190: 8151: 6859: 6621: 6551: 6505: 6420: 6343: 6212: 5852: 5825: 5427: 4855:, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain. Voltaire had a mixed opinion on Muhammad: in his play 3938: 3693:, a flourishing oasis about 75 miles (121 km) north of Medina. The city was populated by Jews, including those from the 1277: 17735: 15012: 6426: 4678:

Muhammad's entry into Mecca and the destruction of idols. Muhammad is shown as a flame in this manuscript. Found in Bazil's

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Turkey and elsewhere, but mosques were never decorated with images of Muhammad. Illustrated accounts of the night journey (

2810:

for the return of Muhammad's body, dead or alive. After staying hidden for three days, Muhammad subsequently departed with

687: 14993: 5085: 3891:, there were no hostile forces present. However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay 25188: 25098: 19563: 16139: 15138: 4485:

Calligraphic rendering of "may God honor him and grant him peace", customarily added after Muhammad's name, encoded as a

2789:

proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each clan. Having been informed about this by the angel

2309:, who were indifferent to his proselytizing activities, but when he started to attack their beliefs, tensions arose. The 1837: 1303: 25213: 15153: 6323: 3641:, they encountered Quraysh emissaries who questioned their intentions. Muhammad explained they had come to venerate the 25897: 23488: 22346: 6386: 6252: 4683: 1709: 867: 26247: 26157: 25811: 25651: 21579: 21533: 21193: 21187: 18960: 18659: 15087:

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community

14970: 14821: 14197: 12600: 6690: 5845:

The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments

5171: 4423:. Zayd then became the couple's adopted son, but was later disowned when Muhammad was about to marry Zayd's ex-wife, 3708:

The spoils, inclusive of the wives of the slain warriors, were distributed among the Muslims. The chief of the Jews,

2257: 1102: 652: 567: 15769: 9965: 4706:

glass and metalwork" besides books. In the Persian lands, this tradition of realistic depictions lasted through the

26137: 26132: 25702: 25621: 25158: 23608: 23319: 23239: 23219: 21450: 21306: 20783: 20679: 17739: 17497: 16925: 16842: 16155: 15044: 12587: 8858: 4748: 4062: 3120: 2865:

call the community to prayer in a coordinated manner. To resolve this, Muhammad had considered using a ram's horn (

999: 18027: 13455:

The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1A, The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

11738: 4939:, and thus, "writing about Islam was for Jews a way of indulging in a fantasy world, far from the persecution and 4330:(from 622 until 632). Muhammad is said to have had thirteen wives in total (although two have ambiguous accounts, 3821:

and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased. The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca.

3657:, an envoy with full negotiation powers. Following lengthy discussions, a treaty was finally enacted, with terms: 25614: 25374: 24114: 23965: 22115: 21944: 21750: 15558: 15526: 5506: 5146: 5112:

tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets," and Muhammad is considered an important prophet of God in the

5019: 4920: 4785:, and the hierarchy of values. Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor, which was becoming an issue in 3720:, as his own slave and later advised her to convert to Islam. She accepted and agreed to become Muhammad's wife. 3070: 2984: 2948: 2579: 1465:

do not reject the hadith which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in their historical context.

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forces and their allies withdrew, Muhammad, while bathing at his wife's abode, received a visit from the angel

2692:

lay out the famous Isra' and Mi'raj. Nowadays, Isra' is believed by Muslims to be the journey of Muhammad from

2189:

Frightened and unable to understand the experience, Muhammad hurriedly staggered down the mountain to his wife

2157: 2099: 1062: 680: 614: 11690:"Persian illustrated lithographed books on the miʻrāj: improving children's Shi'i beliefs in the Qajar period" 11447:

The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

10919: 4959:

argue that viewing Muhammad as a self-seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam's development.

25862: 25852: 25797: 25736: 25355: 25228: 24450: 23481: 23209: 22720: 21367: 21126: 20803: 19422: 18966: 15610: 15239: 15202: 14884: 12392: 10008: 6175: 5840: 5693: 5499: 5136: 5081: 4963:

holds that Muhammad was able to be so influential and successful because of his firm belief in his vocation.

3907:, finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them. 3548: 3080: 2894: 2589: 1990: 1358: 1187: 1046: 590: 19274: 18154: 12956:

Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages

11485:"Between Logos (Kalima) and Light (Nur): Representations of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad in Islamic Painting" 6443:

of al-Tirmidhī (d. 279/892). Finally, the Six Book canon, which hails from the same period, adds either the

4931:

goes on to show how Jews in Europe in particular held more nuanced views about Muhammad and Islam, being an

4715:

Concomitantly, some of the unveiled images from earlier periods were defaced. Later images were produced in

3883:

Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of

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Cimino, Richard (December 2005). ""No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11".

3095: 2588:, a crucial source of his financial and emotional support, died. In the same year, his uncle and guardian, 1974: 1530: 1431: 1343: 1030: 391: 295: 238: 11862: 25477: 25268: 25263: 25048: 22581: 22031: 21896: 21702: 21470: 21263: 20640: 20129: 18380: 18371: 17065: 15919: 11041: 5176: 4876: 3964: 3943: 3481:

While returning from one of these journeys (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an

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Subsequently, Muhammad called upon the Meccan Muslims to relocate to Medina. This event is known as the

2321:. But Muhammad asserted that the Quran, in the form he conveyed it, was already an extraordinary proof. 26227: 26192: 25940: 25918: 25869: 25576: 25430: 23933: 23593: 23462: 22108: 21781: 21664: 21181: 20600: 18596: 15553: 15265: 14878: 13898: 12931: 12386: 4723:) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. During the 19th century, 3075: 2772: 2648:, who similarly declined on the basis of tribal principle. Finally, Muhammad dispatched someone to ask 2560: 1375:

Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic. However, Waqidi's biography has been widely

1042: 24250: 22725: 18614: 3366:, wearied by Muhammad's continuous attacks on their caravans, decided to take decisive action. Led by 26182: 25688: 25495: 24297: 24240: 23825: 23349: 23299: 22229: 21874: 21861: 21562: 21391: 21087: 20809: 20772: 18551: 17379: 16854: 15878: 15622: 15431: 15421: 15281: 14787: 14393: 11980:

Tolan, John. "The Prophet Muhammad: A Model of Monotheistic Reform for Nineteenth-Century Ashkenaz."

10897: 8254: 8237: 6710: 5572: 5042:. Contemporary criticism involves questioning Muhammad's legitimacy as a prophet, his moral conduct, 4731:

books, with Muhammad's face veiled, aimed in particular at illiterates and children in the manner of

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The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition. Soon they realized their mistake and sent

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recorded that Muhammad's Mi'raj took place first, from near the Kaaba to the heavens, on the 27th of

2515: 2433:, literally "he of the two horns" (Qur'an 18:93–99), a tale that academics widely associate with the 2010: 1994: 1981:, and her husband until he was two years old. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother 1823: 1612: 1205: 1098: 729: 39: 20578:

Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

20152: 18401: 13126:

Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732

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took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation. Adherents to

2413:

correctly, they stated, he would be a Prophet; otherwise, he would be a liar. When they returned to

71: 26217: 25832: 25660: 25638: 25138: 23339: 23289: 23098: 22388: 22026: 21745: 21569: 21342: 20822: 20449: 19551: 19239: 19139: 16578: 15604: 15349: 15292: 15195: 14763: 13918: 13224: 11589:"When Nubuvvat encounters Valayat: Safavid painting of the "Prophet" Mohammad's Mi'raj, c. 1500–50" 10671: 4839: 4494: 4273: 4269: 4209:, Muhammad's friend and collaborator. With additional support, Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first 4110: 4098: 3806: 3502: 3090: 3040: 3005: 2649: 2468: 2345:

intervened, tearfully saying, "Would you kill a man for saying God is my Lord?" And they left him.

1947:

of Abu al-Qasim later in his life after the birth of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards.

1265: 17: 11593:

The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi'ism: Iconography and Religious Devotion in Shi'i Islam

3899:

that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.

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Roughly ten weeks subsequent to his return from Hudaybiyya, Muhammad expressed his plan to invade

2566:

In 616, an agreement was established whereby all other Quraysh clans were to enforce a ban on the

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of nineteenth-century Europe, where Jews could live in harmony with their non-Jewish neighbors".

4916: 4754: 4342: 4261: 3999: 3787: 3591:, Muhammad ordered Zayd to lead a punitive operation against the Fazara in which their matriarch 3295:

Following the surrender of the Qaynuqa, Muhammad was moving to execute the men of the tribe when

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Once the ransom arrangements for the Meccan captives were finalized, he initiated a siege on the

3100: 3060: 2922:, maintains that Muhammad penned the text and divulges its assumed content without supplying any 2033: 1978: 1590: 1489: 1362: 1191: 792: 694: 334: 24852: 23083: 20849: 19314: 19097: 18176: 17615: 14521:

The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam

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in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of

2502:, while the majority of the second group remained in Abyssinia at the time and went directly to 26187: 26172: 25883: 25571: 25397: 24445: 24425: 24275: 23945: 23573: 22705: 22617: 22041: 21970: 21939: 21869: 20793: 20788: 20706: 20145: 19395: 18650: 18591: 18481: 17961: 17352: 15748: 15416: 15314: 15173: 15158: 15143: 15125: 15017: 14998: 14839: 13505:

Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century

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The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. 5-8

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The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon

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to lie in his bed covered with his green hadrami mantle, assuring that it would safeguard him.

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finally recited the verses, allowing Muhammad to memorize them. These verses later constituted

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The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce called the

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Muslims were then required to depart back to Medina, however, they were permitted to make the

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was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin

1993:, the new leader of the Banu Hashim. Abu Talib's brothers assisted with Muhammad's learning — 26177: 24599: 24554: 24365: 23960: 23424: 23414: 23309: 22835: 22790: 22293: 21987: 21965: 20716: 20593: 19650: 19519: 19416: 18211: 18078: 17867: 17771: 17626: 17539: 17251: 17016: 16560: 16367: 16076: 15946: 15693: 15500: 15401: 15081: 14544:

Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, Third Edition

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Quinn, Frederick (2008). "The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600)".

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Muhammad ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them, the

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or the pledge of war. Paradise was Muhammad's promise to them in exchange for their loyalty.

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Watt, W. Montgomery (1998). "Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume I (A-B): [Fasc. 1-22]".

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to be sold. The proceeds were then utilized to purchase weapons and horses for the Muslims.

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Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public; many of his first followers were women,

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Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India

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Muhammad was buried where he died in Aisha's house. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph

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On Muhammad's return journey to Mecca, news of the events in Ta'if had reached the ears of

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after their expulsion by the Quraysh, and briefly mentions military encounters such as the

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In Islamic belief, Muhammad is regarded as the last prophet sent by God. Writings such as

1977:, died almost six months before he was born. Muhammad then stayed with his foster-mother, 417:ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب 8: 26127: 25997: 25968: 25818: 25667: 25631: 25298: 25178: 25148: 25068: 24594: 24534: 23855: 23775: 23269: 22830: 22775: 22695: 22637: 22520: 22415: 22145: 21879: 21755: 21649: 21465: 20904: 20701: 19701: 19645: 19440: 19108: 18750: 17973: 17668: 17338: 17120: 17097: 16091: 16081: 16009: 16004: 15640: 15531: 15364: 15306: 13366: 11212: 8541: 6402: 5960: 5069: 5043: 4871: 4774: 4512: 4475: 4311: 4293: 4202: 4090: 4086: 4065: 3947: 3916: 3896: 3888: 3865: 3834: 3717: 3650: 3524: 3375: 3367: 3296: 3254: 3179: 3140: 3125: 2767: 2687: 2476: 2165: 2136:. According to Islamic tradition, one day in 610 CE, when he was 40 years old, the angel 1423: 1330: 1289: 1142: 1134: 940: 785: 550: 519: 403: 161: 144: 79: 24342: 18606: 18532: 15319: 13358: 11917: 4781:

of life in the Arabian Peninsula; society focused on the changes to perceived identity,

2734:

before the hijrah. As is well known, these two stories were later combined into one. In

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We can discern three strata of the Sunni ḥadīth canon. The perennial core has been the

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that as Muhammad was reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by the Archangel

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these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (

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The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

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Sometime later in his life, Muhammad proposed marriage to his cousin and first love,

1884: 1809: 1474: 1171: 1138: 1130: 971: 853: 670: 526: 502: 214: 35: 24327: 22948: 22642: 13286:

Goddard, Hugh (2000). "The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215)".

12191: 4865:, he presents Mohammed as a legislator and conqueror and calls him an "enthusiast". 4570: 3482: 3226: 1125:, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the 26242: 26018: 26011: 25961: 25847: 25278: 25208: 24978: 24897: 24892: 24817: 24792: 24737: 24727: 24717: 24687: 24667: 24657: 24524: 24519: 24477: 24420: 24217: 23900: 23895: 23870: 23815: 23790: 23434: 23108: 23068: 23058: 23008: 22993: 22983: 22943: 22903: 22893: 22770: 22740: 22700: 22586: 22422: 22400: 22190: 22180: 22051: 22036: 21786: 21491: 21213: 21151: 21141: 21131: 21116: 20864: 20767: 20739: 20627: 20486: 20086: 20079: 19999: 19758: 19686: 19633: 19541: 19361: 18948: 18687: 18630: 18488: 18416: 18277: 17822: 17672: 17647: 17605: 17279: 17138: 16860: 16764: 16542: 16379: 16343: 15999: 15871: 15811: 15785: 14654: 13894: 13866: 13576: 13398: 13354: 13262: 13220: 12902: 12849: 12622: 12614: 11828:

Indeed, greater tolerance for other religions was much in evidence in Πανθενωδια:

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Nemoy, "Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews", p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's

7866: 6762: 6539: 6493: 6412: 6331: 6296: 5166: 5047: 5023: 5007: 4897:(1841) describes "Mahomet" as "A silent great soul; he was one of those who cannot 4848: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4516:

attribute several miracles or supernatural events to Muhammad. One of these is the

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of Arab society. For example, according to Lewis, Islam "from the first denounced

3583:

was tasked with guarding the convoy. When they journeyed through the territory of

3379:

loyal adherents. Satisfied they had restored their honor, the Meccans returned to

1921:

The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the

1309:, believed to have been transmitted by his students shortly after his death in 833 26212: 25761: 25715: 25592: 25335: 25008: 24927: 24887: 24857: 24842: 24807: 24802: 24772: 24747: 24732: 24707: 24692: 24627: 24604: 24589: 24574: 24559: 24430: 24385: 24370: 24360: 24182: 24177: 24034: 24029: 24009: 23997: 23384: 23379: 23143: 23088: 23073: 23053: 23033: 22988: 22963: 22873: 22825: 22810: 22710: 22670: 22561: 22556: 22383: 22271: 22185: 22160: 21977: 21674: 21619: 21419: 21105: 21065: 20954: 20910: 20684: 20276: 20037: 19993: 19123: 18807: 18509: 18421: 17902: 17725: 17573: 17256: 17220: 16939: 16800: 16782: 16536: 16268: 15839: 15662: 15628: 15536: 15463: 15329: 15244: 15106: 15085: 15008: 14956: 14937: 14912: 14858: 14739: 14725: 14704: 14634: 14586: 14565: 14519: 14498: 14494: 14474: 14415: 14362: 14287: 14266: 14137: 14116: 14095: 14071: 14047: 14026: 14002: 13981: 13970: 13946: 13922: 13874: 13870: 13846: 13798: 13774: 13731: 13706: 13702: 13682: 13658: 13634: 13599: 13552: 13527: 13503: 13453: 13402: 13378: 13374: 13334: 13266: 13242: 13228: 13196: 13172: 13148: 13124: 12986: 12890: 12870: 12818: 12769: 12765: 12745: 12724: 12703: 12674: 12654: 12582: 12562: 12541: 12492: 12471: 12447: 12404: 12381:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. 12350: 11742: 11412: 11360: 9969: 9442: 9415: 8137: 7442: 7440: 6849: 6607: 6591: 4960: 4908: 4887:

admired Muhammad and Islam, and described him as a model lawmaker and conqueror.

4852: 4815: 4769:, family structure, slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the 4766: 4707: 4416: 4237: 3783: 3529: 3145: 3010: 2876: 2807: 2798: 2645: 2601: 2467:

and found a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor

2179: 1986: 1562: 1049:. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named 1034: 947: 919: 554: 407: 395: 244: 31: 18022: 13800:

Jews, Christians, and the Abode of Islam: Modern Scholarship, Medieval Realities

11694:

The Prophet's ascension: cross-cultural encounters with the Islamic mi'rāj tales

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appeared to him during his visit to the cave. The angel showed him a cloth with

30:

This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other people named Muhammad, see

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With Muhammad's death, disagreement broke out over who his successor would be.

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O God, forgive me and have mercy on me; and let me join the highest companions.

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were destined for hell due to not believing in Islam, he withdrew his support.

2542: 2454: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2387: 2358: 1943: 1768: 1755: 1447: 1405: 1258: 1238: 995: 991: 424: 19511: 12985:

El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (2019). "Two Wives at the Same Time: Sawda and 'Aisha".

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represents the actions and sayings of Muhammad (preserved in reports known as

3824: 3539:

broke the treaty with Muhammad and assisted the enemies of Muslims during the

2678:. It marks the spot where Muhammad is believed by Muslims to have ascended to 1196: 26116: 26054: 25790: 25769: 25645: 25562: 25258: 25088: 24998: 24947: 24917: 24907: 24837: 24832: 24822: 24682: 24672: 24662: 24637: 24504: 24482: 24400: 24307: 24280: 24265: 24207: 23890: 23444: 23153: 23138: 23128: 23113: 23063: 23018: 22978: 22913: 22908: 22878: 22745: 22685: 22627: 22351: 22165: 21992: 21819: 21669: 21208: 21171: 21146: 20983: 20134: 19846: 19769: 19746: 19191: 18601: 18557: 18498: 18464: 18388: 18287: 18221: 17863: 17832: 17567: 17515: 16305: 16287: 16250: 16025: 15903: 15885: 15853: 15448: 15036: 14866: 14334: 13942: 13818: 13794: 13430: 13216: 13095: 13064: 13034: 13006: 12592: 10801: 8436: 8412: 7878: 7092: 6845: 6368: 6308: 4956: 4928: 4758: 4652: 3877: 3869: 3609: 3461: 3411: 3391: 2819: 2325: 2133: 2132:, his wealthy wife, gave him plenty of free time to spend in solitude in the 2121: 2002: 1737: 1634: 1209: 1050: 983: 185: 171: 18919: 18525: 17693: 7210: 7208: 4810:

by M. Prideaux (1699). He holds a sword and a crescent while trampling on a

4662:, Islamic religious art mainly focuses on the word. Muslims generally avoid 4481: 3773:

manuscript. The angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail, are also shown.

2490:

mentioned only one migration to Abyssinia, there were two sets according to

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Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr

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clan and Muhammad's caretaker, giving him an ultimatum to disown Muhammad:

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Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement

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The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah

14188:

The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition

12626: 12322:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

5284:), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind." 3801:

to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty, a request that was declined by Muhammad.

25366: 24937: 24932: 24867: 24862: 24712: 24584: 24539: 24529: 24322: 24317: 24255: 24192: 23975: 23950: 23875: 23835: 23805: 23780: 23760: 23739: 23719: 23699: 23689: 23658: 23523: 23404: 23199: 23173: 23168: 22968: 22953: 22820: 22800: 22780: 22632: 22607: 22566: 22427: 22336: 22326: 22288: 22246: 22209: 22175: 21631: 21121: 21029: 20929: 20816: 20420: 20213: 19968: 19910: 19899: 19533: 19493: 19434: 19300: 19289: 19285: 18827: 18740: 18735: 17323: 16627: 16096: 16060: 16035: 14989: 13426: 11201: 9231:

Arafat. "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina".

8553: 7398: 7268: 7205: 7042: 6904: 6170: 6006: 5964: 5113: 5039: 5015: 4736: 4546: 4297: 4265: 4249: 3904: 3884: 3584: 2715: 2653: 2597: 2567: 2491: 2366: 2334: 2329: 2124:

where, according to Muslim belief, Muhammad received his first revelation

2087: 2066: 1888: 1689: 1175: 739: 345: 311: 18116: 17918: 17345: 16124: 14417:

The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective

10044: 5294: 4765:

Historians generally agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as

4113:. Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of his companions ( 2952: 1091:), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other 25980: 25904: 25442: 25320: 25128: 25028: 24877: 24797: 24569: 24460: 24302: 24245: 24222: 24187: 24136: 24126: 24094: 24039: 23865: 23845: 23770: 23734: 23638: 23623: 23548: 23473: 23409: 23369: 22938: 22928: 22805: 22735: 22622: 22591: 22571: 22515: 22510: 22465: 22360: 21934: 21016: 20973: 20944: 19949: 19829: 19733: 19724: 19308: 18955: 18908: 18792: 18473: 18226: 17299: 16055: 16045: 16030: 15359: 15339: 15287: 14832: 14700: 14609:

Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a]

14073:

Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam

13601:

The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad: A Translation of Al-Sīra Al-Nabawiyya

13572: 12861: 12723:

Borup, Jørn; Fibiger, Marianne Qvortrup; Kühle, Lene (1 October 2019).

12370: 11735: 10711:

Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism

10571:

Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque

9973: 8887: 8143: 7886: 7073: 6285:"Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions" 5031: 4995: 4936: 4904: 4786: 4782: 4415:

was a slave that Khadija gave to Muhammad. He was bought by her nephew

4226: 4094: 4082: 4073: 3798: 3694: 3444: 3440: 3395: 3371: 3318: 2735: 2553:

movement and systematic theology with its new doctrines, including the

2487: 2472: 2278: 2026: 1950:

Islamic tradition states that Muhammad's birth year coincided with the

1903: 1439: 1339: 1314: 1299: 1071: 959: 353: 157: 109: 105: 20245: 18005: 17966: 17306: 17129: 6761:

Marr J.S., Hubbard E., Cathey J.T. (2014): The Year of the Elephant.

6247:. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. p. 1634. 2170: 2044: 1989:, until the latter's death. He then came under the care of his uncle, 1334:

written c. 767 CE (150 AH). Although the original work was lost, this

25447: 25437: 25018: 24957: 24514: 24157: 24084: 24069: 23990: 23910: 23905: 23830: 23785: 23765: 23744: 23729: 23709: 23694: 23558: 23518: 23449: 23399: 23163: 23038: 22765: 22536: 22460: 22367: 22341: 22261: 21639: 21070: 21012: 20959: 20827: 20508: 20498: 20186: 19638: 19449: 19375: 19221: 19009: 18878: 18579: 18563: 17908: 17555: 17243: 17192: 17056: 15994: 15672: 15634: 15616: 15260: 14735: 14561: 13583:. Translated by Gassick, Prof Trevor Le. Reading: Garnet Publishing. 13548: 13238: 12975: 12494:

Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam

12467: 12443: 12042: 11403: 11098: 9994:

Harold Wayne Ballard, Donald N. Penny, W. Glenn Jonas (2002), p. 163.

7286: 7238: 6682: 4667: 4609: 4593: 4355: 4218: 4137: 3951: 3814: 3810: 3633:

Early in 628, following a dream of making an unopposed pilgrimage to

3592: 3457: 3399: 3390:

Sometime later, Muhammad found himself needing to pay blood money to

3289: 3250: 3199: 3191: 2913: 2861: 2815: 2739: 2697: 2593: 2483: 2362: 2211: 2083: 2070: 1443: 1347: 1325: 22100: 20203: 14727:

Foundations of Muslim Images and Treatment of the World Beyond Islam

14268:

Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings

12853: 7870: 5231:, and others; there are also variant spellings of Muhammad, such as 4990:

has existed since the 7th century, when Muhammad was decried by his

4802: 3975: 3761: 2686:

It is at this low point in Muhammad's life that the accounts in the

1864: 25293: 24872: 24609: 24167: 24141: 24121: 24074: 23885: 23840: 23724: 23628: 23618: 23583: 23553: 23374: 22850: 22546: 22505: 22500: 22266: 22241: 21982: 21478: 21336: 21288: 21082: 20988: 20939: 20410: 20250: 20235: 19524: 19206: 19046: 19035: 19028: 18817: 18665: 18644: 18272: 18166: 18091: 17431: 17393: 17199: 15984: 15718: 15574: 12426:

The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English

11588: 7693: 7608: 7226: 4711: 4702: 4695: 4574: 4558: 4456: 4359: 4306:

The tomb of Muhammad is located in the quarters of his third wife,

4206: 4166: 4118: 4019: 3765:

A depiction of Muhammad (with veiled face) advancing on Mecca from

3544: 3327:

meeting with Ka'b, they murdered him when he was caught off-guard.

2811: 2625:, so he began praying. Shortly thereafter, Utbah's Christian slave 2342: 2263: 2241: 15713: 14340:

In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad

12192:"Sufis celebrate birthday of Sheikh Abu El-Haggag at Luxor mosque" 10911: 10010:

The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"

6224: 3839: 2785:

Islamic tradition recounts that in light of the unfolding events,

1166: 25756: 25613: 25330: 25243: 24131: 24099: 24089: 23860: 23820: 23653: 23578: 23563: 23543: 22612: 22475: 22256: 22214: 22197: 21997: 21593: 21281: 21161: 21039: 21034: 21021: 21005: 20998: 20993: 20725: 20476: 20271: 19775: 19588: 19545: 19474: 19469: 19406: 19341: 19327: 19229: 18884: 18873: 18672: 18635: 18365: 18309: 18215: 17826: 17798: 17651: 17609: 17525: 17462: 17413: 17334: 16770: 16633: 16385: 16349: 15989: 15939: 15930: 15708: 15677: 13452:

Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (21 April 1977).

10502: 9233:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

8614: 7669: 5928: 5926: 5576: 5330: 5102:, but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of 4940: 4660:

hadith prohibits the creation of images of sentient living beings

4490: 4450:, the belief in Muhammad's prophethood is the main aspect of the 4386: 4302: 4148: 4114: 3873: 3861: 3848: 3690: 3512: 3508: 3363: 2790: 2719: 2670: 2641: 2535: 2526: 2419: 2405: 2349: 2310: 2220: 2137: 1998: 1915: 1911: 1892: 1875:

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim was born in

1250: 1058: 1038: 757: 719: 15062:

Muslim, Imam Abul-Husain; Al-Khattab, Nasiruddin (1 June 2007).

13948:

God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East

13554:

The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh

12086: 12084: 11619: 4089:(the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site of 2305:

Initially, he had no serious opposition from the inhabitants of

2141: 25425: 24079: 23880: 23668: 23643: 23633: 23603: 23588: 23394: 22485: 22455: 22307: 22219: 22150: 21511: 21485: 21444: 21405: 21322: 21235: 21156: 21058: 20968: 20899: 20894: 20661: 20585: 20519: 20394: 20266: 20181: 20100: 20042: 19858: 19852: 19558: 19384: 19369: 19166: 19118: 19055: 19023: 18936: 18846: 18781: 18677: 18425: 18406: 18301: 18267: 17912: 17881: 17858: 17729: 17637: 17529: 17401: 17237: 17180: 17160: 17102: 17089: 17074: 16917: 16806: 16788: 16572: 15979: 15802: 15774: 15743: 15703: 15698: 15586: 15521: 15426: 10742:

Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present

10703: 10701: 10677:

Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present

5098:." He is thought to be the final manifestation, or seal of the 5059: 4912: 4601: 4582: 4551: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4506: 4451: 4447: 4315: 4210: 4141: 4069: 3702: 3698: 3646: 3588: 3576: 3490: 3415: 3350: 3203: 2918: 2867: 2856: 2844: 2779: 2756: 2723: 2714:

The dating of the events also differs from account to account.

2679: 2550: 2503: 2499: 2022: 1982: 1963: 1955: 1880: 1741: 1548: 1485: 1419: 1394: 1389: 1294: 1254: 1161: 1156: 1118: 1114: 1015: 1011: 979: 767: 562: 531: 140: 83: 19266:(The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and 14311:

The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought

14049:

Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2: The Curse on Self-Murder

11010: 10807:

Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world

8364: 7857:

Ahmed, Shahab (1998). "Ibn Taymiyyah and the Satanic Verses".

6322:

Lecker, Michael (19 April 2010), Brockopp, Jonathan E. (ed.),

5923: 5732: 4264:

which deemed them heretics. Within a decade Muslims conquered

2065:, illustrating the story of Muhammad's role in re-setting the 1970:

deems the tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth.

1137:, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the 25805:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

25452: 24109: 23598: 23533: 22495: 22490: 22470: 22278: 21760: 21585: 21539: 21527: 21329: 21315: 21274: 21051: 20889: 20746: 20732: 20653: 20616: 20440: 20095: 20072: 20050: 19840: 19834: 19804: 19486: 19388: 19211: 19184: 19160: 19070: 18941: 18853: 18625: 18574: 18537: 18443: 18161: 18144: 17873: 17816: 17788: 17711: 17697: 17682: 17658: 17632: 17599: 17577: 17549: 17473: 17443: 17436: 17427: 17418: 17267: 17225: 17020: 16971: 16929: 16878: 16824: 16658: 16615: 16597: 16524: 16506: 16324: 16274: 15974: 15779: 15495: 15324: 14437:

Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity

14004:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

13776:

Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History

12428:. Translated by Khan, Muhammad M. Dar-us-Salam Publications. 12081: 11969:

History of Islam in German Thought: From Leibniz to Nietzsche

11895:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. AuthorHouse. p. 15. 11846: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11342: 11340: 9640: 9638: 8178: 7902: 7183: 7181: 7118: 7085:

Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art

6566: 5109: 4811: 4790: 4562: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4363: 4351: 4307: 4003: 3892: 3786:

had good relations with Muhammad, whereas their enemies, the

3725: 3671: 3642: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3486: 3380: 3306: 3259: 3175: 2850: 2836: 2704: 2693: 2626: 2613: 2555: 2530: 2495: 2414: 2409: 2338: 2318: 2306: 2298:). By this point, Muhammad's religious movement was known as 2294: 2288: 2272: 2198: 2079: 1922: 1898: 1876: 1576: 1544: 1458: 1242: 1234: 1081: 1066: 1026: 1007: 967: 901: 610: 450: 377: 259: 116: 11165:

The mantle odes: Arabic praise poems to the Prophet Muḥammad

10698: 10346: 9466: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8216: 8214: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7831: 2494:. Of these two, the majority of the first group returned to 2112: 24104: 23528: 22480: 21426: 21398: 21348: 21295: 21240: 20753: 20240: 20164: 19795: 19578: 19251: 19040: 18930: 18914: 18459: 18171: 17877: 17836: 17707: 17662: 17519: 17368: 17272: 16311: 16293: 16256: 15580: 15187: 12988:

Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257

11810:

Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism

11692:. In Christiane J. Gruber; Frederick Stephen Colby (eds.). 11161: 10163: 10161: 9914: 9912: 9789: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9111: 9109: 8976: 8974: 8801: 8799: 8489: 8487: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8277: 8275: 8018: 8016: 7792: 6993: 6991: 6733: 6731: 6530:

Brown, Daniel W. (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.),

5943: 5941: 5771: 5065: 4724: 4590: 4373:

Khadijah is said to have had four daughters with Muhammad (

4322:

Muhammad's life is traditionally defined into two periods:

4257: 4122: 3853: 3825:

Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk

3809:

in and around the Kaaba. According to reports collected by

3560: 2608: 2519: 2276:) with physical postures that embodied complete surrender ( 2205: 2153: 2107: 1150: 1113:

in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to

966:

religious, social, and political leader and the founder of

963: 907: 892: 762: 15041:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra – Muhammedi̇yye)

13900:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

13529:

Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry – Revised Edition

13404:

The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam

12543:

Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam

11837: 11337: 11325: 11022: 10959: 10871: 10828: 10514: 10430: 10382: 10245: 10134: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9635: 9371: 9325: 9323: 8352: 7780: 7722: 7720: 7681: 7657: 7548: 7178: 7054: 6330:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–80, 3242:

converted to Islam, and little pagan opposition remained.

1653:

Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans

1324:(biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is 23673: 23568: 20430: 19824: 19606: 17010: 15592: 15066:(First ed.). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications Inc. 12352:

Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy

10526: 10257: 10233: 9710: 9420:. Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 453. 9347: 9010: 8935: 8923: 8859:

Muhammad: Biography of the Prophet. Karen Armstrong. 2023

8777: 8675: 8448: 8211: 7828: 7732: 7705: 7572: 7512: 7452: 6792: 6790: 6777: 6775: 6484:

Görke, Andreas (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.),

5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5749: 5747: 4935:

minority feeling discriminated, they specifically lauded

4007: 3716:

in revenge for his brother. Muhammad took Kinana's wife,

3547:

allies who had embraced Islam, leading to the arrival of

3285: 2794: 2445:

Migration to Abyssinia and the incident of Satanic Verses

2237: 2186:

that resisted the ordinary limits of humanity and space.

2160:. But when he reached the summit, he experienced another 14706:

Understanding the Hadith: The Sacred Traditions of Islam

13848:

God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215

13353: 12048: 11870: 11255: 11228:

Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p. 212.

11222: 10552: 10550: 10454: 10418: 10322: 10209: 10158: 9909: 9859: 9857: 9722: 9686: 9662: 9625: 9623: 9584: 9560: 9548: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9478: 9456: 9454: 9359: 9187: 9168: 9126: 9124: 9106: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9046: 8998: 8971: 8875: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8796: 8559: 8499: 8484: 8424: 8388: 8316: 8299: 8272: 8260: 8013: 7986: 7816: 7768: 7633: 7386: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7193: 7008: 7006: 6988: 6928: 6728: 6649: 6363: 6361: 6153: 6151: 6045: 5996:, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, p. 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5994:

Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths

5938: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 3928: 3847:

Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the

2573: 15021:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 360–376. 14546:. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. 12071: 12069: 11776: 11657:

Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources

11267: 11243: 11131: 10926: 10707: 10406: 10358: 10334: 10310: 10298: 10286: 10221: 10197: 10122: 10098: 10086: 10074: 10050: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9818: 9801: 9777: 9741: 9674: 9608: 9572: 9536: 9414:

Ibn Hishām, ʻAbd al-Malik; Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad (1967).

9320: 9308: 9199: 9094: 8986: 8959: 8911: 8899: 8863: 8828: 8692: 8690: 8376: 8003: 8001: 7974: 7914: 7744: 7717: 7584: 7536: 7524: 5759: 5658:

See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif

4002:'s hut. He requested his wives to allow him to stay in 1053:

for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610

19101:('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') 15047:, Centre for Islamic Studies. 2005. pp. 406–479. 14636:

Muhammad's People: An Anthology of Muslim Civilization

12895:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

12147: 11231: 10626: 10394: 9765: 9596: 9395: 9136: 9022: 8400: 8340: 8287: 8182:

The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture

8064: 8040: 7756: 7427: 7425: 7258: 7256: 7154: 7106: 7018: 6787: 6772: 6743: 5744: 4834:

praised Muhammad because "he did not deviate from the

4690:

The earliest extant depictions come from 13th century

4014:, as his legs were trembling. His wives and his uncle 3661:

A ten-year truce was established between both parties.

2879:, a former Abyssinian slave known for his loud voice. 1504:

Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad

1117:(then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the 23250:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

14843:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 867–8. 14606:

Schacht; Lewis; Pellat; Ménage, eds. (26 June 1998),

13725: 12241:"A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam" 12101: 12099: 12054: 10947: 10547: 10466: 10442: 10370: 10185: 10173: 10146: 10110: 10062: 9854: 9753: 9698: 9650: 9620: 9524: 9512: 9495: 9451: 9383: 9335: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9121: 8811: 8328: 8226: 7962: 7950: 7804: 7596: 7560: 7349: 7142: 7130: 7003: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6814: 6716: 6358: 6148: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6057: 5882: 5596: 5094:

venerate Muhammad as one of a number of prophets or "

3817:, Muhammad personally spared paintings or frescos of 2584:

In 619, Muhammad faced a period of sorrow. His wife,

19799:(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) 12066: 11996: 11650: 10490: 10478: 9869: 9842: 9830: 8715: 8687: 8638: 8523: 8160: 8076: 8052: 7998: 7361: 7301: 7030: 6802: 6637: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 4911:

writers generally held positive views of Muhammad: "

4894:

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History

4146: 4023: 3980: 3697:, who had previously been expelled by Muhammad from 3477:

has contradicted the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad.

2422:

came to Muhammad and provided him with the answers.

933: 910: 14857: 14730:. Michigan State University. Department of History. 14213:

Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives

13546: 12406:

Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam

12135: 12123: 12111: 12008: 11683: 11681: 11613: 9940: 9413: 9274: 8511: 7938: 7620: 7500: 7422: 7253: 6536:

The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith

6490:

The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith

6460: 5870: 5738: 5575:mentioning the differing accounts of the status of 5277: 4217:. Abu Bakr immediately moved to strike against the 4006:'s hut. He could not walk there without leaning on 3575:, Muhammad organized a caravan to conduct trade in 3515:, who instructed him to attack the Jewish tribe of 3394:. He sought monetary help from the Jewish tribe of 3288:in the Banu Qaynuqa market, and another version by 904: 898: 895: 889: 16969: 14914:Muhammad and the Supernatural: Medieval Arab Views 14741:The Life of Muḥammad: Al-Wāqidī's Kitāb Al-maghāzī 14308: 14185: 13604:. Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization. 13437:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. 13038: 12656:Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period 12473:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca 12096: 11555: 11522: 11086:. Mountain View, Ca.: Unicode, Inc. 1 October 2009 10938: 10888: 10886: 10708:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris; Vernoit, Stephen (2006). 9286: 8761:The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi 8139:The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca 7899:The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad (2010), p. 35. 7166: 6261: 6121: 5211:He is referred to by many appellations, including 4789:Mecca. The Quran requires payment of an alms tax ( 4671:veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame. 1910:. He is also claimed to have been a descendant of 1543:Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in 1276:to his lifetime, its discovery largely disproving 16928:above are only the ones mentioned by name in the 14682:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 13571: 12722: 11919:On heroes, hero worship and the heroic in history 11586: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11482: 10810:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 173–74. 10632: 10508: 7699: 7675: 7614: 6976: 6916: 6095: 5858: 5836: 5834: 5795: 5711: 4526:compilations is a literal splitting of the Moon. 4232:The pre-Islamic Middle East was dominated by the 3566: 3345:"The Prophet Muhammad and the Muslim Army at the 26114: 25710:Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources 19409:, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') 17997:Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo 16116: 15061: 14861:; Moussalli, Ahmad S.; Newby, Gordon D. (2009). 13421: 12424:Al-Bukhari, Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel (1 June 1997). 11678: 11408:"Why Islam does (not) ban images of the Prophet" 11297:Effigies dei: essays on the history of religions 6892: 6880: 5932: 5535: 3469:, and a transmitter of "odd tales" by the later 2381: 1212:likely dated within Muhammad's lifetime between 1105:for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he 1018:forming the basis for Islamic religious belief. 14364:The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muḥammad 13498: 11553: 11520: 11443: 11290: 11155: 10883: 8657: 8172: 6107:"New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?" 4341:At the age of 25, Muhammad married the wealthy 4205:, a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated 3950:, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ( 3496: 3265: 2746: 2459:In 615, Muhammad sent some of his followers to 2392:Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran 2017:on the northern segment of the route to Syria. 16920:believe that there were many prophets sent by 15166: 15151: 14605: 13472: 13357:; Montgomery, Mary W.; Grimme, Hubert (1906). 13294:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 34–41. 12609: 12288: 11509: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11206: 11016: 10666: 10664: 9219:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 8370: 7187: 7124: 6178:: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing 5831: 5541: 4604:is celebrated as a major feast throughout the 2932: 1642:Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca 1101:were initially few in number, and experienced 25382: 23489: 22116: 20601: 16955: 16140: 15203: 14661:. Columbia University Press. pp. 39–40. 13865: 13073:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 198. 12991:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–5. 12313: 12215:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 11730: 11728: 11726: 11696:. Indiana University Press. pp. 252–54. 11562:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 11352: 9902: 9900: 9898: 4179:Expansion of the caliphate, 622–750 CE: 2968: 2475:, the daughter of one of the Quraysh chiefs, 2429:. For the second query, the Qur'an speaks of 2266:, servants, slaves, and other members of the 2128:The financial security Muhammad enjoyed from 1845: 1245:. Muslims believe it represents the words of 861: 25547:Protest outside the Danish embassy in London 23995: 22358: 22312: 22298: 17069:(wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph 16749: 16740: 16731: 16722: 16713: 16704: 16695: 16686: 16485: 16476: 16467: 16458: 16449: 16440: 16431: 16422: 16413: 16235: 16226: 16217: 16208: 16199: 16190: 16181: 16172: 14871:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13758:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 13684:Society and Religion from Jahiliyya to Islam 12683:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 12379:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 11644: 11529:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11286: 11284: 11282: 11114: 10763: 10732: 9440: 5132:Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad 4635: 4627: 3405: 3190:of others, there would have been demolished 2818:, while the Medinan Muslims were dubbed the 2292:) as a requirement of the Muslim community ( 1708:The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and 484: 441: 415: 368: 59: 34:. For the Islamic view and perspective, see 23931: 14816:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 14685:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 236. 14192:. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. 14118:Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices 13917: 13451: 13215: 12272:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition 12269: 11687: 11620:Elizabeth Edwards; Kaushik Bhaumik (2008). 11580: 11476: 11432: 11162:Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (24 May 2010). 10661: 9271:Kister, "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza". 8034: 7798: 6832: 1926: 1726:(reported ascension to heaven to meet God) 1338:survives as extensive excerpts in works by 467: 315: 276: 25396: 25389: 25375: 23496: 23482: 22123: 22109: 20608: 20594: 19427:A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: 18741:ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim 18543:Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) 17921:(Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) 16962: 16948: 16147: 16133: 15210: 15196: 13733:Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions 13597: 12423: 12212:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith 11723: 10840: 10794: 10776:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84. 10569:Ariffin, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed (2005). 10520: 9895: 8893: 5987: 5953: 5426:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWatt1964 ( 5401: 4190: Rashidun caliphate, 632–661 CE. 3519:. Islamic sources recount that during the 2975: 2961: 2837:Building the religious community in Medina 2093: 1868:The birth of Muhammad in the 16th-century 1852: 1838: 868: 854: 70: 17288: 16154: 15006: 14981: 14653: 14632: 14538: 14390:: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making 13975:. Smith, Elder&Company, 65, Cornhill. 13581:The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume I 13522: 13315:Believers: spiritual leaders of the world 12984: 12817:Cheikh, Nadia Maria El (6 October 2015). 12581: 12560: 12466: 12442: 12324:. Michigan University press. p. 17. 12153: 12090: 11936: 11720:Cambridge History of Islam (1970), p. 30. 11279: 11168:. Indiana University Press. p. xii. 10597:. Archnet.org. 2 May 2005. Archived from 10532: 10003: 9153: 9151: 9040: 8953: 8846: 8790: 8602: 8493: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8418: 8220: 8094: 7932: 7908: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7774: 7651: 7518: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7446: 7416: 7404: 7331: 7319: 7274: 7214: 7199: 7048: 6997: 6910: 6737: 6230: 5917: 5638: 5451: 5445: 4742: 4196: Umayyad caliphate, 661–750 CE. 3782:was enforced for two years. The tribe of 3571:A few months after the conflict with the 2982: 2882: 1826:, and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia 23503: 15734:Muhammad's letters to the heads of state 15104: 14910: 14891: 14675: 14585:Ṣallābī, ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad (2005). 14493: 14453: 14410: 14242: 14115:Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004). 14114: 13893: 13373: 13122: 13094: 13063: 13033: 13005: 12743: 12536: 12060: 11876: 11850: 11782: 11491:. Vol. 26. Brill. pp. 234–35. 11398: 11396: 11394: 11331: 11261: 11137: 11108: 11104: 11069: 10994: 10992: 10932: 10877: 10680:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 102–03. 10460: 10436: 10424: 10388: 10328: 10251: 10215: 10167: 10140: 10013:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 9952: 9795: 9735: 9692: 9668: 9644: 9590: 9566: 9554: 9489: 9472: 9377: 9365: 9243: 9193: 9115: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9004: 8980: 8881: 8805: 8505: 8394: 8382: 8358: 8322: 8310: 8281: 8266: 8179:Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila Blair (2009). 8022: 7992: 7865:(87). Maisonneuve & Larose: 67–124. 7786: 7738: 7726: 7687: 7663: 7639: 7578: 7392: 7343: 7160: 7060: 7024: 6838: 6781: 6749: 6722: 6643: 6606: 6572: 6401: 6157: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5682: 5676: 5614: 5602: 5553: 5389: 5366: 5354: 5152:List of founders of religious traditions 5072:, are directly descended from Muhammad. 4801: 4796: 4673: 4545: 4520:, which according to earliest available 4480: 4301: 4174: 4076:built over Muhammad's tomb in the center 3974: 3927: 3838: 3760: 3608: 3340: 2669: 2210: 2111: 2078:In 605, the Quraysh decided to roof the 2043: 1863: 1699: 1625: 1393: 1293: 1195: 25079:Reflections on the Revolution in France 14954: 14584: 14517: 14472: 14333: 14180: 13979: 13793: 13772: 13750: 13660:The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism 13632: 13397: 13380:The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad 13308: 13290:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 13285: 13191: 13167: 13143: 13118:from the original on 30 September 2015. 13104:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 13101:What everyone needs to know about Islam 13041:What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam 12744:Brockopp, Jonathan E. (19 April 2010). 12697:from the original on 22 September 2015. 12673: 12652: 12628:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (V-Z) 12490: 12444:Al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir 12075: 11915: 11674:from the original on 24 September 2015. 11640:from the original on 23 September 2015. 11273: 11249: 11237: 10965: 10867:from the original on 24 September 2015. 10834: 10769: 10728:from the original on 30 September 2015. 10657:from the original on 24 September 2015. 10568: 10412: 10364: 10340: 10316: 10304: 10292: 10263: 10239: 10227: 10203: 10128: 10104: 10092: 10080: 9923:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhan1998 ( 9887:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhan1998 ( 9812: 9783: 9716: 9680: 9602: 9578: 9542: 9401: 9353: 9329: 9314: 9224: 9205: 9179:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatt1964 ( 9100: 9016: 8992: 8965: 8941: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8869: 8834: 8733: 8681: 8649:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatt1961 ( 8629: 8469:, p. 30–32, Chapter Three: Hijrah. 8406: 8346: 8185:. 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Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill. 14560: 14434: 14306: 14265:Phipps, William E. (6 October 2016). 14066: 13841: 13817: 13701: 13636:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity 13261: 13198:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 13174:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 13123:Fontaine, P. F. M. (4 October 2022). 12788: 12764: 12701: 12653:Beeston, A. F. L. (3 November 1983). 12532:from the original on 22 January 2018. 12511: 12399: 12369: 12299:. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. 12294: 12208: 12184: 12181:, Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 11–12. 12105: 11710:from the original on 16 October 2015. 11444:Freek L. 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Muhammad then sent a message to 1883:is believed to be in the month of 1629:Qur'anic revelation begins in the 25: 26269: 25812:The Cartoons that Shook the World 19963:('Before the rising of the Sun') 15653:(Khadija's slave and Adopted son) 15183: 14230:from the original on 14 June 2013 14139:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam 13217:Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 12953:Deming, David (10 January 2014). 12251:from the original on 19 June 2016 11464:from the original on 15 June 2013 11379:from the original on 14 June 2013 11313:from the original on 15 June 2013 11182:from the original on 15 June 2013 11084:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 11048:from the original on 24 June 2017 8199:from the original on 15 June 2013 7407:, p. 32, Chapter One: Mecca. 7277:, p. 31, Chapter One: Mecca. 7217:, p. 30, Chapter One: Mecca. 7051:, p. 20, Chapter One: Mecca. 6913:, p. 18, Chapter One: Mecca. 5847:, pp. 26–27. 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Among Arabic odes to Muhammad, 4446:Following the attestation to the 3410:Upon receiving a report that the 3317:, a wealthy half-Jewish man from 2916:, following his narration of the 2258:Persecution of Muslims by Meccans 1575:His grandfather transfers him to 1160:), found in transmitted reports ( 1103:hostility from Meccan polytheists 136:8 June 632 CE (11 AH; aged 61–62) 26089: 26078: 26069: 26068: 25703:Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time 25159:The Open Society and Its Enemies 23320:The Closing of the American Mind 23240:Civilization and Its Discontents 23220:A Vindication of Natural Society 22085: 22084: 22073: 21594:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 20784:Timeline of the history of Islam 20615: 20130:Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles 18566:(Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) 14932:Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2013). 14911:Williams, Rebecca (2 May 2013). 14420:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. 13244:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 13201:. University of Oklahoma Press. 13177:. 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Every Muslim proclaims in the 4184: Muhammad, 622–632 CE. 4117:), the first two Muslim caliphs 4097:above the tomb was built by the 4054: 3979:The death of Muhammad. From the 2825: 2726:, while the Isra' from Mecca to 2471:. Among those who departed were 2396:The leaders of the Quraysh sent 1925:. He was also known as al-Amin ( 885: 835: 823: 76:"Muhammad, the Messenger of God" 26253:Characters in the Divine Comedy 23966:Family as a model for the state 21945:List of ex-Muslim organisations 19772:(The Sacred or Forbidden Month) 19177:('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') 18533:Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog 17207:', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') 14813:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman 14724:Towghi, Malek Muhammad (1991). 14479:. University Press of Florida. 14286:Powers, David S. (8 May 2014). 13803:. University of Chicago Press. 13407:. University of Chicago Press. 13333:Gordon, Matthew (30 May 2005). 11623:Visual sense: a cultural reader 11591:. In Pedram Khosronejad (ed.). 10918:. 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Pakistan Historical Society. 8588:The Cambridge History of Islam 7628:The Cambridge History of Islam 7381:The Cambridge History of Islam 6283:Hoyland, Robert (March 2007). 6032:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5969:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5933:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 5536:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 5270: 5254: 5205: 5172:Muhammad's views on Christians 4655:, leaving a scar on his face. 3954:) manuscript (Edinburgh codex) 3740: 3674:pilgrimage in the coming year. 3567:Incidents with the Banu Fazara 3443:, the Quraysh military leader 3349:", from a 1595 edition of the 3310:) being retained by Muhammad. 2357:clan, known by the Muslims as 1703:Banu Hashim clan boycott ends 1377:criticized by Islamic scholars 78:inscribed on the gates of the 13: 1: 25863:Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet 25798:Seeing Islam as Others Saw It 25784:Muhammad: The "Banned" Images 25737:Latin biographies of Muhammad 25356:Category:Political philosophy 25229:Critique of political economy 23210:Oration on the Dignity of Man 18995: 15611:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib 15240:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 14588:The Noble Life of the Prophet 14007:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 13482:A History of the Arab Peoples 12708:. University of Texas Press. 12468:Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir 12377:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 12270:C. Brockman, Norbert (2011). 11365:. HarperCollins. p. 32. 11077:"Arabic Presentation Forms-A" 11007:Ordoni (1990), pp. 32, 42–44. 9961:by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, 7700:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 7676:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 7615:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 6851:Medieval Islamic civilization 6597:. Retrieved 15 February 2017. 6336:10.1017/ccol9780521886079.004 6180:. Darwin Press. p. 132. 6176:Narratives of Islamic Origins 5694:Encyclopaedia of Islam Online 5193: 5137:Diplomatic career of Muhammad 4994:contemporaries for preaching 4614:ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam 4405:, who died at two years old. 4156: 4153:—a ritual visit—to the tomb. 3988: 3645:, not to fight. He then sent 2895:Diplomatic career of Muhammad 2382:Quraysh delegation to Yathrib 2059: 1520: 1479: 1409: 1213: 1188:Historiography of early Islam 1121:, marks the beginning of the 952: 99: 25448:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 25254:Institutional discrimination 25249:History of political thought 23981:Negative and positive rights 23280:The Society of the Spectacle 21930:Apostasy in Islam by country 21797:Liberalism and progressivism 19868:(The Afternoon or the Night) 19766:12 months: Four holy months 19318:('Place-of-Landing Blessed') 18911:(s) or People of the Injil) 18249:Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel 17778:names and titles of Muhammad 17496: 17023:found in the Quran, such as 16117:Articles related to Muhammad 15739:Names and titles of Muhammad 15217: 14503:. New York Review of Books. 14435:Robin, Christian J. (2012). 14121:. Indiana University Press. 13711:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. 12841:Review of Religious Research 12823:. Harvard University Press. 12546:. Univ of California Press. 12497:. Univ of California Press. 12409:. Harvard University Press. 11830:compostio omnium dissidiorum 11487:. In Gulru Necipoglu (ed.). 10998:Nicholas Awde (2000), p. 10. 10770:Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). 10573:. Penerbit UTM. p. 88. 8663:Rodinson (2002), pp. 168–69. 6679:Islam: The Basics (Volume 1) 6076:Bora, Fozia (22 July 2015). 5705: 5311:Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 7. 5265:Muslim conquest of Palestine 5086:Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith 4966: 4287: 4260:) were disaffected from the 4127:Muslims believe awaits Jesus 4068:("the Prophet's mosque") in 3497:Invasion of the Banu Qurayza 3439:With the help of the exiled 3266:Conflicts with Jewish tribes 2793:, Muhammad asked his cousin 2674:Quranic inscriptions on the 2178:; it was not a naturalistic 1818: 1805: 1791: 1777: 1764: 1751: 1733: 1719: 1685: 1671: 1660: 1649: 1599: 1585: 1571: 1557: 1539: 1525: 1493: 1432:Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi 1367: 1352: 1278:Western revisionist theories 1131:marched on the city of Mecca 1085:) is the right way of life ( 1031:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 296:names and titles of Muhammad 239:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 7: 26238:Prophets in the Druze faith 25478:Everybody Draw Mohammed Day 25264:Justification for the state 25049:Two Treatises of Government 19637:(Flood of the Great Dam of 17958:Adam's immediate relatives 15275:Foster brothers and sisters 15105:Sa'd, Muḥammad Ibn (1972). 14955:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 14792:. Oxford University Press. 14768:. Oxford University Press. 14343:. Oxford University Press. 14216:. Oxford University Press. 13879:. Oxford University Press. 13827:. Oxford University Press. 13639:. Oxford University Press. 13557:. Oxford University Press. 13547:Ibn Hisham, ʻAbd al-Malik; 13318:. Oxford University Press. 13150:Muhammad: A Short Biography 12771:A New Introduction to Islam 12726:Religious Diversity in Asia 12349:Adil, Hajjah Amina (2002). 11215:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10977:Asma Barlas (2002), p. 125. 9441:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad (1972). 9163:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 8734:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 6767:10.6084/m9.figshare.1186833 6667:Louis Jacobs (1995), p. 272 5418:Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–11 5325:The aforementioned Islamic 5119: 4147: 4024: 3981: 3625:, or direction for prayer ( 3414:were planning an attack on 3237:of the Aws Manat tribe and 3164:Military career of Muhammad 2945:Military career of Muhammad 2933:Beginning of armed conflict 2361:, went to Muhammad's uncle 2201:but an angel visiting him. 2100:Muhammad's first revelation 1498:Timeline of Muhammad's life 1280:about the Quran's origins. 1202:Birmingham Quran manuscript 1002:. He is believed to be the 934: 735:Hadith of the pen and paper 10: 26274: 25941:Muhammad: The Final Legacy 25870:Muhammad: The Last Prophet 23934:Bellum omnium contra omnes 21847: 19844:('Remembrance', including 19490:(literally 'The Barrier') 18518:('Companions of the Wood') 18407:Companions of the Elephant 18356:People of the Burnt Garden 18331: 17720:('Companion of the Whale') 17316:('The Trustworthy Spirit') 16092:Mosque with the two Qiblas 15554:Aqaba pledge of allegiance 15121:"Ḥalīma Bint Abī Ḏh̲uʾayb" 15045:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 13625:Mahomet and His Successors 12932:Cambridge University Press 12341: 11971:, Routledge (2009), p. 93. 11943:. Harvard UP. p. 48. 11587:Christiane Gruber (2011). 11483:Christiane Gruber (2009). 11450:. Brill. pp. 207–09. 11299:. Brill. pp. 119–24. 10892:Barbara Freyer Stowasser, 7188:Wensinck & Rippen 2002 7125:Wensinck & Jomier 1990 6613:Muhammad: Prophet of Islam 6233:, p. 3, Introduction. 6204:In the Shadow of the Sword 5841:Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami 5542:Hourani & Ruthven 2003 5082:Judaism's view of Muhammad 5079: 5057: 4976: 4970: 4746: 4639: 4439: 4291: 4160: 3932:Anonymous illustration of 3920: 3914: 3828: 3749: 3682: 3602: 3500: 3432: 3334: 3269: 3161: 2942: 2936: 2892: 2886: 2829: 2754: 2663: 2577: 2561:criterion of embarrassment 2448: 2385: 2337:and performing the ritual 2255: 2097: 1483: 1472: 1387: 1342:and to a lesser extent by 1287: 1249:revealed by the archangel 1226: 1185: 1107:sent some of his followers 1061:in the cave and receiving 1043:Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim 978:to preach and confirm the 29: 26064: 26032: 25978: 25935: 25928: 25846: 25745: 25606: 25560: 25508: 25468: 25461: 25408: 25351: 25201: 24970: 24618: 24351: 24231: 24150: 24062: 24053: 23919: 23753: 23682: 23511: 23458: 23362: 23350:Intellectuals and Society 23300:The Culture of Narcissism 23191: 22859: 22651: 22600: 22529: 22443: 22436: 22376: 22138: 22068: 21953: 21920: 21860: 21856: 21842: 21769: 21736: 21708:Geography and cartography 21683: 21630: 21626: 21610: 21436: 21358: 21305: 21254: 21250: 21226: 21096: 20920: 20880: 20763: 20715: 20639: 20635: 20624: 20573: 20532: 20460: 20383: 20344: 20293: 20259: 20223: 20196: 20118: 20111:('Mother of the Book(s)') 20026: 20020: 20015: 19981: 19815: 19786: 19755: 19737:(The Sabbath or Saturday) 19715: 19663: 19659: 19612: 19601: 19462: 19351: 19298: 19238: 19083: 19031:, literally 'The Garden') 19001: 18990: 18920:Qissis (Christian priest) 18836: 18772: 18699: 18623: 18454: 18341: 18337: 18326: 18258: 18194: 18125: 18064: 17951: 17947: 17936: 17895: 17846: 17749: 17508: 17504: 17491: 17454: 17411: 17366: 17218: 17149: 17047: 17040: 17036: 17002: 16991: 16978: 16970:People and things in the 16914: 16750: 16741: 16732: 16723: 16714: 16705: 16696: 16687: 16680: 16676: 16486: 16477: 16468: 16459: 16450: 16441: 16432: 16423: 16414: 16407: 16403: 16236: 16227: 16218: 16209: 16200: 16191: 16182: 16173: 16166: 16162: 16122: 16069: 16018: 15967: 15960: 15929: 15902: 15879:Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah 15863: 15801: 15794: 15757: 15686: 15567: 15559:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if 15514: 15486: 15441: 15432:Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi 15422:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 15387: 15378: 15305: 15282:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib 15274: 15253: 15232: 15225: 14940:. pp. vii–xi, 3–26. 14883:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 14736:Waqidi, Muḥammad ibn Umar 14394:New York University Press 14271:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13225:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 13153:. Oneworld Publications. 12907:10.1017/S0041977X00049016 12391:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12295:Hitti, Philip K. (1928). 12274:. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. 12169:, Encyclopaedia of Islam. 10986:Armstrong (1992), p. 157. 10898:Encyclopedia of the Quran 10633:Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Adil; 8763:. Routledge. p. 79. 8626:Glubb (2002), pp. 179–86. 8255:Encyclopedia of the Quran 8238:Encyclopedia of the Quran 6711:Encyclopedia of the Quran 6544:10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 6498:10.1002/9781118638477.ch4 6207:. Doubleday. p. 42. 5573:Encyclopedia of the Quran 5053: 4636:Appearance and depictions 4497: 4430: 4379:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 4338:, as wife or concubine). 4229:, or "Wars of Apostasy". 4072:, Saudi Arabia, with the 3406:Raid on the Banu Mustaliq 3159: 2996: 2580:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if 2427:Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 1830: 1696: 1622: 1503: 1496: 1383: 492: 449: 423: 376: 352: 343: 304: 265: 254: 231: 220: 209: 152: 125: 95: 90: 69: 56: 49: 40:Muhammad (disambiguation) 26248:The Fourteen Infallibles 26158:7th-century Asian people 25833:The Truth About Muhammad 25139:The Revolt of the Masses 23340:The Malaise of Modernity 23290:The History of Sexuality 22389:Catholic social teaching 22027:Islamic view of miracles 18967:Mesopotamian polytheists 18915:Ruhban (Christian monks) 18789:(People of the Verandah) 18666:People of Sabaʾ or Sheba 18469:(literally 'The Romans') 18389:Companions of Noah's Ark 18306:Rahmah the wife of Ayyub 18235:(Korah, cousin of Moses) 18155:Magicians of the Pharaoh 18057:(Muhammad's adopted son) 17349:(Angel of Death, Azrael) 17133:(fish or whale) of Jonah 15920:Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya 15605:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib 15293:Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith 15043:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 14570:. Taylor & Francis. 14454:Robinson, David (2004). 14248:Muhammad, Prophet of God 13980:Muranyi, Miklos (1998). 13773:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). 13012:Islam: The Straight Path 12922:Curtis, Michael (2009). 12705:Islam: Origin and Belief 12702:Bogle, Emory C. (1998). 11993:Watt, Bell (1995) p. 18. 11916:Carlyle, Thomas (1841). 11554:Johan Elverskog (2010). 11521:Johan Elverskog (2010). 11291:Kees Wagtendonk (1987). 10944:Bullough (1998), p. 119. 10643:. ISCA. pp. 65–66. 9985:Rodinson (2002), p. 261. 8577:Rodinson (2002), p. 164. 8134:Watt, William Montgomery 6532:"Western Hadith Studies" 6024:Watt, William Montgomery 5198: 5177:Muhammad's views on Jews 5034:, or portrayed him as a 4919:'s nation builder (...) 4840:Henri de Boulainvilliers 4620:) or the English phrase 4125:, and an empty one that 4111:Suleiman the Magnificent 3970: 3503:Invasion of Banu Qurayza 3272:Muhammad's views on Jews 1902:, someone who professed 1879:about the year 570, and 1398:Early manuscript of the 1222: 1164:) and in his biography ( 945:'praiseworthy', 57: 26138:7th-century Arab people 26133:6th-century Arab people 25955:Islam: The Untold Story 25119:The Communist Manifesto 24045:Tyranny of the majority 23956:Consent of the governed 23420:Philosophy of education 21782:Creationism (evolution) 20450:Forbidden fruit of Adam 19920:('Decline of the Sun') 19808:(The Lesser Pilgrimage) 19538:Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn 18963:at the time of Muhammad 18937:Ahbār (Jewish scholars) 18394:Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm 18290:the companion of Joshua 17124:(female ant) of Solomon 15765:Possessions of Muhammad 15729:Family tree of Muhammad 15595:(son-in-law and cousin) 15370:Maymunah bint al-Harith 15266:Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb 14958:The Historical Muhammad 14639:. Courier Corporation. 14317:Oxford University Press 13876:Antisemitism: A History 13399:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 13271:. Cooper Square Press. 13047:Oxford University Press 13017:Oxford University Press 12800:Oxford University Press 12625:, eds. (27 June 2002). 10847:Clark, Malcolm (2011). 8736:The Historical Muhammad 6595:Encyclopedia Britannica 6590:9 February 2017 at the 6379:Oxford University Press 5314:Rodinson (2002), p. 71. 5297:cited in EoI; Muhammad. 5182:Possessions of Muhammad 5157:List of notable Hijazis 5000:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4948:William Montgomery Watt 4946:Recent writers such as 4755:William Montgomery Watt 4343:Khadijah bint Khuwaylid 4326:(from 570 to 622), and 4262:Eastern Orthodox Church 4047: 2722:, 18 months before the 2315:him to perform miracles 2094:Beginnings of the Quran 1979:Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb 1490:Family tree of Muhammad 1331:Life of God's Messenger 1298:An early manuscript of 1192:Historicity of Muhammad 1006:within Islam, with the 544:After Conquest of Mecca 335:family tree of Muhammad 25884:Islam: Empire of Faith 23996: 23946:Clash of civilizations 23932: 22359: 22313: 22299: 22042:Persecution of Muslims 21940:List of former Muslims 20789:Succession to Muhammad 20062:(Scroll(s) of Abraham) 20054:(The Book of Muhammad) 19564:Cave of Seven Sleepers 19387:, literally 'Place of 19275:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 18651:Companions of the Rass 18552:Companions of Muhammad 18398:Companions of the Cave 17333:Angel of the Trumpet ( 15749:Muhammad and the Bible 15724:Tala' al Badru 'Alayna 15635:Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas 15417:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad 15402:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad 15315:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 15174:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15159:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15144:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15126:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15018:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14999:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14982:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14840:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14473:Rodgers, Russ (2012). 14412:Reynolds, Gabriel Said 14208:Peters, Francis Edward 14182:Peters, Francis Edward 14158:Peters, Francis Edward 14097:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13951:. Simon and Schuster. 13500:Howard-Johnston, James 11889:Younos, Farid (2010). 11758:Encyclopedia of Ethics 11126:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10635:Kabbani, Shaykh Hisham 10621:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10281:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9303:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8759:Faizer, Rizwi (2010). 8708:Maulana Muhammad Ali, 6677:Turner, Colin (2005). 6243:Çakmak, Cenap (2017). 5213:Muhammad ibn Abd Allah 5162:Muhammad and the Bible 4983:Criticism of the Quran 4879:published in 1787 his 4823: 4743:Islamic social reforms 4687: 4664:depictions of Muhammad 4651:. The wound was later 4642:Depictions of Muhammad 4578: 4501: 4391:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad 4375:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad 4319: 4280:, and established the 4198: 4171:Early Muslim conquests 4163:Succession to Muhammad 4042: 3995: 3955: 3844: 3774: 3630: 3605:Treaty of al-Hudaybiya 3521:preceding Meccan siege 3483:accusation of adultery 3359: 3209: 2901:Constitution of Medina 2889:Constitution of Medina 2883:Constitution of Medina 2773:second pledge of Aqaba 2683: 2607:Muhammad then went to 2545:incident was reported 2451:Migration to Abyssinia 2375: 2224: 2125: 2074: 2050:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 2034:Fakhita bint Abi Talib 1962:viceroy in the former 1872: 1436:Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai 1415: 1361:of Waqidi's secretary 1310: 1259:Muslim victory at Badr 1219: 1127:Constitution of Medina 730:Companions of Muhammad 568:Milestones and records 38:. For other uses, see 26233:Prophets of the Quran 26208:Founders of religions 26203:Entering heaven alive 26198:7th-century diplomats 26148:7th-century merchants 25661:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya 25639:Shama'il Muhammadiyah 23961:Divine right of kings 23425:Philosophy of history 23415:Philosophy of culture 23310:A Conflict of Visions 21826:Conversion to mosques 21693:Alchemy and chemistry 20303:(literally 'lamps'): 20216:statue) of Israelites 20149:(Casket of Shekhinah) 19651:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 19498:(Black Stone) & 19278:('The Blessed Place') 18746:Daughters of Muhammad 18736:Household of Muhammad 18712:Household of Abraham 18560:(literally 'Helpers') 18015:Disciples (including 17675:the son of Zechariah) 17264:(Honourable Scribes) 17252:Bearers of the Throne 16156:Prophets in the Quran 15694:Muhammad in the Quran 15501:Splitting of the Moon 15360:Ramla bint Abi Sufyan 14540:Rosenwein, Barbara H. 14031:. Lutterworth Press. 13919:Margoliouth, David S. 13843:Lewis, David Levering 13730:(24 September 2018). 13728:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 13708:The Religion of Islám 13577:Gassick, Dr Trevor Le 13524:Humphreys, R. Stephen 13263:Glubb, Sir John Bagot 12680:In search of Muhammad 12320:Dana, Nissim (2008). 12091:Buhl & Welch 1993 11940:The Lives of Muhammad 11626:. Berg. p. 344. 11066:Farah (1994), p. 135. 10739:Weston, Mark (2008). 10714:. Brill. p. 22. 10533:Buhl & Welch 1993 10355:, p. 344–5, 359. 9972:referencing Sirah by 9937:Lings (1987), p. 292. 9906:Lings (1987), p. 291. 9260:Muhammad and the Jews 8791:Buhl & Welch 1993 8455:Buhl & Welch 1993 8221:Buhl & Welch 1993 7842:Buhl & Welch 1993 7519:Buhl & Welch 1993 7332:Buhl & Welch 1993 7295:, 154, in Guillaume, 7247:, 153, in Guillaume, 6998:Buhl & Welch 1993 6738:Buhl & Welch 1993 6575:, pp. xi, 19–20. 6201:Holland, Tom (2012). 6103:Lumbard, Joseph E. B. 5918:Buhl & Welch 1993 5229:Last Prophet of Islam 5127:Ashtiname of Muhammad 5096:Manifestations of God 4988:Criticism of Muhammad 4973:Criticism of Muhammad 4867:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 4805: 4797:European appreciation 4735:. Reproduced through 4677: 4549: 4518:splitting of the Moon 4484: 4401:bore him a son named 4350:, a Muslim widow, or 4305: 4292:Further information: 4178: 4161:Further information: 4032: 3978: 3942:, depicting Muhammad 3931: 3868:and two of his sons, 3842: 3764: 3735:Zaynab bint al-Harith 3612: 3523:, the Quraysh leader 3507:On the exact day the 3344: 3270:Further information: 3186: 3162:Further information: 2893:Further information: 2747:Migration to Medina ( 2673: 2371: 2214: 2184:transcendent presence 2115: 2047: 1887:. He belonged to the 1867: 1824:event of Ghadir Khumm 1822:Farewell pilgrimage, 1797:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 1561:Death of his mother, 1529:Death of his father, 1397: 1320:The earliest written 1306:l-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah 1297: 1270:Birmingham manuscript 1266:Muhammad's companions 1229:Muhammad in the Quran 1199: 630:Splitting of the Moon 186:24.46750°N 39.61139°E 26005:Cartoon Wars Part II 25948:The Life of Muhammad 25891:Innocence of Muslims 25689:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 25653:Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya 25577:2020 stabbing attack 25542:Akkari-Laban dossier 25109:Democracy in America 24488:political philosophy 24471:political philosophy 24286:political philosophy 24115:political philosophy 24025:Separation of powers 23986:Night-watchman state 23971:Monopoly on violence 23505:Political philosophy 23430:Political philosophy 23230:Democracy in America 21552:Ma malakat aymanukum 21127:Association football 21026:Moderate Kharijites 20083:(Scroll(s) of Moses) 19961:Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams 19678:('the Confederates') 19666:military expeditions 19441:The Prophet's Mosque 19399:('The Sacred Grove') 19195:(Station of Abraham) 19010:Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah 18686:('Companions of the 18485:(Sodom and Gomorrah) 18477:(Children of Israel) 18172:Moses' sister-in-law 18151:, who adopted Moses) 18094:, Qatafir or Qittin) 18073:Brothers (including 17819:He who spoke to God) 17142:(she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ 17114:sleepers of the cave 17082:) of the Abyssinians 15893:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 15599:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib 15469:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 15412:Zainab bint Muhammad 15407:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad 15350:Jawairia bint Harith 15335:Zaynab bint Khuzayma 14896:. George Braziller. 14709:. Prometheus Books. 14655:Spellberg, Denise A. 14567:The Life of Muhammad 14542:, ed. (3 May 2018). 14210:(10 November 2010). 14094:(19 December 2013). 13983:The Life of Muhammad 13867:Lindemann, Albert S. 13824:The Arabs in History 13579:(1 September 2000). 13241:(27 February 1997). 13221:Donzel, Emeri J. van 12974:Dibble, Roy (1926). 12790:Brown, Jonathan A.C. 12039:Lewis (1993), p. 45. 11808:Warraq, Ibn (2007). 11741:8 April 2010 at the 11688:Ali Boozari (2010). 11652:D. Fairchild Ruggles 11362:Memories of Muhammad 10894:Wives of the Prophet 9976:, vol. II, page 409. 9417:The Life of Muhammad 8710:Muhammad The Prophet 8672:Lewis (2002), p. 44. 8635:Lewis (2002), p. 41. 8146:. pp. 116–117. 8123:(London, 1955), 193. 8121:The Life of Muhammad 6707:Names of the Prophet 6705:Jean-Louis Déclais, 6403:Jonathan, A.C. Brown 5961:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 5780:, pp. 38, 41–3. 5012:Seal of the Prophets 4403:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad 4383:Zainab bint Muhammad 4328:post-hijra in Medina 4223:Eastern Roman Empire 3780:truce of Hudaybiyyah 3714:Muhammad ibn Maslama 3599:Treaty of Hudaybiyya 3541:Battle of the Trench 3435:Battle of the Trench 3429:Battle of the Trench 3081:1st Daumat al-Jandal 2596:, who succeeded the 2498:before the event of 2166:spirit of revelation 2104:History of the Quran 1952:Year of the Elephant 1782:Battle of the Trench 1692:clan boycott begins 1428:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 1363:Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi 1182:Biographical sources 1099:Muhammad's followers 1063:his first revelation 1029:. He was the son of 1004:Seal of the Prophets 948:[mʊˈħæm.mæd] 842:Biography portal 477:Seal of the Prophets 226:children of Muhammad 26168:Angelic visionaries 25998:Cartoon Wars Part I 25819:The Jewel of Medina 25668:Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra 25473:Lars Vilks drawings 25299:Right-wing politics 25179:A Theory of Justice 25149:The Road to Serfdom 25069:The Social Contract 23776:Christian democracy 23270:One-Dimensional Man 19702:Expedition of Tabuk 19646:Farewell Pilgrimage 19396:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 19315:Munzalanm-Mubārakan 19134:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 19109:Iram of the Pillars 18412:People of al-Ukhdūd 18364:(Companions of the 17823:Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh 17090:Domesticated donkey 17060:(cow) of Israelites 16082:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 15641:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb 15532:Farewell Pilgrimage 15365:Safiyya bint Huyayy 15135:Watt, W. Montgomery 15117:Watt, W. Montgomery 14808:Watt, W. Montgomery 14784:Watt, W. Montgomery 14778:. ASIN: B000IUA52A. 14760:Watt, W. Montgomery 14677:Stillman, Norman A. 14361:(15 October 2015). 14202:. ASIN: B0012385Z6. 14092:Netton, Ian Richard 13873:(28 October 2010). 13845:(12 January 2009). 13549:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad 13377:(4 February 2014). 13367:Kopelman Foundation 13363:Jewish Encyclopedia 13195:(22 October 2014). 13193:Gabriel, Richard A. 13169:Gabriel, Richard A. 12891:Conrad, Lawrence I. 12768:(17 October 2003). 12619:Bosworth, C. Edmund 12540:(25 October 2022). 12538:Arjomand, Said Amir 12093:, pp. 360–376. 11867:(1903), pp. 279–80. 11349:, pp. 159–161. 11213:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 11017:Bearman et al. 2002 9921:, pp. 274–275. 9475:, pp. 211–212. 9177:, pp. 170–172. 8896:, Vol. 5, no. 4037. 8568:, pp. 112–114. 8371:Schacht et al. 1998 7102:on 3 December 2004. 6658:, pp. 286–287. 5070:Yusuf Abu al-Haggag 5048:ownership of slaves 5004:Biblical narratives 4863:Essai sur les mœurs 4658:However, since the 4602:Muhammad's birthday 4312:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 4203:Umar ibn al-Khattab 4134:Saud bin Abdul-Aziz 4087:al-Masjid an-Nabawi 4066:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 3948:Farewell Pilgrimage 3917:Farewell Pilgrimage 3911:Farewell pilgrimage 3835:Expedition of Tabuk 3718:Safiyya bint Huyayy 3679:Invasion of Khaybar 3255:Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy 3180:Masjid al-Qiblatayn 2652:, the chief of the 2402:Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt 2252:Opposition in Mecca 1973:Muhammad's father, 1424:Muhammad al-Bukhari 1290:Prophetic biography 1135:Farewell Pilgrimage 974:, he was a prophet 786:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 551:Farewell Pilgrimage 486:خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين 325:People of the House 181: / 25991:Super Best Friends 25731:Muhammad at Medina 25484:The Satanic Verses 25421:Aniconism in Islam 25311:Political violence 25306:Political theology 25289:Left-wing politics 25284:Political spectrum 23390:Cultural pessimism 23385:Cultural criticism 22284:National character 22047:Quran and miracles 21961:Criticism of Islam 21665:Geometric patterns 21517:Gender segregation 21088:Non-denominational 20157:Trumpet of Israfil 19903:('The Late-Night') 19770:Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām 19516:(Cave of the Bull) 19501:Al-Hijr of Isma'il 19413:Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām 19105:Iram dhāt al-ʿImād 19090:(excluding Madyan) 19013:('The Holy Land') 18961:Meccan polytheists 18899:People of the Book 18757:Household of Salih 18732:Household of Moses 18680:(people of Ṣāliḥ) 18381:Disciples of Jesus 18353:People of Paradise 18145:Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim 18034:People of Solomon 17994:People of Abraham 17974:Believer of Ya-Sin 17942:People of Prophets 17640:(Jethro, Reuel or 17447:('Rebellious one') 17171:Beast of the Earth 16041:Mina, Saudi Arabia 15947:Dala'il al-Khayrat 15646:Waraqah ibn Nawfal 15474:Umamah bint Zainab 15397:Qasim ibn Muhammad 14789:Muhammad at Medina 14388:Muhammad in Europe 14359:Rāshid, Maʿmar ibn 14319:. pp. 17–54. 14025:(1 January 2018). 13726:Kloppenborg, Ria; 13620:Irving, Washington 13427:Lambton, Ann K. S. 13310:Goldman, Elizabeth 12567:. Harper Collins. 12446:(9 January 1997). 12209:Smith, P. (1999). 11937:Kecia Ali (2014). 11420:on 2 February 2012 11042:"Slavery in Islam" 11031:, p. 100-101. 10968:, pp. 168–69. 10595:"Prophet's Mosque" 9968:2 May 2012 at the 8119:, trans. and ed., 8107:Muhammad ibn Ishaq 7911:, p. 107–112. 7557:, p. 120-121. 6381:. pp. 33–34. 6374:Islam and the West 6026:(4 January 2024). 5816:Howarth, Stephen. 5490:, pp. 170–173 5404:, Vol. 5, no. 4037 5251:, and many others. 5187:Relics of Muhammad 4979:Criticism of Islam 4885:Napoleon Bonaparte 4824: 4699:Persian miniatures 4688: 4579: 4565:; Muhammad is the 4540:as-salamu 'alaykum 4502: 4395:Qasim ibn Muhammad 4348:Sawdah bint Zam'ah 4320: 4282:Rashidun Caliphate 4242:Roman–Persian Wars 4199: 3996: 3956: 3845: 3775: 3710:Kenana ibn al-Rabi 3631: 3450:Salman the Persian 3421:coitus interruptus 3376:Abdullah ibn Ubayy 3360: 3331:Meccan retaliation 3315:Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf 3297:Abdullah ibn Ubayy 3212:— Quran (22:39–40) 3121:3rd Wadi al-Qurra' 2832:Muhammad in Medina 2684: 2463:to the Abyssinian 2398:Nadr ibn al-Harith 2302:("purification"). 2286:, and almsgiving ( 2268:lower social class 2244:, and adopted son 2225: 2126: 2075: 1908:pre-Islamic Arabia 1873: 1589:Meets and marries 1416: 1311: 1220: 1200:Two folios of the 1143:converted to Islam 688:Medieval Christian 464:Khātam al-Nabiyyīn 191:24.46750; 39.61139 26228:People from Mecca 26193:Arab slave owners 26110: 26109: 26104: 26103: 26028: 26027: 25842: 25841: 25724:Muhammad at Mecca 25632:Sirah Rasul Allah 25602: 25601: 25416:Muhammad in Islam 25364: 25363: 25274:Philosophy of law 25219:Conflict theories 25059:The Spirit of Law 24966: 24965: 24015:Original position 23471: 23470: 23187: 23186: 22332:Spontaneous order 22322:Social alienation 22171:Cultural heritage 22132:Social philosophy 22098: 22097: 22064: 22063: 22060: 22059: 22032:Domestic violence 22022:Islamic terrorism 22017:Islamic extremism 21838: 21837: 21834: 21833: 21606: 21605: 21602: 21601: 21392:Marriage contract 21222: 21221: 21182:Political aspects 20911:Story of Prophets 20680:Prophets of Islam 20583: 20582: 20569: 20568: 20542:(Water or fluid) 20528: 20527: 20515:Sidrat al-Muntahā 20359:(Garlic or wheat) 20289: 20288: 20285: 20284: 20011: 20010: 20007: 20006: 19953:('The Afternoon') 19944:('The Afternoon') 19874:('The Mornings') 19707:Conquest of Mecca 19692:Battle of Khaybar 19628:Event of Mubahala 19624:(Night of Decree) 19597: 19596: 19552:Bilād ar-Rāfidayn 19495:Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad 19458: 19457: 19450:Salat (Synagogue) 19403:Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā 19254:Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan 19087:Arabian Peninsula 19062:Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn 18986: 18985: 18982: 18981: 18978: 18977: 18768: 18767: 18764: 18763: 18716:Brothers of Yūsuf 18587:Children of Ayyub 18580:Wife of Abu Lahab 18538:People of Fir'aun 18529:(People of Jonah) 18503:People of Shuaib 18489:People of Ibrahim 18422:People of Yathrib 18322: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18297:Nebuchadnezzar II 18190: 18189: 17932: 17931: 17928: 17927: 17891: 17890: 17760:and Strong Will') 17487: 17486: 17483: 17482: 17362: 17361: 17302:(Gabriel, chief) 17214: 17213: 16937: 16936: 16910: 16909: 16905: 16904: 16672: 16671: 16667: 16666: 16399: 16398: 16394: 16393: 16109: 16108: 16105: 16104: 15956: 15955: 15826:Sunan al-Tirmidhi 15657:Hassan ibn Thabit 15651:Zayd ibn Harithah 15482: 15481: 15355:Maria al-Qibtiyya 15345:Zaynab bint Jahsh 15301: 15300: 15097:978-0-691-22682-8 15073:978-9960-9919-0-0 15054:978-975-389-402-9 15028:978-90-04-09419-2 14947:978-0-7146-3142-4 14924:978-1-135-94085-0 14903:978-0-8076-0165-5 14879:cite encyclopedia 14850:978-90-04-08114-7 14799:978-0-19-577307-1 14775:978-0-19-577277-7 14765:Muhammad at Mecca 14751:978-0-415-57434-1 14716:978-1-61592-243-7 14703:(29 April 2011). 14692:978-0-8276-0198-7 14668:978-0-231-07999-0 14646:978-0-486-42502-3 14619:978-90-04-08118-5 14598:978-9960-9678-9-9 14577:978-1-351-88676-5 14564:(19 April 2022). 14553:978-1-4426-3673-6 14531:978-90-474-4195-3 14510:978-1-68137-493-2 14486:978-0-8130-3766-0 14465:978-0-521-82627-3 14446:978-0-19-533693-1 14427:978-1-5064-7388-8 14374:978-1-4798-0047-6 14350:978-0-19-530880-8 14326:978-0-19-532563-8 14315:. New York City: 14299:978-0-8122-0995-2 14278:978-1-4742-8935-1 14257:978-0-8028-0754-0 14223:978-0-19-974746-7 14173:978-0-691-11553-5 14149:978-1-4384-1597-0 14128:978-0-253-11074-9 14107:978-1-135-17960-1 14083:978-3-11-067498-9 14059:978-0-19-161399-9 14038:978-0-7188-9522-8 14014:978-0-313-36026-8 13993:978-0-86078-703-7 13958:978-1-4391-2941-8 13934:978-1-61640-503-8 13910:978-0-521-64696-3 13895:Madelung, Wilferd 13886:978-0-19-923503-2 13858:978-0-393-06790-3 13834:978-0-19-280310-8 13810:978-0-226-47107-5 13797:(15 March 2012). 13786:978-0-521-51441-5 13765:978-0-521-77933-3 13743:978-90-04-37888-9 13718:978-90-90-00408-2 13694:978-1-000-58502-5 13670:978-1-108-78765-9 13646:978-0-19-027753-6 13611:978-1-85964-040-1 13590:978-1-85964-142-2 13564:978-0-19-636034-8 13539:978-0-691-00856-1 13515:978-0-19-157608-9 13491:978-0-674-01017-8 13465:978-0-521-29135-4 13444:978-0-521-29135-4 13414:978-0-226-34686-1 13390:978-1-59463-230-3 13355:Gottheil, Richard 13346:978-0-313-32522-9 13336:The Rise of Islam 13325:978-0-19-508240-1 13301:978-1-56663-340-6 13278:978-0-8154-1176-5 13254:978-0-521-59984-9 13208:978-0-8061-8250-6 13184:978-0-8061-3860-2 13160:978-1-85168-131-0 13147:(24 April 1997). 13136:978-90-04-50234-5 13111:978-0-19-979413-3 13080:978-0-19-512558-0 13056:978-0-19-515713-0 13026:978-0-19-511234-4 12998:978-1-4744-2318-2 12966:978-0-7864-5642-0 12945:978-0-521-76725-5 12930:. New York City: 12882:978-0-8264-4964-1 12875:. A&C Black. 12830:978-0-674-73636-8 12809:978-0-19-955928-2 12781:978-0-631-21604-9 12757:978-1-139-82838-3 12736:978-90-04-41581-2 12715:978-0-292-70862-4 12690:978-0-304-70401-9 12666:978-0-521-24015-4 12638:978-90-04-12756-2 12623:Donzel, E. J. van 12615:Bianquis, Thierry 12574:978-0-06-115577-2 12553:978-0-520-38759-1 12525:978-1-136-48984-6 12504:978-0-520-97452-4 12483:978-0-88706-707-5 12470:(1 August 1987). 12459:978-0-7914-3150-4 12435:978-9960-717-31-9 12416:978-0-674-04742-6 12403:(24 April 2017). 12387:cite encyclopedia 12362:978-1-930409-11-8 12331:978-1-903900-36-9 12306:978-1-4655-4662-3 12281:978-1-59884-655-3 12245:bahai-library.com 12226:978-1-85168-184-6 11950:978-0-674-74448-6 11902:978-1-4918-2344-6 11823:978-1-61592-020-4 11703:978-0-253-35361-0 11667:978-1-4051-5401-7 11633:978-1-84520-741-0 11602:978-1-84885-168-9 11573:978-0-8122-4237-9 11540:978-0-8122-4237-9 11498:978-90-04-17589-1 11457:978-90-04-16861-9 11372:978-0-06-123135-3 11334:, pp. 14–15. 11306:978-90-04-08655-5 11293:"Images in Islam" 11175:978-0-253-22206-0 10880:, pp. 35–36. 10860:978-1-118-05396-6 10850:Islam For Dummies 10837:, p. 182–83. 10817:978-0-8078-5577-5 10783:978-0-275-98734-3 10752:978-0-470-18257-4 10721:978-90-04-14442-2 10687:978-0-470-18257-4 10650:978-1-930409-18-7 10580:978-983-52-0373-2 10020:978-0-19-636033-1 10005:Guillaume, Alfred 9798:, p. 139–40. 9427:978-0-19-636034-8 9249:Ahmad, pp. 85–94. 9145:, pp. 36–37. 8770:978-1-136-92113-1 8745:978-0-7456-5488-1 8257:, vol.1, p.176–7. 8192:978-0-19-530991-1 8153:978-1-4384-2340-1 8112:Sirat Rasul Allah 7461:, pp. 37–39. 7292:Sirat Rasul Allah 7244:Sirat Rasul Allah 7063:, p. 50, 55. 6861:978-0-415-96690-0 6623:978-1-86064-827-4 6553:978-1-118-63851-4 6507:978-1-118-63851-4 6422:978-90-04-15839-9 6345:978-0-521-88607-9 6214:978-0-7481-1951-6 6109:. Huffington Post 5950:, pp. 31–32. 5853:978-1-872531-65-6 5826:978-0-8264-8034-7 5375:, pp. 109–10 5327:histories recount 5142:Glossary of Islam 5090:Followers of the 4877:Emmanuel Pastoret 4832:Gottfried Leibniz 4808:La vie de Mahomet 4684:Jammu and Kashmir 4623:peace be upon him 4442:Muhammad in Islam 4436:Islamic tradition 4425:Zaynab bint Jahsh 4419:at the market in 4399:Maria al-Qibtiyya 4336:Maria al-Qibtiyya 4332:Rayhana bint Zayd 4276:, large parts of 4103:Al Mansur Qalawun 3944:prohibiting Nasī' 3769:, a 16th-century 3752:Conquest of Mecca 3746:Conquest of Mecca 3685:Battle of Khaybar 3581:Zayd ibn Harithah 3530:Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud 3485:was made against 3385:polygyny in Islam 3171: 3170: 2638:Akhnas ibn Shariq 2619:Utbah ibn Rabi'ah 2435:Alexander Romance 2238:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2223:visiting Muhammad 2195:Waraqa ibn Nawfal 2158:jump to his death 2009:. Another uncle, 1964:Himyarite kingdom 1862: 1861: 1810:Conquest of Mecca 1744:(called Yathrib) 1475:Muhammad in Mecca 1284:Early biographies 1274:radiocarbon dated 1148:The revelations ( 1139:Arabian Peninsula 1093:prophets in Islam 976:divinely inspired 944: 932: 878: 877: 496: 495: 459: 433: 386: 362: 215:wives of Muhammad 36:Muhammad in Islam 16:(Redirected from 26265: 26183:Arab politicians 26096:Islam portal 26094: 26093: 26092: 26082: 26081: 26072: 26071: 25933: 25932: 25611: 25610: 25466: 25465: 25391: 25384: 25377: 25368: 25367: 25279:Political ethics 25269:Machiavellianism 25209:Authoritarianism 25194: 25184: 25174: 25164: 25154: 25144: 25134: 25124: 25114: 25104: 25094: 25084: 25074: 25064: 25054: 25044: 25034: 25024: 25014: 25004: 24994: 24984: 24060: 24059: 24001: 23937: 23927:Balance of power 23901:Social democracy 23896:Social Darwinism 23871:Multiculturalism 23816:Environmentalism 23791:Communitarianism 23498: 23491: 23484: 23475: 23474: 23435:Social criticism 23355: 23345: 23335: 23325: 23315: 23305: 23295: 23285: 23275: 23265: 23255: 23245: 23235: 23225: 23215: 23205: 22441: 22440: 22423:Frankfurt School 22401:Communitarianism 22364: 22318: 22304: 22125: 22118: 22111: 22102: 22101: 22088: 22087: 22080:Islam portal 22078: 22077: 22076: 21858: 21857: 21850: 21844: 21843: 21685:Medieval science 21628: 21627: 21618: 21612: 21611: 21269:Economic history 21252: 21251: 21228: 21227: 21214:Islam by country 20999:Bektashi Alevism 20637: 20636: 20628:Outline of Islam 20610: 20603: 20596: 20587: 20586: 20469:Plants of Sheba 20381: 20380: 20224:Of Noah's people 20194: 20193: 20162: 20161: 20153:Throne of Bilqis 20146:Tābūt as-Sakīnah 20087:Tablets of Stone 20017: 20016: 20000:First Pilgrimage 19816:Times for prayer 19759:Islamic calendar 19687:Battle of Hunayn 19661: 19660: 19603: 19602: 19542:Bayt al-Muqaddas 19081: 19080: 18992: 18991: 18751:Muhammad's wives 18726:Progeny of Imran 18608:Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj 18510:People of Madyan 18452: 18451: 18441: 18440: 18339: 18338: 18328: 18327: 18062: 18061: 18028:Zechariah's wife 18012:People of Jesus 18001:Ishmael's mother 17949: 17948: 17938: 17937: 17747: 17746: 17688:Isrāʾīl (Israel) 17673:John the Baptist 17506: 17505: 17493: 17492: 17286: 17285: 17280:Munkar and Nakir 17045: 17044: 17038: 17037: 16993: 16992: 16980: 16979: 16964: 16957: 16950: 16941: 16940: 16926:Islamic prophets 16924:to mankind. The 16755: 16754: 16753: 16746: 16745: 16744: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16701: 16700: 16699: 16692: 16691: 16690: 16683: 16682: 16678: 16677: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16482: 16481: 16480: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16446: 16445: 16444: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16410: 16409: 16405: 16404: 16241: 16240: 16239: 16232: 16231: 16230: 16223: 16222: 16221: 16214: 16213: 16212: 16205: 16204: 16203: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16187: 16186: 16185: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16163: 16149: 16142: 16135: 16126: 16125: 16113: 16112: 15965: 15964: 15940:Durod e Ibrahimi 15872:Sirat Ibn Hisham 15812:Sahih al-Bukhari 15799: 15798: 15786:Seal of Muhammad 15385: 15384: 15320:Sawda bint Zamʿa 15230: 15229: 15212: 15205: 15198: 15189: 15188: 15178: 15163: 15148: 15130: 15112: 15101: 15084:(9 March 2021). 15077: 15058: 15032: 15003: 14976: 14951: 14928: 14907: 14888: 14882: 14874: 14867:John L. Esposito 14859:Welch, Alford T. 14854: 14827: 14803: 14779: 14755: 14731: 14720: 14696: 14672: 14650: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14602: 14581: 14557: 14535: 14514: 14497:(2 March 2021). 14495:Rodinson, Maxime 14490: 14469: 14450: 14431: 14414:(7 March 2023). 14407: 14396:. pp. 6–7. 14378: 14354: 14330: 14314: 14303: 14282: 14261: 14244:Peterson, Daniel 14239: 14237: 14235: 14203: 14191: 14177: 14153: 14132: 14111: 14087: 14063: 14042: 14018: 13997: 13976: 13962: 13945:(19 July 2011). 13938: 13914: 13890: 13871:Levy, Richard S. 13862: 13838: 13814: 13790: 13769: 13747: 13722: 13698: 13674: 13650: 13629: 13628:. P. F. Collier. 13615: 13594: 13568: 13543: 13519: 13502:(10 June 2010). 13495: 13469: 13448: 13418: 13394: 13375:Hazleton, Lesley 13370: 13350: 13329: 13305: 13293: 13282: 13258: 13234: 13219:; Lewis, Brian; 13212: 13188: 13164: 13140: 13119: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13060: 13044: 13030: 13015:(3rd ed.). 13002: 12981: 12970: 12949: 12929: 12918: 12886: 12872:Six World Faiths 12865: 12834: 12813: 12785: 12766:Brown, Daniel W. 12761: 12740: 12719: 12698: 12675:Bennett, Clinton 12670: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12606: 12583:Armstrong, Karen 12578: 12557: 12533: 12508: 12487: 12463: 12439: 12420: 12396: 12390: 12382: 12366: 12336: 12335: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12198:. 11 March 2023. 12188: 12182: 12176: 12170: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12121: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12094: 12088: 12079: 12073: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12037: 12031: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12006: 12000: 11994: 11991: 11985: 11982:Common Knowledge 11978: 11972: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11886: 11880: 11874: 11868: 11860: 11854: 11853:, p. 240–2. 11848: 11835: 11834: 11814:Prometheus Books 11805: 11799: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11767: 11761: 11751: 11745: 11732: 11721: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11685: 11676: 11675: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11561: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11528: 11518: 11507: 11506: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11441: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11416:. 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Vol. 7, p. 295 11118: 11112: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11081: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11005: 10999: 10996: 10987: 10984: 10978: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10910:Subhani, Jafar. 10907: 10901: 10890: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10705: 10696: 10695: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10630: 10624: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10601:on 23 March 2012 10591: 10585: 10584: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10545: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10439:, p. 286–7. 10434: 10428: 10422: 10416: 10410: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10391:, p. 285–6. 10386: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10275:M.A. al-Bakhit, 10273: 10267: 10266:, p. 192–3. 10261: 10255: 10254:, p. 274–5. 10249: 10243: 10242:, p. 192–4. 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10143:, p. 263–4. 10138: 10132: 10126: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10059:, p. 320–1. 10054: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10001: 9995: 9992: 9986: 9983: 9977: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9916: 9907: 9904: 9893: 9892: 9880: 9867: 9861: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9827:, p. 283–4. 9822: 9816: 9810: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9751: 9750:, p. 282–3. 9745: 9739: 9733: 9720: 9719:, p. 200–1. 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9647:, p. 251–2. 9642: 9633: 9627: 9618: 9617:, p. 265–6. 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9493: 9487: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9449: 9448: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9380:, p. 211–2. 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9356:, p. 147–8. 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9295: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9263: 9256: 9250: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9228: 9222: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9172: 9166: 9155: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9119: 9113: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9019:, p. 127–8. 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8944:, p. 120–3. 8939: 8933: 8932:, p. 113–4. 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8809: 8803: 8794: 8788: 8775: 8774: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8642: 8636: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8591: 8584: 8578: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8433:, p. 186–7. 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8361:, p. 245–7. 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8249:Sells, Michael. 8247: 8241: 8232:Sells, Michael. 8230: 8224: 8218: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8130: 8124: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8073:, p. 145–6. 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8035:Holt et al. 1977 8032: 8026: 8020: 8011: 8005: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7923:, p. 256–7. 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7826: 7825:, p. 173–4. 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7799:Margoliouth 2010 7796: 7790: 7789:, p. 167–8. 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7715: 7714:, p. 460–1. 7709: 7703: 7702:, p. 344–5. 7697: 7691: 7690:, p. 125–7. 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7666:, p. 125–6. 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7617:, p. 342–3. 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7593:, p. 113–4. 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7533:, p. 35–36. 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7435: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7297:Life of Muhammad 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7251: 7249:Life of Muhammad 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7115:, p. 79-81. 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7095:. Archived from 7082: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7001: 6995: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6937:, p. 38–46. 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6842: 6836: 6833:Gibb et al. 1986 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6608:Rodinson, Maxime 6604: 6598: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6481: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6413:Brill Publishers 6399: 6393: 6392: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6280: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6105:(24 July 2015). 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6082:The Conversation 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6054:, p. 18–19. 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6020: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5838: 5829: 5818:Knights Templar. 5814: 5808: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5699: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5605:, pp. 150–1 5585: 5579: 5565: 5559: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5511:Oxford Reference 5440: 5434: 5431: 5413: 5407: 5398:, pp. 112–4 5384: 5378: 5363:, pp. 197–8 5357:, pp. 173–4 5349: 5343: 5340: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5274: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5221:Prophet Muhammad 5217:Messenger of God 5209: 5167:Muhammad in film 4836:natural religion 4828:Guillaume Postel 4820:Ten Commandments 4692:Anatolian Seljuk 4631: 4630: 4587:Qasidat al-Burda 4567:Messenger of God 4499: 4476:convert to Islam 4413:Zayd ibn Haritha 4389:) and two sons ( 4294:Muhammad's wives 4195: 4189: 4183: 4152: 4091:Muhammad's tomb. 4058: 4040: 4029: 4026:Sahih al-Bukhari 3993: 3990: 3986: 3897:Khalid ibn Walid 3895:. A group under 3831:Battle of Hunayn 3313:Back in Medina, 3235:Asma bint Marwan 3213: 3016:Dhu al-'Ushairah 2991: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2768:Mus'ab ibn Umayr 2676:Dome of the Rock 2666:Isra' and Mi'raj 2660:Isra' and Mi'raj 2650:Mut'im ibn 'Adiy 2469:Aṣḥama ibn Abjar 2465:Kingdom of Aksum 2120:in the mountain 2064: 2061: 2055:Jami al-Tawarikh 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1740:, emigration to 1712:(his uncle) die 1522: 1494: 1463:Wilferd Madelung 1414: 1411: 1371: 1369: 1356: 1354: 1218: 1215: 1206:early manuscript 1123:Islamic calendar 1056: 1024: 972:Islamic doctrine 957: 954: 950: 939: 937: 927: 925: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 870: 863: 856: 840: 839: 838: 830:Islam portal 828: 827: 826: 810:History of Islam 615:First revelation 498: 497: 488: 487: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 453: 445: 444: 427: 419: 418: 396:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 380: 372: 371: 356: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 290: 287: 286:Messenger of God 284: 281: 278: 266:Other names 205: 204: 202: 201: 200: 198: 193: 192: 187: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 164:, Medina, Arabia 162:Prophet's Mosque 135: 133: 104: 101: 80:Prophet's Mosque 74: 64: 63: 62: 47: 46: 21: 26273: 26272: 26268: 26267: 26266: 26264: 26263: 26262: 26218:Miracle workers 26113: 26112: 26111: 26106: 26105: 26100: 26090: 26088: 26060: 26048:Muslim Massacre 26024: 25974: 25924: 25850: 25838: 25741: 25619: 25616: 25598: 25593:Je suis Charlie 25556: 25513: 25511:Jyllands-Posten 25504: 25457: 25404: 25395: 25365: 25360: 25347: 25336:Totalitarianism 25197: 25192: 25182: 25172: 25162: 25152: 25142: 25132: 25122: 25112: 25102: 25092: 25082: 25072: 25062: 25052: 25042: 25032: 25022: 25012: 25009:Treatise on Law 25002: 24992: 24982: 24962: 24620: 24614: 24353: 24347: 24233: 24227: 24146: 24049: 24035:State of nature 24030:Social contract 24010:Ordered liberty 23998:Noblesse oblige 23915: 23749: 23678: 23507: 23502: 23472: 23467: 23454: 23380:Critical theory 23358: 23353: 23343: 23333: 23323: 23313: 23303: 23293: 23283: 23273: 23263: 23253: 23243: 23233: 23223: 23213: 23203: 23183: 22861: 22855: 22653: 22647: 22596: 22525: 22432: 22384:Budapest School 22372: 22161:Cosmopolitanism 22134: 22129: 22099: 22094: 22074: 22072: 22056: 21978:Cultural Muslim 21949: 21916: 21862:Other religions 21852: 21848: 21830: 21765: 21732: 21679: 21622: 21620:Islamic studies 21616: 21598: 21432: 21377: 21354: 21301: 21246: 21245: 21218: 21167:Moral teachings 21110: 21092: 21066:Nation of Islam 20979:Twelver Shi'ism 20916: 20882:Religious texts 20876: 20794:Early conquests 20777: 20759: 20711: 20631: 20620: 20614: 20584: 20579: 20565: 20524: 20462: 20456: 20379: 20340: 20295: 20281: 20255: 20219: 20192: 20166: 20165:Mentioned idols 20160: 20122: 20120: 20114: 20059:Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm 20022: 20003: 19994:Laylat al-Mabit 19977: 19929:('The Evening') 19918:Dulūk ash-Shams 19886:('The Morning') 19880:('The Morning') 19817: 19811: 19782: 19757: 19751: 19740:Days of battles 19711: 19665: 19655: 19616:Incident of Ifk 19608: 19593: 19584:Palestine River 19454: 19423:Masjid al-Dirar 19353: 19347: 19294: 19242: 19234: 19089: 19085: 19079: 19016:'Blessed' Land' 18997: 18974: 18838: 18832: 18813:Umayyad Dynasty 18774: 18760: 18721:Lot's daughters 18705: 18704:('People of the 18703: 18695: 18647:(people of Hud) 18633: 18619: 18611:(Gog and Magog) 18494:People of Ilyas 18447: 18445: 18439: 18372:Jesus' apostles 18349:Aṣḥāb al-Jannah 18333: 18314: 18260: 18254: 18218:of Moses' time) 18186: 18162:Wise, pious man 18149:Wife of Pharaoh 18141:Imraʾat Firʿawn 18128:Aaron and Moses 18127: 18121: 18077:(Benjamin) and 18066: 18060: 17978:Family of Noah 17943: 17924: 17887: 17842: 17813:Mūsā Kalīmullāh 17759: 17757: 17755: 17745: 17671:ibn Zakariyyā ( 17500: 17479: 17450: 17407: 17358: 17320:Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus 17310:('The Spirit') 17284: 17262:Kirāman Kātibīn 17257:Harut and Marut 17234:Angels of Hell 17210: 17145: 17032: 16998: 16987: 16974: 16968: 16938: 16933: 16906: 16901: 16883: 16865: 16847: 16829: 16811: 16793: 16775: 16751: 16742: 16733: 16724: 16715: 16706: 16697: 16688: 16668: 16663: 16645: 16620: 16602: 16584: 16565: 16547: 16529: 16511: 16487: 16478: 16469: 16460: 16451: 16442: 16433: 16424: 16415: 16395: 16390: 16372: 16354: 16336: 16317: 16298: 16280: 16261: 16237: 16228: 16219: 16210: 16201: 16192: 16183: 16174: 16158: 16153: 16118: 16110: 16101: 16077:Masjid al-Haram 16065: 16014: 15952: 15925: 15898: 15859: 15847:Sunan al-Nasa'i 15840:Sunan Abi Dawud 15790: 15753: 15682: 15663:Bilal ibn Rabah 15629:Abd al-Muttalib 15583:(father-in-law) 15577:(father-in-law) 15563: 15537:Farewell Sermon 15510: 15506:Isra and Mi'raj 15478: 15464:Zaynab bint Ali 15437: 15374: 15330:Hafsa bint Umar 15297: 15270: 15249: 15245:Amina bint Wahb 15221: 15216: 15186: 15181: 15098: 15074: 15055: 15035: 15029: 14984: 14979: 14973: 14948: 14925: 14904: 14876: 14875: 14851: 14824: 14800: 14776: 14752: 14717: 14693: 14669: 14647: 14624: 14622: 14620: 14599: 14578: 14554: 14532: 14511: 14487: 14466: 14447: 14428: 14404: 14375: 14351: 14327: 14300: 14279: 14258: 14233: 14231: 14224: 14200: 14174: 14150: 14129: 14108: 14084: 14070:(6 July 2020). 14060: 14039: 14023:Muesse, Mark W. 14015: 13994: 13959: 13935: 13927:. Cosimo, Inc. 13911: 13887: 13859: 13835: 13811: 13787: 13766: 13744: 13719: 13695: 13671: 13657:(2 June 2022). 13647: 13612: 13591: 13565: 13540: 13516: 13492: 13478:Ruthven, Malise 13474:Hourani, Albert 13466: 13445: 13415: 13401:(15 May 2009). 13391: 13347: 13326: 13302: 13279: 13255: 13209: 13185: 13161: 13145:Forward, Martin 13137: 13112: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13057: 13027: 12999: 12980:. Viking Press. 12967: 12946: 12883: 12854:10.2307/3512048 12831: 12810: 12782: 12758: 12737: 12716: 12691: 12667: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12603: 12575: 12554: 12526: 12505: 12484: 12460: 12436: 12417: 12384: 12383: 12363: 12344: 12339: 12332: 12318: 12314: 12307: 12293: 12289: 12282: 12268: 12264: 12254: 12252: 12239: 12238: 12234: 12227: 12207: 12203: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12177: 12173: 12164: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12140: 12136: 12128: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12082: 12074: 12067: 12059: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12038: 12034: 12025: 12021: 12013: 12009: 12001: 11997: 11992: 11988: 11979: 11975: 11966: 11962: 11951: 11935: 11931: 11914: 11910: 11903: 11892:Islamic Culture 11887: 11883: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11857: 11849: 11838: 11824: 11816:. p. 147. 11806: 11802: 11793: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11768: 11764: 11752: 11748: 11743:Wayback Machine 11733: 11724: 11719: 11715: 11704: 11686: 11679: 11668: 11649: 11645: 11634: 11618: 11614: 11603: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11552: 11548: 11541: 11519: 11510: 11499: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11465: 11458: 11442: 11433: 11423: 11421: 11413:Washington Post 11401: 11392: 11382: 11380: 11373: 11357: 11353: 11345: 11338: 11330: 11326: 11316: 11314: 11307: 11289: 11280: 11272: 11268: 11260: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11236: 11232: 11227: 11223: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11185: 11183: 11176: 11160: 11156: 11148: 11144: 11136: 11132: 11120:A.J. Wensinck, 11119: 11115: 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11002: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10952: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10931: 10927: 10908: 10904: 10891: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10861: 10845: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10818: 10799: 10795: 10784: 10768: 10764: 10753: 10737: 10733: 10722: 10706: 10699: 10688: 10669: 10662: 10651: 10631: 10627: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10602: 10593: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10567: 10563: 10555: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10521:Ibn Kathīr 1998 10519: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10483: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10459: 10455: 10447: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10407: 10399: 10395: 10387: 10383: 10375: 10371: 10363: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10339: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10303: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10274: 10270: 10262: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10190: 10186: 10178: 10174: 10166: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10067: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9989: 9984: 9980: 9970:Wayback Machine 9957: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9917: 9910: 9905: 9896: 9886: 9881: 9870: 9862: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9835: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9811: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9758: 9754: 9746: 9742: 9734: 9723: 9715: 9711: 9703: 9699: 9691: 9687: 9679: 9675: 9667: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9643: 9636: 9628: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9585: 9577: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9529: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9505: 9496: 9488: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9459: 9452: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9412: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9376: 9372: 9364: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9328: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9296: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9257: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9229: 9225: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9156: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9129: 9122: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9011: 9003: 8999: 8991: 8987: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8916: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8894:Al-Bukhari 1997 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8812: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8778: 8771: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8594: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8248: 8244: 8240:, vol.1, p.176. 8231: 8227: 8219: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8131: 8127: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8014: 8006: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7871:10.2307/1595926 7859:Studia Islamica 7855: 7848: 7840: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741:, p. 75–6. 7737: 7733: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7581:, p. 45–6. 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395:, p. 40–2. 7391: 7387: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7346:, p. 53–4. 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7254: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7080: 7076:(August 1999). 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6773: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6605: 6601: 6592:Wayback Machine 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6528: 6521: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6482: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6423: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6320: 6316: 6289:History Compass 6281: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6149: 6145:, pp. 6–7. 6141: 6137: 6129: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6021: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5839: 5832: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768:, p. 9,12. 5764: 5760: 5756:, pp. 4–5. 5752: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5641:, pp. 24–5 5623:, pp. 76–7 5617:, pp. 96–7 5611:, pp. 88–9 5586: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5531: 5527: 5515: 5513: 5505: 5441: 5437: 5425: 5414: 5410: 5402:Al-Bukhari 1997 5385: 5381: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5324: 5320: 5305: 5301: 5293:See also Quran 5292: 5288: 5275: 5271: 5259: 5255: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5122: 5088: 5078: 5076:Other religions 5062: 5056: 4992:non-Muslim Arab 4985: 4975: 4969: 4961:Alford T. Welch 4909:German Romantic 4872:Social Contract 4825: 4799: 4767:social security 4751: 4745: 4708:Timurid dynasty 4680:Hamla-i Haydari 4644: 4638: 4444: 4438: 4433: 4417:Hakim bin Hizam 4300: 4290: 4274:Byzantine Egypt 4270:Byzantine Syria 4197: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4159: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4038: 3991: 3973: 3963:months without 3957: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3885:Byzantine Syria 3837: 3829:Main articles: 3827: 3776: 3758: 3750:Main articles: 3748: 3743: 3687: 3681: 3607: 3601: 3569: 3505: 3499: 3437: 3431: 3408: 3339: 3333: 3274: 3268: 3215: 3211: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3155: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2951: 2941: 2935: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2759: 2753: 2668: 2662: 2646:Suhayl ibn Amir 2602:Abd al-Muttalib 2582: 2576: 2457: 2449:Main articles: 2447: 2394: 2384: 2260: 2254: 2240:, close friend 2219:image of angel 2215:A 16th-century 2182:, but rather a 2110: 2096: 2076: 2062: 2048:Miniature from 1987:Abd al-Muttalib 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1858: 1832: 1724:Isra and Mi'raj 1499: 1492: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1412: 1392: 1386: 1366: 1351: 1292: 1286: 1237:is the central 1231: 1225: 1216: 1194: 1186:Main articles: 1184: 1054: 1035:Amina bint Wahb 1022: 1010:as well as his 970:. According to 955: 888: 884: 874: 836: 834: 824: 822: 815: 814: 781: 773: 772: 753: 745: 744: 715: 705: 704: 666: 658: 657: 643: 635: 634: 623:Isra and Mi'raj 606: 596: 595: 581: 573: 572: 555:Farewell Sermon 522: 483: 479: 476: 473: 470: 452: 443:أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم 440: 426: 414: 379: 367: 355: 339: 327: 324: 321: 318: 300: 288: 285: 282: 279: 250: 245:Amina bint Wahb 196: 194: 190: 188: 184: 183: 180: 175: 172: 170: 168: 167: 166: 165: 148: 147: 145:State of Medina 137: 131: 129: 121: 120: 119:, Hejaz, Arabia 113: 102: 86: 77: 65: 58: 52: 43: 32:Muhammad (name) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26271: 26261: 26260: 26255: 26250: 26245: 26240: 26235: 26230: 26225: 26220: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26195: 26190: 26185: 26180: 26175: 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26108: 26107: 26102: 26101: 26099: 26098: 26086: 26076: 26065: 26062: 26061: 26059: 26058: 26051: 26044: 26036: 26034: 26030: 26029: 26026: 26025: 26023: 26022: 26015: 26008: 26001: 25994: 25986: 25984: 25976: 25975: 25973: 25972: 25965: 25958: 25951: 25944: 25936: 25930: 25926: 25925: 25923: 25922: 25915: 25908: 25901: 25894: 25887: 25880: 25873: 25866: 25858: 25856: 25844: 25843: 25840: 25839: 25837: 25836: 25829: 25822: 25815: 25808: 25801: 25794: 25787: 25780: 25773: 25766: 25759: 25754: 25746: 25743: 25742: 25740: 25739: 25734: 25727: 25720: 25713: 25706: 25699: 25692: 25685: 25678: 25671: 25664: 25657: 25649: 25642: 25635: 25627: 25625: 25608: 25604: 25603: 25600: 25599: 25597: 25596: 25589: 25587:Issue No. 1178 25584: 25582:Issue No. 1011 25579: 25574: 25568: 25566: 25558: 25557: 25555: 25554: 25549: 25544: 25539: 25534: 25529: 25524: 25518: 25516: 25506: 25505: 25503: 25502: 25493: 25488: 25480: 25475: 25469: 25463: 25459: 25458: 25456: 25455: 25450: 25445: 25440: 25435: 25434: 25433: 25423: 25418: 25412: 25410: 25406: 25405: 25394: 25393: 25386: 25379: 25371: 25362: 25361: 25359: 25358: 25352: 25349: 25348: 25346: 25345: 25338: 25333: 25328: 25326:Social justice 25323: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25303: 25302: 25301: 25296: 25291: 25281: 25276: 25271: 25266: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25234:Egalitarianism 25231: 25226: 25224:Contractualism 25221: 25216: 25211: 25205: 25203: 25199: 25198: 25196: 25195: 25185: 25175: 25165: 25155: 25145: 25135: 25125: 25115: 25105: 25095: 25085: 25075: 25065: 25055: 25045: 25035: 25025: 25015: 25005: 24995: 24985: 24974: 24972: 24968: 24967: 24964: 24963: 24961: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24925: 24920: 24915: 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24880: 24875: 24870: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24850: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24815: 24810: 24805: 24800: 24795: 24790: 24785: 24780: 24775: 24770: 24765: 24760: 24755: 24750: 24745: 24740: 24735: 24730: 24725: 24720: 24715: 24710: 24705: 24700: 24695: 24690: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24640: 24635: 24630: 24624: 24622: 24616: 24615: 24613: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24491: 24490: 24480: 24475: 24474: 24473: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24423: 24418: 24413: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24357: 24355: 24349: 24348: 24346: 24345: 24340: 24335: 24330: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24289: 24288: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24263: 24258: 24253: 24248: 24243: 24237: 24235: 24229: 24228: 24226: 24225: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24165: 24160: 24154: 24152: 24148: 24147: 24145: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24118: 24117: 24107: 24102: 24097: 24092: 24087: 24082: 24077: 24072: 24066: 24064: 24057: 24051: 24050: 24048: 24047: 24042: 24037: 24032: 24027: 24022: 24020:Overton window 24017: 24012: 24007: 24002: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23938: 23929: 23923: 23921: 23917: 23916: 23914: 23913: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23883: 23878: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23851:Libertarianism 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23818: 23813: 23808: 23803: 23798: 23793: 23788: 23783: 23778: 23773: 23768: 23763: 23757: 23755: 23751: 23750: 23748: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23722: 23717: 23712: 23707: 23702: 23697: 23692: 23686: 23684: 23680: 23679: 23677: 23676: 23671: 23666: 23661: 23656: 23651: 23646: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23626: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23581: 23576: 23571: 23566: 23561: 23556: 23551: 23546: 23541: 23536: 23531: 23526: 23521: 23515: 23513: 23509: 23508: 23501: 23500: 23493: 23486: 23478: 23469: 23468: 23466: 23465: 23459: 23456: 23455: 23453: 23452: 23447: 23442: 23440:Social science 23437: 23432: 23427: 23422: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23387: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23366: 23364: 23360: 23359: 23357: 23356: 23346: 23336: 23330:Gender Trouble 23326: 23316: 23306: 23296: 23286: 23276: 23266: 23260:The Second Sex 23256: 23246: 23236: 23226: 23216: 23206: 23195: 23193: 23189: 23188: 23185: 23184: 23182: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22926: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22881: 22876: 22871: 22865: 22863: 22857: 22856: 22854: 22853: 22848: 22843: 22838: 22833: 22828: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22808: 22803: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22753: 22748: 22743: 22738: 22733: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22708: 22703: 22698: 22693: 22688: 22683: 22678: 22673: 22668: 22663: 22657: 22655: 22649: 22648: 22646: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22604: 22602: 22598: 22597: 22595: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22569: 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22533: 22531: 22527: 22526: 22524: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22447: 22445: 22438: 22434: 22433: 22431: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22419: 22418: 22408: 22403: 22398: 22397: 22396: 22386: 22380: 22378: 22374: 22373: 22371: 22370: 22365: 22356: 22355: 22354: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22310: 22305: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22275: 22274: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22252:Invisible hand 22249: 22244: 22239: 22238: 22237: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22206: 22205: 22195: 22194: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22173: 22168: 22163: 22158: 22153: 22148: 22142: 22140: 22136: 22135: 22128: 22127: 22120: 22113: 22105: 22096: 22095: 22093: 22092: 22082: 22069: 22066: 22065: 22062: 22061: 22058: 22057: 22055: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22013: 22012: 22002: 22001: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21980: 21975: 21974: 21973: 21968: 21957: 21955: 21954:Related topics 21951: 21950: 21948: 21947: 21942: 21937: 21932: 21926: 21924: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21914: 21909: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21888: 21887: 21882: 21877: 21866: 21864: 21854: 21853: 21840: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21832: 21831: 21829: 21828: 21823: 21816: 21811: 21810: 21809: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21773: 21771: 21767: 21766: 21764: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21742: 21740: 21734: 21733: 21731: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21689: 21687: 21681: 21680: 21678: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21636: 21634: 21624: 21623: 21608: 21607: 21604: 21603: 21600: 21599: 21597: 21596: 21591: 21590: 21589: 21577: 21575:Sources of law 21572: 21567: 21566: 21565: 21555: 21548: 21543: 21536: 21531: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21482: 21475: 21474: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21453: 21448: 21440: 21438: 21434: 21433: 21431: 21430: 21423: 21416: 21409: 21402: 21395: 21388: 21380: 21378: 21376: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21359: 21356: 21355: 21353: 21352: 21345: 21340: 21333: 21326: 21319: 21311: 21309: 21303: 21302: 21300: 21299: 21292: 21285: 21278: 21271: 21266: 21260: 21258: 21248: 21247: 21244: 21243: 21238: 21232: 21224: 21223: 21220: 21219: 21217: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21199:Social welfare 21196: 21191: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21113: 21111: 21109: 21108: 21103: 21097: 21094: 21093: 21091: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21079: 21078: 21068: 21063: 21062: 21061: 21056: 21055: 21054: 21049: 21048: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21024: 21010: 21009: 21008: 21003: 21002: 21001: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20971: 20966: 20965: 20964: 20963: 20962: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20926: 20924: 20918: 20917: 20915: 20914: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20886: 20884: 20878: 20877: 20875: 20874: 20873: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20825: 20820: 20813: 20806: 20804:Historiography 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20780: 20778: 20776: 20775: 20770: 20764: 20761: 20760: 20758: 20757: 20750: 20743: 20736: 20729: 20721: 20719: 20713: 20712: 20710: 20709: 20704: 20699: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20676: 20675: 20665: 20658: 20657: 20656: 20645: 20643: 20633: 20632: 20625: 20622: 20621: 20613: 20612: 20605: 20598: 20590: 20581: 20580: 20574: 20571: 20570: 20567: 20566: 20564: 20563: 20557: 20556: 20555: 20554:(River or sea) 20549: 20536: 20534: 20530: 20529: 20526: 20525: 20523: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20502: 20492: 20491: 20490: 20480: 20466: 20464: 20458: 20457: 20455: 20454: 20453: 20452: 20444: 20434: 20424: 20414: 20404: 20398: 20387: 20385: 20378: 20372: 20366: 20360: 20354: 20348: 20346: 20342: 20341: 20339: 20338: 20337: 20336: 20324: 20323: 20322: 20310: 20299: 20297: 20291: 20290: 20287: 20286: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20263: 20261: 20257: 20256: 20254: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20227: 20225: 20221: 20220: 20218: 20217: 20206: 20200: 20198: 20191: 20190: 20174: 20170: 20168: 20159: 20158: 20155: 20150: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20126: 20124: 20116: 20115: 20113: 20112: 20104: 20091: 20090: 20089: 20084: 20063: 20055: 20046: 20032: 20030: 20024: 20023: 20013: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20005: 20004: 20002: 19997: 19990: 19985: 19983: 19979: 19978: 19976: 19975: 19974: 19973: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19955: 19954: 19945: 19930: 19915: 19906: 19905: 19904: 19894:('The Night') 19889: 19888: 19887: 19881: 19869: 19850:('Praising'), 19821: 19819: 19818:or remembrance 19813: 19812: 19810: 19809: 19800: 19790: 19788: 19784: 19783: 19781: 19780: 19779: 19778: 19773: 19763: 19761: 19753: 19752: 19750: 19749: 19744: 19741: 19738: 19729: 19719: 19717: 19713: 19712: 19710: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19697:Battle of Uhud 19694: 19689: 19684: 19682:Battle of Badr 19679: 19669: 19667: 19657: 19656: 19654: 19653: 19648: 19642: 19630: 19625: 19621:Laylat al-Qadr 19617: 19613: 19610: 19609: 19599: 19598: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19591: 19585: 19582: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19556: 19548: 19539: 19536: 19531: 19530: 19529: 19528: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19513:Ghār ath-Thawr 19509: 19504: 19479: 19478: 19477: 19466: 19464: 19460: 19459: 19456: 19455: 19453: 19452: 19447: 19446: 19445: 19444: 19443: 19438: 19425: 19420: 19410: 19400: 19378: 19373: 19366: 19357: 19355: 19349: 19348: 19346: 19345: 19336:('Township of 19331: 19321: 19320: 19319: 19305: 19303: 19296: 19295: 19293: 19292: 19283: 19282: 19281: 19280: 19279: 19264:Al-Wādil-Ayman 19258:Valley of Tuwa 19246: 19244: 19236: 19235: 19233: 19232: 19227: 19226: 19225: 19203: 19202: 19201: 19199:Safa and Marwa 19196: 19188: 19178: 19169: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19136: 19127: 19114: 19113: 19112: 19093: 19091: 19078: 19077: 19074: 19064: 19059: 19049: 19047:Door of Hittah 19044: 19032: 19019: 19018: 19017: 19005: 19003: 18999: 18998: 18988: 18987: 18984: 18983: 18980: 18979: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18972: 18971: 18970: 18964: 18953: 18952: 18951: 18946: 18945: 18944: 18939: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18917: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18882: 18870: 18862: 18861: 18860: 18850: 18847:Ahl al-Dhimmah 18842: 18840: 18834: 18833: 18831: 18830: 18824: 18815: 18810: 18808:Iranian people 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18784: 18778: 18776: 18770: 18769: 18766: 18765: 18762: 18761: 18759: 18758: 18755: 18754: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18733: 18730: 18729: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18709: 18707: 18697: 18696: 18694: 18693: 18692: 18691: 18675: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18653: 18648: 18641: 18639: 18621: 18620: 18618: 18617: 18612: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18583: 18582: 18571: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18567: 18561: 18548:Aṣḥāb Muḥammad 18540: 18535: 18530: 18521: 18520: 18519: 18516:Aṣḥāb al-Aykah 18513: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18478: 18470: 18462: 18455: 18449: 18438: 18437: 18436:Nation of Noah 18434: 18428: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18391: 18386: 18385: 18384: 18369: 18359: 18358: 18357: 18354: 18345: 18343: 18335: 18334: 18324: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18312: 18307: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18291: 18288:Caleb or Kaleb 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18264: 18262: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18252: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18230: 18224: 18219: 18209: 18198: 18196: 18192: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18152: 18138: 18131: 18129: 18123: 18122: 18120: 18119: 18114: 18113: 18112: 18101: 18095: 18082: 18070: 18068: 18059: 18058: 18052: 18051: 18050: 18045: 18043:Queen of Sheba 18040: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18010: 18009: 18008: 18006:Isaac's mother 18003: 17998: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17984: 17976: 17971: 17970: 17969: 17964: 17955: 17953: 17945: 17944: 17934: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17926: 17925: 17923: 17922: 17919:Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn 17916: 17906: 17899: 17897: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17885: 17871: 17861: 17856: 17850: 17848: 17847:Debatable ones 17844: 17843: 17841: 17840: 17830: 17829:Friend of God) 17820: 17810: 17809: 17808: 17802: 17782: 17781: 17780: 17774: 17763: 17761: 17756:('Those of the 17744: 17743: 17733: 17723: 17722: 17721: 17715: 17691: 17690: 17689: 17676: 17666: 17655: 17645: 17635: 17630: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17603: 17593: 17587: 17581: 17571: 17565: 17559: 17553: 17543: 17533: 17523: 17512: 17510: 17502: 17501: 17489: 17488: 17485: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17477: 17470: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17448: 17440: 17424: 17422: 17409: 17408: 17406: 17405: 17398: 17390: 17383: 17375: 17373: 17364: 17363: 17360: 17359: 17357: 17356: 17350: 17342: 17331: 17330: 17329: 17328: 17327: 17317: 17314:Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn 17296: 17294: 17283: 17282: 17277: 17276: 17275: 17270: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17248: 17247: 17240: 17231: 17229: 17216: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17208: 17196: 17184: 17174: 17164: 17153: 17151: 17147: 17146: 17144: 17143: 17134: 17125: 17116: 17106: 17093: 17083: 17070: 17061: 17051: 17049: 17042: 17034: 17033: 17031: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16989: 16988: 16976: 16975: 16967: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16944: 16935: 16934: 16915: 16912: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16903: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16894: 16886: 16884: 16882: 16881: 16876: 16868: 16866: 16864: 16863: 16858: 16850: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16840: 16832: 16830: 16828: 16827: 16822: 16814: 16812: 16810: 16809: 16804: 16796: 16794: 16792: 16791: 16786: 16778: 16776: 16774: 16773: 16768: 16760: 16757: 16756: 16747: 16738: 16729: 16720: 16711: 16702: 16693: 16681: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16661: 16656: 16648: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16640:Gautama Buddha 16637: 16631: 16623: 16621: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16605: 16603: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16587: 16585: 16583: 16582: 16576: 16568: 16566: 16564: 16563: 16558: 16550: 16548: 16546: 16545: 16540: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16527: 16522: 16514: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16504: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16483: 16474: 16465: 16456: 16447: 16438: 16429: 16420: 16408: 16401: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16388: 16383: 16375: 16373: 16371: 16370: 16365: 16357: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16339: 16337: 16335: 16334: 16328: 16320: 16318: 16316: 16315: 16309: 16301: 16299: 16297: 16296: 16291: 16283: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16272: 16264: 16262: 16260: 16259: 16254: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16233: 16224: 16215: 16206: 16197: 16188: 16179: 16167: 16160: 16159: 16152: 16151: 16144: 16137: 16129: 16123: 16120: 16119: 16107: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16087:Masjid al-Aqsa 16084: 16079: 16073: 16071: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15971: 15969: 15962: 15958: 15957: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15950: 15943: 15935: 15933: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15923: 15916: 15908: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15896: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15867: 15865: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15833:Sunan Ibn Maja 15829: 15822: 15815: 15807: 15805: 15796: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15788: 15783: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15761: 15759: 15758:Related things 15755: 15754: 15752: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15690: 15688: 15687:Related topics 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15668:Anas ibn Malik 15665: 15660: 15654: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15632: 15626: 15620: 15614: 15608: 15602: 15596: 15590: 15584: 15578: 15571: 15569: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15549:Year of Sorrow 15546: 15544:Delegates Year 15541: 15540: 15539: 15529: 15524: 15518: 15516: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15492: 15490: 15484: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15459:Muhsin ibn Ali 15456: 15454:Husayn ibn Ali 15451: 15445: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15435: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15393: 15391: 15382: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15311: 15309: 15303: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15268: 15263: 15257: 15255: 15254:Foster parents 15251: 15250: 15248: 15247: 15242: 15236: 15234: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15215: 15214: 15207: 15200: 15192: 15185: 15184:External links 15182: 15180: 15179: 15164: 15149: 15131: 15113: 15102: 15096: 15078: 15072: 15059: 15053: 15033: 15027: 15004: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14977: 14971: 14952: 14946: 14929: 14923: 14908: 14902: 14889: 14855: 14849: 14828: 14822: 14804: 14798: 14780: 14774: 14756: 14750: 14732: 14721: 14715: 14697: 14691: 14673: 14667: 14651: 14645: 14630: 14618: 14603: 14597: 14591:. Darussalam. 14582: 14576: 14558: 14552: 14536: 14530: 14515: 14509: 14491: 14485: 14470: 14464: 14451: 14445: 14432: 14426: 14408: 14402: 14379: 14373: 14355: 14349: 14335:Ramadan, Tariq 14331: 14325: 14304: 14298: 14283: 14277: 14262: 14256: 14240: 14222: 14204: 14198: 14178: 14172: 14154: 14148: 14133: 14127: 14112: 14106: 14088: 14082: 14064: 14058: 14052:. OUP Oxford. 14043: 14037: 14019: 14013: 13998: 13992: 13977: 13963: 13957: 13943:Miller, Judith 13939: 13933: 13915: 13909: 13891: 13885: 13863: 13857: 13839: 13833: 13819:Lewis, Bernard 13815: 13809: 13795:Lassner, Jacob 13791: 13785: 13770: 13764: 13748: 13742: 13723: 13717: 13699: 13693: 13675: 13669: 13651: 13645: 13630: 13616: 13610: 13595: 13589: 13569: 13563: 13544: 13538: 13520: 13514: 13508:. OUP Oxford. 13496: 13490: 13470: 13464: 13449: 13443: 13431:Lewis, Bernard 13419: 13413: 13395: 13389: 13371: 13351: 13345: 13330: 13324: 13306: 13300: 13283: 13277: 13259: 13253: 13235: 13213: 13207: 13189: 13183: 13165: 13159: 13141: 13135: 13120: 13110: 13096:Esposito, John 13092: 13079: 13067:, ed. (2003). 13065:Esposito, John 13061: 13055: 13035:Esposito, John 13031: 13025: 13007:Esposito, John 13003: 12997: 12982: 12971: 12965: 12950: 12944: 12919: 12887: 12881: 12866: 12835: 12829: 12814: 12808: 12786: 12780: 12762: 12756: 12741: 12735: 12720: 12714: 12699: 12689: 12671: 12665: 12650: 12637: 12607: 12601: 12579: 12573: 12558: 12552: 12534: 12524: 12509: 12503: 12488: 12482: 12476:. SUNY Press. 12464: 12458: 12452:. SUNY Press. 12440: 12434: 12421: 12415: 12397: 12367: 12361: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12330: 12312: 12305: 12287: 12280: 12262: 12232: 12225: 12201: 12183: 12171: 12158: 12154:Spellberg 1996 12146: 12134: 12122: 12110: 12095: 12080: 12065: 12053: 12041: 12032: 12019: 12007: 12005:, p. 232. 11995: 11986: 11973: 11960: 11949: 11929: 11908: 11901: 11881: 11879:, p. 244. 11869: 11855: 11836: 11822: 11800: 11787: 11775: 11762: 11754:Islamic ethics 11746: 11722: 11713: 11702: 11677: 11666: 11643: 11632: 11612: 11601: 11579: 11572: 11546: 11539: 11508: 11497: 11475: 11456: 11431: 11406:(5 May 2011). 11390: 11371: 11351: 11336: 11324: 11305: 11278: 11276:, p. 121. 11266: 11264:, p. 181. 11254: 11252:, p. 120. 11242: 11230: 11221: 11205: 11193: 11174: 11154: 11142: 11130: 11113: 11107:, p. 12; 11097: 11068: 11059: 11033: 11021: 11019:, p. 475. 11009: 11000: 10988: 10979: 10970: 10958: 10946: 10937: 10925: 10902: 10882: 10870: 10859: 10839: 10827: 10816: 10802:Ernst, Carl W. 10793: 10782: 10762: 10751: 10731: 10720: 10697: 10686: 10660: 10649: 10625: 10612: 10586: 10579: 10561: 10546: 10537: 10535:, p. 374. 10525: 10523:, p. 344. 10513: 10511:, p. 132. 10501: 10499:, p. 268. 10489: 10487:, p. 147. 10477: 10475:, p. 361. 10465: 10463:, p. 287. 10453: 10451:, p. 360. 10441: 10429: 10427:, p. 286. 10417: 10415:, p. 203. 10405: 10403:, p. 140. 10393: 10381: 10379:, p. 358. 10369: 10367:, p. 200. 10357: 10345: 10343:, p. 189. 10333: 10331:, p. 269. 10321: 10319:, p. 226. 10309: 10307:, p. 188. 10297: 10295:, p. 230. 10285: 10268: 10256: 10244: 10232: 10230:, p. 191. 10220: 10218:, p. 274. 10208: 10206:, p. 189. 10196: 10194:, p. 328. 10184: 10182:, p. 327. 10172: 10170:, p. 264. 10157: 10155:, p. 326. 10145: 10133: 10131:, p. 225. 10121: 10119:, p. 325. 10109: 10107:, p. 186. 10097: 10095:, p. 182. 10085: 10083:, p. 181. 10073: 10071:, p. 321. 10061: 10049: 10036: 10019: 9996: 9987: 9978: 9951: 9939: 9930: 9908: 9894: 9885:, p. 274. 9868: 9866:, p. 283. 9853: 9841: 9829: 9817: 9815:, p. 203. 9800: 9788: 9786:, p. 202. 9776: 9774:, p. 128. 9764: 9752: 9740: 9738:, p. 254. 9721: 9709: 9697: 9695:, p. 200. 9685: 9683:, p. 197. 9673: 9671:, p. 253. 9661: 9659:, p. 280. 9649: 9634: 9632:, p. 267. 9619: 9607: 9595: 9593:, p. 248. 9583: 9581:, p. 179. 9571: 9569:, p. 235. 9559: 9557:, p. 213. 9547: 9545:, p. 152. 9535: 9533:, p. 252. 9523: 9521:, p. 119. 9511: 9509:, p. 251. 9494: 9492:, p. 212. 9477: 9465: 9450: 9433: 9426: 9406: 9394: 9382: 9370: 9368:, p. 211. 9358: 9346: 9344:, p. 249. 9334: 9332:, p. 141. 9319: 9317:, p. 148. 9307: 9285: 9273: 9264: 9251: 9242: 9223: 9210: 9208:, p. 141. 9198: 9196:, p. 126. 9186: 9167: 9147: 9135: 9133:, p. 262. 9120: 9118:, p. 197. 9105: 9103:, p. 130. 9093: 9091:, p. 196. 9081: 9079:, p. 194. 9069: 9067:, p. 240. 9057: 9055:, p. 193. 9045: 9041:Armstrong 2013 9033: 9031:, p. 219. 9021: 9009: 9007:, p. 192. 8997: 8995:, p. 127. 8985: 8983:, p. 191. 8970: 8968:, p. 137. 8958: 8954:Armstrong 2013 8946: 8934: 8922: 8920:, p. 113. 8910: 8908:, p. 110. 8898: 8886: 8884:, p. 176. 8874: 8872:, p. 107. 8862: 8851: 8847:Armstrong 2013 8839: 8837:, p. 143. 8827: 8825:, p. 197. 8810: 8808:, p. 173. 8795: 8793:, p. 370. 8776: 8769: 8751: 8744: 8726: 8724:, p. 179. 8714: 8712:, pp. 199–200. 8701: 8699:, p. 178. 8686: 8674: 8665: 8656: 8647:, p. 123. 8637: 8628: 8619: 8607: 8603:Armstrong 2013 8592: 8579: 8570: 8558: 8556:(1993), p. 21. 8546: 8544:(1979), p. 21. 8534: 8532:, p. 227. 8522: 8510: 8508:, p. 111. 8498: 8494:Humphreys 1991 8483: 8479:Armstrong 2013 8471: 8467:Armstrong 2013 8459: 8457:, p. 367. 8447: 8443:Armstrong 2013 8435: 8423: 8419:Armstrong 2013 8411: 8399: 8397:, p. 246. 8387: 8375: 8373:, p. 366. 8363: 8351: 8339: 8337:, p. 144. 8327: 8325:, p. 245. 8315: 8313:, p. 144. 8298: 8296:, p. 211. 8286: 8284:, p. 143. 8271: 8269:, p. 244. 8259: 8242: 8225: 8223:, p. 366. 8210: 8191: 8171: 8169:, p. 148. 8159: 8152: 8125: 8099: 8095:Armstrong 2013 8087: 8085:, p. 146. 8075: 8063: 8061:, p. 145. 8051: 8049:, p. 572. 8039: 8027: 8025:, p. 135. 8012: 7997: 7995:, p. 134. 7985: 7983:, p. 184. 7973: 7971:, p. 129. 7961: 7959:, p. 126. 7949: 7937: 7933:Armstrong 2013 7925: 7913: 7909:Al-Tabari 1987 7901: 7892: 7846: 7844:, p. 365. 7827: 7815: 7803: 7801:, p. 135. 7791: 7779: 7775:Schroeder 2002 7767: 7765:, p. 114. 7755: 7753:, p. 210. 7743: 7731: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7680: 7678:, p. 344. 7668: 7656: 7652:Armstrong 2013 7644: 7642:, p. 125. 7632: 7630:(1977), p. 36. 7619: 7607: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7545:, p. 102. 7535: 7523: 7521:, p. 364. 7511: 7499: 7495:Armstrong 2013 7487: 7483:Armstrong 2013 7475: 7471:Armstrong 2013 7463: 7451: 7447:Armstrong 2013 7436: 7421: 7417:Armstrong 2013 7409: 7405:Armstrong 2013 7397: 7385: 7383:(1977), p. 31. 7372: 7360: 7358:, p. 552. 7348: 7336: 7334:, p. 363. 7324: 7322:, p. 146. 7320:Rosenwein 2018 7312: 7300: 7279: 7275:Armstrong 2013 7267: 7252: 7231: 7219: 7215:Armstrong 2013 7204: 7202:, p. 148. 7200:Rosenwein 2018 7192: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7151:, p. 235. 7141: 7129: 7127:, p. 319. 7117: 7105: 7065: 7053: 7049:Armstrong 2013 7041: 7039:, p. 100. 7029: 7017: 7002: 7000:, p. 362. 6987: 6975: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6911:Armstrong 2013 6903: 6891: 6879: 6860: 6846:Meri, Josef W. 6837: 6825: 6823:, p. 213. 6813: 6801: 6799:, p. 286. 6786: 6771: 6754: 6742: 6740:, p. 361. 6727: 6715: 6698: 6691: 6685:. p. 16. 6669: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6622: 6599: 6577: 6565: 6552: 6519: 6506: 6471: 6459: 6421: 6394: 6388:978-0195090611 6387: 6369:Lewis, Bernard 6357: 6344: 6314: 6295:(2): 581–602. 6272: 6260: 6254:978-1610692175 6253: 6235: 6231:Armstrong 2013 6223: 6213: 6193: 6186: 6162: 6147: 6135: 6120: 6094: 6068: 6066:, p. 261. 6056: 6044: 6010: 5998: 5986: 5952: 5937: 5922: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5830: 5809: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5743: 5731: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5673:, p. 234. 5660: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5639:El-Azhari 2019 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5580: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5507:"Banu Qurayza" 5503: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5452:Armstrong 2007 5449: 5446:Al-Tabari 1997 5435: 5433: 5432: 5419: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5344: 5335: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5299: 5286: 5269: 5253: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5077: 5074: 5055: 5052: 5026:labeled him a 4971:Main article: 4968: 4965: 4933:ethnoreligious 4925:Heinrich Heine 4889:Thomas Carlyle 4844:Vie de Mahomed 4800: 4798: 4795: 4747:Main article: 4744: 4741: 4733:graphic novels 4686:, India, 1808. 4649:battle of Uhud 4640:Main article: 4637: 4634: 4571:Topkapı Palace 4557:of faith, the 4448:oneness of God 4440:Main article: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4354:, daughter of 4289: 4286: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4158: 4155: 4142:Saudi militias 4061: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4036: 4012:Fadl ibn Abbas 3972: 3969: 3926: 3915:Main article: 3912: 3909: 3826: 3823: 3759: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3683:Main article: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3655:Suhayl ibn Amr 3603:Main article: 3600: 3597: 3568: 3565: 3557:Sa'd ibn Muadh 3501:Main article: 3498: 3495: 3475:Meir J. Kister 3467:Malik ibn Anas 3433:Main article: 3430: 3427: 3407: 3404: 3347:Battle of Uhud 3337:Battle of Uhud 3335:Main article: 3332: 3329: 3267: 3264: 3223:Battle of Badr 3219:Raid of Nakhla 3185: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3071:Badr al-Maw'id 3068: 3063: 3061:Hamra' al-Asad 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2939:Battle of Badr 2937:Main article: 2934: 2931: 2905:legal covenant 2887:Main article: 2884: 2881: 2848:) for prayer ( 2838: 2835: 2830:Main article: 2827: 2824: 2755:Main article: 2752: 2745: 2728:Bayt al-Maqdis 2709:Bayt al-Maqdis 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2543:Satanic verses 2455:Satanic Verses 2446: 2443: 2439:Battle of Badr 2431:Dhu al-Qarnayn 2388:Seven Sleepers 2383: 2380: 2365:, head of the 2253: 2250: 2142:Quranic verses 2095: 2092: 2042: 1885:Rabi' al-Awwal 1860: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1769:Battle of Uhud 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1756:Battle of Badr 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1481: 1478: 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1448:Malik ibn Anas 1406:Malik ibn Anas 1388:Main article: 1385: 1382: 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1239:religious text 1227:Main article: 1224: 1221: 1217: 568–645 1183: 1180: 1041:tribal leader 876: 875: 873: 872: 865: 858: 850: 847: 846: 845: 844: 832: 817: 816: 813: 812: 806: 805: 800: 795: 789: 788: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 760: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 697: 691: 690: 684: 683: 678: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 626: 625: 619: 618: 607: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 559: 558: 547: 546: 540: 539: 534: 529: 523: 518: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 494: 493: 490: 489: 461: 447: 446: 435: 421: 420: 388: 374: 373: 364: 350: 349: 341: 340: 338: 337: 331: 308: 306: 302: 301: 299: 298: 292: 269: 267: 263: 262: 256: 255:Known for 252: 251: 249: 248: 242: 235: 233: 229: 228: 222: 218: 217: 211: 207: 206: 156: 154: 150: 149: 139: 138: 127: 123: 122: 115: 114: 97: 93: 92: 88: 87: 75: 67: 66: 54: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26270: 26259: 26256: 26254: 26251: 26249: 26246: 26244: 26241: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26231: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26188:Arab prophets 26186: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26176: 26174: 26173:Arab generals 26171: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26121: 26120: 26118: 26097: 26087: 26085: 26077: 26075: 26067: 26066: 26063: 26057: 26056: 26055:Faith Fighter 26052: 26050: 26049: 26045: 26043: 26042: 26038: 26037: 26035: 26031: 26020: 26016: 26013: 26009: 26006: 26002: 25999: 25995: 25992: 25988: 25987: 25985: 25983: 25982: 25977: 25971: 25970: 25966: 25964: 25963: 25959: 25957: 25956: 25952: 25950: 25949: 25945: 25943: 25942: 25938: 25937: 25934: 25931: 25927: 25921: 25920: 25916: 25914: 25913: 25909: 25907: 25906: 25902: 25900: 25899: 25895: 25893: 25892: 25888: 25886: 25885: 25881: 25879: 25878: 25874: 25872: 25871: 25867: 25865: 25864: 25860: 25859: 25857: 25854: 25849: 25845: 25835: 25834: 25830: 25828: 25827: 25823: 25821: 25820: 25816: 25814: 25813: 25809: 25807: 25806: 25802: 25800: 25799: 25795: 25793: 25792: 25791:Rangila Rasul 25788: 25786: 25785: 25781: 25779: 25778: 25774: 25772: 25771: 25770:Izhar ul-Haqq 25767: 25765: 25764: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25752: 25748: 25747: 25744: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25732: 25728: 25726: 25725: 25721: 25719: 25718: 25714: 25712: 25711: 25707: 25705: 25704: 25700: 25698: 25697: 25693: 25691: 25690: 25686: 25684: 25683: 25679: 25677: 25676: 25672: 25670: 25669: 25665: 25663: 25662: 25658: 25656: 25654: 25650: 25648: 25647: 25646:Sirat-un-Nabi 25643: 25641: 25640: 25636: 25634: 25633: 25629: 25628: 25626: 25623: 25618: 25612: 25609: 25605: 25595: 25594: 25590: 25588: 25585: 25583: 25580: 25578: 25575: 25573: 25572:2015 shooting 25570: 25569: 25567: 25565: 25564: 25563:Charlie Hebdo 25559: 25553: 25550: 25548: 25545: 25543: 25540: 25538: 25535: 25533: 25530: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25519: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25507: 25501: 25499: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25485: 25481: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25470: 25467: 25464: 25462:Controversies 25460: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25432: 25429: 25428: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25413: 25411: 25407: 25403: 25399: 25392: 25387: 25385: 25380: 25378: 25373: 25372: 25369: 25357: 25354: 25353: 25350: 25344: 25343: 25339: 25337: 25334: 25332: 25329: 25327: 25324: 25322: 25319: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25286: 25285: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25275: 25272: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25259:Jurisprudence 25257: 25255: 25252: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25206: 25204: 25200: 25191: 25190: 25186: 25181: 25180: 25176: 25171: 25170: 25166: 25161: 25160: 25156: 25151: 25150: 25146: 25141: 25140: 25136: 25131: 25130: 25126: 25121: 25120: 25116: 25111: 25110: 25106: 25101: 25100: 25096: 25091: 25090: 25089:Rights of Man 25086: 25081: 25080: 25076: 25071: 25070: 25066: 25061: 25060: 25056: 25051: 25050: 25046: 25041: 25040: 25036: 25031: 25030: 25026: 25021: 25020: 25016: 25011: 25010: 25006: 25001: 25000: 24999:De re publica 24996: 24991: 24990: 24986: 24981: 24980: 24976: 24975: 24973: 24969: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24871: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24814: 24811: 24809: 24806: 24804: 24801: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24791: 24789: 24786: 24784: 24781: 24779: 24776: 24774: 24771: 24769: 24766: 24764: 24761: 24759: 24756: 24754: 24751: 24749: 24746: 24744: 24741: 24739: 24736: 24734: 24731: 24729: 24726: 24724: 24721: 24719: 24716: 24714: 24711: 24709: 24706: 24704: 24701: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24641: 24639: 24636: 24634: 24631: 24629: 24626: 24625: 24623: 24619:20th and 21st 24617: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24533: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24489: 24486: 24485: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24476: 24472: 24469: 24468: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24444: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24417: 24414: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24358: 24356: 24352:18th and 19th 24350: 24344: 24341: 24339: 24336: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24287: 24284: 24283: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24238: 24236: 24230: 24224: 24221: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24208:Nizam al-Mulk 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24155: 24153: 24149: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24116: 24113: 24112: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24067: 24065: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24052: 24046: 24043: 24041: 24038: 24036: 24033: 24031: 24028: 24026: 24023: 24021: 24018: 24016: 24013: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24000: 23999: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23936: 23935: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23924: 23922: 23918: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23891:Republicanism 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23827: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23794: 23792: 23789: 23787: 23784: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23759: 23758: 23756: 23752: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23726: 23723: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23708: 23706: 23703: 23701: 23698: 23696: 23693: 23691: 23688: 23687: 23685: 23681: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23645: 23642: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23577: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23560: 23557: 23555: 23552: 23550: 23547: 23545: 23542: 23540: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23525: 23522: 23520: 23517: 23516: 23514: 23510: 23506: 23499: 23494: 23492: 23487: 23485: 23480: 23479: 23476: 23464: 23461: 23460: 23457: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23445:Social theory 23443: 23441: 23438: 23436: 23433: 23431: 23428: 23426: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23367: 23365: 23361: 23352: 23351: 23347: 23342: 23341: 23337: 23332: 23331: 23327: 23322: 23321: 23317: 23312: 23311: 23307: 23302: 23301: 23297: 23292: 23291: 23287: 23282: 23281: 23277: 23272: 23271: 23267: 23262: 23261: 23257: 23252: 23251: 23247: 23242: 23241: 23237: 23232: 23231: 23227: 23222: 23221: 23217: 23212: 23211: 23207: 23202: 23201: 23197: 23196: 23194: 23190: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23099:Radhakrishnan 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22920: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22910: 22907: 22905: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22885: 22882: 22880: 22877: 22875: 22872: 22870: 22867: 22866: 22864: 22860:20th and 21st 22858: 22852: 22849: 22847: 22844: 22842: 22839: 22837: 22834: 22832: 22829: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22747: 22744: 22742: 22739: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22729: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22697: 22694: 22692: 22689: 22687: 22684: 22682: 22679: 22677: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22658: 22656: 22652:18th and 19th 22650: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22605: 22603: 22599: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22534: 22532: 22528: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22448: 22446: 22442: 22439: 22435: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22417: 22414: 22413: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22381: 22379: 22375: 22369: 22366: 22363: 22362: 22357: 22353: 22350: 22349: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22317: 22316: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22303: 22302: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22273: 22270: 22269: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22236: 22233: 22232: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22204: 22201: 22200: 22199: 22196: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22178: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22143: 22141: 22137: 22133: 22126: 22121: 22119: 22114: 22112: 22107: 22106: 22103: 22091: 22083: 22081: 22071: 22070: 22067: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22011: 22008: 22007: 22006: 22003: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21993:Post-Islamism 21991: 21989: 21986: 21985: 21984: 21981: 21979: 21976: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21963: 21962: 21959: 21958: 21956: 21952: 21946: 21943: 21941: 21938: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21927: 21925: 21923: 21919: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21886: 21885:Protestantism 21883: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21872: 21871: 21868: 21867: 21865: 21863: 21859: 21855: 21845: 21841: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21821: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21808: 21805: 21804: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21774: 21772: 21768: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21743: 21741: 21739: 21735: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21723:Ophthalmology 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21690: 21688: 21686: 21682: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21637: 21635: 21633: 21629: 21625: 21621: 21613: 21609: 21595: 21592: 21588: 21587: 21583: 21582: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21564: 21561: 21560: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21553: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21541: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21529: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21487: 21483: 21481: 21480: 21476: 21472: 21471:Death penalty 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21458: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21446: 21442: 21441: 21439: 21437:Other aspects 21435: 21429: 21428: 21424: 21422: 21421: 21417: 21415: 21414: 21410: 21408: 21407: 21403: 21401: 21400: 21396: 21394: 21393: 21389: 21387: 21386: 21382: 21381: 21379: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21360: 21357: 21351: 21350: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21338: 21334: 21332: 21331: 21327: 21325: 21324: 21320: 21318: 21317: 21313: 21312: 21310: 21308: 21304: 21298: 21297: 21293: 21291: 21290: 21286: 21284: 21283: 21279: 21277: 21276: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21261: 21259: 21257: 21253: 21249: 21242: 21241:Jurisprudence 21239: 21237: 21234: 21233: 21229: 21225: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21189: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21114: 21112: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21098: 21095: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21077: 21074: 21073: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21060: 21057: 21053: 21050: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21032: 21031: 21028: 21027: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21019: 21018: 21014: 21011: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20996: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20976: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20961: 20958: 20957: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20932: 20931: 20928: 20927: 20925: 20923: 20922:Denominations 20919: 20913: 20912: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20887: 20885: 20883: 20879: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20835: 20831: 20830: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20818: 20814: 20812: 20811: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20781: 20779: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20765: 20762: 20756: 20755: 20751: 20749: 20748: 20744: 20742: 20741: 20737: 20735: 20734: 20730: 20728: 20727: 20723: 20722: 20720: 20718: 20714: 20708: 20707:Holiest sites 20705: 20703: 20702:Judgement Day 20700: 20698: 20697: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20674: 20671: 20670: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20663: 20659: 20655: 20652: 20651: 20650: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20642: 20638: 20634: 20630: 20629: 20623: 20618: 20611: 20606: 20604: 20599: 20597: 20592: 20591: 20588: 20577: 20572: 20561: 20558: 20553: 20550: 20547: 20544: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20537: 20535: 20531: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20510: 20506: 20503: 20500: 20496: 20493: 20488: 20484: 20481: 20478: 20474: 20471: 20470: 20468: 20467: 20465: 20461:Bushes, trees 20459: 20451: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20438: 20435: 20432: 20428: 20425: 20422: 20418: 20415: 20412: 20408: 20405: 20402: 20399: 20396: 20392: 20389: 20388: 20386: 20382: 20376: 20373: 20370: 20367: 20364: 20361: 20358: 20355: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20343: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20320: 20317: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20308: 20305: 20304: 20302: 20298: 20292: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20264: 20262: 20258: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20228: 20226: 20222: 20215: 20211: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20201: 20199: 20197:Of Israelites 20195: 20188: 20184: 20183: 20178: 20175: 20172: 20171: 20169: 20167:(cult images) 20163: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20143: 20141: 20140:Staff of Musa 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20127: 20125: 20117: 20110: 20109: 20105: 20102: 20098: 20097: 20092: 20088: 20085: 20082: 20081: 20077: 20076: 20074: 20070: 20069: 20064: 20061: 20060: 20056: 20053: 20052: 20047: 20044: 20040: 20039: 20034: 20033: 20031: 20029: 20025: 20018: 20014: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19995: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19980: 19971: 19970: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19952: 19951: 19946: 19943: 19940: 19939: 19937: 19936: 19931: 19928: 19927: 19922: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19913: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19901: 19896: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19885: 19882: 19879: 19876: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19867: 19864: 19863: 19861: 19860: 19855: 19854: 19849: 19848: 19843: 19842: 19837: 19836: 19831: 19827: 19826: 19820: 19814: 19807: 19806: 19801: 19798: 19797: 19792: 19791: 19789: 19785: 19777: 19774: 19771: 19768: 19767: 19765: 19764: 19762: 19760: 19756:Months of the 19754: 19748: 19745: 19742: 19739: 19736: 19735: 19730: 19727: 19726: 19721: 19720: 19718: 19714: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19677: 19676: 19671: 19670: 19668: 19662: 19658: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19643: 19640: 19636: 19635: 19634:Sayl al-ʿArim 19631: 19629: 19626: 19623: 19622: 19618: 19615: 19614: 19611: 19604: 19600: 19590: 19586: 19583: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555:(Mesopotamia) 19554: 19553: 19549: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19515: 19514: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19502: 19497: 19496: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19488: 19483: 19482: 19480: 19476: 19473: 19472: 19471: 19468: 19467: 19465: 19461: 19451: 19448: 19442: 19439: 19436: 19432: 19429: 19428: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19418: 19417:Sacred Mosque 19414: 19411: 19408: 19404: 19401: 19398: 19397: 19393: 19392: 19390: 19386: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19371: 19367: 19364: 19363: 19359: 19358: 19356: 19350: 19343: 19339: 19335: 19332: 19329: 19325: 19322: 19317: 19316: 19312: 19311: 19310: 19307: 19306: 19304: 19302: 19297: 19291: 19287: 19284: 19277: 19276: 19272: 19271: 19269: 19265: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19255: 19253: 19248: 19247: 19245: 19243:or Tīh Desert 19241: 19237: 19231: 19228: 19223: 19219: 19216: 19215: 19213: 19209: 19208: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19194: 19193: 19192:Maqām Ibrāhīm 19189: 19186: 19182: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19164: 19162: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19142: 19141: 19137: 19135: 19131: 19128: 19125: 19121: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19100: 19099: 19095: 19094: 19092: 19088: 19082: 19075: 19072: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19057: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19042: 19038: 19037: 19033: 19030: 19026: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19014: 19012: 19011: 19007: 19006: 19004: 19000: 18993: 18989: 18968: 18965: 18962: 18959: 18958: 18957: 18954: 18950: 18947: 18943: 18942:Rabbani/Rabbi 18940: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18928: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18910: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18896: 18893: 18888: 18887: 18886: 18883: 18880: 18876: 18875: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18863: 18858: 18857: 18856: 18855: 18851: 18849: 18848: 18844: 18843: 18841: 18835: 18829: 18825: 18823: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18771: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18738: 18737: 18734: 18731: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18710: 18708: 18702: 18698: 18689: 18685: 18684:Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr 18682: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18632: 18628: 18627: 18622: 18616: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18581: 18578: 18577: 18576: 18572: 18565: 18562: 18559: 18556: 18555: 18553: 18549: 18546: 18545: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18514: 18511: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18502: 18500: 18499:People of Nuh 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18475: 18471: 18468: 18467: 18463: 18461: 18457: 18456: 18453: 18450: 18442: 18435: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18399: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18382: 18378: 18375: 18374: 18373: 18370: 18367: 18363: 18362:Aṣḥāb as-Sabt 18360: 18355: 18352: 18351: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18340: 18336: 18329: 18325: 18311: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18292: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18278:Bal'am/Balaam 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18261:not specified 18257: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18234: 18231: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18217: 18213: 18210: 18207: 18203: 18200: 18199: 18197: 18193: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18150: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18124: 18118: 18115: 18110: 18106: 18102: 18099: 18096: 18093: 18089: 18086: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18076: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18063: 18056: 18053: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18023:Mary's mother 18021: 18018: 18014: 18013: 18011: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17985: 17983: 17982:Father Lamech 17980: 17979: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17950: 17946: 17939: 17935: 17920: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17869: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17851: 17849: 17845: 17838: 17834: 17831: 17828: 17824: 17821: 17818: 17814: 17811: 17807:(Son of Mary) 17806: 17803: 17800: 17796: 17793: 17792: 17790: 17786: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17769: 17768: 17765: 17764: 17762: 17754: 17753: 17748: 17741: 17737: 17734: 17732:son of Jacob) 17731: 17727: 17724: 17719: 17716: 17713: 17709: 17705: 17702: 17701: 17699: 17695: 17692: 17687: 17686: 17684: 17680: 17677: 17674: 17670: 17667: 17664: 17660: 17656: 17654:son of David) 17653: 17649: 17646: 17643: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17628: 17624: 17621: 17617: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17607: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17591: 17588: 17585: 17582: 17579: 17575: 17572: 17569: 17566: 17563: 17560: 17557: 17554: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17537: 17534: 17531: 17527: 17524: 17521: 17517: 17514: 17513: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17499: 17494: 17490: 17476: 17475: 17471: 17469: 17465: 17464: 17460: 17459: 17457: 17453: 17446: 17445: 17441: 17438: 17435:(the (chief) 17434: 17433: 17429: 17426: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17415: 17410: 17404: 17403: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17391: 17389: 17388: 17384: 17382: 17381: 17377: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17370: 17365: 17354: 17351: 17348: 17347: 17343: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17325: 17321: 17318: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17308: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17297: 17295: 17293: 17292: 17287: 17281: 17278: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17246: 17245: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17233: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17223: 17222: 17217: 17206: 17202: 17201: 17197: 17194: 17190: 17189: 17185: 17182: 17178: 17175: 17172: 17168: 17167:Dābbat al-Arḍ 17165: 17162: 17158: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17148: 17141: 17140: 17135: 17132: 17131: 17126: 17123: 17122: 17117: 17115: 17112:(dog) of the 17111: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17091: 17087: 17084: 17081: 17077: 17076: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17062: 17059: 17058: 17053: 17052: 17050: 17046: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17015: 17014: 17012: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17001: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16981: 16977: 16973: 16965: 16960: 16958: 16953: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16942: 16931: 16927: 16923: 16919: 16913: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16874: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16851: 16849: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16838: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16820: 16816: 16815: 16813: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16802: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16784: 16780: 16779: 16777: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16758: 16748: 16739: 16730: 16721: 16712: 16703: 16694: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16675: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16654: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16641: 16638: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16611: 16607: 16606: 16604: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16574: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16552: 16551: 16549: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16538: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16520: 16516: 16515: 16513: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16494: 16484: 16475: 16466: 16457: 16448: 16439: 16430: 16421: 16412: 16411: 16406: 16402: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16381: 16377: 16376: 16374: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16345: 16341: 16340: 16338: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16326: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16252: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16234: 16225: 16216: 16207: 16198: 16189: 16180: 16171: 16170: 16165: 16161: 16157: 16150: 16145: 16143: 16138: 16136: 16131: 16130: 16127: 16121: 16114: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16026:Jabal al-Nour 16024: 16023: 16021: 16017: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15966: 15963: 15959: 15949: 15948: 15944: 15942: 15941: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15932: 15928: 15922: 15921: 15917: 15915: 15914: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15904:Sirat-un-Nabi 15901: 15895: 15894: 15890: 15888: 15887: 15886:Sirat-un-Nabi 15883: 15881: 15880: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15856: 15855: 15854:Kitab al-Kafi 15851: 15849: 15848: 15844: 15842: 15841: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15793: 15787: 15784: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15756: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15658: 15655: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15636: 15633: 15631:(grandfather) 15630: 15627: 15624: 15621: 15618: 15615: 15612: 15609: 15606: 15603: 15600: 15597: 15594: 15591: 15588: 15585: 15582: 15579: 15576: 15573: 15572: 15570: 15566: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15513: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15449:Hasan ibn Ali 15447: 15446: 15444: 15442:Grandchildren 15440: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15308: 15304: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15231: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15213: 15208: 15206: 15201: 15199: 15194: 15193: 15190: 15176: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15161: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15127: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15109: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15089: 15088: 15083: 15082:Peters, F. E. 15079: 15075: 15069: 15065: 15060: 15056: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15024: 15020: 15019: 15014: 15010: 15005: 15001: 15000: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14986: 14974: 14972:9780745654881 14968: 14964: 14960: 14959: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14930: 14926: 14920: 14917:. Routledge. 14916: 14915: 14909: 14905: 14899: 14895: 14890: 14886: 14880: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14842: 14841: 14836: 14835: 14829: 14825: 14823:0-19-881078-4 14819: 14815: 14814: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14771: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14747: 14744:. Routledge. 14743: 14742: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14708: 14707: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14688: 14684: 14683: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14642: 14638: 14637: 14631: 14621: 14615: 14611: 14610: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14590: 14589: 14583: 14579: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14523: 14522: 14516: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14501: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14478: 14477: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14442: 14438: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14419: 14418: 14413: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14389: 14384: 14383:Reeves, Minou 14380: 14376: 14370: 14367:. NYU Press. 14366: 14365: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14322: 14318: 14313: 14312: 14305: 14301: 14295: 14291: 14290: 14284: 14280: 14274: 14270: 14269: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14229: 14225: 14219: 14215: 14214: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14199:0-691-11460-9 14195: 14190: 14189: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14165: 14164: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14141: 14140: 14134: 14130: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14100:. Routledge. 14099: 14098: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14068:Nagel, Tilman 14065: 14061: 14055: 14051: 14050: 14044: 14040: 14034: 14030: 14029: 14028:Four Wise Men 14024: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14005: 13999: 13995: 13989: 13985: 13984: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13967:Muir, William 13964: 13960: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13930: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13906: 13902: 13901: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13882: 13878: 13877: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13830: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13720: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13687:. Routledge. 13686: 13685: 13680: 13679:Kister, M. J. 13676: 13672: 13666: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13642: 13638: 13637: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13607: 13603: 13602: 13596: 13592: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13560: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13541: 13535: 13531: 13530: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13511: 13507: 13506: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13456: 13450: 13446: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13338: 13337: 13331: 13327: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13284: 13280: 13274: 13270: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13236: 13233:. E.J. Brill. 13232: 13231: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13107: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13093: 13082: 13076: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13043: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12994: 12990: 12989: 12983: 12979: 12978: 12972: 12968: 12962: 12959:. McFarland. 12958: 12957: 12951: 12947: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12927: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12901:(2): 225–40. 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12874: 12873: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12848:(2): 162–74. 12847: 12843: 12842: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12815: 12811: 12805: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12777: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12728: 12727: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12651: 12640: 12634: 12630: 12629: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12611:Bearman, Peri 12608: 12604: 12602:9780062316837 12598: 12594: 12593:HarperCollins 12590: 12589: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12565: 12559: 12555: 12549: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12518:. Routledge. 12517: 12516: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12496: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12402: 12401:Ahmed, Shahab 12398: 12394: 12388: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12347: 12346: 12333: 12327: 12323: 12316: 12308: 12302: 12298: 12291: 12283: 12277: 12273: 12266: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12236: 12228: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12180: 12175: 12168: 12162: 12155: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12131: 12126: 12119: 12114: 12107: 12102: 12100: 12092: 12087: 12085: 12077: 12072: 12070: 12062: 12061:Stillman 1979 12057: 12050: 12045: 12036: 12029: 12023: 12017:, p. 17. 12016: 12011: 12004: 11999: 11990: 11983: 11977: 11970: 11964: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11933: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11912: 11904: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11885: 11878: 11877:Brockopp 2010 11873: 11866: 11865: 11859: 11852: 11851:Brockopp 2010 11847: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11833: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11791: 11785:, p. 30. 11784: 11783:Esposito 1998 11779: 11772: 11766: 11759: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11717: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11684: 11682: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11639: 11635: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11583: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11560: 11559: 11550: 11542: 11536: 11532: 11527: 11526: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11355: 11348: 11343: 11341: 11333: 11332:Esposito 2011 11328: 11312: 11308: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11275: 11270: 11263: 11262:Rodinson 2021 11258: 11251: 11246: 11240:, p. 36. 11239: 11234: 11225: 11218: 11214: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11166: 11158: 11151: 11146: 11140:, p. 47. 11139: 11138:Brockopp 2010 11134: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11111:, p. 17. 11110: 11109:Nigosian 2004 11106: 11105:Esposito 1998 11101: 11085: 11078: 11072: 11063: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11030: 11025: 11018: 11013: 11004: 10995: 10993: 10983: 10974: 10967: 10962: 10956:, p. 46. 10955: 10950: 10941: 10935:, p. 18. 10934: 10933:Esposito 1998 10929: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10895: 10889: 10887: 10879: 10878:Esposito 1998 10874: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10843: 10836: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10766: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10744: 10743: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10704: 10702: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10616: 10600: 10596: 10590: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10565: 10559:, p. 90. 10558: 10553: 10551: 10541: 10534: 10529: 10522: 10517: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10493: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10469: 10462: 10461:Rodinson 2021 10457: 10450: 10445: 10438: 10437:Rodinson 2021 10433: 10426: 10425:Rodinson 2021 10421: 10414: 10409: 10402: 10397: 10390: 10389:Rodinson 2021 10385: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10361: 10354: 10349: 10342: 10337: 10330: 10329:Rodinson 2021 10325: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10301: 10294: 10289: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10265: 10260: 10253: 10252:Rodinson 2021 10248: 10241: 10236: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10216:Rodinson 2021 10212: 10205: 10200: 10193: 10188: 10181: 10176: 10169: 10168:Rodinson 2021 10164: 10162: 10154: 10149: 10142: 10141:Rodinson 2021 10137: 10130: 10125: 10118: 10113: 10106: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10070: 10065: 10058: 10053: 10046: 10040: 10033: 10022: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10006: 10000: 9991: 9982: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9949:, p. 66. 9948: 9943: 9934: 9926: 9920: 9915: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9890: 9884: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9865: 9860: 9858: 9851:, p. 49. 9850: 9845: 9839:, p. 48. 9838: 9833: 9826: 9821: 9814: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9762:, p. 75. 9761: 9756: 9749: 9744: 9737: 9736:Rodinson 2021 9732: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9718: 9713: 9707:, p. 65. 9706: 9701: 9694: 9693:Rodinson 2021 9689: 9682: 9677: 9670: 9669:Rodinson 2021 9665: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9645:Rodinson 2021 9641: 9639: 9631: 9626: 9624: 9616: 9611: 9605:, p. 88. 9604: 9599: 9592: 9591:Rodinson 2021 9587: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9567:Hazleton 2014 9563: 9556: 9555:Rodinson 2021 9551: 9544: 9539: 9532: 9527: 9520: 9515: 9508: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9490:Rodinson 2021 9486: 9484: 9482: 9474: 9473:Rodinson 2021 9469: 9463:, p. 62. 9462: 9457: 9455: 9446: 9445: 9437: 9429: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9410: 9404:, p. 42. 9403: 9398: 9392:, p. 91. 9391: 9386: 9379: 9378:Rodinson 2021 9374: 9367: 9366:Rodinson 2021 9362: 9355: 9350: 9343: 9338: 9331: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9283:, p. 39. 9282: 9277: 9268: 9261: 9255: 9246: 9238: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9214: 9207: 9202: 9195: 9194:Peterson 2007 9190: 9182: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9152: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9117: 9116:Rodinson 2021 9112: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9090: 9089:Rodinson 2021 9085: 9078: 9077:Rodinson 2021 9073: 9066: 9065:Hazleton 2014 9061: 9054: 9053:Rodinson 2021 9049: 9042: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9006: 9005:Rodinson 2021 9001: 8994: 8989: 8982: 8981:Rodinson 2021 8977: 8975: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8931: 8926: 8919: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8883: 8882:Rodinson 2021 8878: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8807: 8806:Rodinson 2021 8802: 8800: 8792: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8711: 8705: 8698: 8693: 8691: 8683: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8652: 8646: 8641: 8632: 8623: 8616: 8611: 8604: 8599: 8597: 8589: 8583: 8574: 8567: 8562: 8555: 8550: 8543: 8542:Fazlur Rahman 8538: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8514: 8507: 8506:Arjomand 2022 8502: 8496:, p. 92. 8495: 8490: 8488: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8420: 8415: 8409:, p. 49. 8408: 8403: 8396: 8395:Fontaine 2022 8391: 8385:, p. 10. 8384: 8383:Nigosian 2004 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8359:Fontaine 2022 8355: 8349:, p. 61. 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8323:Fontaine 2022 8319: 8312: 8311:Rodinson 2021 8307: 8305: 8303: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8282:Rodinson 2021 8278: 8276: 8268: 8267:Fontaine 2022 8263: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8129: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8023:Rodinson 2021 8019: 8017: 8010:, p. 22. 8009: 8004: 8002: 7994: 7993:Rodinson 2021 7989: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7947:, p. 77. 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7851: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7824: 7819: 7813:, p. 32. 7812: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7788: 7787:Rodinson 2021 7783: 7777:, p. 86. 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7739:Peterson 2007 7735: 7729:, p. 75. 7728: 7727:Peterson 2007 7723: 7721: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7688:Hazleton 2014 7684: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7664:Hazleton 2014 7660: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7640:Hazleton 2014 7636: 7629: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7605:, p. 68. 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7580: 7579:Brockopp 2010 7575: 7569:, p. 40. 7568: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7509:, p. 68. 7508: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7434:, p. 86. 7433: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7393:Brockopp 2010 7389: 7382: 7376: 7370:, p. 11. 7369: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7345: 7344:Peterson 2007 7340: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7310:, p. 37. 7309: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7265:, p. 73. 7264: 7259: 7257: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7209: 7201: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7169: 7163:, p. 51. 7162: 7161:Peterson 2007 7157: 7150: 7145: 7139:, p. 35. 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7062: 7061:Rodinson 2021 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7027:, p. 49. 7026: 7025:Rodinson 2021 7021: 7015:, p. 73. 7014: 7009: 7007: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6973:, p. 56. 6972: 6967: 6961:, p. 52. 6960: 6955: 6949:, p. 46. 6948: 6943: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6835:, p. 102 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6811:, p. 61. 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6784:, p. 16. 6783: 6782:Reynolds 2023 6778: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6752:, p. 51. 6751: 6750:Rodinson 2021 6746: 6739: 6734: 6732: 6724: 6723:Esposito 1998 6719: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6692:9780415341066 6688: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6644:Esposito 2003 6640: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6573:Madelung 1997 6569: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6469:, p. 99. 6468: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415:. p. 9. 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6277: 6270:, p. xv. 6269: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6158:Nigosian 2004 6154: 6152: 6144: 6139: 6133:, p. xi. 6132: 6127: 6125: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5935:, p. 57. 5934: 5929: 5927: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5792:, p. 22. 5791: 5786: 5779: 5778:Rodinson 2021 5774: 5767: 5766:Esposito 1998 5762: 5755: 5754:Esposito 2002 5750: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5685:, p. 98. 5684: 5683:Esposito 1998 5681: 5679:, p. 21. 5678: 5677:Robinson 2004 5675: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5647:, p. 115 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5635:, p. 134 5634: 5631: 5629:, p. 142 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5615:Peterson 2007 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603:Rodinson 2021 5601: 5598: 5595: 5593:, p. 301 5592: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5556:, p. 36. 5555: 5554:Esposito 1998 5552: 5550:, p. 32. 5549: 5546: 5544:, p. 22. 5543: 5540: 5538:, p. 57. 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5502:in Sunnah.com 5501: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5484:, p. 225 5483: 5480: 5478:, p. 140 5477: 5474: 5472:, p. 259 5471: 5468: 5466:, p. 149 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5454:, p. 148 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5424:, p. 169 5423: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5392:, p. 176 5391: 5390:Rodinson 2021 5388: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5367:Brockopp 2010 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5355:Rodinson 2021 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5276:According to 5273: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225:God's Apostle 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028:false prophet 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4998:, and by the 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957:Bernard Lewis 4953: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4760: 4759:Bernard Lewis 4756: 4753:According to 4750: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606:Islamic world 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4452:Islamic faith 4449: 4443: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387:Fatimah Zahra 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4240:empires. The 4239: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4045: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3966: 3965:intercalation 3960: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3852:attention to 3850: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3465:contemporary 3463: 3462:Barakat Ahmad 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3412:Banu Mustaliq 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3165: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3076:Dhat ar-Riqa' 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041:Banu Qaynuqa' 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2833: 2826:Medinan years 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2326:Amr ibn al-As 2324:According to 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2122:Jabal al-Nour 2119: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2068: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:swordsmanship 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635:Jabal an-Nour 1632: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1364: 1360: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1211: 1210:Hijazi script 1207: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982:teachings of 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 958:– 8 June 632 949: 942: 936: 930: 921: 915: 882: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 852: 851: 849: 848: 843: 833: 831: 821: 820: 819: 818: 811: 808: 807: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 787: 784: 783: 777: 776: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 749: 748: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 714: 709: 708: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 685: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 639: 638: 631: 628: 627: 624: 621: 620: 616: 612: 609: 608: 605: 600: 599: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 556: 552: 549: 548: 545: 542: 541: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 521: 516: 515: 512: 509: 508: 504: 500: 499: 491: 465: 462: 460: 457: 448: 439: 436: 434: 431: 422: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 387: 384: 375: 365: 363: 360: 351: 348: 347: 342: 336: 332: 313: 310: 309: 307: 303: 297: 293: 274: 271: 270: 268: 264: 261: 258:Establishing 257: 253: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 234: 230: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 203: 163: 159: 155: 153:Resting place 151: 146: 142: 128: 124: 118: 111: 107: 98: 94: 89: 85: 81: 73: 68: 55: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 26178:Arab Muslims 26053: 26046: 26040: 25979: 25967: 25960: 25953: 25946: 25939: 25917: 25910: 25903: 25896: 25889: 25882: 25875: 25868: 25861: 25831: 25824: 25817: 25810: 25803: 25796: 25789: 25782: 25775: 25768: 25762: 25749: 25729: 25722: 25716: 25708: 25701: 25694: 25687: 25682:Marzban-nama 25680: 25675:Siyer-i Nebi 25673: 25666: 25659: 25655:(Ibn Kathir) 25652: 25644: 25637: 25630: 25615:Biographies 25591: 25561: 25522:Descriptions 25510: 25497: 25483: 25401: 25340: 25239:Elite theory 25187: 25177: 25167: 25157: 25147: 25137: 25127: 25117: 25107: 25097: 25087: 25077: 25067: 25057: 25047: 25037: 25027: 25017: 25007: 24997: 24987: 24977: 24276:Guicciardini 24232:Early modern 24202: 24055:Philosophers 24005:Open society 23941:Body politic 23811:Distributism 23801:Conservatism 23796:Confucianism 23715:Gerontocracy 23705:Dictatorship 23659:Sovereignty‎ 23649:Ruling class 23539:Emancipation 23524:Citizenship‎ 23348: 23338: 23328: 23318: 23308: 23298: 23288: 23278: 23268: 23258: 23248: 23238: 23228: 23218: 23208: 23198: 22618:Guicciardini 22601:Early modern 22576: 22437:Philosophers 22411:Conservatism 22406:Confucianism 22394:Distributism 22327:Social norms 22315:Sittlichkeit 22301:Ressentiment 22247:Institutions 22225:Human nature 22005:Islamophobia 21870:Christianity 21818: 21751:Contemporary 21645:Architecture 21584: 21550: 21538: 21526: 21484: 21477: 21443: 21425: 21420:Nikah mut'ah 21418: 21411: 21404: 21397: 21390: 21383: 21347: 21335: 21328: 21321: 21314: 21294: 21287: 21280: 21273: 21186: 20909: 20833: 20815: 20808: 20752: 20745: 20738: 20731: 20724: 20717:Five Pillars 20694: 20667: 20660: 20649:God in Islam 20626: 20575: 20559: 20551: 20545: 20539: 20504: 20494: 20482: 20472: 20446:In Paradise 20436: 20426: 20416: 20406: 20400: 20390: 20374: 20371:(Plant stem) 20368: 20362: 20356: 20350: 20345:Plant matter 20332: 20326: 20318: 20312: 20306: 20300: 20209: 20180: 20176: 20144: 20108:Umm al-Kitāb 20106: 20093: 20080:Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā 20078: 20065: 20057: 20048: 20035: 19992: 19988:Ghadir Khumm 19972:('The Dawn') 19966: 19960: 19947: 19941: 19932: 19923: 19917: 19914:('The Noon') 19908: 19897: 19891: 19883: 19877: 19871: 19865: 19857: 19851: 19845: 19839: 19833: 19823: 19802: 19793: 19743:Days of Hajj 19731: 19728:(The Friday) 19722: 19674: 19632: 19619: 19587:Paradise of 19574:Jordan River 19569:Dār an-Nadwa 19568: 19550: 19512: 19507:Cave of Hira 19499: 19494: 19484: 19431:Masjid Qubāʾ 19430: 19412: 19402: 19394: 19380: 19368: 19360: 19334:Qaryat Yūnus 19333: 19323: 19313: 19273: 19263: 19249: 19240:Sinai Region 19222:Dam of Sheba 19217: 19205: 19190: 19180: 19171: 19156: 19138: 19116: 19104: 19096: 19066: 19061: 19051: 19034: 19021: 19008: 18926: 18904: 18895:Ahl al-Kitāb 18894: 18872: 18868:Zoroastrians 18864: 18859:disbelievers 18852: 18845: 18803:Banu Qurayza 18798:Banu Qaynuqa 18787:Ahl as-Suffa 18786: 18700: 18683: 18655: 18624: 18607: 18592:Sons of Adam 18547: 18523: 18515: 18506: 18480: 18474:Banī Isrāʾīl 18472: 18465: 18430: 18393: 18376: 18361: 18348: 18293:Luqman's son 18140: 18104: 18097: 18087: 17991:Luqman's son 17962:Martyred son 17854:Dhūl-Qarnain 17804: 17794: 17766: 17758:Perseverance 17750: 17728:ibn Ya‘qūb ( 17718:Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt 17717: 17706:('He of the 17703: 17616:Dhabih Ullah 17472: 17467: 17461: 17442: 17430: 17412: 17400: 17392: 17385: 17378: 17367: 17346:Malakul-Mawt 17344: 17319: 17313: 17305: 17290: 17261: 17242: 17219: 17198: 17186: 17176: 17166: 17156: 17137: 17128: 17119: 17109: 17105:) of Solomon 17096: 17085: 17073: 17064: 17055: 17024: 16896: 16889: 16871: 16853: 16835: 16817: 16799: 16781: 16763: 16651: 16626: 16608: 16590: 16571: 16553: 16535: 16517: 16499: 16378: 16360: 16342: 16323: 16304: 16286: 16267: 16249: 16238:إِسْمَاعِيْل 16220:إِبْرَاهِيْم 16051:Mount Arafat 15945: 15938: 15918: 15911: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15870: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15819:Sahih Muslim 15817: 15810: 15589:(son-in-law) 15218: 15172: 15157: 15142: 15124: 15107: 15086: 15064:Sahih Muslim 15063: 15040: 15016: 14997: 14990:Abel, Armand 14963:Polity Press 14957: 14933: 14913: 14893: 14870: 14838: 14833: 14812: 14788: 14764: 14740: 14726: 14705: 14681: 14658: 14635: 14623:, retrieved 14608: 14587: 14566: 14543: 14520: 14499: 14475: 14455: 14436: 14416: 14386: 14363: 14339: 14310: 14288: 14267: 14247: 14232:. Retrieved 14212: 14187: 14162: 14138: 14117: 14096: 14072: 14048: 14027: 14003: 13982: 13971: 13947: 13923: 13899: 13875: 13847: 13823: 13799: 13775: 13755: 13752:Lapidus, Ira 13732: 13707: 13703:Klein, F. A. 13683: 13659: 13655:Katz, Steven 13635: 13624: 13600: 13580: 13553: 13528: 13504: 13481: 13454: 13434: 13403: 13379: 13362: 13335: 13314: 13289: 13267: 13243: 13229: 13197: 13173: 13149: 13125: 13100: 13084:. Retrieved 13069: 13040: 13011: 12987: 12976: 12955: 12925: 12898: 12894: 12871: 12845: 12839: 12819: 12794: 12770: 12746: 12725: 12704: 12679: 12655: 12642:. Retrieved 12627: 12586: 12563: 12542: 12514: 12493: 12472: 12448: 12425: 12405: 12378: 12351: 12321: 12315: 12296: 12290: 12271: 12265: 12253:. Retrieved 12244: 12235: 12211: 12204: 12195: 12186: 12178: 12174: 12166: 12165:J. Schacht, 12161: 12149: 12137: 12125: 12113: 12076:Goddard 2000 12056: 12044: 12035: 12027: 12022: 12010: 11998: 11989: 11981: 11976: 11968: 11967:Ian Almond, 11963: 11939: 11932: 11918: 11911: 11891: 11884: 11872: 11863: 11858: 11829: 11827: 11809: 11803: 11795: 11790: 11778: 11770: 11765: 11753: 11749: 11716: 11693: 11656: 11646: 11622: 11615: 11592: 11582: 11557: 11549: 11524: 11488: 11478: 11466:. Retrieved 11446: 11422:. Retrieved 11418:the original 11411: 11381:. Retrieved 11361: 11354: 11327: 11315:. Retrieved 11296: 11274:Gabriel 2014 11269: 11257: 11250:Gabriel 2014 11245: 11238:Bennett 1998 11233: 11224: 11216: 11208: 11196: 11184:. Retrieved 11164: 11157: 11149: 11145: 11133: 11121: 11116: 11100: 11088:. Retrieved 11083: 11071: 11062: 11050:. Retrieved 11036: 11024: 11012: 11003: 10982: 10973: 10966:Ramadan 2007 10961: 10949: 10940: 10928: 10915: 10905: 10893: 10873: 10849: 10842: 10835:Bennett 1998 10830: 10806: 10796: 10772: 10765: 10741: 10734: 10710: 10676: 10672:Weston, Mark 10639: 10628: 10620: 10615: 10603:. Retrieved 10599:the original 10589: 10570: 10564: 10540: 10528: 10516: 10504: 10492: 10480: 10468: 10456: 10444: 10432: 10420: 10413:Gabriel 2014 10408: 10396: 10384: 10372: 10365:Gabriel 2014 10360: 10348: 10341:Gabriel 2007 10336: 10324: 10317:Rodgers 2012 10312: 10305:Gabriel 2007 10300: 10293:Rodgers 2012 10288: 10276: 10271: 10264:Gabriel 2014 10259: 10247: 10240:Gabriel 2014 10235: 10228:Gabriel 2014 10223: 10211: 10204:Gabriel 2014 10199: 10187: 10175: 10148: 10136: 10129:Rodgers 2012 10124: 10112: 10105:Gabriel 2007 10100: 10093:Gabriel 2007 10088: 10081:Gabriel 2007 10076: 10064: 10052: 10039: 10031: 10024:. Retrieved 10009: 9999: 9990: 9981: 9958: 9954: 9942: 9933: 9844: 9832: 9820: 9813:Rodgers 2012 9791: 9784:Rodgers 2012 9779: 9767: 9755: 9743: 9717:Rodgers 2012 9712: 9700: 9688: 9681:Rodgers 2012 9676: 9664: 9652: 9610: 9603:Peters 2003b 9598: 9586: 9579:Rodgers 2012 9574: 9562: 9550: 9543:Rodgers 2012 9538: 9526: 9514: 9468: 9443: 9436: 9416: 9409: 9402:Lapidus 2012 9397: 9385: 9373: 9361: 9354:Rodgers 2012 9349: 9337: 9330:Gabriel 2007 9315:Rodgers 2012 9310: 9298: 9276: 9267: 9259: 9254: 9245: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9218: 9213: 9206:Ramadan 2007 9201: 9189: 9170: 9158: 9138: 9101:Gabriel 2014 9096: 9084: 9072: 9060: 9048: 9036: 9024: 9017:Gabriel 2007 9012: 9000: 8993:Gabriel 2014 8988: 8966:Rodgers 2012 8961: 8949: 8942:Gabriel 2007 8937: 8930:Gabriel 2007 8925: 8918:Gabriel 2007 8913: 8906:Gabriel 2007 8901: 8889: 8877: 8870:Gabriel 2007 8865: 8854: 8842: 8835:Lassner 2012 8830: 8760: 8754: 8735: 8729: 8717: 8709: 8704: 8682:Rodgers 2012 8677: 8668: 8659: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8610: 8587: 8582: 8573: 8561: 8549: 8537: 8525: 8520:, p. 8. 8513: 8501: 8474: 8462: 8450: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8407:Rodgers 2012 8402: 8390: 8378: 8366: 8354: 8347:Gabriel 2007 8342: 8330: 8318: 8289: 8262: 8250: 8245: 8233: 8228: 8201:. Retrieved 8181: 8174: 8162: 8138: 8128: 8120: 8117:A. Guillaume 8110: 8102: 8090: 8078: 8066: 8054: 8042: 8037:, p. 39 8030: 7988: 7981:Lapidus 2012 7976: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7916: 7904: 7895: 7862: 7858: 7818: 7806: 7794: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7751:Beeston 1983 7746: 7734: 7712:Ṣallābī 2005 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7627: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7550: 7543:Muranyi 1998 7538: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7466: 7459:Ramadan 2007 7454: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7363: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7296: 7290: 7282: 7270: 7248: 7242: 7234: 7222: 7195: 7175:, p. 7. 7168: 7156: 7144: 7137:Rodgers 2012 7132: 7120: 7108: 7097:the original 7084: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7013:Anthony 2020 6985:, p. 9. 6978: 6971:Gabriel 2007 6966: 6959:Roggema 2008 6954: 6947:Roggema 2008 6942: 6935:Roggema 2008 6930: 6925:, p. 8. 6918: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6870:. Retrieved 6850: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6797:Johnson 2015 6757: 6745: 6725:, p. 6. 6718: 6706: 6701: 6678: 6672: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6612: 6602: 6580: 6568: 6557:, retrieved 6535: 6511:, retrieved 6489: 6462: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6430: 6407: 6397: 6372: 6349:, retrieved 6327: 6317: 6292: 6288: 6263: 6244: 6238: 6226: 6218: 6203: 6196: 6174: 6171:Donner, Fred 6165: 6160:, p. 6. 6138: 6111:. Retrieved 6097: 6085:. Retrieved 6081: 6071: 6059: 6052:Bennett 1998 6047: 6035:. Retrieved 6031: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5979:24 September 5977:. Retrieved 5968: 5955: 5948:Lapidus 2002 5879:, p. 9. 5872: 5860: 5844: 5817: 5812: 5807:, p. 7. 5790:Rodgers 2012 5785: 5773: 5761: 5734: 5689: 5663: 5654: 5645:Anthony 2020 5609:Forward 1997 5599:, p. 89 5583: 5569:Banu Qurayza 5568: 5563: 5548:Lapidus 2002 5528: 5514:. Retrieved 5510: 5495:Sahih Muslim 5493: 5476:Ramadan 2007 5460:, p. 42 5448:, p. 14 5438: 5411: 5396:Gabriel 2007 5382: 5373:Rodgers 2012 5369:, p. 72 5347: 5338: 5321: 5306: 5302: 5289: 5281: 5272: 5261:Goldman 1995 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5108: 5100:Adamic cycle 5092:Baháʼí Faith 5089: 5063: 4986: 4952:Richard Bell 4945: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4891:in his book 4880: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4843: 4826: 4807: 4806:Muhammad in 4779:moral orders 4775:aristocratic 4770: 4764: 4752: 4728: 4720: 4689: 4679: 4657: 4645: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608:, excluding 4597: 4580: 4538: 4528: 4521: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4465: 4455: 4445: 4411: 4407: 4372: 4368: 4340: 4321: 4250:Monophysites 4231: 4215:Ghadir Khumm 4200: 4131: 4080: 4043: 4033: 3997: 3983:Siyer-i Nebi 3961: 3958: 3937: 3923:Ghadir Khumm 3901: 3882: 3858: 3849:Banu Hawazin 3846: 3807:Arabian gods 3803: 3796: 3784:Banu Khuza'a 3777: 3767:Siyer-i Nebi 3731: 3722: 3707: 3703:Allahu Akbar 3688: 3632: 3573:Banu Qurayza 3570: 3553: 3537:Banu Qurayza 3534: 3517:Banu Qurayza 3506: 3479: 3454:Banu Qurayza 3438: 3419: 3409: 3389: 3362:In 625, the 3361: 3356:Siyer-i Nebi 3354: 3312: 3305: 3294: 3278:Banu Qaynuqa 3275: 3247:Banu Qaynuqa 3244: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3188: 3187: 3173: 3091:Banu Qurayza 2988: 2923: 2917: 2910:jurisdiction 2898: 2873:allahu akbar 2866: 2860:) which was 2855: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2784: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2748: 2732:Last Rabi’ul 2727: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2688: 2685: 2631: 2606: 2583: 2565: 2554: 2546: 2540: 2524: 2481: 2458: 2424: 2395: 2376: 2372: 2347: 2323: 2304: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2261: 2230: 2226: 2217:Siyer-i Nebi 2203: 2188: 2169: 2151: 2147:Quran 96:1-5 2134:cave of Hira 2127: 2077: 2053: 2031: 2019: 2007:martial arts 1972: 1967: 1949: 1942: 1920: 1897: 1891:clan of the 1881:his birthday 1874: 1870:Siyer-i Nebi 1717:c. 620 1683:c. 616 1669:c. 615 1658:c. 614 1647:c. 613 1631:Cave of Hira 1617:Fatima Zahra 1597:c. 599 1583:c. 595 1569:c. 583 1555:c. 577 1537:c. 570 1469:Meccan years 1456: 1452:al-Daraqutni 1417: 1400: 1374: 1335: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1263: 1232: 1165: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1097: 1086: 1080: 1070: 1020: 998:, and other 980:monotheistic 880: 879: 725:Ghadir Khumm 665:Perspectives 510: 455: 438:Abū al-Qāsim 429: 382: 358: 344: 272: 44: 26123:570s births 26033:Video games 25877:The Message 25617:of Muhammad 25500:controversy 25486:controversy 25431:collections 25113:(1835–1840) 24993:(c. 350 BC) 24983:(c. 375 BC) 24600:Tocqueville 24565:Saint-Simon 24530:Montesquieu 24381:Bolingbroke 24313:Machiavelli 24193:Ibn Khaldun 24158:Alpharabius 24151:Middle Ages 23976:Natural law 23951:Common good 23876:Nationalism 23836:Imperialism 23806:Corporatism 23781:Colonialism 23761:Agrarianism 23740:Technocracy 23720:Meritocracy 23700:Bureaucracy 23690:Aristocracy 23405:Historicism 23234:(1835–1840) 23200:De Officiis 22924:de Beauvoir 22894:Baudrillard 22846:Vivekananda 22836:Tocqueville 22751:Kierkegaard 22567:Ibn Khaldun 22537:Alpharabius 22428:Personalism 22337:Stewardship 22294:Reification 22289:Natural law 22210:Familialism 22176:Culturalism 21875:Catholicism 21770:Other areas 21761:Theological 21756:Eschatology 21713:Mathematics 21650:Calligraphy 21580:Theological 21534:Inheritance 21451:Cleanliness 20823:Shi'a Imams 20817:Ahl al-Bayt 20421:Pomegranate 20321:(The Earth) 20214:golden calf 19787:Pilgrimages 19520:Hudaybiyyah 19435:Quba Mosque 19389:Prostration 19340:,' that is 19301:Mesopotamia 19290:Mount Tabor 19286:Mount Sinai 19268:Mount Sinai 19218:ʿArim Sabaʾ 18956:Polytheists 18706:Household') 18701:Ahl al-Bayt 18658:(People of 18656:Qawm Tubbaʿ 18602:Wife of Lut 18597:Wife of Nuh 18448:or families 18446:ethnicities 18167:Moses' wife 17650:ibn Dāwūd ( 17432:ash-Shayṭān 17324:Holy Spirit 17150:Non-related 16479:ذُو الكِفْل 16097:Quba Mosque 16036:Jabal Thawr 15864:Books about 15527:Expeditions 15380:Descendants 15009:Welch, A.T. 14701:Swarup, Ram 14439:. OUP USA. 13986:. Ashgate. 13423:Holt, P. M. 13383:. Penguin. 12371:Ahmad, Anis 12142:Willis 2013 12130:Cimino 2005 12118:Curtis 2009 11424:27 December 11383:29 December 11347:Peters 2010 11029:Powers 2014 10954:Reeves 2003 10916:The Message 10912:"Chapter 9" 10557:Peters 2003 10401:Phipps 2016 9959:The Message 9772:Morgan 2009 9760:Swarup 2011 9705:Phipps 2016 9461:Kister 2022 9390:Miller 2011 9029:Peters 1994 8554:John Kelsay 8431:Peters 1994 8294:Peters 2021 8203:26 December 8047:Towghi 1991 7823:Peters 1994 7811:Cheikh 2015 7763:Phipps 2016 7603:Deming 2014 7567:Phipps 2016 7555:Gordon 2005 7368:Rāshid 2015 7356:Murray 2011 7308:Phipps 2016 7149:Netton 2013 7074:Ali, Wijdan 6821:Muesse 2018 6809:Peters 2010 6143:Reeves 2003 6064:Peters 1994 5877:Peters 2003 5727:Conrad 1987 5688:R. Walzer, 5633:Morgan 2009 5627:Phipps 2016 5482:Waqidi 2011 5464:Irving 1904 5282:rasūl Allāh 5114:Druze faith 5104:Bahá'u'lláh 5040:Christendom 5016:Middle Ages 4787:pre-Islamic 4737:lithography 4493:code point 4298:Ahl al-Bayt 4266:Mesopotamia 3992: 1595 3946:during the 3905:Banu Thaqif 3792:blood money 3741:Final years 3585:Banu Fazara 3324:Ibn Maslama 3299:, a Muslim 3192:monasteries 3106:Hudaybiyyah 3101:Banu Lahyan 3096:al-Muraysi' 2654:Banu Nawfal 2598:Banu Hashim 2568:Banu Hashim 2335:Black Stone 2313:challenged 2088:Black Stone 2067:Black Stone 2063: 1315 1889:Banu Hashim 1833:This box: 1690:Banu Hashim 1613:Umm Kulthum 1208:written in 1176:Islamic law 793:Possessions 740:Ahl al-Bayt 695:Historicity 346:Arabic name 312:Ahl al-Bayt 273:Rasūl Allāh 189: / 26128:632 deaths 26117:Categories 25981:South Park 25929:Television 25905:Fetih 1453 25443:Ibn Hisham 25398:Depictions 25321:Separatism 25129:On Liberty 25029:The Prince 24758:Huntington 24261:Campanella 24188:al-Ghazali 24137:Thucydides 24095:Lactantius 24040:Statolatry 23866:Monarchism 23846:Liberalism 23771:Capitalism 23754:Ideologies 23735:Plutocracy 23683:Government 23639:Revolution 23624:Propaganda 23574:Legitimacy 23549:Government 23410:Humanities 23370:Agnotology 23029:Kołakowski 22592:Ibn Tufayl 22572:Maimonides 22516:Thucydides 22511:Tertullian 22466:Lactantius 22361:Volksgeist 22342:Traditions 22156:Convention 21935:Ex-Muslims 21820:Shu'ubiyya 21814:Psychology 21802:Literature 21792:Inventions 21738:Philosophy 21546:Leadership 21522:Honorifics 21177:Philosophy 20984:Isma'ilism 20945:Maturidism 20828:Caliphates 20799:Golden Age 20690:Revelation 20315:(Planets) 20309:(The Moon) 20260:Of Quraysh 20135:Noah's Ark 20028:Holy books 19872:Al-Ghuduww 19866:Al-ʿAshiyy 19830:Invocation 19822:Times for 19673:Battle of 19664:Battles or 19256:(The Holy 19122:(formerly 19069:(Mainland 18879:Hypocrites 18826:People of 18793:Banu Nadir 18773:Implicitly 18615:Son of Nuh 18573:People of 18507:Ahl Madyan 18482:Muʾtafikāt 18402:Al-Raqaim? 18377:Ḥawāriyyūn 18259:Implied or 18204:(possibly 18134:Egyptians 18126:People of 18084:Egyptians 17905:(Jeremiah) 17805:Ibn Maryam 17558:(Ezekiel?) 17397:(Asmodeus) 17291:Muqarrabun 17027:(Generous) 16997:Non-humans 16985:Characters 16725:زَكَرِيَّا 16689:سُلَيْمَان 16628:Dhu l-Kifl 16056:Green Dome 16046:Muzdalifah 16031:Mount Uhud 15340:Umm Salama 15037:"MUHAMMED" 15013:"Muḥammad" 15007:Buhl, F.; 14863:"Muḥammad" 14562:Rubin, Uri 14403:0814775640 14234:1 December 13573:Ibn Kathir 13359:"Mohammed" 13239:Gil, Moshe 12934:. p. 12106:Quinn 2008 11468:1 December 11404:Safi, Omid 11317:1 December 11186:27 January 11122:Muʿd̲j̲iza 10605:26 January 10473:Glubb 2001 10449:Glubb 2001 10377:Glubb 2001 10353:Glubb 2001 10192:Glubb 2001 10180:Glubb 2001 10153:Glubb 2001 10117:Glubb 2001 10069:Glubb 2001 10057:Glubb 2001 10026:8 December 9974:Ibn Hisham 9963:chapter 48 9864:Glubb 2001 9849:Brown 2011 9837:Brown 2011 9825:Glubb 2001 9748:Glubb 2001 9657:Glubb 2001 9630:Glubb 2001 9615:Glubb 2001 9531:Glubb 2001 9519:Nagel 2020 9507:Glubb 2001 9342:Glubb 2001 9131:Glubb 2001 8823:Glubb 2001 8518:Rubin 2022 8335:Glubb 2001 8144:SUNY Press 8115:, 280, in 8008:Brown 2011 7969:Glubb 2001 7957:Glubb 2001 7921:Ahmed 2017 7591:Glubb 2001 7531:Lewis 2002 7263:Brown 2003 7173:Klein 1906 7113:Glubb 2001 7037:Brown 2011 6656:Robin 2012 6486:"Muhammad" 6467:Ardic 2012 6187:0878501274 6087:4 February 6037:4 February 6028:"Muhammad" 5865:Ahmad 2009 5621:Brown 2011 5591:Nagel 2020 5498:, hadith 5458:Brown 2011 5361:Glubb 2001 5194:References 5080:See also: 5058:See also: 5032:Antichrist 5014:." In the 4996:monotheism 4977:See also: 4937:Al-Andalus 4929:John Tolan 4907:says that 4905:Ian Almond 4818:, and the 4783:world view 4771:status quo 4710:until the 4653:cauterized 4555:profession 4470:) and the 4246:Nestorians 4227:Ridda wars 4157:Succession 4095:Green Dome 4083:al-Walid I 4074:Green Dome 3921:See also: 3866:Abu Sufyan 3799:Abu Sufyan 3695:Banu Nadir 3651:Abu Sufyan 3639:Hudaybiyya 3549:Abu Lubaba 3525:Abu Sufyan 3445:Abu Sufyan 3441:Banu Nadir 3396:Banu Nadir 3368:Abu Sufyan 3322:apostle?" 3319:Banu Nadir 3200:synagogues 3066:Banu Nadir 2943:See also: 2799:That night 2736:Ibn Hisham 2534:behest of 2508:W. M. Watt 2488:Ibn Hisham 2477:Abu Sufyan 2473:Umm Habiba 2386:See also: 2256:See also: 2098:See also: 2027:al-Dhahabi 1904:monotheism 1523: 570 1484:See also: 1480:Early life 1440:Abu Dawood 1413: 780 1370: 230 1355: 207 1340:Ibn Hisham 1300:Ibn Hisham 956: 570 713:Succession 653:Christians 591:Diplomatic 425:Teknonymic 404:ʿAbd Manāf 392:ʿAbd Allāh 378:Patronymic 197:Green Dome 195: ( 176:39°36′41″E 173:24°28′03″N 158:Green Dome 103: 570 25438:Ibn Ishaq 25039:Leviathan 25019:Monarchia 25013:(c. 1274) 24848:Oakeshott 24793:Mansfield 24788:Luxemburg 24773:Kropotkin 24668:Bernstein 24621:centuries 24535:Nietzsche 24478:Jefferson 24406:Condorcet 24354:centuries 24333:Pufendorf 24198:Marsilius 24085:Confucius 24070:Aristotle 24063:Antiquity 23991:Noble lie 23911:Third Way 23906:Socialism 23831:Feudalism 23786:Communism 23766:Anarchism 23745:Theocracy 23730:Oligarchy 23710:Democracy 23695:Autocracy 23609:Pluralism 23594:Obedience 23559:Hierarchy 23519:Authority 23450:Sociology 23400:Historism 23109:Santayana 23079:Oakeshott 23049:MacIntyre 23034:Kropotkin 23009:Heidegger 22862:centuries 22776:Nietzsche 22741:Jefferson 22726:Helvétius 22691:Condorcet 22654:centuries 22638:Montaigne 22461:Confucius 22451:Augustine 22368:Worldview 22262:Modernity 22235:Formation 22052:Symbolism 22010:Incidents 21988:Criticism 21880:Mormonism 21777:Astrology 21703:Cosmology 21698:Astronomy 21640:Arabesque 21507:Etiquette 21466:Blasphemy 21256:Economics 21071:Ahmadiyya 21013:Muhakkima 20960:Wahhabism 20950:Mu'tazili 20935:Ash'arism 20509:Date palm 20499:Palm tree 20487:Lote-tree 20463:or plants 20407:Qith-thāʾ 20335:(The Sun) 20333:Ash-Shams 20294:Celestial 20187:False god 20123:or beings 20121:of people 20103:of David) 20045:of Jesus) 19878:Al-Bukrah 19641:in Sheba) 19419:of Mecca) 19376:Monastery 19354:locations 19352:Religious 19309:Al-Jūdiyy 19002:Mentioned 18996:Locations 18909:Christian 18889:Believers 18874:Munāfiqūn 18837:Religious 18775:mentioned 18688:Stoneland 18564:Muhajirun 18342:Mentioned 18244:Abū Lahab 18239:As-Sāmirī 18229:(Goliath) 18195:Evil ones 18109:Zulaykhah 18065:People of 17952:Good ones 17752:Ulul-ʿAzm 17740:Zechariah 17736:Zakariyyā 17556:Dhūl-Kifl 17509:Mentioned 17355:(Michael) 17244:Zabāniyah 17221:Malāʾikah 17193:Honey bee 16843:Zechariah 16000:Abyssinia 15995:Jerusalem 15913:Ash-Shifa 15673:Umm Ayman 15617:Abu Lahab 15434:(Adopted) 15261:Thuwaybah 15226:Relatives 14938:Routledge 14612:, Brill, 14524:. BRILL. 14184:(2003b). 13821:(2002) . 13736:. BRILL. 13129:. BRILL. 12915:162350288 12774:. Wiley. 12729:. BRILL. 12631:. Brill. 12196:Arab News 12015:Watt 1974 12003:Watt 1974 10497:Cole 1996 10485:Katz 2022 9947:Watt 1956 9919:Khan 1998 9883:Khan 1998 9796:Sa'd 1972 9281:Watt 1956 9239:: 100–07. 9221:, p. 754. 9175:Watt 1964 9159:, Quraysh 9157:Uri Rubin 9143:Watt 1956 8722:Watt 1956 8697:Watt 1956 8645:Watt 1961 8566:Watt 1974 8530:Watt 1956 8251:Ascension 8234:Ascension 8167:Adil 2002 8083:Adil 2002 8071:Adil 2002 8059:Adil 2002 7945:Watt 1974 7879:0585-5292 7507:Watt 1953 7432:Watt 1953 7287:Ibn Ishaq 7239:Ibn Ishaq 7093:0928-6802 6983:Watt 1974 6923:Watt 1974 6899:Watt 1960 6887:Watt 1971 6872:3 January 6683:Routledge 6309:1478-0542 6268:Watt 1953 6131:Watt 1953 5805:Watt 1974 5706:Citations 5671:Watt 1974 5488:Watt 1974 5470:Muir 1861 5422:Watt 1964 5044:marriages 5024:Byzantine 4967:Criticism 4869:, in his 4842:, in his 4668:Ahmadiyya 4594:al-Busiri 4577:, Turkey. 4356:Umm Ruman 4288:Household 4254:Jacobites 4238:Sassanian 4234:Byzantine 4219:Byzantine 4138:Wahhabism 3952:Ilkhanate 3934:al-Bīrūnī 3815:al-Azraqi 3811:Ibn Ishaq 3788:Banu Bakr 3593:Umm Qirfa 3471:Ibn Hajar 3458:Ibn Ishaq 3400:Ibn Ishaq 3392:Banu Amir 3290:Ibn Ishaq 3251:al-Waqidi 3239:Abu 'Afak 3046:Dhu 'Amar 2985:Campaigns 2914:Ibn Ishaq 2862:Jerusalem 2816:Muhajirun 2740:al-Tabari 2698:Jerusalem 2594:Abu Lahab 2590:Abu Talib 2363:Abu Talib 2116:The cave 2084:Ibn Ishaq 2071:Ilkhanate 1991:Abu Talib 1914:, son of 1710:Abu Talib 1603:Birth of 1444:Ibn Majah 1357:AH), and 1348:al-Waqidi 1344:Al-Tabari 1326:Ibn Ishaq 1315:Hijri era 1272:has been 1111:Abyssinia 1067:preaching 1047:Abu Talib 1016:practices 1012:teachings 962:) was an 929:romanized 700:Criticism 305:Relatives 132:632-06-08 26223:Muhammad 26163:Adoptees 26074:Category 25853:Category 25717:Muhammad 25622:Category 25537:Timeline 25532:Opinions 25527:Reprints 25514:cartoons 25498:Idomeneo 25402:Muhammad 25294:Centrism 24989:Politics 24979:Republic 24948:Voegelin 24928:Spengler 24913:Shariati 24888:Rothbard 24843:Nussbaum 24743:Habermas 24718:Fukuyama 24708:Foucault 24633:Ambedkar 24610:Voltaire 24580:de Staël 24555:Rousseau 24436:Franklin 24411:Constant 24371:Beccaria 24203:Muhammad 24183:Gelasius 24168:Averroes 24142:Xenophon 24122:Polybius 24075:Chanakya 23920:Concepts 23886:Populism 23856:Localism 23841:Islamism 23826:Feminism 23725:Monarchy 23629:Property 23619:Progress 23584:Monopoly 23554:Hegemony 23463:Category 23375:Axiology 23363:See also 23154:Voegelin 23144:Spengler 23119:Shariati 23074:Nussbaum 23059:Maritain 23019:Irigaray 22999:Habermas 22964:Foucault 22949:Durkheim 22851:Voltaire 22816:de Staël 22791:Rousseau 22716:Franklin 22577:Muhammad 22562:Gelasius 22547:Avempace 22530:Medieval 22506:Polybius 22501:Plutarch 22267:Morality 22242:Ideology 22230:Identity 22139:Concepts 22090:Category 21983:Islamism 21966:Muhammad 21922:Apostasy 21897:Hinduism 21787:Feminism 21718:Medicine 21558:Military 21512:Gambling 21461:Apostasy 21456:Criminal 21368:Marriage 21337:Tayammum 21289:Murabaha 21162:Madrasas 21152:Holidays 21142:Clothing 21137:Children 21132:Calendar 21083:Quranism 21017:Khawarij 20989:Alawites 20940:Atharism 20834:Rashidun 20673:In Islam 20668:Muhammad 20497:(Tender 20477:Tamarisk 20411:Cucumber 20329:(Stars) 20307:Al-Qamar 20272:Al-ʿUzzā 20119:Objects 19933:Qabl al- 19884:Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ 19747:Doomsday 19675:al-Aḥzāb 19365:(Church) 19098:Al-Aḥqāf 19036:Jahannam 19029:Paradise 18636:Bedouins 18431:Qawm Lūṭ 18273:Abu Bakr 18103:Wife of 18092:Potiphar 18075:Binyāmin 17795:Al-Masīḥ 17767:Muḥammad 17704:Dhūn-Nūn 17648:Sulaymān 17586:(Elijah) 17498:Prophets 17414:Shayāṭīn 17372:(Genies) 17200:Qaswarah 17181:Wild ass 17159:(Female 17157:ʿAnkabūt 17080:elephant 16897:Muhammad 16891:Muhammad 16837:Zakariya 16765:Sulayman 16752:مُحَمَّد 16698:إِلْيَاس 16443:أَيُّوْب 16425:يَعْقُوب 16416:إِسْحَاق 16061:Al-Baqi' 16019:Symbolic 15719:Al-Burda 15637:(cousin) 15601:(cousin) 15575:Abu Bakr 15488:Miracles 15389:Children 15219:Muhammad 15137:(1960). 15119:(1971). 15011:(1993). 14994:"Baḥīrā" 14992:(1960). 14810:(1974). 14786:(1956). 14762:(1953). 14738:(2011). 14679:(1979). 14657:(1996). 14500:Muhammad 14385:(2003). 14337:(2007). 14246:(2007). 14228:Archived 14160:(2003). 13969:(1861). 13921:(2010). 13897:(1997). 13754:(2002). 13705:(1906). 13681:(2022). 13622:(1904). 13551:(1978). 13526:(1991). 13480:(2003). 13433:(1977). 13312:(1995). 13265:(2001). 13227:(1986). 13171:(2007). 13116:Archived 13098:(2011). 13037:(2002). 13009:(1998). 12977:Mohammed 12792:(2011). 12695:Archived 12677:(1998). 12585:(2013). 12530:Archived 12373:(2009). 12355:. ISCA. 12249:Archived 12179:Muhammad 12030:, p. 37. 11955:Archived 11798:, p. 52. 11773:, p. 34. 11739:Archived 11708:Archived 11672:Archived 11654:(2011). 11638:Archived 11607:Archived 11503:Archived 11489:Muqarnas 11462:Archived 11377:Archived 11311:Archived 11219:, p. 13. 11217:Muhammad 11180:Archived 11150:Muhammad 11052:16 April 11046:Archived 10920:Archived 10865:Archived 10822:Archived 10804:(2004). 10788:Archived 10757:Archived 10726:Archived 10692:Archived 10674:(2008). 10655:Archived 10637:(2002). 10007:(1955). 9966:Archived 8684:, ch. 1. 8590:, p. 45. 8197:Archived 8136:(1988). 7227:Quran 53 7087:(7): 3. 6866:Archived 6848:(2004). 6610:(2002). 6588:Archived 6585:Muhammad 6453:Muwaṭṭaʾ 6433:Ṣaḥīḥayn 6427:Archived 6405:(2007). 6371:(1993). 6173:(1998). 6113:24 March 5973:Archived 5965:"Qurʾān" 5963:(2007). 5843:(2003), 5690:Ak̲h̲lāḳ 5237:Mohammed 5120:See also 4921:Schlegel 4853:Persians 4712:Safavids 4703:Buddhist 4696:Ilkhanid 4575:Istanbul 4559:Shahadah 4487:ligature 4457:Shahadah 4360:Abu Bakr 4207:Abu Bakr 4167:Rashidun 4119:Abu Bakr 4039:Muhammad 4037:— 4020:pleurisy 4016:al-Abbas 4000:Maymunah 3870:Muawiyya 3353:-Turkic 3253:, after 3227:Abu Jahl 3196:churches 2989:Muhammad 2812:Abu Bakr 2787:Abu Jahl 2716:Ibn Sa'd 2634:Abu Jahl 2547:en masse 2492:Ibn Sa'd 2461:emigrate 2359:Abu Jahl 2343:Abu Bakr 2264:freedmen 2242:Abu Bakr 2191:Khadijah 2069:in 605 ( 2038:Khadijah 2015:caravans 1975:Abdullah 1960:Aksumite 1936:faithful 1677:Ethiopia 1609:Ruqayyah 1591:Khadijah 1531:Abdullah 1359:the work 1000:prophets 935:Muḥammad 924:مُحَمَّد 881:Muhammad 604:Miracles 586:Military 511:Muhammad 503:a series 501:Part of 370:مُحَمَّد 366:Muḥammad 354:Personal 247:(mother) 241:(father) 221:Children 91:Personal 61:مُحَمَّد 51:Muhammad 18:Maometto 26243:Quraysh 26084:Commons 26041:Quraish 25969:Khaybar 25777:Mahomet 25763:Inferno 25757:Falnama 25409:History 25331:Statism 25244:Elitism 25202:Related 25003:(51 BC) 24933:Strauss 24908:Scruton 24903:Schmitt 24893:Russell 24813:Michels 24808:Maurras 24803:Marcuse 24763:Kautsky 24733:Gramsci 24728:Gentile 24698:Dworkin 24688:Du Bois 24683:Dmowski 24678:Chomsky 24673:Burnham 24658:Benoist 24628:Agamben 24595:Thoreau 24585:Stirner 24575:Spencer 24520:Mazzini 24510:Maistre 24505:Madison 24500:Le Play 24431:Fourier 24396:Carlyle 24376:Bentham 24366:Bastiat 24361:Bakunin 24338:Spinoza 24328:Müntzer 24298:Leibniz 24271:Grotius 24251:Bossuet 24218:Plethon 24163:Aquinas 24132:Sun Tzu 24100:Mencius 24090:Han Fei 23861:Marxism 23821:Fascism 23654:Society 23579:Liberty 23564:Justice 23544:Freedom 23204:(44 BC) 23134:Sombart 23129:Skinner 23114:Scruton 23094:Polanyi 23069:Niebuhr 23054:Marcuse 22989:Gramsci 22984:Gentile 22944:Du Bois 22934:Deleuze 22904:Benoist 22874:Agamben 22831:Thoreau 22821:Stirner 22811:Spencer 22761:Le Play 22711:Fourier 22696:Emerson 22681:Carlyle 22666:Bentham 22643:Müntzer 22613:Erasmus 22587:Plethon 22582:Photios 22542:Aquinas 22476:Mencius 22444:Ancient 22377:Schools 22257:Loyalty 22215:History 22203:Counter 22198:Culture 22166:Customs 22037:Nursing 21998:Qutbism 21912:Sikhism 21907:Judaism 21902:Jainism 21892:Druzism 21728:Physics 21675:Pottery 21660:Gardens 21655:Carpets 21570:Slavery 21492:Divorce 21479:Dhabiĥa 21307:Hygiene 21282:Takaful 21264:Banking 21194:Science 21188:Qurbani 21157:Mosques 21117:Animals 21106:Culture 21040:Nukkari 21035:Azzabas 21022:Azariqa 21006:Zaydism 20994:Alevism 20870:Ottoman 20860:Almohad 20855:Fatimid 20850:Córdoba 20845:Abbasid 20840:Umayyad 20773:Leaders 20768:History 20726:Shahada 20641:Beliefs 20562:(Drink) 20548:(River) 20533:Liquids 20365:(Shoot) 20353:(Onion) 20313:Kawākib 20301:Maṣābīḥ 20246:Yaghūth 19982:Implied 19942:Al-Aṣīl 19892:Al-Layl 19776:Ramaḍān 19725:Jumuʿah 19589:Shaddad 19481:Arabia 19475:Antakya 19470:Antioch 19463:Implied 19407:Al-Aqsa 19342:Nineveh 19328:Babylon 19173:Ḥaraman 19143:(Hegra) 19140:Al-Ḥijr 19130:ʿArafāt 19124:Yathrib 19119:Madīnah 18949:Sabians 18885:Muslims 18854:Kāfirūn 18822:Khazraj 18673:Quraysh 18444:Tribes, 18366:Sabbath 18310:Shaddad 18283:Barṣīṣā 18216:Pharaoh 18212:Firʿawn 17909:Ṣamūʾīl 17896:Implied 17827:Abraham 17799:Messiah 17652:Solomon 17638:Shuʿayb 17610:Ishmael 17606:Ismāʿīl 17570:(Eber?) 17564:(Aaron) 17526:Al-Yasa 17463:Ghilmān 17339:Raphael 17335:Isrāfīl 17098:hud-hud 17048:Related 17041:Animals 16918:Muslims 16801:Al-Yasa 16771:Solomon 16734:يَحْيَى 16707:اليَسَع 16634:Ezekiel 16470:هَارُون 16452:شُعَيْب 16386:Ishmael 16350:Abraham 16344:Ibrahim 16184:إِدرِيس 16070:Mosques 15990:Khaybar 15782:(Camel) 15678:Gabriel 15625:(uncle) 15619:(uncle) 15613:(uncle) 15607:(uncle) 15284:(Uncle) 15233:Parents 15169:"Ka'ba" 15139:"Āmina" 14869:(ed.). 14625:21 June 13086:19 June 12862:3512048 12644:13 June 12342:Sources 12255:20 June 11044:. BBC. 10619:"Isa", 10045:110:1–3 8615:Quran 8 7887:1595926 6559:26 June 6513:29 June 6351:27 June 5828:p. 199. 5577:Rayhana 5516:28 June 5331:Gabriel 5249:Mohamed 5245:Muhamad 5241:Mahamad 5233:Mohamet 5036:heretic 5020:Western 5008:figures 4941:pogroms 4717:Ottoman 4610:Wahhabi 4563:the God 4500:‎ 4491:Unicode 4149:ziyarat 4115:Sahabah 4109:sultan 4107:Ottoman 4101:sultan 3862:Quraysh 3771:Ottoman 3691:Khaybar 3513:Gabriel 3509:Quraysh 3364:Quraysh 3301:Khazraj 3204:mosques 3176:Quranic 3116:Khaybar 2791:Gabriel 2720:Ramadan 2642:Quraysh 2586:Khadija 2536:Gabriel 2527:Quraysh 2420:Gabriel 2406:Yathrib 2355:Makhzum 2350:Quraysh 2311:Quraysh 2300:tazakka 2234:Khadija 2221:Gabriel 2176:Gabriel 2138:Gabriel 2130:Khadija 2073:period) 1999:archery 1954:, when 1930: 1916:Abraham 1912:Ishmael 1893:Quraysh 1633:on the 1401:Muwatta 1255:Yathrib 1251:Gabriel 1172:sources 1059:Gabriel 1039:Quraysh 988:Abraham 943: 931:: 780:Related 758:Salawat 720:Saqifah 681:Judaism 471: 451:Epithet 319: 280: 232:Parents 160:at the 26213:Medina 25426:Hadith 25193:(1992) 25183:(1971) 25173:(1951) 25163:(1945) 25153:(1944) 25143:(1929) 25133:(1859) 25123:(1848) 25103:(1820) 25093:(1791) 25083:(1790) 25073:(1762) 25063:(1748) 25053:(1689) 25043:(1651) 25033:(1532) 25023:(1313) 24953:Walzer 24943:Taylor 24898:Sartre 24863:Popper 24858:Pareto 24853:Ortega 24838:Nozick 24828:Mouffe 24778:Laclau 24738:Guénon 24723:Gandhi 24663:Berlin 24653:Bauman 24648:Badiou 24638:Arendt 24605:Tucker 24495:Le Bon 24456:Herder 24446:Haller 24441:Godwin 24426:Fichte 24421:Engels 24416:Cortés 24386:Bonald 24343:Suárez 24318:Milton 24308:Luther 24281:Hobbes 24266:Filmer 24256:Calvin 24241:Boétie 24234:period 24213:Ockham 24080:Cicero 23881:Nazism 23669:Utopia 23644:Rights 23634:Regime 23604:People 23589:Nation 23395:Ethics 23354:(2010) 23344:(1991) 23334:(1990) 23324:(1987) 23314:(1987) 23304:(1979) 23294:(1976) 23284:(1967) 23274:(1964) 23264:(1949) 23254:(1935) 23244:(1930) 23224:(1756) 23214:(1486) 23159:Walzer 23149:Taylor 23139:Sowell 23124:Simmel 23089:Pareto 23084:Ortega 22994:Guénon 22979:Gehlen 22974:Gandhi 22929:Debord 22914:Butler 22909:Berlin 22899:Bauman 22889:Badiou 22879:Arendt 22869:Adorno 22801:Ruskin 22756:Le Bon 22731:Herder 22706:Fichte 22701:Engels 22671:Bonald 22661:Arnold 22633:Milton 22628:Luther 22608:Calvin 22486:Origen 22456:Cicero 22416:Social 22352:Family 22347:Values 22308:Rights 22272:Public 22220:Honour 22151:Anomie 22146:Agency 21849: 21807:poetry 21617: 21502:Ethics 21486:Dhimmi 21445:Baligh 21406:Mahram 21363:Family 21343:Toilet 21323:Miswak 21076:Lahori 21059:Najdat 20955:Salafi 20905:Seerah 20900:Tafsir 20895:Hadith 20865:Sokoto 20810:Sahaba 20685:Angels 20662:Tawhid 20619:topics 20560:Sharāb 20520:Zaqqūm 20437:Zaytūn 20417:Rummān 20403:(Herb) 20395:Lentil 20384:Fruits 20377:(Seed) 20319:Al-Arḍ 20296:bodies 20267:Al-Lāt 20182:Ṭāghūt 20173:'Ansāb 20101:Psalms 20068:Tawrāt 20051:Qurʾān 20043:Gospel 19935:Ghurūb 19900:ʿIshāʾ 19859:Tasbīḥ 19853:Takbīr 19847:Taḥmīd 19639:Ma'rib 19559:Canaan 19546:'Ariha 19544:& 19385:Mosque 19381:Masjid 19370:Miḥrāb 19181:Kaʿbah 19175:Āminan 19167:Bakkah 19157:Makkah 19152:Ḥunayn 19084:In the 19056:Midian 19052:Madyan 19024:Jannah 18905:Naṣārā 18839:groups 18782:Amalek 18678:Thamūd 18466:Ar-Rūm 18426:Medina 18332:Groups 18302:Nimrod 18268:Abraha 18182:Sister 18177:Mother 18117:Mother 18079:Simeon 18067:Joseph 18048:Vizier 18038:Mother 17913:Samuel 17903:Irmiyā 17882:Gideon 17864:Maryam 17859:Luqmān 17776:Other 17730:Joseph 17679:Yaʿqūb 17590:ʿImrān 17530:Elisha 17468:Wildān 17455:Others 17419:Demons 17387:ʿIfrīt 17353:Mīkāil 17322:('The 17307:Ar-Rūḥ 17300:Jibrīl 17226:Angels 17161:spider 17121:namlah 17103:hoopoe 17057:baqara 17009:('The 16916:Note: 16807:Elisha 16789:Elijah 16743:عِيسَى 16716:يُونُس 16579:Jethro 16573:Shuayb 16543:Joseph 16501:Is'haq 16488:دَاوُد 16461:مُوسَى 16434:يُوسُف 16380:Ismail 16211:صَالِح 15980:Medina 15968:Cities 15961:Places 15931:Durood 15803:Hadith 15775:Pulpit 15744:Hadith 15709:Durood 15699:Mawlid 15659:(poet) 15587:Uthman 15568:People 15515:Events 15427:Fatima 15154:"Waḥy" 15094: 15070: 15051: 15025: 14969: 14944: 14921: 14900: 14847: 14820: 14796: 14772: 14748: 14713: 14689: 14665: 14643: 14616: 14595: 14574: 14550: 14528: 14507: 14483: 14462: 14443: 14424: 14400: 14371: 14347: 14323: 14296: 14275: 14254: 14220: 14196: 14170: 14146: 14125: 14104: 14080: 14056: 14035: 14011: 13990: 13955: 13931: 13907: 13883: 13855: 13831: 13807: 13783: 13762: 13740: 13715: 13691: 13667: 13643: 13608: 13587: 13561: 13536: 13512: 13488: 13462: 13441: 13411: 13387: 13343: 13322: 13298: 13275: 13251: 13205: 13181: 13157: 13133: 13108: 13077: 13053: 13023: 12995: 12963: 12942: 12913: 12879: 12860: 12827: 12806: 12778: 12754: 12733: 12712: 12687: 12663: 12635: 12599: 12571: 12550: 12522: 12501: 12480: 12456: 12432: 12413: 12359: 12328: 12303: 12278: 12223: 12026:Watt, 11947: 11899: 11820: 11794:Watt, 11769:Watt, 11736:(1998) 11734:Lewis 11700: 11664: 11630: 11599: 11570: 11537: 11495: 11454: 11369: 11303: 11202:21:107 11200:Quran 11172: 10857: 10814: 10780: 10749: 10718: 10684: 10647: 10577: 10043:Quran 10017: 9424: 9297:Watt, 9217:Meri, 8767: 8742: 8586:Watt, 8189: 8150: 7885: 7877: 7626:Watt, 7379:Watt, 7091: 6858: 6689: 6629:12 May 6620: 6550: 6504: 6437:Sunans 6419: 6385: 6342: 6307: 6251: 6211: 6184: 6007:17:106 6005:Quran 5851: 5824: 5820:1985. 5060:Sufism 5054:Sufism 5030:, the 4917:Herder 4913:Goethe 4849:Romans 4729:mi'raj 4721:mi'raj 4598:rahmat 4583:poetry 4569:", in 4552:Muslim 4535:Hadith 4531:Sunnah 4523:tafsir 4507:hadith 4495:U+FDFA 4472:prayer 4431:Legacy 4316:Medina 4278:Persia 4211:caliph 4194: 4188: 4182: 4169:, and 4099:Mamluk 4070:Medina 3699:Medina 3647:Uthman 3589:Medina 3491:An-Nur 3416:Medina 3351:Mamluk 3202:, and 3136:Hunayn 3126:Mu'tah 3086:Trench 3051:Bahran 3006:Safwan 3001:Al-‘Īṣ 2919:hijrah 2903:was a 2868:shofar 2857:qiblah 2845:masjid 2808:bounty 2803:Sawdah 2780:Hijrah 2757:Hijrah 2749:Hijrah 2724:Hijrah 2680:heaven 2551:hadith 2504:Medina 2484:Tabari 2482:While 2410:rabbis 2367:Hashim 2319:Qur'an 2162:vision 2106:, and 2023:Bahira 2005:, and 1958:, the 1956:Abraha 1819:61–62 1806:59–60 1792:57–58 1778:56–57 1765:54–55 1752:53–54 1742:Medina 1734:51–52 1720:49–50 1686:45–46 1672:44–45 1661:43–44 1615:, and 1605:Zainab 1600:28–29 1586:24–25 1572:12–13 1549:Arabia 1515:Event 1486:Mawlid 1420:hadith 1390:Hadith 1384:Hadith 1162:hadith 1157:sunnah 1119:Hijrah 1115:Medina 1055: 1025:CE in 1023: 920:Arabic 798:Relics 768:Mawlid 752:Praise 580:Career 563:Hadith 537:Medina 532:Hijrah 408:Quṣayy 400:Hāshim 210:Spouse 141:Medina 84:Medina 25919:Bilal 25848:Films 25607:Books 25496:2006 25453:Hilya 25342:Index 24971:Works 24958:Weber 24923:Spann 24918:Sorel 24883:Röpke 24878:Rawls 24833:Negri 24823:Mosca 24818:Mises 24783:Lenin 24753:Hoppe 24748:Hayek 24713:Fromm 24703:Evola 24693:Dugin 24590:Taine 24570:Smith 24550:Renan 24545:Paine 24466:Iqbal 24451:Hegel 24401:Comte 24391:Burke 24303:Locke 24293:James 24246:Bodin 24178:Dante 24173:Bruni 24127:Shang 24110:Plato 23664:State 23614:Power 23599:Peace 23534:Elite 23512:Terms 23192:Works 23179:Žižek 23164:Weber 23104:Röpke 23064:Negri 23044:Lasch 23014:Hoppe 22969:Fromm 22959:Evola 22939:Dewey 22919:Camus 22826:Taine 22806:Smith 22796:Royce 22786:Renan 22721:Hegel 22686:Comte 22676:Burke 22623:Locke 22557:Dante 22552:Bruni 22521:Xunzi 22496:Plato 22491:Philo 22471:Laozi 22279:Mores 22191:Multi 22181:Inter 21971:Quran 21851:Other 21746:Early 21670:Music 21586:Kalam 21540:Jizya 21528:Hudud 21413:Nikah 21330:Najis 21316:Ghusl 21275:Sukuk 21204:Women 21172:Music 21147:Flags 21052:Sufri 21045:Wahbi 21030:Ibadi 20930:Sunni 20890:Quran 20747:Zakat 20733:Salah 20696:Qadar 20654:Allah 20617:Islam 20576:Note: 20505:Nakhl 20495:Līnah 20441:Olive 20391:ʿAdas 20363:Shaṭʾ 20351:Baṣal 20327:Nujūm 20277:Manāt 20251:Yaʿūq 20236:Suwāʿ 20204:Baʿal 20099:(The 20096:Zabūr 20073:Torah 20071:(The 20041:(The 20038:Injīl 20021:Other 19926:Masāʾ 19841:Dhikr 19835:Ṣalāh 19825:Duʿāʾ 19805:Umrah 19581:River 19525:Ta'if 19487:Ḥijāz 19415:(The 19362:Bayʿa 19338:Jonah 19324:Bābil 19212:Sheba 19207:Sabaʾ 19185:Kaaba 19161:Mecca 19071:Egypt 18927:Yahūd 18865:Majūs 18660:Tubba 18631:Arabs 18626:Aʿrāb 18575:Mecca 18558:Anṣār 18526:Yūnus 18524:Qawm 18233:Qārūn 18227:Jālūt 18222:Hāmān 18206:Terah 18105:ʿAzīz 18098:Malik 18088:ʿAzīz 18017:Peter 17874:Ṭālūt 17817:Moses 17797:(The 17789:Jesus 17772:Aḥmad 17726:Yūsuf 17712:Whale 17698:Jonah 17694:Yūnus 17683:Jacob 17669:Yaḥyā 17659:Uzair 17642:Hobab 17633:Ṣāliḥ 17600:Isaac 17596:Isḥāq 17584:Ilyās 17578:Enoch 17574:Idrīs 17562:Hārūn 17550:David 17546:Dāwūd 17536:Ayyūb 17444:Mārid 17437:Devil 17428:Iblīs 17402:Qarīn 17394:Sakhr 17268:Raqib 17238:Mālik 17177:Ḥimār 17139:nāqat 17086:Ḥimār 17066:dhiʾb 17025:Karīm 17021:Allah 17017:Names 17007:Allāh 16972:Quran 16930:Quran 16879:Jesus 16855:Yahya 16825:Jonah 16819:Yunus 16783:Ilyas 16659:David 16653:Dawud 16616:Aaron 16610:Harun 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