158:
143:
27:
307:
2757:
2779:
267:, but have since not drastically changed). At the time, the availability of online documentation through the manual page system was regarded as a great advance. To this day, virtually every Unix command line application comes with a man page, and many Unix users perceive a program's lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as
788:
Some sections are further subdivided by means of a suffix; for example, in some systems, section 3C is for C library calls, 3M is for the math library, and so on. A consequence of this is that section 8 (system administration commands) is sometimes relegated to the 1M subsection of the main commands
172:), documentation was printed pages, available on the premises to users (staff, students...), organized into steel binders, locked together in one monolithic steel reading rack, bolted to a table or counter, with pages organized for modular information updates, replacement, errata, and addenda.
946:
does emit them as requested when it detects a supporting terminal. The BSD mandoc however only supports bold and underlined (as a replacement for italics) text via the typewriter backspace-then-overstrike sequence, which needs to be translated into ECMA-48 by
938:, this distinction is usually moot because man pages are viewed in the terminal (TTY) instead of laid out on paper. As a result, the "small font" macro is seldom used. On the other hand, bold and italic text is supported by the terminal via
962:
output and some additional content to generate a manual page. The manual would be barely more useful than the said output, but for GNU programs this is not an issue as texinfo is the main documentation system. A number of tools, including
885:
Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ENVIRONMENT, BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT.
445:. The section refers to different ways the topic might be referenced - for example, as a system call, or a shell (command line) command or package, or a package's configuration file, or as a coding construct / header.
918:
language is more semantic in nature, and contains specialized macros for most standard sections such as program name, synopsis, function names, and the name of the authors. This information can be used to implement a
862:
In the case of a command, a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its
927:. Although it also includes directives to directly control the styling, it is expected that the specialized macros will cover most of the use-cases. Both the mandoc and the groff projects consider
1271:
1407:
708:
APIs are present in both sections 2 and 3, where section 2 contains APIs that are implemented as system calls and section 3 contains APIs that are implemented as library routines.
1323:
1297:
1349:
421:
For Linux, a man7.org service has been set up to serve manuals specific to the system. A ManKier service provides a wider selection, and integrates the TLDR pages too.
2015:
352:
command, which enables users to browse their man pages using an HTML browser. Systems with groff and man-db should use the higher-quality native HTML output (
213:), and others more detailed descriptions of operating system features. The printed version of the manual initially fit into a single binder, but as of
1438:
914:
functions, with directives for the title line, section headers, (bold, small or italic) fonts, paragraphs and adding/reducing indentation. The newer
1669:
1267:
1799:
2076:
1993:
1970:
1376:
1831:
1399:
290:
in the man-db version of the man command that would cause the command to return "gimme gimme gimme" when run at 00:30 (a reference to the
1940:
1139:
295:
1861:
1698:
1319:
1293:
983:
has an inbuilt man(7) converter – of appalling quality, according to mandoc's author who wrote a separate mdoc(7) converter.
2145:
1639:
228:
Later versions of the documentation imitated the first man pages' terseness. Ritchie added a "How to get started" section to the
1345:
169:
1241:
410:
service launched, which unified and shortened access to the man.cgi scripts of the major modern BSD projects through a unique
391:, and the terminal. It is meant to only support a subset of troff used in manual pages, specifically those using mdoc macros.
1495:
1210:
1178:
986:
Man pages are usually written in
English, but translations into other languages may be available on the system. The GNU
2112:
1910:
2805:
954:
Some tools have been used to convert documents in a less contrived format to manual pages. Examples include GNU's
2810:
2770:
2765:
2815:
272:
2120:, freebsd.org – has also man pages for Darwin, Debian, HP-UX, IRIS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, NextSTEP, SunOS and more
1607:
1524:
1430:
244:
Editions. Versions of the software were named after the revision of the manual; the seventh edition of the
2123:
2606:
2138:
1073:
492:. The syntax for accessing the non-default manual section varies between different man implementations.
333:
man (appearance oriented) or mdoc (semantic oriented). This makes it possible to typeset a man page into
849:
text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include:
697:
275:
also distribute man pages as one of the primary forms of system documentation (having replaced the old
1661:
2742:
2712:
742:
298:. It was introduced in 2011 but first restricted and then removed in 2017 after finally being found.
2727:
1036:
338:
318:
206:
1791:
498:
2068:
1985:
1962:
1883:
1372:
2331:
2321:
448:
The same page name may appear in more than one section of the manual, such as when the names of
2783:
2488:
2157:
2131:
1823:
1723:
51:
2044:
1932:
1551:
1131:
440:
1465:
1068:
271:, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. The modern descendants of
2820:
2658:
1853:
8:
693:
616:
590:
453:
399:
Quite a few websites offer online access to manual pages from various Unix-like systems.
85:
70:
1811:
Concurrent with work on man(7), mdoc(7) will be actively supported and its use promoted.
1690:
856:
The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.
620:
287:
35:
1631:
826:(Section 3 tends to be the exception with the many suffixes for different languages.)
542:
The manual is generally split into eight numbered sections. Most systems today (e.g.
437:
Pages are traditionally referred to using the notation "name(section)": for example,
845:
All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple
263:
macros (which were completely revised between the Sixth and
Seventh Editions of the
185:
was first published on
November 3, 1971. The first actual man pages were written by
2558:
2463:
2458:
379:, a specialised compiler/formatter for man pages with native support for output in
157:
142:
78:
66:
62:
1171:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
2737:
2681:
2586:
2387:
2290:
2065:
1462:"mdoc.su — Short manual page URLs for FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD"
920:
817:
780:
194:
176:
1206:
128:
command does not require internet access, dating back to the times when printed
2676:
2611:
2596:
2533:
2493:
2372:
2336:
2230:
2106:
1169:
1086:
833:
cache the formatted versions of the last several pages viewed. One form is the
768:
555:
415:
252:
241:
237:
233:
229:
218:
186:
101:
96:
975:
format, as
Markdown is not expressive enough to match the semantic content of
26:
2799:
2717:
2578:
2513:
2285:
2260:
2161:
1487:
637:
563:
559:
225:, it was split into two volumes with the printed man pages forming Volume 1.
222:
2691:
2591:
2508:
2503:
2407:
2316:
2280:
2235:
2153:
1165:
633:
330:
306:
190:
1854:"Italics and colour in manual pages on a nosh user-space virtual terminal"
789:
section. Some subsection suffixes have a general meaning across sections:
2627:
2601:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2351:
2341:
2295:
1079:
1007:
731:
668:
650:
603:
457:
449:
130:
107:
74:
1906:
2443:
2402:
2205:
2175:
2100:
1746:
1029:
1021:
935:
664:
380:
334:
2117:
2732:
2686:
2666:
2563:
2543:
2498:
2346:
2270:
2255:
2240:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
1017:
911:
728:
357:
59:
20:
994:
is known to search for localized manual pages under subdirectories.
869:
A textual description of the functioning of the command or function.
2428:
1242:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
1028:) that provides simple examples for common use cases, similar to a
968:
214:
202:
77:), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts. A
2007:
2453:
2377:
1889:
1729:
1599:
1557:
1403:
1102:
1012:
980:
939:
368:
364:(from "WithOut man") allows to browse man pages from the editor.
311:
181:
161:
1769:
1577:
1516:
1047:
development environments) now provide end-user documentation in
471:
463:
2438:
2180:
1092:
1055:
for reading the help within the application. An HTML system in
964:
934:
Although man pages are, to troff, text laid out using 10-point
924:
753:
530:
376:
268:
248:, for example, came with the 7th Edition or Version 7 of Unix.
120:
711:
On some systems some of the following sections are available:
2671:
2568:
2548:
2478:
2397:
2300:
2275:
2250:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
1775:
1752:
1583:
1110:
1056:
1040:
1006:
have enjoyed much popularity, with the possible exception of
846:
806:
705:
551:
547:
411:
388:
372:
326:
256:
2069:"Re: [Groff] man pages (tangential to Future Redux)"
1896:. "Font styles are applied by using back-spaced encoding..."
495:
On
Solaris and illumos, for example, the syntax for reading
487:
479:
2722:
2696:
2632:
2553:
2448:
2433:
2392:
2382:
2326:
2154:
1106:
1097:
1048:
514:
On Linux and BSD derivatives the same invocation would be:
429:
To read a manual page for a Unix command, a user can type:
384:
345:
291:
210:
55:
2523:
2423:
2367:
2265:
1044:
764:
543:
403:
150:
2245:
2008:"command line - Linux man pages in different languages"
1373:"WoMan: Browse Unix Manual Pages "W.O. (without) Man""
164:
section 8 intro man page, displaying in a text console
1400:"FreeBSD Quarterly Status Report, January-March 2013"
1320:"GIT commit b225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e"
1294:"GIT commit 84bde8d8a9a357bd372793d25746ac6b49480525"
1268:"GIT commit 002a6339b1fe8f83f4808022a17e1aa379756d99"
1020:
system. There is also a third-party effort known as
341:, and various other formats for viewing or printing.
201:
also accumulated a set of short papers, some of them
1346:""Why does man print "gimme gimme gimme" at 00:30?""
236:
provided the "Purple Card" pocket reference for the
2036:
1982:– for specific complaints by the author, see
1986:"Re: Groff man pages (tangential to Future Redux)"
1461:
407:
1039:applications (particularly those built using the
2797:
124:form of software documentation, even though the
2103:for a primary-source history of UNIX man pages.
1600:"Manual Pages for Research Unix Eighth Edition"
255:Edition the man pages were formatted using the
1207:"UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984 Part I - Diversity"
894:Manual pages can be written either in the old
2139:
2109:with nearly 300,000 well formatted man pages.
1983:
1338:
1239:
1460:Murenin, Constantine A. (23 February 2013).
1431:"announcing mdoc.su, short manual page URLs"
1429:Murenin, Constantine A. (19 February 2013).
1233:
1200:
1198:
967:, ronn, and md2man support conversion from
636:(usually devices, those found in /dev) and
558:11.4) inherit the numbering scheme used by
296:Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)
2778:
2146:
2132:
1177:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
1051:and include embedded HTML viewers such as
971:to manual pages. All these tools emit the
1960:
1717:
1715:
1632:"Unix Programmer's Manual - Introduction"
1204:
1124:
837:, simply piped to the pager for display.
1963:"New mandoc -mdoc -T markdown converter"
1195:
1160:
1158:
1156:
931:the preferred format for new documents.
881:A list of related commands or functions.
305:
209:programming language, and tools such as
156:
141:
25:
2113:What do the numbers in a man page mean?
1626:
1624:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1459:
1428:
1164:
197:in 1971. Aside from the man pages, the
2798:
1712:
619:functions, covering in particular the
375:for formatting man pages in favour of
114:Man pages are often referred to as an
2127:
1834:from the original on 24 December 2019
1571:
1569:
1468:from the original on 17 December 2014
1410:from the original on 22 December 2014
1379:from the original on 11 November 2020
1352:from the original on 21 November 2017
1300:from the original on 5 September 2018
1153:
81:may invoke a man page by issuing the
1621:
1538:
1397:
1364:
1326:from the original on 9 November 2020
1274:from the original on 4 December 2017
153:application for viewing manual pages
2064:
1286:
1260:
1059:is also slated to replace texinfo.
325:The default format of man pages is
259:typesetting package and its set of
193:at the insistence of their manager
13:
2107:UNIX and Linux Man Page Repository
1984:Ingo Schwarze (28 February 2014).
1933:"Man Pages (GNU Coding Standards)"
1592:
1566:
1441:from the original on 7 August 2014
1370:
902:macros, or a combination of both (
537:
394:
205:(e.g. for general Unix usage, the
14:
2832:
2094:
1913:from the original on 6 March 2023
1642:from the original on June 1, 2020
1213:from the original on 17 July 2012
2777:
2756:
2755:
1996:from the original on 2023-03-05.
1792:"Groff Mission Statement - 2014"
1398:Pali, Gabor, ed. (12 May 2013).
1205:Darwin, Ian; Collyer, Geoffrey.
923:for manuals by programs such as
745:routines (FreeBSD, SVR4, Linux)
424:
418:service for the *BSD man pages.
406:community saw a new open source
179:, no documentation existed. The
2079:from the original on 2023-03-05
2058:
2047:from the original on 2020-04-27
2029:
2018:from the original on 2023-03-11
2000:
1973:from the original on 2023-03-05
1954:
1943:from the original on 2023-03-05
1925:
1899:
1875:
1864:from the original on 2021-01-28
1846:
1816:
1802:from the original on 2020-12-03
1784:
1761:
1738:
1701:from the original on 2023-03-11
1683:
1672:from the original on 2020-08-03
1654:
1610:from the original on 2020-06-30
1527:from the original on 2020-04-25
1509:
1498:from the original on 2020-05-07
1480:
1453:
1422:
1391:
1184:from the original on 2017-11-11
1142:from the original on 2023-01-30
1136:FreeBSD General Commands Manual
997:
534:in section 3 of the man pages.
348:systems have a package for the
1691:"lapack (l) - Linux Man Pages"
1312:
1240:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
1016:" system, an early and simple
875:Some examples of common usage.
175:In the first two years of the
1:
1117:
301:
1662:"System V release 4 manuals"
889:
34:utility, as seen in various
7:
1907:"help2man Reference Manual"
1666:bitsavers.trailing-edge.com
1074:List of Plan 9 applications
1062:
910:macro set provides minimal
16:Unix software documentation
10:
2837:
2086:– via lists.gnu.org.
1732:Miscellaneous Information
317:manual page, typeset into
137:
18:
2751:
2705:
2657:
2641:
2620:
2577:
2416:
2360:
2309:
2168:
991:
987:
976:
972:
959:
955:
948:
943:
928:
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
840:
65:. Topics covered include
2101:History of UNIX Manpages
1488:"Linux man pages online"
1223:Originally published in
566:uses a different order:
516:
505:
433:man<command_name>
431:
246:Unix Programmer's Manual
182:Unix Programmer's Manual
19:Not to be confused with
2806:Technical communication
1435:freebsd-doc@freebsd.org
1035:In addition, some Unix
460:coincide. Examples are
134:manuals were the norm.
111:to display its output.
2811:Unix SUS2008 utilities
2771:Unix SUS2008 utilities
2766:Standard Unix programs
2158:command-line interface
692:System administration
402:In February 2013, the
322:
279:macros with the newer
165:
154:
52:software documentation
39:
2816:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
1113:graphical man utility
1069:List of Unix commands
414:-based deterministic
309:
160:
145:
30:The man page for the
29:
2659:Software development
2118:FreeBSD Manual Pages
1828:The GNU Troff Manual
1695:www.systutorials.com
1638:. November 3, 1971.
1230:(11), November 1984.
1002:Few alternatives to
1371:Wright, Francis J.
528:which searches for
286:There was a hidden
199:Programmer's Manual
168:Before Unix (e.g.,
54:usually found on a
36:Linux distributions
756:library functions
621:C standard library
329:, with either the
323:
232:introduction, and
166:
155:
40:
2793:
2792:
1892:General Commands
1636:www.bell-labs.com
1586:General Commands
1560:General Commands
829:Some versions of
824:
823:
786:
785:
703:
702:
95:typically uses a
67:computer programs
2828:
2781:
2780:
2759:
2758:
2361:User environment
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2075:(Mailing list).
2066:Raymond, Eric S.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:(Mailing list).
1981:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
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1727:
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1616:
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1581:
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1573:
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1536:
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1533:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1437:(Mailing list).
1426:
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1183:
1176:
1162:
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1150:
1148:
1147:
1128:
1089:
1082:
1054:
1027:
1015:
1005:
993:
989:
978:
974:
961:
958:, which takes a
957:
950:
945:
930:
917:
909:
905:
901:
898:macros, the new
897:
832:
792:
791:
714:
713:
653:and conventions
569:
568:
524:
521:
510:
502:
501:
491:
490:
483:
482:
475:
474:
467:
466:
444:
443:
355:
351:
316:
282:
278:
262:
127:
110:
104:
99:program such as
94:
84:
63:operating system
33:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2747:
2701:
2653:
2637:
2616:
2573:
2417:Text processing
2412:
2356:
2305:
2164:
2152:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1976:
1974:
1961:Ingo Schwarze.
1959:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
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1882:
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1471:
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1411:
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1292:
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1266:
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1251:
1249:
1238:
1234:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1185:
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809:specifications
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538:Manual sections
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416:URL shortening
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234:Lorinda Cherry
187:Dennis Ritchie
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97:terminal pager
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1755:File Formats
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1751: –
1748:
1747:groff_tmac(5)
1741:
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1248:. p. 132
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1008:GNU Project's
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560:Research Unix
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425:Command usage
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331:macro package
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230:Third Edition
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223:Research Unix
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2081:. Retrieved
2072:
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2040:
2037:"TLDR pages"
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1989:
1975:. Retrieved
1967:undeadly.org
1966:
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1901:
1893:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1810:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:
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1779:
1778:Miscellanea
1763:
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1740:
1733:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
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1674:. Retrieved
1665:
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1644:. Retrieved
1635:
1612:. Retrieved
1603:
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1561:
1529:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:25 September
1328:. Retrieved
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1245:
1235:
1227:
1225:Microsystems
1224:
1215:. Retrieved
1186:. Retrieved
1170:
1144:. Retrieved
1135:
1126:
1034:
1001:
998:Alternatives
985:
953:
933:
893:
884:
863:declaration.
844:
834:
828:
825:
798:Description
787:
732:header files
720:Description
710:
704:
669:screensavers
651:File formats
604:System calls
578:Description
541:
529:
527:
513:
494:
450:system calls
447:
436:
428:
420:
401:
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366:
361:
343:
324:
310:Part of the
285:
264:
250:
245:
227:
198:
195:Doug McIlroy
191:Ken Thompson
180:
174:
167:
146:
129:
119:
115:
113:
91:By default,
90:
75:system calls
47:
43:
41:
2821:Online help
2169:File system
1937:www.gnu.org
1838:31 December
1796:www.gnu.org
1472:25 December
1445:25 December
1414:25 December
1356:22 November
1304:22 November
1278:22 November
1217:22 December
866:DESCRIPTION
795:Subsection
371:deprecated
219:7th Edition
149:, an early
131:out-of-band
69:(including
48:manual page
46:(short for
2800:Categories
2761:Categories
2083:2023-03-05
2051:2020-05-05
2022:2020-05-05
2012:Ask Ubuntu
1977:2023-03-05
1947:2023-03-05
1868:2021-01-21
1806:2021-01-02
1705:2021-05-29
1676:2020-05-06
1614:2020-05-06
1531:2020-05-05
1502:2020-05-05
1252:30 January
1188:2015-02-01
1146:2023-07-15
1118:References
1030:cheatsheet
1022:TLDR pages
936:Roman type
734:(Unix v6)
499:printf(3C)
381:PostScript
354:man --html
335:PostScript
302:Formatting
288:Easter egg
2621:Searching
2310:Processes
1884:mandoc(1)
1018:hypertext
912:rich text
890:Authoring
771:commands
729:C library
575:System V
367:In 2010,
358:GNU Emacs
203:tutorials
60:Unix-like
21:Main Page
2429:basename
2077:Archived
2045:Archived
2016:Archived
1994:Archived
1971:Archived
1941:Archived
1911:Archived
1862:Archived
1858:jdebp.eu
1832:Archived
1800:Archived
1699:Archived
1670:Archived
1640:Archived
1608:Archived
1525:Archived
1496:Archived
1492:man7.org
1466:Archived
1439:Archived
1408:Archived
1383:3 August
1377:Archived
1350:Archived
1324:Archived
1298:Archived
1272:Archived
1211:Archived
1179:Archived
1168:(1987).
1140:Archived
1132:"man(1)"
1063:See also
969:Markdown
956:help2man
878:SEE ALSO
872:EXAMPLES
859:SYNOPSIS
835:cat page
717:Section
694:commands
591:commands
589:General
564:System V
562:. While
454:commands
360:program
350:man2html
251:For the
217:and the
215:PWB/UNIX
44:man page
2534:strings
2454:dirname
2378:logname
2327:crontab
2041:tldr.sh
1917:5 March
1890:FreeBSD
1730:FreeBSD
1724:mdoc(7)
1558:FreeBSD
1521:ManKier
1517:"About"
1404:FreeBSD
1375:. GNU.
1103:ManOpen
1087:apropos
981:DocBook
940:ECMA-48
906:). The
698:daemons
638:drivers
617:Library
572:Common
556:Solaris
507:man-s3c
488:exit(3)
480:exit(2)
452:, user
408:mdoc.su
369:OpenBSD
312:FreeBSD
242:Seventh
162:OpenBSD
138:History
116:on-line
86:command
71:library
2514:printf
2439:csplit
2181:chattr
1894:Manual
1780:Manual
1770:man(7)
1757:Manual
1734:Manual
1646:May 6,
1588:Manual
1578:man(1)
1562:Manual
1552:man(1)
1093:README
988:man-db
965:pandoc
960:--help
944:grotty
925:mandoc
904:mandoc
841:Layout
754:LAPACK
743:Kernel
554:, and
531:printf
523:printf
509:printf
472:man(7)
464:man(1)
441:ftp(1)
377:mandoc
321:format
315:man(1)
273:4.4BSD
269:Debian
265:Manual
253:Fourth
121:online
2738:sleep
2692:strip
2672:ctags
2607:unset
2587:alias
2569:xargs
2549:troff
2509:patch
2504:paste
2479:iconv
2408:write
2398:uname
2301:umask
2291:touch
2281:split
2276:rmdir
2251:mkdir
2236:fuser
2201:cksum
2196:chgrp
2191:chown
2186:chmod
2073:groff
1990:Groff
1824:"man"
1776:Linux
1753:Linux
1584:Linux
1182:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1111:macOS
1057:Emacs
1041:GNOME
847:ASCII
807:POSIX
706:POSIX
665:Games
552:Linux
548:macOS
476:, or
456:, or
412:nginx
389:XHTML
373:troff
362:WoMan
344:Some
327:troff
294:song
281:-mdoc
257:troff
238:Sixth
2784:List
2723:expr
2697:yacc
2682:make
2633:grep
2628:find
2612:wait
2602:test
2597:echo
2554:uniq
2539:tail
2529:sort
2519:read
2494:more
2484:join
2474:head
2469:fold
2449:diff
2434:comm
2393:tput
2388:talk
2383:mesg
2373:exit
2352:time
2342:nice
2337:kill
2296:type
2231:file
2155:Unix
1919:2023
1840:2019
1648:2020
1474:2014
1447:2014
1416:2014
1385:2020
1358:2017
1332:2018
1306:2017
1280:2017
1254:2015
1246:BYTE
1219:2012
1107:NeXT
1098:RTFM
1080:info
1053:yelp
1049:HTML
1043:and
1026:tldr
1013:info
977:mdoc
949:less
929:mdoc
916:mdoc
853:NAME
779:The
696:and
667:and
503:is:
484:and
468:and
385:HTML
346:Unix
292:ABBA
277:-man
261:-man
240:and
211:Yacc
189:and
170:GCOS
147:xman
108:less
102:more
79:user
73:and
56:Unix
2718:cal
2677:lex
2649:man
2524:sed
2444:cut
2424:awk
2403:who
2368:env
2286:tee
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