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1773:, where the cats have better access to water, prey and shelter (via vegetation). The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range". Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes. Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind. Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group. Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses. The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them.
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2006:
2148:, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male. Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age, while some females may leave when they reach the age of two. When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted.
2027:, lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills. When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (98–328 ft) until the lions have finished. Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason. Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in
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leftovers. Large kills are shared more widely among pride members. An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb). Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session. If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard. Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.
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lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults. Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.
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prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting. Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland. They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.
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competitors by hunting at different times and habitats. Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions effect leopard abundance. Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.
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are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age. To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.
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1315:, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts. The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" that is formed from the final, fused sections of tail bone. The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around
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their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference. In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer. Estimates of the
African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.
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decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans. Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.
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and 52,000 years ago. Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to
Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.
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equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs. Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.
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48–59 km/h (30–37 mph) and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of 74.1 km/h (46.0 mph). They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night. The lion accelerates at the start of the chase by 9.5
2688:; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s. In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of
2342:, meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi). They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into grunts.
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consistently interact with multiple males at once. Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed. During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.
2198:) in 1962, resulting in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals. A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions.
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acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries. The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control
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Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an
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of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress. Unlike in other felid species, female lions
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Manuel, M. d.; Barnett, R.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M-S. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
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Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild. Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions. Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when
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Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old. Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. When first introduced to the rest of the pride,
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up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults. In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing
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The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species. It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago. It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs. It starts
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and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late
Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago. They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000
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were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya. The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth
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Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits, there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered
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Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation. Most lions now live in East and
Southern Africa;
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days; the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den. Lion cubs
5138:
Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van
Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N. & De Iongh, H. H. (2011). "Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications
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Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;
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Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety
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among primates. Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females. Social licking
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when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal. Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed
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accelerate by 5 m/s², 5.6 m/s² and 4.5 m/s², respectively; acceleration appears to be more important than steady displacement speed in lion hunts. The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a
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Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two. Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like
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for the
Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions. Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing
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revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. In Kruger
National Park, dispersing male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female
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In 2005, Lion
Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human
2022:
occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%. Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or
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The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. It is considered to be the monarch of the beasts; symbolizing power, royalty and protection.
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was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct. The West
African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was
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and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance. Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators. A study in the
Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990. Cheetahs avoid their
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Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover. They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on
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Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.
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near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of
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Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight. Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about
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Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone. Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa. Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in
4682:
Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).
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in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa. A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared
1573:. Savannahs with an annual rainfall of 300 to 1,500 mm (12 to 59 in) make up the majority of lion habitat in Africa, estimated at 3,390,821 km (1,309,203 sq mi) at most, but remnant populations are also present in tropical moist forests in West Africa and
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often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.
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According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after
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with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the
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has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near
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virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from
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The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock. Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.
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However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with
1737:. The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed. The sole exception to this pattern is the
9131:
Roelke-Parker, M. E.; Munson, L.; Packer, C.; Kock, R.; Cleaveland, S.; Carpenter, M.; O'Brien, S. J.; Pospischil, A.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; L., Hans; Mwanengele, G. L. M.; Mgasa, M. N.; Machange, G. A.; Summers, B. A.; Appel, M. J. G. (1996).
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Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K. & de Iongh, H. H. (2016).
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2050:, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs.
1538:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions are selected for breeding in captivity. They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during
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Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day. Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating.
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since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood,
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levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old. Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane. On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.
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1733:". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions". Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females. The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females will
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cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.
10335:"Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success"
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Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size. The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats. Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.
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Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.
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9876:
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Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa. Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in
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and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey. The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of
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region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.
2501:. By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra. In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census.
2327:, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. Lions also use chemical and visual marking; males
539:
One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. Lions have been kept in
3924:
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have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts. During the
4960:; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A. & Cooper, A. (2009).
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latest by 11,900 years ago. Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska. It likely derived from
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Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Mann, G. K. H.; Fuller, A. K.; Balme, G. A. (2018). "Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition".
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estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the
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468:, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large
10654:
Hazzah, L.; Borgerhoof Mulder, M.; Frank, L. (2009). "Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya".
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of England. The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female. Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.
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Marciszak, A.; Ivanoff, D. V.; Semenov, Y. A.; Talamo, S.; Ridush, B.; Stupak, A.; Yanish, Y. & Kovalchuk, O. (2022). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in
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sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.
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Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
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coexistence sustainable. Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating
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The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high population density and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality
7848:
Wilson, A. M.; Hubel, T. Y.; Wilshin, S. D.; Lowe, J. C.; Lorenc, M.; Dewhirst, O. P.; Bartlam-Brooks, H. L.; Diack, R.; Bennitt, E.; Golabek, K. A. & Woledge, R. C. (2018).
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The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals. The lion has a high concentration of glycolytic
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Tumenta, P. N.; Kok, J. S.; van Rijssel, J. C.; Buij, R.; Croes, B. M.; Funston, P. J.; de Iongh, H. H.; de Haes, H. A. Udo (2009). "Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (
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of Morocco. However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.
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When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are
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Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous
8252:
Green, D. S.; Johnson-Ulrich, L.; Couraud, H. E.; Holekamp, K. E. (2018). "Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions".
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designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both
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1500:
Rarely, lionesses (in the wild and in captivity) have been observed to grow manes. Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.
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an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes. Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the
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fighting at a kill. Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.
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2562:. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan.
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substantial villages have been documented. Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the
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Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).
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3012:, god of the air, was depicted kneeing between two lions while holding a headrest. The lions mark where the sun rises and sets and symbolise yesterday and tomorrow.
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in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall
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The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of
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The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light
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11289:
10141:"Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam"
5293:(PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 8–10.
3913:
8746:
Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals".
2445:. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years. In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been
6466:
Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).
17675:
10248:
O'Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L. III; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K.; Martenson, J. S. (1987).
4532:
2976:
which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong". In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between
2485:
in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010. It is geographically isolated, which can lead to
10059:
1203:
between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area. The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the
10439:
10408:
6240:
11384:
10494:
7210:
2727:
over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American
10249:
8370:
1608:, around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct
10209:
Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (
7931:
Mammals as Predators: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held by The Zoological Society of London and Mammal Society: London, 22nd and 23rd November 1991
7014:
Hanby, J. P. & Bygott, J. D. (1979). "Population changes in lions and other predators". In Sinclair, A. R. E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds.).
10724:
7795:
7425:. Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki: US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00.
1888:
are the most common wild prey, while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas. It usually avoids fully grown adult
10377:
9729:
9515:
5394:
8321:
7736:
4531:
Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004).
17219:
11517:
3436:
Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2437:, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009. In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's
9983:
Venkataraman, M. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K; Verghese, A.; Krishna, S.R.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).
3386:
Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G. & Loveridge, A. (2024) .
2996:, lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being partially lion including the war deities
16400:
6527:
2323:
Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures. A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or
1729:
The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "
1332:
Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter
9792:
17297:
17271:
16471:
10124:
Meena, V. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K.; Verghese, A.; Radhakrishna, S.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).
5294:
6306:
1852:
and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum. Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large
515:
period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in
9482:
7896:
5753:
Chellam, R. and A. J. T. Johnsingh (1993). "Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India". In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).
4165:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
4036:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
1757:
allow nomadic males to approach them. Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride. A study undertaken in the
10140:
2968:
In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts. In the
2477:
The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the
6772:
5790:
4013:
17600:
6398:
Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".
5461:
8217:
Trinkel, M.; Kastberger, G. (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".
17665:
17655:
17580:
9744:
4278:
3216:. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the
1689:
continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.
9941:
Singh, H. S.; Gibson, L. (2011). "A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (
2430:
revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.
17457:
17193:
3494:
3063:
symbolized the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck. The constellation
2566:
9052:
8416:"To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa"
2090:
Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age. Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are
1526:. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around
133:
17245:
11147:
Watanabe, C. E. (2015). "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu".
8637:
Schramm, Ralph Dee; Briggs, Michael B.; Reeves, Jerry J. (1994). "Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (Panthera leo)".
2291:
9906:
Bauer, H.; de Iongh, H.; Sogbohossou, E. (2010). "Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa".
7674:
6376:
5977:
Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, David W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (
4827:
4337:
3607:
1180:
ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago. The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African
17670:
17660:
17615:
6024:
2689:
2676:
until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s. Further changes took place in the early 20th century when
6345:
5876:
4595:
1311:
to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark
17635:
17289:
11430:
11337:
11318:
11283:
11089:
11022:
10960:
10755:
10614:
10569:
10310:
9325:
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8718:
8675:
8177:
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6986:
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6447:
6422:
6097:
5961:
5870:
5832:
5784:
5630:
5568:
5433:
5324:
5264:
5075:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Sabin, R.; Werdelin, L.; Cuisin, J. & Larson, G. (2014).
4821:
4544:
4007:
3351:
17250:
11364:
8068:
4961:
2633:
The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called
2542:
with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the
17695:
17685:
17650:
17625:
9826:
4365:(Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007"
3914:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"
3236:
8122:
7479:
17705:
17645:
11570:
2839:
in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for
10089:
Saberwal, V. K.; Gibbs, J. P.; Chellam, R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). "Lion-Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India".
10002:): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India".
4685:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge"
1635:
In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey. It was present in the
1195:
Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on
560:, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range.
17640:
17610:
17180:
11358:
11195:
10990:
8997:
Sachs, R. (1969). "Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere ".
8148:
5921:
2098:
that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause
1624:, the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present. In Greece, it was common, as reported by
963:
17393:
3529:
Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006).
17680:
17630:
12940:
11461:
11394:
9300:
8304:
7974:
Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores".
2550:
1846:
729:
for the Asiatic lion population. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion
10837:
Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005). "Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania".
4577:
3329:
2031:. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges. When the lion population in Kenya's
2843:
each. The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.
17302:
13284:
4286:
2877:
Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the
2864:
2710:, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers. Van Amburgh performed before
1041:, and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia. It is depicted in
357:
10789:
10772:
10447:
10416:
6248:
17620:
10502:
7163:
6621:
5225:
3673:
3576:
3047:
times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess
2110:
and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.
1569:, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on
1531:
7987:
5659:
2558:
their conservation value. Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and
2249:
17475:
15502:
7357:
4228:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters"
2215:
10822:
10805:
5484:
1920:
and hippopotamus, and even uncommon cases of prides taking down an adult hippopotamus. Unusual prey include
10272:
6813:
3067:
was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is considered to be the fifth sign of the
2928:
2531:
553:
10714:
7754:
3786:
3052:
1794:
1561:
African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and
17700:
17284:
17232:
15493:
12696:
10305:(Second ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–452.
3173:. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The
3096:
2657:
in the 13th century; this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by
2518:
2396:
2032:
1429:
17:
10385:
9500:
5526:
17490:
16958:
16614:
9610:
Henschel, P.; Petracca, L. S.; Hunter, L. T.; Kiki, M.; Sewadé, C.; Tehou, A.; Robinson, H. S. (2016).
7697:
5717:
Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (
3226:
3115:
2946:
1742:
898:
14980:
9193:
Bull, M. E.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Levine, J. F.; Loomis, M.; Gebhard, D. G.; Tompkins, W. A. (2003).
5353:
3891:
1978:
upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions. Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.
1534:
in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion
1211:
descendants on other continents. The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the
17605:
13819:
11540:
8842:
Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E. (May 1983). "Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males".
5552:
3459:
2848:
2800:
2328:
2263:
950:. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.
811:
381:
221:
9596:
7466:
6536:
2911:, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people.
2005:
1139:. Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a
1061:
during the Late Pleistocene. It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago. A fossil from
17375:
16877:
16772:
15511:
13801:
13529:
13496:
13472:
13293:
12545:
10333:
Daigle, C. L.; Brown, J. L.; Carlstead, K.; Pukazhenthi, B.; Freeman, E. W.; Snider, R. J. (2015).
5563:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95.
4098:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (
3088:
2107:
1942:
1581:
in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous
1486:
5945:
5281:
3427:
2649:
to the rest of Europe. In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were
1005:. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic.
17590:
16539:
15520:
15251:
14944:
14879:
14261:
13837:
13310:
12832:
11563:
9572:"The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo"
7849:
3464:
3241:
2980:
and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness. In much of
2790:
2458:
2427:
1836:
1758:
978:
142:
10190:
Yamaguchi, N.; Haddane, B. (2002). "The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project".
7926:
7131:"Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality"
3849:
3139:, erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In
3100:
2172:
may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.
17354:
17341:
17224:
17096:
17058:
16763:
16515:
16328:
16204:
15816:
15798:
15626:
15320:
15311:
14953:
13691:
12483:
11010:
10600:
9467:
7461:
3758:
3189:
3136:
2662:
2642:
2407:
1801:
1601:
desert. In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.
1515:
1470:
1034:
993:, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago.
818:
10298:
10168:
9468:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses"
9397:
8710:
8704:
5816:
5312:
4901:
Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014).
3953:
3634:"Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats,
2984:, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals. In
2144:
When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often
1565:, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On
17349:
17336:
16940:
16195:
16177:
16168:
16159:
15644:
15635:
15007:
13777:
13768:
13759:
13708:
13646:
13628:
13619:
13556:
13505:
13343:
13334:
11771:
9723:
8165:
6756:
5772:
5618:
5352:
Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Li, L.; Tao, M.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.; Xiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. (2014).
3991:
3910:
3479:
3265:
2962:
2666:
2554:
2450:
2423:
2392:
2145:
1933:
1730:
926:
in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P.
573:
336:
31:
17328:
14962:
14858:
11420:
11273:
11075:
9612:"Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion
5496:
4002:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47.
1958:. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving. It has a
17444:
17388:
17263:
17154:
17105:
16781:
16682:
16641:
16355:
15866:
15594:
14920:
13985:
13735:
13726:
13682:
13637:
13260:
12766:
12501:
12327:
11484:
10905:
10848:
10663:
10098:
9954:
9149:
8482:
8427:
8336:
8261:
8226:
7864:
7712:
7619:
7287:
7236:
7178:
6566:
6483:
6122:
6047:
5952:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).
5199:
5152:
5092:
4982:
4771:
4696:
4644:
4553:
4409:
4232:
4180:
4113:
4094:
4049:
3711:
3649:
3544:
3341:
3260:
3127:
Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The
2707:
2650:
2028:
1946:
1734:
1527:
1482:
711:
683:
649:
The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study, the lower one on the 2010 and 2011 studies.
9767:
6555:"Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation"
6535:. Paris, France: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. Archived from
4291:
4277:
Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R. & Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).
3438:. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41.
1762:
lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.
1702:
942:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with
460:; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is
8:
17435:
17021:
16967:
16739:
16186:
16072:
16054:
15899:
15748:
15653:
14903:
14849:
14598:
14340:
14331:
13595:
12868:
12850:
12705:
12554:
12057:
7938:
6283:
4854:"Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)"
3325:
3064:
2895:
2836:
2824:
2570:
2482:
2478:
1959:
1929:
1921:
1916:, however there have been several occasions of lions taking calves of African elephants,
1774:
1204:
1110:
934:
754:
686:
in 2005. They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.
679:
169:
14091:
10909:
10852:
10667:
10110:
10102:
9958:
9153:
8486:
8431:
8340:
8265:
8230:
7868:
7716:
7623:
7291:
7240:
7182:
6657:
6570:
6487:
6126:
6113:
Peyton, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane".
6051:
5203:
5156:
5096:
4986:
4966:
ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"
4775:
4700:
4684:
4648:
4557:
4413:
4184:
4117:
4053:
3868:
3715:
3653:
3548:
16836:
16063:
15585:
15275:
14998:
14971:
14234:
13976:
13828:
12931:
12823:
12723:
12663:
12048:
11984:
11661:
11556:
10928:
10891:
10872:
10719:
10230:
10160:
10043:
10022:
9923:
9678:
9238:
Poli, A.; Abramo, F.; Cavicchio, P.; Bandecchi, P.; Ghelardi, E.; Pistello, M. (1995).
9170:
9133:
9060:
9037:
8859:
8450:
8415:
8393:
8277:
7888:
7787:
7728:
7666:
7386:
7361:
7311:
7260:
7202:
7094:
7063:
6978:
6972:
6968:
6722:
6589:
6554:
6146:
6063:
5734:
5602:
5585:
5488:
5386:
5288:
5217:
5168:
5115:
5076:
5006:
4929:
4903:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats"
4902:
4878:
4853:
4787:
4762:
4259:
4203:
4166:
4134:
4097:
4072:
4037:
3820:
3734:
3699:
3568:
3009:
2703:
2658:
2442:
2434:
2404:
2351:
1766:
1657:
1640:
1594:
1341:
1263:
are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects. The
1212:
1114:
1002:
769:
730:
524:
516:
461:
216:
184:
11534:
9192:
9108:
9083:
8348:
4276:
4163:
3387:
2706:. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American
2178:
commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions. Adult forms of several
414:
17690:
17595:
17323:
17128:
17110:
16715:
16632:
16412:
15908:
15875:
14799:
14306:
14028:
13810:
13664:
13538:
13422:
12775:
12605:
12563:
12510:
12290:
12272:
12030:
11457:
11426:
11390:
11354:
11333:
11314:
11279:
11191:
11085:
11079:
11018:
10986:
10956:
10933:
10864:
10751:
10715:"Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism"
10610:
10604:
10565:
10334:
10332:
10306:
10247:
10027:
and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India"
9664:
9436:
9321:
9296:
9261:
9240:"Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study"
9220:
9175:
9113:
9006:
8979:
8942:
8824:
8714:
8671:
8665:
8550:
8529:
8498:
8455:
8300:
8238:
8173:
8166:"Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores"
8144:
8118:
7991:
7942:
7880:
7646:
7631:
7551:
7534:
7391:
7303:
7252:
7194:
7099:
6982:
6974:
The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates
6762:
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6594:
6443:
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6287:
6138:
6093:
5957:
5917:
5866:
5828:
5780:
5690:
5626:
5564:
5492:
5429:
5378:
5320:
5260:
5247:
Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids".
5164:
5120:
4998:
4994:
4973:
4934:
4883:
4817:
4809:
4749:
4730:
4722:
4628:
4569:
4436:
4309:
4251:
4246:
4227:
4208:
4139:
4077:
4003:
3739:
3665:
3599:
3560:
3535:
3357:
3347:
3185:
3169:. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in
3056:
3020:
2559:
2535:
2490:
2363:
2184:
2024:
1578:
1555:
1462:
1312:
996:
549:
477:
10250:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan"
9927:
9682:
8863:
8281:
7791:
7670:
7264:
7206:
6150:
6071:
6067:
5675:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology
5390:
5172:
5010:
4791:
4421:
4333:
4263:
3822:
3572:
3135:
signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular. In India, the
851:
480:; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt
17133:
16994:
16827:
16105:
15535:
14825:
14607:
14357:
13547:
13446:
13230:
13221:
12805:
12596:
12587:
12381:
12372:
11930:
11224:
11156:
11129:
10923:
10913:
10876:
10856:
10839:
10817:
10784:
10671:
10346:
10264:
10222:
10164:
10152:
10106:
10038:
9962:
9915:
9709:
9668:
9660:
9627:
9583:
9426:
9251:
9210:
9165:
9157:
9103:
9095:
9033:
8851:
8646:
8578:
8545:
8490:
8445:
8435:
8389:
8344:
8269:
8234:
8114:
7983:
7934:
7892:
7872:
7777:
7769:
7732:
7720:
7658:
7627:
7546:
7513:
7471:
7423:
Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya
7381:
7373:
7315:
7299:
7295:
7244:
7186:
7142:
7089:
7079:
7042:
6924:
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6584:
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6491:
6337:
6279:
6223:
6130:
6055:
5990:
5857:
5730:
5682:
5597:
5480:
5368:
5252:
5221:
5207:
5160:
5110:
5100:
5052:
4990:
4924:
4914:
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4865:
4779:
4712:
4704:
4662:
4652:
4561:
4496:
4486:
4417:
4376:
4329:
4241:
4198:
4188:
4129:
4121:
4067:
4057:
3949:
3886:
3844:
3729:
3719:
3657:
3552:
3385:
3015:
2981:
2969:
2446:
2359:
2324:
2202:
2047:
1917:
1716:
1629:
1609:
1523:
1173:
1080:
1026:
1009:
887:
803:
745:
374:
11213:"Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India"
10234:
9099:
8567:"Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park"
7773:
7064:"Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions (
6695:
Schnitzler, A. & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger
5290:
Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis
4396:
Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion
2192:
meat. Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (
17420:
17310:
17012:
17003:
16931:
16886:
16548:
16498:
16489:
16364:
16310:
16254:
16123:
16096:
15989:
15807:
15766:
15731:
15476:
14539:
14252:
14219:
14210:
13717:
13455:
12904:
12354:
12281:
12239:
11975:
11780:
11714:
11691:
11416:
11348:
10918:
10675:
9966:
9822:
8440:
6579:
5537:. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222.
5256:
4783:
3724:
3193:
3170:
3140:
3092:
3060:
2878:
2654:
2543:
2527:
2441:
ecosystem. In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's
2401:
2111:
1865:
1857:
1811:
1246:
1118:
1030:
762:
734:
666:
657:
630:
611:
17367:
17276:
9081:
8060:
7061:
4900:
4565:
3661:
3453:
694:
17585:
17540:
17528:
17516:
16985:
16904:
16706:
16453:
16346:
16319:
15372:
14989:
14589:
14453:
14136:
13673:
13655:
13586:
13197:
13188:
12790:
12751:
11705:
11617:
9749:
Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval
8091:
7442:
6634:
5686:
4957:
4657:
4172:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3866:
3181:
3152:
3084:
3076:
2954:
2882:
2844:
2840:
2722:("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed
2711:
2677:
2267:
2169:
2063:
1877:
1849:
1617:
1255:
to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose. The
1087:
970:
808:. Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'.
465:
457:
389:
17146:
10226:
10156:
9714:
9431:
9410:
9291:
Sparks, J. (1967). "Allogrooming in primates: a review". In Morris, D. (ed.).
9256:
9239:
9215:
9194:
8745:
8273:
7475:
7084:
6496:
6467:
6059:
5994:
5373:
2077:
1991:
1439:
1422:
645:
464:; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a
17574:
17552:
17258:
16949:
16845:
16818:
16444:
16142:
16087:
15609:
15553:
15294:
14935:
14390:
13952:
13117:
13084:
12886:
12877:
12814:
12714:
12672:
12524:
12117:
11307:
8583:
8566:
7362:"Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions"
6705:
4726:
3877:
3835:
3396:
3337:
3246:
3221:
3217:
3120:
3072:
2993:
2831:
2804:
2778:
2774:
2723:
2681:
2608:
2598:
2498:
2355:
2103:
2095:
2019:
1963:
1686:
1673:
1474:
1308:
1208:
1196:
1189:
1048:
869:
840:
792:
718:
703:
661:
634:
597:
557:
528:
520:
473:
353:
189:
84:
38:
17185:
13574:
13386:
10892:"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions"
9632:
9611:
9237:
8494:
7850:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala"
7377:
7345:. University of Edinburgh, UK: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources.
7248:
7190:
7147:
7130:
7047:
7030:
6928:
6658:
Daróczi-Szabó, M.; Kovács, Z. E.; Raczky, P. & Bartosiewicz, L. (2020).
6134:
5865:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41.
5105:
5074:
4193:
4062:
3556:
3361:
2933:
2156:
2114:
of the lion is about seven years. The average gestation period is around 110
1134:
827:
and lion populations in East and Southern African regions. Synonyms include
17564:
17523:
17237:
16976:
16922:
16623:
16391:
16337:
16114:
16013:
15568:
15544:
15363:
15354:
15174:
15141:
15064:
15025:
14435:
14417:
14279:
14151:
13610:
13011:
12974:
12859:
12841:
12254:
12200:
12126:
11804:
11548:
11380:
11117:
10937:
10868:
10268:
9440:
9224:
8650:
8502:
8459:
8168:. In Gittleman, J. L.; Funk, S. M.; Macdonald, D. W.; Wayne, R. K. (eds.).
7995:
7884:
7395:
7307:
7103:
6598:
6291:
6142:
5694:
5382:
5124:
5002:
4953:
4938:
4919:
4887:
4734:
4573:
4255:
4212:
4143:
4081:
3821:
Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C. (2008).
3743:
3698:
Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011).
3669:
3564:
3110:
2977:
2942:
2903:
2899:
2872:
2812:
2786:
2746:
2740:
2728:
2627:
2539:
2415:
2271:
2211:
2188:
have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in
1955:
1951:
1897:
1861:
1832:
1582:
1454:
1177:
1167:
1149:
1140:
1127:
765:
758:
545:
533:
504:
408:
Historical and present distribution of the lion in Africa, Asia and Europe
11133:
10773:"Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts"
9919:
9588:
9571:
9265:
9179:
9117:
9010:
8983:
8828:
7647:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana"
7535:"Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation"
7518:
7497:
7256:
7198:
7068:) from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa"
4869:
4381:
4360:
1160:
682:
were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as
17504:
17429:
17315:
17206:
17090:
16590:
15781:
15698:
15671:
15420:
15334:
15266:
15192:
15183:
15150:
15108:
15073:
14790:
14683:
14515:
14055:
13967:
13875:
13520:
13093:
12913:
12578:
12492:
12475:
12452:
12415:
12299:
12263:
12108:
11897:
11752:
11631:
10748:
The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters
7662:
7532:
6465:
4808:
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).
3598:
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).
3270:
3231:
3213:
3197:
3162:
3032:
2958:
2847:
of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the
2773:
and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an
2695:
2685:
2646:
2438:
2161:
2091:
1885:
1644:
1577:
forests in East Africa. The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around
1574:
1570:
1566:
1539:
1333:
1042:
675:
508:
303:
59:
17120:
11492:
11160:
7876:
7752:
7028:
6643:
5057:
5032:
4717:
1924:
and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators but seldom consume them.
1593:
In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central
17462:
17198:
17081:
16799:
16045:
15976:
15963:
15930:
15716:
15454:
15214:
14762:
14739:
14625:
14616:
14565:
14530:
14506:
14270:
14169:
14118:
14064:
14046:
14019:
13926:
13876:
13275:
13248:
13176:
13159:
12922:
12895:
12741:
12645:
12629:
12465:
12345:
12185:
12021:
11888:
11680:
11648:
11632:
11504:
11229:
11212:
7755:"Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna"
7724:
4667:
4501:
3174:
2890:
2755:
2673:
2591:
2494:
2486:
2315:
2235:
2219:
2194:
1893:
1770:
1738:
1509:
1490:
1286:
A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.
1230:
1181:
986:
917:. It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'.
707:
500:
283:
104:
69:
11514:"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data"
10889:
10770:
10350:
10208:
9696:
Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions
9673:
7782:
6718:
6553:
Black, S. A.; Fellous, A.; Yamaguchi, N. & Roberts, D. L. (2013).
4708:
4125:
4034:
1329:
months of age. It is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.
17211:
17167:
16730:
16665:
16278:
16218:
16004:
15825:
15440:
15432:
15381:
15231:
15117:
15099:
14813:
14647:
14480:
14322:
14288:
14100:
13792:
13066:
12536:
12012:
11580:
10126:
Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies
9985:
Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies
9501:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics"
9161:
6915:
Milius, S. (2002). "Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride".
5459:
5212:
3961:
3166:
3144:
3044:
2916:
2908:
2820:
2715:
2638:
2207:
2099:
1625:
1535:
1200:
1058:
990:
824:
768:, and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa.
738:
541:
512:
503:
than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active
496:
488:
273:
233:
109:
17052:
11533:
10860:
9987:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 32−40.
9905:
7062:
van Hooft, P.; Keet, D.F.; Brebner, D.K. & Bastos, A.D. (2018).
6814:"The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia"
6680:
6659:
5187:
5137:
3633:
3531:"The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment"
3530:
400:
17535:
17414:
17172:
17075:
16427:
15890:
15707:
15683:
15044:
14894:
14840:
14776:
14771:
14724:
14656:
14574:
14444:
14193:
14184:
14082:
14037:
13917:
13750:
13487:
13396:
13365:
13325:
13212:
13144:
13052:
13043:
12363:
12159:
11912:
11795:
11762:
11611:
11599:
11081:
Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture
10896:
8855:
7164:"Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions"
4807:
3867:
Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E. & Nowell, K. (2015).
3597:
3205:
3201:
3128:
2989:
2859:
2808:
2634:
2339:
2335:
2189:
2179:
1889:
1853:
1777:
do not appear to exist among individuals of either sex in a pride.
1636:
1605:
1562:
1234:
1220:
1185:
1062:
1022:
492:
469:
444:
313:
253:
160:
151:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
11386:
The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species
9551:
Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2002). "The African lion database".
8251:
6224:
Schoe, M.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Kaandorp, J.; De Iongh, H. (2010).
5752:
5658:
Kohn, T. A.; Burroughs, R.; Hartman, M. J.; Noakes, T. D. (2011).
4491:
3528:
3240:. The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994
3177:
has been performed in China and beyond for over a thousand years.
1745:, and members will split into subgroups that keep in contact with
1550:
1074:
17470:
16809:
16656:
16530:
16245:
15757:
15087:
14553:
14109:
14073:
13940:
13908:
13892:
13405:
13108:
12687:
12168:
12075:
11993:
11921:
11863:
11840:
11733:
10564:. Vol. 2: G–P. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 733–739.
9498:
9465:
8706:
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
7227:
Morell, V. (1995). "Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory".
5081:
using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis"
3958:
The Illustrated Natural History <volume=((Mammalia, Volume 1))
3697:
3343:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3106:
3040:
3024:
2997:
2938:
2816:
2782:
2759:
2615:
2039:
1974:
1901:
1873:
1869:
1825:
1652:, although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the
1621:
1613:
1519:
1225:
1199:
per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for
1155:
1122:
1018:
958:
439:
293:
114:
89:
17449:
10384:. WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Archived from
9499:
Ananthakrishnan, G.; Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).
9466:
Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Ananthakrishnan, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).
8414:
Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F. & Hunter, L. T. B. (2015).
8143:(2nd ed.). Echo Point Books & Media. pp. 128–138.
6226:
Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin
5976:
5716:
4279:"A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka"
2513:
17159:
16913:
16860:
16605:
16293:
16027:
14747:
14408:
14243:
14000:
13437:
12209:
12135:
12084:
12066:
12039:
11960:
11822:
11605:
11593:
11479:
11120:(1981). "Le roi et le lion" [The king & the lion].
9793:"Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia"
9082:
Myers, D. L.; Zurbriggen, A.; Lutz, H.; Pospischil, A. (1997).
6025:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion
5827:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 832–834.
3209:
3148:
3068:
3048:
3005:
3001:
2881:; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the
2699:
1913:
1881:
1754:
1669:
1665:
1649:
1616:, the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years
1598:
1395:
118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,
1264:
1192:
in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.
1144:
983:
939:
536:
and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.
484:, lions typically do not actively seek out and prey on humans.
449:
263:
243:
10985:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 254–560.
10953:
The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park
10495:"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo""
9508:
Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report
9475:
Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report
8172:(First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–60.
5351:
4852:
Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016).
4526:
4524:
2241:
Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.
2011:
Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park
1966:
at the canine tip and 2023.7 Newton at the carnassial notch.
1493:
lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the
678:
in 1816. Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion
17362:
16895:
16754:
16697:
16570:
16373:
16230:
15857:
15839:
15462:
15132:
14381:
14366:
13027:
12318:
11813:
10138:
10088:
9130:
8973:
8939:
Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation
7533:
Meena, V.; Jhala, Y.V.; Chellam, R. & Pathak, B. (2011).
7018:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 249–262.
6614:
6307:"Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males"
4530:
3346:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546.
3157:
3080:
3036:
2985:
2419:
2411:
2331:
and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.
1905:
1653:
1494:
1478:
1280:
1260:
1256:
1252:
714:
605:
600:
582:
481:
453:
206:
200:
10653:
10139:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Nijman, V. (2007).
8141:
The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour
7029:
Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R. & Packer, C. (2018).
6552:
6369:"No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female"
6228:. The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project).
6022:
1402:
186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,
733:, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several
17380:
16269:
15165:
14490:
14426:
12099:
11689:
10983:
The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art
10790:
10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2
9024:
Fosbrooke, H. (1963). "The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro".
7355:
6023:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).
4521:
4322:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
3501:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2469:
2175:
1909:
1746:
1661:
1188:. The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at
10771:
Patterson, B. D.; Neiburger, E. J.; Kasiki, S. M. (2003).
9851:
Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa
9689:
9609:
9408:
7753:
Loarie, S. R.; Tambling, C. J. & Asner, G. P. (2013).
7698:"Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual"
6241:"Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?"
5657:
4369:
Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis
3700:"Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger"
2781:
killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The
2035:
declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.
17511:
14399:
14008:
12336:
11490:
10890:
Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011).
10836:
9874:
9847:
9815:
9646:
8413:
7988:
10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2
7013:
3787:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (
2102:. A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is
1741:
pride that always has just one adult male. Prides act as
17499:
11186:
Borowski, O. (2008). "Lion". In Sakenfeld, K. D. (ed.).
9823:"Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park"
9753:
Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae)"
5910:
Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (
5757:. London: Zoological Society of London. pp. 409–23.
5557:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
2953:
Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including
2714:
in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a
2255:
A male lion raises his tail while marking his territory.
946:
in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to
10823:
10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2
9195:"Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions (
6018:
6016:
5485:
10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2
5030:
4907:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4816:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82.
4633:) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications"
4219:
3492:
1997:
Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park
698:
Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades
11422:
The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations
11309:
The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century
8472:
7847:
7496:
Mukherjee, S.; Goyal, S. P. & Chellam, R. (1994).
5535:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma
4951:
4464:
4167:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
4038:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
2777:
inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh
2692:
placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.
2094:. Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has
17488:
10296:
10128:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
9569:
7498:"Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion
7495:
6977:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
5970:
5859:
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
5586:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats"
5319:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 120.
4812:. In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.).
4593:
2863:
The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the
2672:
Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at
548:
and have been a key species sought for exhibition in
15230:
12626:
10189:
9978:
9976:
9295:(2011 ed.). Chicago: Aldine. pp. 148–175.
8319:
8294:
7031:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?"
6013:
5428:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179.
4851:
4681:
2789:
had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of
10713:Capecchi, Christina; Rogers, Katie (30 July 2015).
9320:(in German) (Second ed.). Berlin: Paul Parey.
8974:Yeoman, Guy Henry; Walker, Jane Brotherton (1967).
8636:
7128:
6397:
5956:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150–159.
5660:"Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion (
5354:"Research advances in animal distant hybridization"
5251:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 218––234.
3816:
3814:
3812:
1800:Male lion and cub feeding on an African buffalo in
11306:
11084:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6.
10560:Grisham, J. (2001). "Lion". In Bell, C. E. (ed.).
10183:
9695:
9550:
9084:"Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers"
8941:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195.
7933:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–13.
7343:The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour
6440:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God
5886:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5460:Haas, S. K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P. R. (2005).
4471:(Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the
4307:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
3799:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung
3452:
3155:. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both
3019:Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of
2493:. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as
1817:Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti
576:
11511:
11190:. Vol. 3. Abingdon Press. pp. 669–670.
10060:"Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests"
9973:
9785:
9570:Henschel, P.; Malanda, G.-A.; Hunter, L. (2014).
9365:
9363:
9361:
9134:"A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (
8591:
8527:
8216:
7602:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions (
7161:
6694:
6521:
6519:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5070:
5068:
3892:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en
3632:Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010).
2992:was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In
2565:About 77% of the captive lions registered in the
2136:Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve
1057:, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly
1001:was larger than the modern lion and lived in the
973:to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times:
17572:
13026:
11275:Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West
9982:
8978:. London: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.
8007:
8005:
7973:
7349:
6610:
6608:
6461:
6459:
6106:
5914:) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat
3809:
1628:in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and
1259:is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most
10803:
8999:Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie
8930:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8620:
8618:
8534:. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline"
8320:O'Brien, S. J.; Wildt, D. E.; Bush, M. (1986).
8163:
8096:) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (
7436:
7434:
7432:
5848:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). "African lion,
5701:
5550:
5077:"Revealing the maternal demographic history of
4803:
4801:
4626:
4150:
4042:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3912:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017).
3862:
3860:
3769:. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.
2645:. They spread from France and Italy during the
2618:of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers
2534:. WildLink International in collaboration with
2106:. Lions of both sexes may be involved in group
1045:cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts.
11272:Baratay, E. & Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002).
11210:
10712:
10583:
10581:
10297:Frankham, R.; Ballou, J.; Briscoe, D. (2009).
10202:
9934:
9447:
9358:
9199:) infected with feline immunodeficiency virus"
7924:
7441:Hayward, M. W. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005).
6811:
6516:
6366:
6270:Munson, L. (2006). "Contraception in felids".
5770:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5561:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2
5404:
5246:
5065:
4533:"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion
4460:
4458:
3451:
3291:Populations of India are listed in Appendix I.
2053:
1473:are either maneless or have very short manes.
552:across the world since the late 18th century.
17676:National symbols of the Republic of the Congo
13890:
11731:
11564:
11258:, pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197.
11073:
10976:
10974:
10972:
9742:
9651:) in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon".
9346:
8918:
8906:
8299:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 198.
8157:
8002:
7829:
7645:Power, R. J. & Compion, R. X. S. (2009).
7440:
7129:Mosser, A. A.; Kosmala, M; Packer, C (2015).
6859:
6857:
6855:
6818:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
6605:
6456:
6217:
5847:
5524:
5185:
4627:Chimento, N. R. & Agnolin, F. L. (2017).
4301:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3631:
3524:
3522:
3520:
1769:they can defend; "hotspots" being near river
702:In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion
11578:
11185:
9728:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
9411:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion,
9387:
9334:
8955:
8894:
8783:
8771:
8684:
8615:
8558:
8528:Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. (1999).
8509:
8198:
8186:
8041:
8017:
7906:
7644:
7583:
7429:
6739:
6546:
6112:
5907:
5892:
4847:
4845:
4798:
4620:
4395:
4318:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland"
4310:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene
4225:
3857:
3693:
3691:
2270:, which have been compared with the role of
1722:A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara
962:Skull of an American lion on display at the
664:in 1758, who described the lion in his work
620:
615:
422:Lion distribution as of IUCN Red List, 2023
10804:Peterhans, J. C. K.; Gnoske, T. P. (2001).
10623:
10578:
10299:"Genetic management of Captive Populations"
10241:
10057:
10020:
9997:
9940:
9272:
8870:
8841:
8821:The management of wild animals in captivity
8761:
8759:
8757:
8603:
7334:
6886:
6884:
6840:
6828:
6805:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5766:
5764:
5741:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5249:Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure
5131:
4810:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)"
4747:
4455:
4088:
3850:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en
3627:
3625:
3600:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)"
3591:
3053:Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate
3031:The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient
2576:
1545:
1453:growing when lions enter adolescence, when
1406:160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India
1404:174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa,
1399:110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India
1397:119.5 kg (263 lb) in East Africa,
721:assessors used only two subspecific names:
591:
585:
11751:
11571:
11557:
10969:
10739:
10375:
10117:
9532:Myers, N. (1975). "The silent savannahs".
9409:Andersen, K. F. & Vulpius, T. (1999).
8936:
8835:
8362:
7489:
7414:
7340:
7278:Jahn, G. C. (1996). "Lioness Leadership".
6869:
6852:
6796:
6525:
5943:
5779:. London: Voyageur Press. pp. 50–67.
5518:
5506:
5419:
5304:
4434:
4428:
4389:
4308:Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010).
4000:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World
3980:
3784:
3517:
3421:
3419:
3324:
2453:, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border.
1932:, large prides have been observed hunting
1461:This feature likely evolved to signal the
413:
399:
178:
150:
132:
15974:
12463:
11646:
11228:
11188:New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible
11004:
11002:
10927:
10917:
10883:
10830:
10821:
10788:
10745:
10529:
10123:
10042:
9713:
9672:
9631:
9587:
9430:
9315:
9255:
9214:
9169:
9107:
9088:Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
9044:
9023:
8709:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
8582:
8549:
8449:
8439:
8375:) and its consequences for maternal care"
8368:
8092:"Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (
7929:. In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).
7781:
7610:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana".
7550:
7517:
7465:
7385:
7146:
7093:
7083:
7046:
6966:
6679:
6668:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
6660:"Pending danger: Recent copper age lion (
6642:
6588:
6578:
6504:
6495:
5901:
5601:
5551:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) .
5372:
5211:
5114:
5104:
5056:
4928:
4918:
4894:
4877:
4842:
4748:King, L. M. & Wallace, S. C. (2014).
4716:
4666:
4656:
4500:
4490:
4380:
4352:
4245:
4202:
4192:
4133:
4071:
4061:
3890:
3848:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3733:
3723:
3688:
1880:despite it being much smaller. In India,
14320:
11425:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11146:
11067:
10517:
8823:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8818:
8754:
8702:
8164:Creel, S.; Spong, G.; Creel, N. (2001).
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6881:
6792:
6790:
6748:
6468:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's (
6338:"The rare case of a lioness with a mane"
5930:
5897:. Johannesburg, South Africa: MacMillan.
5810:
5808:
5761:
5442:
5310:
4741:
4587:
4467:"Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion,
4290:(Supplement 12): 423–434. Archived from
3942:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3622:
3425:
3105:
3079:. Lions are frequently mentioned in the
3014:
2932:
2922:
2858:
2750:
2567:International Species Information System
2512:
2468:
2373:
2155:
2125:
1981:
1945:, whereas plains zebras, wildebeest and
1679:
1549:
1267:is a hybrid between a lion and leopard.
1073:
957:
693:
644:
13394:
12157:
11678:
10980:
10810:Journal of East African Natural History
10599:
10559:
10409:"Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more"
9998:Singh, A.P. (2017). "The Asiatic Lion (
9864:from the original on 19 September 2015.
9203:American Journal of Veterinary Research
8564:
8295:Denis-Hoot, C.; Denis-Hoot, M. (2003).
8089:
7695:
7601:
6412:
6238:
6092:. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India.
5625:. Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21.
5546:
5544:
5031:Argant, A. & Brugal, J.-P. (2017).
4945:
4814:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
3604:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
3493:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940).
3416:
2945:, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the
2937:Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess
2637:. At that time, they came to be called
2581:
2151:
1831:A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a
1477:have also been reported in Senegal, in
14:
17573:
16487:
14723:
11116:
10999:
10750:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional.
10406:
9290:
9050:
8663:
8403:from the original on 20 November 2017.
8371:"High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (
8132:
7226:
6914:
6754:
6437:
6336:Young, Lauren J. (23 September 2016).
6304:
6269:
5916:(PhD). Rajkot: Saurashtra University.
5616:
4830:from the original on 25 September 2018
4616:from the original on 29 December 2015.
4340:from the original on 25 September 2018
4314:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene
3791:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen
3773:
3610:from the original on 25 September 2018
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2201:Captive lions have been infected with
1387:82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in)
625:may also be related. The generic name
596:), which in turn was a borrowing from
17057:
17056:
15961:
15418:
14722:
13874:
13009:
12450:
11630:
11552:
11332:. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books.
11008:
10950:
10541:
10369:
10357:
10303:Introduction to Conservation Genetics
10215:European Journal of Wildlife Research
9563:
9531:
8996:
8138:
8083:
8067:. African Wildlife Foundation. 1996.
7689:
7420:
7162:Heinsohn, R. & C. Packer (1995).
6947:
6787:
6348:from the original on 19 November 2023
6335:
6087:
6081:
5814:
5805:
5583:
5400:from the original on 30 October 2018.
4594:Packer, C. & Clottes, J. (2000).
4545:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4358:
3990:Hunter, L. & Barrett, P. (2018).
3899:
3676:from the original on 21 November 2021
3642:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3184:, the lion is featured in several of
2961:, who was called "Lion of Mali", and
2358:. The Indian population is listed on
2023:without the presence of food. In the
1692:
17476:DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4
10492:
10440:"Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering"
9829:from the original on 1 February 2016
9803:from the original on 1 February 2016
9521:from the original on 1 October 2011.
9488:from the original on 1 October 2011.
8670:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
8053:
7801:from the original on 16 August 2017.
7277:
7216:from the original on 10 August 2017.
6917:Society for Science & the Public
6284:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016
5541:
3948:
3930:from the original on 17 January 2020
3767:Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung
3756:
3480:participating institution membership
3237:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
2803:. Lions were also hunted during the
2734:
2538:launched an ambitious International
2530:are descendants of animals owned by
1928:buffalo and giraffe are riskier. In
1639:until the 10th century. It lived in
1445:Young male in Pendjari National Park
1384:72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in)
933:Lion samples from some parts of the
27:Large cat native to Africa and India
12941:South African small-spotted genet (
11403:from the original on 28 August 2023
11017:. Infobase Publishing. p. 63.
10437:
10111:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x
9878:Conservation Strategy for the Lion
9743:Angelici, F. M.; Rossi, L. (2017).
8128:from the original on 30 April 2011.
8065:African Wildlife Foundation website
7705:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
7677:from the original on 31 August 2018
7016:Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem
5841:
5420:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion
5279:
5273:
5020:from the original on 8 August 2017.
4758:, based on craniodental characters"
4509:from the original on 3 October 2020
3878:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3836:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3579:from the original on 4 October 2020
3397:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3368:
3309:
3151:, battles and slays the evil ruler
3099:where he is miraculously unharmed (
2811:is said to have excelled at it. In
2508:
1784:
1588:
1503:
1497:inhibits testosterone production.
1251:In zoos, lions have been bred with
717:until 2017. Between 2008 and 2016,
710:, with about a dozen recognised as
616:
456:. It has a muscular, broad-chested
24:
10070:from the original on 8 August 2017
9895:from the original on 19 June 2015.
9875:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006).
9848:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006).
9620:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
9051:Nkwame, V. M. (9 September 2006).
9038:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x
8667:Patterns of mammalian reproduction
8394:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x
7939:10.1093/oso/9780198540670.003.0001
7927:"Legs and locomotion of carnivora"
7902:from the original on 5 March 2020.
7485:from the original on 27 June 2015.
6317:from the original on 11 April 2024
5793:from the original on 14 April 2021
5735:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x
5603:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x
5228:from the original on 26 March 2022
3505:from the original on 11 April 2008
3212:were also heroes slaying lions in
2815:, lions were kept by emperors for
2698:has been part of both established
2517:Two captive male Asiatic lions in
2433:A population occurs in Cameroon's
2410:protected area complex, shared by
2280:
1708:Lion pride in Etosha National Park
964:National Museum of Natural History
725:for African lion populations, and
25:
17717:
17601:Extant Pliocene first appearances
13285:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (
11472:
11367:from the original on 5 March 2024
11122:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions
10727:from the original on 29 July 2015
10606:How Does Aspirin Find a Headache?
8530:"Conserving the African wild dog
8358:from the original on 13 May 2011.
8349:10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84
8071:from the original on 19 July 2019
7742:from the original on 18 May 2015.
5882:from the original on 29 May 2005.
5639:from the original on 5 March 2024
5300:from the original on 18 May 2019.
4016:from the original on 5 March 2024
2551:Association of Zoos and Aquariums
953:
17666:National symbols of South Africa
17656:National symbols of Sierra Leone
17581:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
17558:
17546:
17534:
17522:
17510:
17498:
13010:
11478:
11249:
11237:
11204:
11179:
11167:
11140:
11110:
11098:
11074:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004).
11055:
11043:
11031:
10944:
10797:
10764:
10706:
10694:
10682:
10647:
10635:
10593:
10562:Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos
10553:
10486:
10474:
10462:
10431:
10400:
10326:
10290:
10132:
10082:
10051:
10023:"Dispersion of the Asiatic lion
10014:
9991:
9899:
9888:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.
9868:
9841:
9736:
9665:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x
9640:
9603:
9595:
9544:
9525:
9492:
9459:
9402:
9375:
9309:
9284:
9231:
9186:
9124:
9075:
9053:"King of the jungle in jeopardy"
9017:
8990:
8967:
8882:
8812:
8800:
8739:
8727:
8696:
8657:
8630:
8551:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x
8521:
8466:
8407:
8313:
8288:
8245:
8239:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x
8210:
8119:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x
8029:
7967:
7955:
7918:
7841:
7817:
7805:
7746:
7638:
7632:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x
7595:
7571:
7559:
7552:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x
7526:
7402:
7322:
7271:
7220:
7155:
7122:
7110:
7055:
7022:
7007:
6995:
6703:in their common range in Asia".
6305:Gruber, Karl (24 October 2022).
5944:West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013).
5852:(Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion,
5623:Size, Function, and Life History
5165:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x
4995:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x
4247:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x
2630:lived to the age of 22 in 2007.
2607:
2590:
2314:Problems playing this file? See
2296:
2248:
2234:
2225:
2076:
2062:
2004:
1990:
1824:
1810:
1793:
1715:
1701:
1518:with a genetic condition called
1438:
1421:
1376:184–208 cm (72–82 in)
1373:160–184 cm (63–72 in)
1293:
1279:
1098:Maximal range of the modern lion
220:
57:
15419:
12451:
11491:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
11439:from the original on 5 May 2024
11292:from the original on 5 May 2024
7443:"Prey preferences of the lion (
6935:
6908:
6896:
6775:from the original on 5 May 2024
6761:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67.
6733:
6688:
6651:
6431:
6406:
6400:Open Science Repository Biology
6391:
6360:
6329:
6298:
6263:
6232:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6090:A Field Guide to Indian Mammals
6001:
5651:
5610:
5577:
5345:
5333:from the original on 5 May 2024
5317:Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals
5240:
5179:
5143:) in West and Central Africa".
5024:
4675:
4422:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023
4287:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
4270:
4028:
3968:from the original on 5 May 2024
3750:
2865:Field Museum of Natural History
2837:European colonisation of Africa
2422:. This population is listed as
2345:
1687:Intermittent bursts of activity
1065:dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago.
706:were described and proposed as
15962:
11389:. Princeton University Press.
9882:in Eastern and Southern Africa
8322:"The Cheetah in Genetic Peril"
7300:10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a
6622:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
5139:for conservation of the lion (
4437:"The story of the cave lion –
3486:
3445:
3285:
3055:in Babylon which was built by
2473:A lioness in Gir National Park
2362:and the African population on
1532:Timbavati Private Game Reserve
1522:, which is caused by a double
1270:
13:
1:
17671:National symbols of Sri Lanka
17661:National symbols of Singapore
17616:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa
12697:Malabar large-spotted civet (
11452:Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002).
11415:
10701:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10588:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10481:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10469:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10213:) population from Ethiopia".
9453:
9393:
9381:
9369:
9352:
9340:
9278:
9100:10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997
9026:East African Wildlife Journal
8961:
8937:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972).
8924:
8912:
8900:
8876:
8794:
8777:
8733:
8690:
8624:
8609:
8597:
8515:
8254:Biodiversity and Conservation
8204:
8192:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7961:
7912:
7835:
7823:
7774:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018
7589:
7577:
7565:
7408:
7001:
6902:
6875:
6863:
6846:
6834:
6797:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961).
6664:L., 1758) finds from Hungary"
6510:
6442:. Mapumulanga: Npenvu Press.
6187:
5825:Walker's Mammals of the World
5512:
3298:
2854:
2793:
2763:
2690:Oklahoma City Zoological Park
2653:in a seraglio established by
2216:Feline immunodeficiency virus
1660:in 1944. It once ranged from
1100:and its prehistoric relatives
757:lion subspecies includes the
689:
17636:National symbols of Eswatini
16959:Indonesian mountain weasel (
16615:North American river otter (
15503:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (
12557:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
11456:. New York: Harper Collins.
11346:
11271:
11255:
11243:
11173:
11104:
11061:
11049:
11037:
10919:10.1371/journal.pone.0022285
10700:
10688:
10676:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006
10641:
10629:
10587:
10499:National Geographic Magazine
10480:
10468:
10378:"Lion: In the Zoo (subpage)"
10044:10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940
9967:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009
9766:(2): 749–752. Archived from
9244:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
8976:The ixodid ticks of Tanzania
8441:10.1371/journal.pone.0117743
6801:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.
6580:10.1371/journal.pone.0060174
6529:Conservation of African lion
6417:. Johannesburg: E. Stanton.
6415:The White Lions of Timbavati
5668:) and human skeletal muscle"
5257:10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12
4956:; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.;
4784:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462
4441:(Goldfuss, 1810) – A review"
3725:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483
3303:
3059:in the 6th century BCE. The
2929:Cultural depictions of lions
2702:and individual acts such as
2369:
2146:kill any existing young cubs
1069:
606:
563:
554:Cultural depictions of lions
7:
17696:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
17686:National symbols of Tunisia
17651:National symbols of Morocco
17626:National symbols of Burundi
13820:Somalian slender mongoose (
11379:
11327:
11313:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
11076:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)"
10806:"The Science of Man-eating"
10609:. New York: HarperCollins.
10547:
10363:
9857:. Yaounde, Cameroon: IUCN.
9318:Verhaltensstudien an Katzen
8664:Asdell, Sydney A. (1993) .
7811:
7328:
7116:
6941:
6890:
6799:Simba: the life of the lion
6211:
6199:
6175:
6163:
6007:
5361:Science China Life Sciences
5282:"Hybrid dysgenesis effects"
5045:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
5039:Panthera spelaea intermedia
4629:"The fossil American lion (
4566:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020
4334:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117
3923:. Special Issue 11: 71–73.
3662:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
3253:
3113:meets the Cowardly Lion in
2651:kept at the Tower of London
2519:Sanjay Gandhi National Park
2397:Odzala-Kokoua National Park
2222:also affect captive lions.
2054:Reproduction and life cycle
2033:Masai Mara National Reserve
1876:. It also frequently takes
1430:Phinda Private Game Reserve
1029:. It became extinct due to
640:
621:
10:
17722:
17706:Vulnerable biota of Africa
17646:National symbols of Malawi
16773:Asian small-clawed otter (
15512:American hog-nosed skunk (
15494:Molina's hog-nosed skunk (
13802:Angolan slender mongoose (
13497:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (
12546:Small-toothed palm civet (
11541:Collier's New Encyclopedia
11512:The Portugal News (2014).
11451:
11353:. London: Reaktion Books.
11304:
11278:. London: Reaktion Books.
11078:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.).
10535:
10523:
10339:International Zoo Yearbook
9653:African Journal of Ecology
8888:
8806:
8765:
8565:Pienaar, U. de V. (1969).
8219:African Journal of Ecology
7612:African Journal of Ecology
6758:The complete fauna of Iran
6635:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3
6239:Trivedi, Bijal P. (2005).
5777:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might
5687:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006
4962:"Phylogeography of lions (
4658:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009
4402:Quaternary Science Reviews
3954:"Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe"
3873:West Africa subpopulation"
3227:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
3116:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
3095:and is forced to sleep in
2947:National Museum of Denmark
2926:
2870:
2758:of a wounded lioness from
2744:
2738:
2464:
2069:Lions mating at Masai Mara
1507:
1244:
1240:
601:
36:
29:
17641:National symbols of Kenya
17611:Mammals described in 1758
17404:
17065:
16858:
16807:
16798:
16752:
16728:
16695:
16678:
16654:
16603:
16586:
16569:
16540:Saharan striped polecat (
16528:
16511:
16470:
16425:
16408:
16399:
16390:
16291:
16267:
16243:
16226:
16217:
16140:
16085:
16043:
16026:
16002:
15985:
15970:
15957:
15929:
15888:
15855:
15838:
15779:
15729:
15696:
15679:
15670:
15607:
15566:
15533:
15521:Striped hog-nosed skunk (
15474:
15453:
15431:
15427:
15414:
15350:
15333:
15292:
15264:
15252:Mediterranean monk seal (
15247:
15213:
15163:
15130:
15095:
15086:
15060:
15043:
15024:
14981:Juan Fernández fur seal (
14945:South American fur seal (
14933:
14916:
14892:
14880:South American sea lion (
14875:
14838:
14821:
14812:
14788:
14760:
14738:
14734:
14718:
14682:
14655:
14646:
14587:
14561:
14552:
14528:
14504:
14489:
14478:
14379:
14353:
14305:
14262:South American gray fox (
14232:
14206:
14182:
14165:
14150:
14135:
13998:
13965:
13948:
13939:
13906:
13886:
13870:
13838:Common slender mongoose (
13790:
13748:
13704:
13608:
13582:
13573:
13518:
13485:
13468:
13435:
13418:
13385:
13364:
13323:
13311:Narrow-striped mongoose (
13306:
13273:
13256:
13247:
13210:
13184:
13175:
13158:
13142:
13106:
13080:
13065:
13041:
13022:
13018:
13005:
12973:
12969:
12833:Crested servaline genet (
12788:
12749:
12740:
12685:
12659:
12644:
12622:
12576:
12532:
12523:
12474:
12459:
12446:
12414:
12316:
12252:
12235:
12226:
12198:
12181:
12148:
12097:
12010:
11973:
11956:
11947:
11910:
11886:
11877:
11861:
11793:
11760:
11747:
11727:
11674:
11657:
11642:
11626:
11588:
10981:Werness, Hope B. (2007).
10746:Patterson, B. D. (2004).
10376:Dollinger, P.; Geser, S.
10227:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5
10157:10.1163/18759866-07602002
9747:Panthera leo senegalensis
9715:10.1017/S0030605304000055
9257:10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70
9216:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293
8475:Journal of Animal Ecology
8369:Laurenson, M. K. (1994).
8274:10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7
7476:10.1017/S0952836905007508
7085:10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x
6497:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4
6476:Biodiversity Conservation
6214:, pp. 133, 137, 145, 148.
6060:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0
5995:10.1017/S0952836904005242
5374:10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1
4596:"When Lions Ruled France"
4312:Panthera spelaea fossilis
4226:Christiansen, P. (2008).
3460:Oxford English Dictionary
3165:and may be ridden by the
3147:, an avatar of the deity
3008:the goddess of moisture.
2849:killing of Cecil the lion
2801:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
2046:Lions similarly dominate
1514:The white lion is a rare
1469:Almost all male lions in
1184:since at least the early
969:Other lion subspecies or
421:
412:
407:
398:
370:
365:
342:
335:
217:Scientific classification
215:
198:
176:
167:
158:
149:
140:
131:
48:
17681:National symbols of Togo
17631:National symbols of Chad
16896:Stoat/Beringian ermine (
16764:African clawless otter (
16516:African striped weasel (
16329:Yellow-throated marten (
16205:Formosan ferret-badger (
15909:Western mountain coati (
15900:Eastern mountain coati (
15817:Western lowland olingo (
15799:Eastern lowland olingo (
15627:Southern spotted skunk (
15321:Southern elephant seal (
15312:Northern elephant seal (
15102:Pagophilus groenlandicus
13879:("dog-like" carnivorans)
13692:Stripe-necked mongoose (
13313:Mungotictis decemlineata
12188:Herpailurus yagouaroundi
11635:("cat-like" carnivorans)
11505:"Lion Conservation Fund"
11264:
11246:, pp. 113, 119–122, 124.
11015:African Mythology A to Z
10145:Contributions to Zoology
9718:(inactive 31 July 2024).
8819:Crandall, L. S. (1964).
8703:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999).
8584:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753
5311:Rafferty, J. P. (2011).
5085:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4316:Panthera spelaea spelaea
3340:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
3278:
2669:lions had been stocked.
2661:at his hunting lodge in
2577:Interactions with humans
2083:A lion cub in Masai Mara
1743:fission–fusion societies
1546:Distribution and habitat
1487:Tsavo East National Park
633:word 'panthēra' and the
523:. It has been listed as
37:Not to be confused with
16941:Yellow-bellied weasel (
16196:Burmese ferret-badger (
16178:Chinese ferret-badger (
16169:Bornean ferret badger (
16160:Vietnam ferret-badger (
15645:Eastern spotted skunk (
15636:Western spotted skunk (
15366:Leptonychotes weddellii
15008:Subantarctic fur seal (
14954:Australasian fur seal (
13778:Black-footed mongoose (
13760:Bushy-tailed mongoose (
13709:White-tailed mongoose (
13647:Indian brown mongoose (
13629:Short-tailed mongoose (
13620:Small Indian mongoose (
13557:Flat-headed kusimanse (
13530:Alexander's kusimanse (
13506:Common dwarf mongoose (
13473:Pousargues's mongoose (
13335:Brown-tailed mongoose (
13294:Grandidier's mongoose (
12548:Arctogalidia trivirgata
11772:Sunda clouded leopard (
11211:Rangarajan, M. (2013).
10656:Biological Conservation
9947:Biological Conservation
9633:10.3389/fevo.2016.00110
9432:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179
8495:10.1111/1365-2656.12883
8297:The Art of Being a Lion
8090:Hayward, M. W. (2006).
7925:McNeill, R. A. (1993).
7814:, p. 150, 153, 164–165.
7696:Stander, P. E. (1992).
7249:10.1126/science.7652566
7191:10.1126/science.7652573
6929:10.1002/scin.5591611614
6812:Kinnear, N. B. (1920).
6526:Chardonnet, P. (2002).
6367:Dell'Amore, C. (2016).
6135:10.1126/science.1073257
6029:: Implications for its
5771:Brakefield, T. (1993).
5145:Journal of Biogeography
5106:10.1186/1471-2148-14-70
4194:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
4063:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
3793:Panthera (Panthera) leo
3557:10.1126/science.1122277
3499:A Greek-English Lexicon
3465:Oxford University Press
3242:Disney animated feature
3023:, 6th century BC, from
2972:, the lion is known as
2791:Assyrian palace reliefs
2426:. Field surveys in the
2383:Video of a wild lioness
2038:Lions tend to dominate
1837:The Museum of Osteology
1759:Serengeti National Park
1428:A six-year-old male in
1412:
1347:
1135:11.75 to 0.97
1102:in the late Pleistocene
823:− includes the extinct
637:word πάνθηρ 'panther'.
577:
143:Serengeti National Park
16782:Congo clawless otter (
16685:Hydrictis maculicollis
16683:Spotted-necked otter (
16642:Southern river otter (
16593:Pteronura brasiliensis
16356:European pine marten (
15867:South American coati (
15595:Palawan stink badger (
14921:New Zealand sea lion (
13986:Japanese raccoon dog (
13683:Crab-eating mongoose (
13638:Indian grey mongoose (
13261:Ring-tailed vontsira (
13072:(bone-crushing hyenas)
12767:Central African oyan (
12328:Chinese mountain cat (
11328:de Courcy, C. (1995).
10269:10.1002/zoo.1430060202
10192:International Zoo News
9534:International Wildlife
9316:Leyhausen, P. (1960).
8651:10.1002/zoo.1430130403
8170:Carnivore Conservation
7356:Chakrabarti, S. &
5773:"Lion: Sociable Simba"
5617:Calder, W. A. (1996).
5525:Pocock, R. I. (1939).
5426:Wild Cats of the World
5186:Pocock, R. I. (1898).
5035:Panthera (Leo) spelaea
4920:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686
4637:Comptes Rendus Palevol
3190:The Lion and the Mouse
3137:Lion Capital of Ashoka
3124:
3028:
3021:Nebuchadnezzar II
2949:
2889:Lions' proclivity for
2873:Man-eater § Lions
2868:
2769:
2663:Woodstock, Oxfordshire
2643:cabinet of curiosities
2641:, an extension of the
2532:Emperor Haile Selassie
2522:
2474:
2384:
2350:The lion is listed as
2306:A captive lion roaring
2285:
2164:
2137:
1934:African bush elephants
1802:Sabi Sand Game Reserve
1558:
1471:Pendjari National Park
1168:4.32 to 0.02
1150:3.46 to 1.22
1128:9.32 to 4.47
1103:
966:
699:
650:
592:
586:
544:since the time of the
519:and one population in
17621:Mammals of South Asia
17350:Paleobiology Database
17337:Paleobiology Database
17022:Back-striped weasel (
16968:Black-footed ferret (
16740:Smooth-coated otter (
16518:Poecilogale albinucha
16187:Javan ferret-badger (
16073:Sumatran hog badger (
16055:Northern hog badger (
15749:Crab-eating raccoon (
15654:Pygmy spotted skunk (
15375:Lobodon carcinophagus
15111:Histriophoca fasciata
14904:Australian sea lion (
14850:California sea lion (
14599:American black bear (
14341:Black-backed jackal (
14332:Side-striped jackal (
14172:Chrysocyon brachyurus
13596:Long-nosed mongoose (
12869:Rusty-spotted genet (
12706:Large-spotted civet (
12555:Sulawesi palm civet (
12484:Owston's palm civet (
12058:Andean mountain cat (
11134:10.3406/rhr.1981.4828
11009:Lynch, P. A. (2004).
10951:Frump, R. R. (2006).
9920:10.1515/MAMM.2010.048
9589:10.1644/13-mamm-a-306
7519:10.4098/AT.arch.94-50
7421:Frank, L. G. (1998).
7378:10.1093/beheco/arx118
7148:10.1093/beheco/arv046
7048:10.1093/beheco/ary018
6740:Üstay, A. H. (1990).
6699:and the Asiatic lion
6040:Conservation Genetics
5908:Sinha, S. P. (1987).
5893:Smuts, G. L. (1982).
5815:Nowak, R. M. (1999).
5584:Davis, D. D. (1962).
4870:10.1101/gr.186668.114
4583:on 25 September 2007.
4382:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59
3638:(Carnivora: Felidae)"
3426:Linnaeus, C. (1758).
3266:Mapogo lion coalition
3200:is slain by the hero
3109:
3071:. In ancient Israel,
3051:. Lions decorate the
3018:
2963:Richard the Lionheart
2936:
2923:Cultural significance
2871:Further information:
2862:
2754:
2667:William of Malmesbury
2665:, where according to
2555:Species Survival Plan
2516:
2472:
2451:Alatash National Park
2424:Critically Endangered
2393:Republic of the Congo
2382:
2284:
2182:species of the genus
2160:Lions in a tree near
2159:
2135:
1982:Predatory competition
1950:clamping bite to the
1775:Dominance hierarchies
1680:Behaviour and ecology
1553:
1508:Further information:
1370:Head-and-body length
1245:Further information:
1161:3.1 to 1.95
1113:is estimated to have
1077:
961:
697:
648:
499:. It is usually more
32:Lion (disambiguation)
16837:Long-tailed weasel (
16415:Lyncodon patagonicus
16064:Greater hog badger (
15586:Sunda stink badger (
15276:Hawaiian monk seal (
14999:Guadalupe fur seal (
14972:Antarctic fur seal (
14963:Galápagos fur seal (
14859:Galápagos sea lion (
13977:Common raccoon dog (
13829:Cape gray mongoose (
13769:Jackson's mongoose (
13729:Paracynictis selousi
13720:Cynictis penicillata
13344:Durrell's vontsira (
12932:Giant forest genet (
12724:Large Indian civet (
12664:Small Indian civet (
12273:Sunda leopard cat (
12049:Southern tiger cat (
11985:African golden cat (
11662:African palm civet (
11487:at Wikimedia Commons
11347:Jackson, D. (2010).
10777:Journal of Mammalogy
10388:on 29 September 2011
10091:Conservation Biology
10058:Kaushik, H. (2017).
10025:Panthera leo persica
10021:Singh, H.S. (2017).
10000:Panthera leo persica
9943:Panthera leo persica
9760:Biodiversity Journal
9576:Journal of Mammalogy
9063:on 29 September 2007
7663:10.3377/004.044.0104
7500:Panthera leo persica
6701:Panthera leo persica
6542:on 10 November 2013.
6413:McBride, C. (1977).
5912:Panthera leo persica
5854:Panthera leo persica
4535:Panthera leo spelaea
4439:Panthera Leo Spelaea
3843:: e.T15952A5327221.
3404:: e.T15951A259030422
3261:List of largest cats
3204:who wears its skin.
2582:In zoos and circuses
2540:Barbary Lion Project
2479:region of Saurashtra
2152:Health and mortality
2029:Etosha National Park
1900:and small prey like
1528:Kruger National Park
1483:Dinder National Park
1154:, but also with the
1115:genetically diverged
629:is traceable to the
30:For other uses, see
16880:M. aistoodonnivalis
16716:Hairy-nosed otter (
16633:Neotropical otter (
16413:Patagonian weasel (
15876:White-nosed coati (
15076:Cystophora cristata
15067:Erignathus barbatus
14800:Northern fur seal (
14577:Helarctos malayanus
14213:Atelocynus microtis
13920:U. cinereoargenteus
13811:Egyptian mongoose (
13738:Rhynchogale melleri
13736:Meller's mongoose (
13727:Selous's mongoose (
13711:Ichneumia albicauda
13665:Collared mongoose (
13539:Angolan kusimanse (
13423:Liberian mongoose (
12776:West African oyan (
12675:Civettictis civetta
12606:Golden palm civet (
12564:Masked palm civet (
12539:Arctictis binturong
12513:Hemigalus derbyanus
12511:Banded palm civet (
12502:Hose's palm civet (
12291:Rusty-spotted cat (
11454:Big Cat Diary: Lion
11161:10.1017/irq.2015.17
11107:, pp. 107–108, 111.
10955:. The Lyons Press.
10910:2011PLoSO...622285P
10853:2005Natur.436..927P
10668:2009BCons.142.2428H
10444:Honolulu Advertiser
10419:on 25 December 2018
10413:Honolulu Advertiser
10407:Aguiar, E. (2007).
10278:on 25 February 2014
10103:1994ConBi...8..501S
9959:2011BCons.144.1753S
9154:1996Natur.379..441R
8844:American Naturalist
8748:Nature Conservation
8487:2018JAnEc..87.1709M
8432:2015PLoSO..1017743R
8341:1986SciAm.254e..84O
8329:Scientific American
8266:2018BiCon..27..871G
8231:2005AfJEc..43..220T
8061:"Behavior and Diet"
7877:10.1038/nature25479
7869:2018Natur.554..183W
7717:1992BEcoS..29..445S
7624:2006AfJEc..44..279J
7341:Joslin, P. (1973).
7292:1996Sci...271.1215J
7241:1995Sci...269.1216M
7235:(5228): 1216–1217.
7183:1995Sci...269.1260H
7177:(5228): 1260–1262.
7119:, pp. 195–196, 222.
6755:Firouz, E. (2005).
6571:2013PLoSO...860174B
6488:2013BiCon..22...17R
6438:Tucker, L. (2003).
6379:on 28 February 2021
6373:National Geographic
6245:National Geographic
6127:2002Sci...297.1339W
6121:(5585): 1339–1343.
6052:2006ConG....7..507B
5424:(Linnaeus, 1758)".
5204:1898Natur..58Q.200P
5188:"Lion-Tiger Hybrid"
5157:2011JBiog..38.1356B
5097:2014BMCEE..14...70B
5058:10.3409/azc.60_2.59
5037:and its evolution:
4987:2009MolEc..18.1668B
4776:2014HBio...26..827K
4701:2022MolEc..31.6407S
4649:2017CRPal..16..850C
4558:2004MolPE..30..841B
4435:Hemmer, H. (2011).
4414:2011QSRv...30.2329S
4185:2020PNAS..11710927D
4179:(20): 10927–10934.
4118:2016NatSR...630807B
4054:2020PNAS..11710927D
4048:(20): 10927–10934.
3964:. p. 129−148.
3785:Hemmer, H. (1974).
3716:2011PLoSO...625483M
3654:2010MolPE..56...64D
3549:2006Sci...311...73J
3463:(Online ed.).
3091:refuses to worship
2896:Selous Game Reserve
2720:Les Lions de Mysore
2704:Siegfried & Roy
2571:genetic variability
2483:Kathiawar Peninsula
2459:human–lion conflict
2195:Stomoxys calcitrans
1930:Chobe National Park
1205:last glacial period
935:Ethiopian Highlands
170:Conservation status
55:Pleistocene–Present
17701:Vulnerable animals
16995:European polecat (
16828:Colombian weasel (
16478:(African polecats)
16106:Caucasian badger (
16034:(Eurasian badgers)
15484:(hog-nosed skunks)
15221:("southern seals")
15120:Halichoerus grypus
15051:("northern seals")
14923:Phocarctos hookeri
14828:Eumetopias jubatus
14826:Steller sea lion (
14608:Asian black bear (
14358:African wild dog (
14312:(wolf-like canids)
13589:Atilax paludinosus
13548:Common kusimanse (
13475:Dologale dybowskii
13447:Gambian mongoose (
13231:Western falanouc (
13222:Eastern falanouc (
13191:Cryptoprocta ferox
13096:Parahyaena brunnea
12851:Johnston's genet (
12806:Abyssinian genet (
12758:(African linsangs)
12666:Viverricula indica
12597:Brown palm civet (
12588:Asian palm civet (
12495:Cynogale bennettii
12486:Chrotogale owstoni
12382:European wildcat (
12373:Black-footed cat (
11963:Leptailurus serval
11931:Asian golden cat (
11697:(Asiatic linsangs)
11305:Blunt, W. (1975).
11230:10.1111/hith.10690
11217:History and Theory
11128:(198–4): 355–401.
10720:The New York Times
10505:on 5 November 2005
10450:on 6 November 2020
10064:The Times of India
9945:) of Gir forest".
9825:. BBC News. 2016.
9751:Leptailurus serval
8382:Journal of Zoology
8139:Kruuk, H. (2014).
8107:Journal of Zoology
7964:, p. 244, 263–267.
7838:, pp. 233, 247–248
7725:10.1007/BF00170175
7608:Loxodonta africana
7539:Journal of Zoology
7454:Journal of Zoology
7366:Behavioral Ecology
7135:Behavioral Ecology
7035:Behavioral Ecology
6967:Estes, R. (1991).
6088:Menon, V. (2003).
6077:on 24 August 2006.
5983:Journal of Zoology
5723:Journal of Zoology
4913:(1774): 20132686.
4763:Historical Biology
4750:"Phylogenetics of
4359:Sabol, M. (2014).
4106:Scientific Reports
3125:
3029:
2950:
2869:
2779:Amenhotep III
2770:
2523:
2475:
2449:was filmed in the
2443:Mole National Park
2435:Waza National Park
2385:
2286:
2165:
2138:
1973:Lions scavenge on
1693:Group organisation
1676:in central India.
1658:Khuzestan province
1595:African rainforest
1559:
1342:fast-twitch muscle
1213:Middle Pleistocene
1104:
1003:Middle Pleistocene
967:
948:P. l. melanochaita
858:P. l. bleyenberghi
813:P. l. melanochaita
781:P. l. senegalensis
763:regionally extinct
700:
651:
556:were prominent in
550:zoological gardens
517:sub-Saharan Africa
487:The lion inhabits
462:sexually dimorphic
382:P. l. melanochaita
17486:
17485:
17324:Open Tree of Life
17059:Taxon identifiers
17050:
17049:
17046:
17045:
17042:
17041:
17038:
17037:
17034:
17033:
17013:Siberian weasel (
17004:American ermine (
16932:Japanese weasel (
16887:Mountain weasel (
16871:
16794:
16793:
16580:
16565:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16549:Striped polecat (
16499:Marbled polecat (
16481:
16466:
16465:
16438:
16386:
16385:
16365:Japanese marten (
16311:American marten (
16304:
16162:M. cucphuongensis
16153:
16136:
16135:
16124:European badger (
16097:Japanese badger (
16037:
15990:American badger (
15953:
15952:
15949:
15948:
15925:
15924:
15921:
15920:
15849:
15808:Northern olingo (
15792:
15767:Cozumel raccoon (
15742:
15666:
15665:
15620:
15579:
15487:
15468:
15410:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15402:
15401:
15398:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15384:Ommatophoca rossi
15357:Hydrurga leptonyx
15344:
15341:(Antarctic seals)
15314:M. angustirostris
15305:
15288:
15287:
15254:Monachus monachus
15241:
15224:
15209:
15208:
15205:
15204:
15054:
15037:
15020:
15019:
14882:Otaria flavescens
14871:
14870:
14782:
14750:Odobenus rosmarus
14714:
14713:
14710:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14702:
14701:
14665:
14642:
14641:
14638:
14637:
14540:Spectacled bear (
14498:
14474:
14473:
14470:
14469:
14466:
14465:
14314:
14301:
14300:
14220:Crab-eating fox (
14211:Short-eared dog (
14159:
14144:
14131:
14130:
14013:
13955:Otocyon megalotis
13899:
13866:
13865:
13862:
13861:
13858:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13850:
13849:
13718:Yellow mongoose (
13569:
13568:
13456:Banded mongoose (
13425:Liberiictus kuhni
13379:
13360:
13359:
13356:
13355:
13243:
13242:
13169:
13138:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13074:
13035:
13001:
13000:
12997:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12965:
12964:
12961:
12960:
12957:
12956:
12953:
12952:
12905:Servaline genet (
12824:Bourlon's genet (
12799:
12760:
12736:
12735:
12618:
12617:
12590:P. hermaphroditus
12442:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12410:
12409:
12406:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12398:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12355:African wildcat (
12312:
12311:
12282:Flat-headed cat (
12222:
12221:
12006:
12005:
11943:
11942:
11857:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11781:Clouded leopard (
11740:
11715:Spotted linsang (
11699:
11664:Nandinia binotata
11483:Media related to
11432:978-0-226-73639-6
11339:978-0-14-023919-5
11320:978-0-241-89331-9
11285:978-1-86189-111-2
11091:978-1-57607-645-3
11024:978-0-8160-4892-2
10962:978-1-59228-892-2
10816:(1&2): 1–40.
10757:978-0-07-136333-4
10662:(11): 2428–2437.
10616:978-0-06-016923-7
10571:978-1-57958-174-9
10493:Owen, J. (2005).
10351:10.1111/izy.12073
10312:978-0-521-70271-3
9327:978-3-489-71836-9
9209:(10): 1293–1300.
9148:(6564): 441–445.
8948:978-0-7153-5272-4
8720:978-0-312-19239-6
8677:978-0-8014-1753-5
8179:978-0-521-66232-1
7948:978-0-19-854067-0
7863:(7691): 183–188.
7506:Acta Theriologica
6988:978-0-520-08085-0
6768:978-1-85043-946-2
6742:Hunting in Turkey
6719:10.1111/mam.12166
6449:978-0-620-31409-1
6424:978-0-949997-32-6
6099:978-0-14-302998-4
5963:978-1-4081-8996-2
5954:Mammals of Africa
5872:978-2-8317-0045-8
5834:978-0-8018-5789-8
5786:978-0-89658-329-0
5632:978-0-486-69191-6
5619:"Skeletal muscle"
5570:978-90-04-08876-4
5473:Mammalian Species
5435:978-0-8008-8324-9
5326:978-1-61530-340-3
5266:978-3-642-48949-5
4974:Molecular Ecology
4823:978-0-19-923445-5
4709:10.1111/mec.16267
4695:(24): 6407–6421.
4689:Molecular Ecology
4363:Panthera fossilis
4297:on 7 August 2007.
4126:10.1038/srep30807
4009:978-1-4729-5080-2
3795:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
3757:Oken, L. (1816).
3478:(Subscription or
3353:978-0-8018-8221-0
3326:Wozencraft, W. C.
3083:, notably in the
3057:Nebuchadnezzar II
2767: 645–635 BC
2735:Hunting and games
2708:Isaac Van Amburgh
2536:Oxford University
2491:genetic diversity
2380:
2364:CITES Appendix II
2301:
2133:
2112:Generation length
2048:African wild dogs
2025:Ngorongoro crater
1947:Thomson's gazelle
1579:Gir National Park
1556:Gir National Park
1530:and the adjacent
1410:
1409:
1233:during the early
1176:between lion and
1170:million years ago
1163:million years ago
1152:million years ago
1137:million years ago
1130:million years ago
847:P. l. sabakiensis
829:P. l. somaliensis
670:. The genus name
568:The English word
478:keystone predator
472:. The lion is an
426:
425:
210:
193:
16:(Redirected from
17713:
17606:Felids of Africa
17563:
17562:
17561:
17551:
17550:
17549:
17539:
17538:
17527:
17526:
17515:
17514:
17503:
17502:
17494:
17479:
17478:
17466:
17465:
17453:
17452:
17440:
17439:
17438:
17425:
17424:
17423:
17397:
17396:
17384:
17383:
17371:
17370:
17358:
17357:
17345:
17344:
17332:
17331:
17319:
17318:
17306:
17305:
17293:
17292:
17280:
17279:
17267:
17266:
17254:
17253:
17241:
17240:
17228:
17227:
17215:
17214:
17202:
17201:
17189:
17188:
17176:
17175:
17163:
17162:
17150:
17149:
17137:
17136:
17124:
17123:
17114:
17113:
17101:
17100:
17099:
17086:
17085:
17084:
17054:
17053:
16986:Malayan weasel (
16905:Steppe polecat (
16878:Sichuan weasel (
16870:
16869:
16865:
16805:
16804:
16742:L. perspicillata
16707:Eurasian otter (
16584:
16583:
16579:
16578:
16574:
16485:
16484:
16480:
16479:
16475:
16454:Greater grison (
16437:
16436:
16432:
16406:
16405:
16397:
16396:
16347:Nilgiri marten (
16320:Pacific marten (
16303:
16302:
16298:
16224:
16223:
16207:M. subaurantiaca
16152:
16151:
16150:(ferret-badgers)
16147:
16041:
16040:
16036:
16035:
16031:
15983:
15982:
15972:
15971:
15959:
15958:
15853:
15852:
15848:
15847:
15843:
15791:
15790:
15786:
15741:
15740:
15736:
15677:
15676:
15619:
15618:
15617:(spotted skunks)
15614:
15578:
15577:
15573:
15486:
15485:
15481:
15472:
15471:
15467:
15466:
15458:
15429:
15428:
15416:
15415:
15373:Crabeater seal (
15348:
15347:
15343:
15342:
15338:
15304:
15303:
15302:(elephant seals)
15299:
15278:N. schauinslandi
15245:
15244:
15240:
15239:
15235:
15228:
15227:
15223:
15222:
15218:
15093:
15092:
15058:
15057:
15053:
15052:
15048:
15041:
15040:
15036:
15035:
15029:
14990:Brown fur seal (
14965:A. galapagoensis
14852:Z. californianus
14819:
14818:
14786:
14785:
14781:
14780:
14766:
14736:
14735:
14728:
14720:
14719:
14664:
14663:
14659:
14653:
14652:
14568:Melursus ursinus
14559:
14558:
14502:
14501:
14497:
14494:
14487:
14486:
14454:Ethiopian wolf (
14318:
14317:
14313:
14310:
14163:
14162:
14158:
14155:
14148:
14147:
14143:
14140:
14029:Blanford's fox (
14012:
14005:
13946:
13945:
13904:
13903:
13898:
13895:
13888:
13887:
13880:
13872:
13871:
13674:Ruddy mongoose (
13656:Javan mongoose (
13587:Marsh mongoose (
13580:
13579:
13559:C. platycephalus
13392:
13391:
13383:
13382:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13254:
13253:
13198:Malagasy civet (
13182:
13181:
13173:
13172:
13168:
13163:
13156:
13155:
13151:
13078:
13077:
13073:
13070:
13039:
13038:
13034:
13031:
13024:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13007:
13006:
12971:
12970:
12798:
12795:
12759:
12756:
12747:
12746:
12657:
12656:
12653:
12642:
12641:
12637:
12624:
12623:
12530:
12529:
12472:
12471:
12461:
12460:
12448:
12447:
12242:Otocolobus manul
12233:
12232:
12155:
12154:
12031:Geoffroy's cat (
11954:
11953:
11884:
11883:
11875:
11874:
11870:
11758:
11757:
11749:
11748:
11745:
11744:
11739:
11736:
11729:
11728:
11706:Banded linsang (
11698:
11695:
11687:
11686:
11676:
11675:
11655:
11654:
11644:
11643:
11636:
11628:
11627:
11573:
11566:
11559:
11550:
11549:
11545:
11537:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11520:on 2 August 2018
11516:. Archived from
11508:
11500:
11482:
11467:
11448:
11446:
11444:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11343:
11324:
11312:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11208:
11202:
11201:
11183:
11177:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11114:
11108:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11071:
11065:
11059:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11035:
11029:
11028:
11006:
10997:
10996:
10978:
10967:
10966:
10948:
10942:
10941:
10931:
10921:
10887:
10881:
10880:
10847:(7053): 927–28.
10834:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10732:
10710:
10704:
10698:
10692:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10651:
10645:
10639:
10633:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10576:
10575:
10557:
10551:
10545:
10539:
10533:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10501:. Archived from
10490:
10484:
10478:
10472:
10471:, pp. 19–21, 42.
10466:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10455:
10446:. Archived from
10438:Lum, C. (2007).
10435:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10424:
10415:. Archived from
10404:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10373:
10367:
10361:
10355:
10354:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10277:
10271:. Archived from
10254:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10167:. Archived from
10136:
10130:
10129:
10121:
10115:
10114:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10018:
10012:
10011:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9980:
9971:
9970:
9953:(5): 1753–1757.
9938:
9932:
9931:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9887:
9872:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9856:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9789:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9773:on 10 March 2018
9772:
9757:
9740:
9734:
9733:
9727:
9719:
9717:
9693:
9687:
9686:
9676:
9649:Panthera leo leo
9644:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9599:
9593:
9591:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9548:
9542:
9541:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9505:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9472:
9463:
9457:
9451:
9445:
9444:
9434:
9406:
9400:
9391:
9385:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9356:
9350:
9344:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9293:Primate Ethology
9288:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9259:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9218:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9173:
9162:10.1038/379441a0
9128:
9122:
9121:
9111:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9059:. Archived from
9057:The Arusha Times
9048:
9042:
9041:
9021:
9015:
9014:
8994:
8988:
8987:
8971:
8965:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8934:
8928:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8904:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8781:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8752:
8751:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8481:(6): 1709–1726.
8470:
8464:
8463:
8453:
8443:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8379:
8373:Acinonyx jubatus
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8326:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8104:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8000:
7999:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7854:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7785:
7762:Animal Behaviour
7759:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7702:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7606:) on elephants (
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7469:
7451:
7438:
7427:
7426:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7372:(6): 1532–1539.
7353:
7347:
7346:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7168:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7141:(4): 1051–1059.
7126:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7087:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6964:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6794:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6744:. Istanbul: BBA.
6737:
6731:
6730:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6617:Panthera spelaea
6612:
6603:
6602:
6592:
6582:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6534:
6523:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6463:
6454:
6453:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6375:. Archived from
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6247:. Archived from
6236:
6230:
6229:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6070:. Archived from
6037:
6020:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5941:
5928:
5927:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5864:
5856:(Meyer, 1826)".
5845:
5839:
5838:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5739:
5738:
5714:
5699:
5698:
5672:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5502:on 28 July 2017.
5501:
5495:. Archived from
5470:
5457:
5440:
5439:
5417:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5376:
5358:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5286:
5280:Shi, W. (2005).
5277:
5271:
5270:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5215:
5213:10.1038/058200b0
5183:
5177:
5176:
5151:(7): 1356–1367.
5135:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5108:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5041:nov. subspecies"
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
4981:(8): 1668–1677.
4970:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4720:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4660:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4600:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4576:. Archived from
4541:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4469:Panthera spelaea
4462:
4453:
4452:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4398:Panthera spelaea
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4249:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3918:
3908:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3782:
3771:
3770:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3526:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3383:
3366:
3365:
3322:
3292:
3289:
3143:, the half-lion
3075:represented the
2982:African folklore
2970:Swahili language
2821:gladiator fights
2807:, where Emperor
2798:
2795:
2775:ancient Egyptian
2768:
2765:
2611:
2594:
2509:Captive breeding
2381:
2360:CITES Appendix I
2325:flehmen response
2303:
2302:
2283:
2252:
2238:
2203:canine distemper
2134:
2117:
2080:
2066:
2008:
1994:
1918:white rhinoceros
1835:, on display at
1828:
1814:
1797:
1785:Hunting and diet
1719:
1705:
1589:Historical range
1524:recessive allele
1504:Colour variation
1442:
1425:
1356:
1355:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1297:
1283:
1171:
1164:
1153:
1138:
1131:
1081:Panthera spelaea
1027:Late Pleistocene
979:P. l. sinhaleyus
928:leo melanochaita
916:
915:(Zukowsky, 1964)
912:P. l. webbiensis
909:
902:
891:
883:P. l. hollisteri
880:
873:
865:P. l. roosevelti
862:
861:(Lönnberg, 1914)
855:
844:
833:
822:
807:
796:
785:
778:
752:
751:(Linnaeus, 1758)
737:studies on lion
624:
619:
618:
609:
604:
603:
595:
589:
580:
417:
403:
390:P. l. sinhaleyus
348:
225:
224:
204:
187:
182:
181:
154:
136:
126:
56:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
17721:
17720:
17716:
17715:
17714:
17712:
17711:
17710:
17571:
17570:
17569:
17559:
17557:
17547:
17545:
17533:
17521:
17509:
17497:
17489:
17487:
17482:
17474:
17469:
17461:
17456:
17448:
17443:
17434:
17433:
17428:
17419:
17418:
17413:
17400:
17392:
17387:
17379:
17374:
17366:
17361:
17353:
17348:
17340:
17335:
17327:
17322:
17314:
17311:Observation.org
17309:
17301:
17296:
17288:
17283:
17275:
17270:
17262:
17257:
17249:
17244:
17236:
17231:
17223:
17218:
17210:
17205:
17197:
17192:
17184:
17179:
17171:
17166:
17158:
17153:
17145:
17140:
17132:
17127:
17119:
17117:
17109:
17104:
17095:
17094:
17089:
17080:
17079:
17074:
17061:
17051:
17030:
17006:M. richardsonii
16950:European mink (
16867:
16866:
16864:
16854:
16846:American mink (
16819:Amazon weasel (
16790:
16748:
16724:
16691:
16674:
16650:
16599:
16576:
16575:
16573:
16557:
16524:
16507:
16477:
16476:
16474:
16462:
16445:Lesser grison (
16434:
16433:
16431:
16421:
16382:
16300:
16299:
16297:
16287:
16263:
16239:
16213:
16149:
16148:
16146:
16132:
16081:
16033:
16032:
16030:
16022:
15998:
15979:
15966:
15945:
15917:
15884:
15845:
15844:
15842:
15834:
15788:
15787:
15785:
15775:
15738:
15737:
15735:
15725:
15692:
15662:
15629:S. angustifrons
15616:
15615:
15613:
15603:
15576:(stink badgers)
15575:
15574:
15572:
15562:
15554:Striped skunk (
15529:
15523:C. semistriatus
15483:
15482:
15480:
15460:
15459:
15457:
15449:
15443:Ailurus fulgens
15423:
15390:
15340:
15339:
15337:
15329:
15301:
15300:
15298:
15284:
15260:
15237:
15236:
15234:
15220:
15219:
15217:
15201:
15159:
15126:
15082:
15050:
15049:
15047:
15033:
15031:
15030:
15028:
15016:
14929:
14912:
14888:
14867:
14834:
14808:
14775:
14770:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14761:
14756:
14730:
14726:
14698:
14678:
14661:
14660:
14634:
14583:
14548:
14524:
14495:
14493:
14483:
14462:
14391:Golden jackal (
14375:
14349:
14311:
14309:
14297:
14228:
14222:Cerdocyon thous
14202:
14178:
14156:
14154:
14141:
14139:
14127:
14092:Rüppell's fox (
14006:
14004:
13994:
13979:N. procyonoides
13961:
13953:Bat-eared fox (
13935:
13900:
13896:
13882:
13878:
13846:
13831:H. pulverulenta
13786:
13744:
13700:
13667:U. semitorquata
13622:U. auropunctata
13604:
13565:
13514:
13481:
13464:
13431:
13414:
13376:
13374:
13369:
13368:
13352:
13319:
13302:
13269:
13263:Galidia elegans
13239:
13206:
13166:
13164:
13162:
13152:
13147:
13126:
13118:Spotted hyena (
13102:
13085:Striped hyena (
13071:
13069:
13061:
13032:
13030:
13014:
12989:
12949:
12887:Aquatic genet (
12878:Pardine genet (
12815:Angolan genet (
12796:
12794:
12784:
12769:P. richardsonii
12757:
12755:
12732:
12715:Malayan civet (
12681:
12673:African civet (
12649:
12648:
12638:
12633:
12632:
12628:
12614:
12572:
12519:
12504:Diplogale hosei
12468:
12455:
12430:
12390:
12308:
12248:
12228:
12218:
12194:
12177:
12150:
12144:
12118:Eurasian lynx (
12093:
12002:
11969:
11949:
11939:
11906:
11879:
11871:
11866:
11849:
11789:
11741:
11737:
11723:
11696:
11683:
11670:
11651:
11638:
11634:
11622:
11584:
11577:
11532:
11523:
11521:
11503:
11475:
11470:
11464:
11442:
11440:
11433:
11417:Schaller, G. B.
11406:
11404:
11397:
11370:
11368:
11361:
11340:
11321:
11295:
11293:
11286:
11267:
11262:
11254:
11250:
11242:
11238:
11209:
11205:
11198:
11184:
11180:
11176:, pp. 109, 115.
11172:
11168:
11145:
11141:
11115:
11111:
11103:
11099:
11092:
11072:
11068:
11060:
11056:
11048:
11044:
11036:
11032:
11025:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10979:
10970:
10963:
10949:
10945:
10888:
10884:
10861:10.1038/436927a
10835:
10831:
10802:
10798:
10769:
10765:
10758:
10744:
10740:
10730:
10728:
10711:
10707:
10699:
10695:
10687:
10683:
10652:
10648:
10640:
10636:
10628:
10624:
10617:
10598:
10594:
10586:
10579:
10572:
10558:
10554:
10546:
10542:
10534:
10530:
10522:
10518:
10508:
10506:
10491:
10487:
10479:
10475:
10467:
10463:
10453:
10451:
10436:
10432:
10422:
10420:
10405:
10401:
10391:
10389:
10374:
10370:
10362:
10358:
10331:
10327:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10295:
10291:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10252:
10246:
10242:
10207:
10203:
10188:
10184:
10174:
10172:
10137:
10133:
10122:
10118:
10087:
10083:
10073:
10071:
10056:
10052:
10031:Current Science
10019:
10015:
10010:(10): 993–1003.
10004:Indian Forester
9996:
9992:
9981:
9974:
9939:
9935:
9904:
9900:
9892:
9885:
9873:
9869:
9861:
9854:
9846:
9842:
9832:
9830:
9821:
9820:
9816:
9806:
9804:
9791:
9790:
9786:
9776:
9774:
9770:
9755:
9745:"Further lion,
9741:
9737:
9721:
9720:
9694:
9690:
9645:
9641:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9568:
9564:
9549:
9545:
9530:
9526:
9518:
9503:
9497:
9493:
9485:
9470:
9464:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9419:Chemical Senses
9407:
9403:
9392:
9388:
9380:
9376:
9368:
9359:
9351:
9347:
9339:
9335:
9328:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9289:
9285:
9277:
9273:
9236:
9232:
9191:
9187:
9129:
9125:
9080:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9049:
9045:
9022:
9018:
8995:
8991:
8972:
8968:
8960:
8956:
8949:
8935:
8931:
8923:
8919:
8911:
8907:
8899:
8895:
8887:
8883:
8875:
8871:
8840:
8836:
8817:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8793:
8784:
8776:
8772:
8764:
8755:
8744:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8701:
8697:
8689:
8685:
8678:
8662:
8658:
8635:
8631:
8623:
8616:
8608:
8604:
8596:
8592:
8563:
8559:
8526:
8522:
8514:
8510:
8471:
8467:
8426:(2): e0117743.
8412:
8408:
8400:
8377:
8367:
8363:
8355:
8324:
8318:
8314:
8307:
8293:
8289:
8250:
8246:
8215:
8211:
8203:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8102:
8094:Crocuta crocuta
8088:
8084:
8074:
8072:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8046:
8042:
8034:
8030:
8022:
8018:
8010:
8003:
7972:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7923:
7919:
7911:
7907:
7899:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7798:
7757:
7751:
7747:
7739:
7700:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7651:African Zoology
7643:
7639:
7600:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7576:
7572:
7564:
7560:
7531:
7527:
7494:
7490:
7482:
7467:10.1.1.611.8271
7449:
7439:
7430:
7419:
7415:
7407:
7403:
7354:
7350:
7339:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7276:
7272:
7225:
7221:
7213:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7060:
7056:
7027:
7023:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6965:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6897:
6889:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6862:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6810:
6806:
6795:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6769:
6753:
6749:
6738:
6734:
6697:Panthera tigris
6693:
6689:
6681:10.1002/oa.2875
6656:
6652:
6613:
6606:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6532:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6411:
6407:
6396:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6342:Popular Science
6334:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6303:
6299:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6237:
6233:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6166:, pp. 137, 145.
6162:
6158:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6035:
6021:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5942:
5931:
5924:
5906:
5902:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5873:
5862:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5813:
5806:
5796:
5794:
5787:
5769:
5762:
5751:
5742:
5715:
5702:
5670:
5666:Caracal caracal
5656:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5633:
5615:
5611:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5549:
5542:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5468:
5458:
5443:
5436:
5418:
5405:
5397:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5327:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5184:
5180:
5136:
5132:
5073:
5066:
5033:"The cave lion
5029:
5025:
5017:
4968:
4950:
4946:
4899:
4895:
4858:Genome Research
4850:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4824:
4806:
4799:
4746:
4742:
4680:
4676:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4603:Natural History
4598:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4539:
4529:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4479:Open Quaternary
4463:
4456:
4433:
4429:
4408:(17): 2329–40.
4394:
4390:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4224:
4220:
4162:
4151:
4093:
4089:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4010:
3988:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3865:
3858:
3819:
3810:
3783:
3774:
3755:
3751:
3696:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3630:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3543:(5757): 73–77.
3527:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3469:
3467:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3424:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3384:
3369:
3354:
3323:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3256:
3214:medieval Europe
3194:Greek mythology
3171:Chinese culture
3141:Hindu mythology
3087:, in which the
3061:Lion of Babylon
2988:, The lion-god
2931:
2925:
2879:Tsavo maneaters
2875:
2857:
2799:, known as the
2796:
2766:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2584:
2579:
2544:Atlas Mountains
2528:Addis Ababa Zoo
2511:
2467:
2374:
2372:
2348:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2228:
2170:Nile crocodiles
2154:
2126:
2115:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2056:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1984:
1866:African buffalo
1858:blue wildebeest
1856:, particularly
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1787:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1682:
1668:in Pakistan to
1604:During the mid-
1591:
1548:
1512:
1506:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1350:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1273:
1249:
1247:Panthera hybrid
1243:
1166:
1159:
1148:
1133:
1126:
1119:common ancestor
1101:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1072:
1035:human expansion
1031:climate warming
956:
914:
908:(Roberts, 1948)
907:
896:
885:
878:
867:
860:
849:
838:
831:
816:
801:
790:
783:
776:
750:
735:phylogeographic
692:
667:Systema Naturae
658:scientific name
643:
631:classical Latin
572:is derived via
566:
361:
350:
344:
331:
219:
211:
194:
183:
179:
172:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17719:
17709:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17663:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17591:Apex predators
17588:
17583:
17568:
17567:
17555:
17543:
17531:
17519:
17507:
17484:
17483:
17481:
17480:
17467:
17454:
17441:
17426:
17410:
17408:
17402:
17401:
17399:
17398:
17385:
17372:
17359:
17346:
17333:
17320:
17307:
17294:
17281:
17268:
17255:
17242:
17229:
17216:
17203:
17190:
17177:
17164:
17151:
17138:
17125:
17115:
17102:
17087:
17071:
17069:
17063:
17062:
17048:
17047:
17044:
17043:
17040:
17039:
17036:
17035:
17032:
17031:
17029:
17028:
17024:M. strigidorsa
17019:
17010:
17001:
16992:
16983:
16977:Least weasel (
16974:
16965:
16956:
16947:
16938:
16929:
16923:Haida ermine (
16920:
16911:
16907:M. eversmannii
16902:
16893:
16884:
16874:
16872:
16856:
16855:
16853:
16852:
16843:
16834:
16825:
16815:
16813:
16802:
16796:
16795:
16792:
16791:
16789:
16788:
16779:
16770:
16760:
16758:
16750:
16749:
16747:
16746:
16736:
16734:
16726:
16725:
16723:
16722:
16713:
16703:
16701:
16693:
16692:
16690:
16689:
16679:
16676:
16675:
16673:
16672:
16662:
16660:
16652:
16651:
16649:
16648:
16639:
16635:L. longicaudis
16630:
16624:Marine otter (
16621:
16611:
16609:
16601:
16600:
16598:
16597:
16587:
16581:
16567:
16566:
16563:
16562:
16559:
16558:
16556:
16555:
16546:
16536:
16534:
16526:
16525:
16523:
16522:
16512:
16509:
16508:
16506:
16505:
16495:
16493:
16482:
16468:
16467:
16464:
16463:
16461:
16460:
16451:
16441:
16439:
16423:
16422:
16420:
16419:
16409:
16403:
16394:
16388:
16387:
16384:
16383:
16381:
16380:
16371:
16362:
16353:
16344:
16338:Beech marten (
16335:
16326:
16317:
16307:
16305:
16289:
16288:
16286:
16285:
16275:
16273:
16265:
16264:
16262:
16261:
16251:
16249:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16237:
16227:
16221:
16215:
16214:
16212:
16211:
16202:
16193:
16184:
16175:
16166:
16156:
16154:
16138:
16137:
16134:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16121:
16115:Asian badger (
16112:
16103:
16093:
16091:
16083:
16082:
16080:
16079:
16070:
16061:
16057:A. albogularis
16051:
16049:
16038:
16024:
16023:
16021:
16020:
16014:Honey badger (
16010:
16008:
16000:
15999:
15997:
15996:
15986:
15980:
15975:
15968:
15967:
15955:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15947:
15946:
15944:
15943:
15942:
15941:
15935:
15933:
15927:
15926:
15923:
15922:
15919:
15918:
15916:
15915:
15906:
15896:
15894:
15886:
15885:
15883:
15882:
15873:
15863:
15861:
15850:
15836:
15835:
15833:
15832:
15823:
15814:
15805:
15795:
15793:
15777:
15776:
15774:
15773:
15764:
15755:
15751:P. cancrivorus
15745:
15743:
15727:
15726:
15724:
15723:
15719:B. sumichrasti
15714:
15704:
15702:
15694:
15693:
15691:
15690:
15680:
15674:
15668:
15667:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15651:
15642:
15633:
15623:
15621:
15605:
15604:
15602:
15601:
15592:
15582:
15580:
15564:
15563:
15561:
15560:
15551:
15545:Hooded skunk (
15541:
15539:
15531:
15530:
15528:
15527:
15518:
15509:
15500:
15490:
15488:
15469:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15447:
15437:
15435:
15425:
15424:
15412:
15411:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15403:
15400:
15399:
15396:
15395:
15392:
15391:
15389:
15388:
15379:
15370:
15364:Weddell seal (
15361:
15355:Leopard seal (
15351:
15345:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15327:
15318:
15308:
15306:
15290:
15289:
15286:
15285:
15283:
15282:
15272:
15270:
15262:
15261:
15259:
15258:
15248:
15242:
15225:
15211:
15210:
15207:
15206:
15203:
15202:
15200:
15199:
15190:
15181:
15175:Caspian seal (
15171:
15169:
15161:
15160:
15158:
15157:
15148:
15142:Spotted seal (
15138:
15136:
15128:
15127:
15125:
15124:
15115:
15106:
15096:
15090:
15084:
15083:
15081:
15080:
15071:
15065:Bearded seal (
15061:
15055:
15038:
15034:or true seals)
15032:(earless seals
15022:
15021:
15018:
15017:
15015:
15014:
15005:
14996:
14987:
14978:
14969:
14960:
14951:
14941:
14939:
14931:
14930:
14928:
14927:
14917:
14914:
14913:
14911:
14910:
14900:
14898:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14886:
14876:
14873:
14872:
14869:
14868:
14866:
14865:
14856:
14846:
14844:
14836:
14835:
14833:
14832:
14822:
14816:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14806:
14796:
14794:
14783:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14744:
14742:
14732:
14731:
14716:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14708:
14707:
14704:
14703:
14700:
14699:
14697:
14696:
14695:
14694:
14688:
14686:
14680:
14679:
14677:
14676:
14675:
14674:
14668:
14666:
14650:
14644:
14643:
14640:
14639:
14636:
14635:
14633:
14632:
14623:
14614:
14605:
14595:
14593:
14585:
14584:
14582:
14581:
14572:
14562:
14556:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14546:
14536:
14534:
14526:
14525:
14523:
14522:
14518:A. melanoleuca
14512:
14510:
14499:
14484:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14472:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14464:
14463:
14461:
14460:
14451:
14442:
14436:Eastern wolf (
14433:
14424:
14418:African wolf (
14415:
14406:
14400:Domestic dog (
14397:
14387:
14385:
14377:
14376:
14374:
14373:
14364:
14354:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14338:
14328:
14326:
14315:
14303:
14302:
14299:
14298:
14296:
14295:
14286:
14280:Sechuran fox (
14277:
14273:L. gymnocercus
14268:
14259:
14253:Darwin's fox (
14250:
14240:
14238:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14217:
14207:
14204:
14203:
14201:
14200:
14190:
14188:
14180:
14179:
14177:
14176:
14166:
14160:
14145:
14133:
14132:
14129:
14128:
14126:
14125:
14116:
14107:
14098:
14089:
14080:
14071:
14062:
14053:
14044:
14035:
14026:
14022:V. bengalensis
14016:
14014:
13996:
13995:
13993:
13992:
13983:
13973:
13971:
13963:
13962:
13960:
13959:
13949:
13943:
13937:
13936:
13934:
13933:
13924:
13914:
13912:
13901:
13891:
13884:
13883:
13868:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13860:
13859:
13856:
13855:
13852:
13851:
13848:
13847:
13845:
13844:
13835:
13826:
13817:
13808:
13798:
13796:
13788:
13787:
13785:
13784:
13775:
13766:
13762:B. crassicauda
13756:
13754:
13746:
13745:
13743:
13742:
13733:
13724:
13715:
13705:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13698:
13689:
13680:
13671:
13662:
13653:
13644:
13635:
13626:
13616:
13614:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13602:
13593:
13583:
13577:
13571:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13563:
13554:
13545:
13536:
13526:
13524:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13512:
13503:
13493:
13491:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13479:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13462:
13453:
13443:
13441:
13433:
13432:
13430:
13429:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13413:
13412:
13402:
13400:
13389:
13380:
13362:
13361:
13358:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13351:
13350:
13341:
13331:
13329:
13321:
13320:
13318:
13317:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13300:
13296:G. grandidieri
13291:
13281:
13279:
13271:
13270:
13268:
13267:
13257:
13251:
13245:
13244:
13241:
13240:
13238:
13237:
13228:
13218:
13216:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13204:
13195:
13185:
13179:
13170:
13153:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13136:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13128:
13127:
13125:
13124:
13114:
13112:
13104:
13103:
13101:
13100:
13091:
13081:
13075:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13059:
13049:
13047:
13036:
13016:
13015:
13003:
13002:
12999:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12991:
12990:
12988:
12987:
12986:
12985:
12979:
12977:
12967:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12958:
12955:
12954:
12951:
12950:
12948:
12947:
12938:
12929:
12920:
12911:
12902:
12893:
12884:
12875:
12866:
12860:Letaba genet (
12857:
12848:
12842:Common genet (
12839:
12830:
12821:
12812:
12802:
12800:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12782:
12773:
12763:
12761:
12744:
12738:
12737:
12734:
12733:
12731:
12730:
12721:
12712:
12703:
12693:
12691:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12679:
12670:
12660:
12654:
12639:
12627:
12620:
12619:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12612:
12608:P. zeylonensis
12603:
12594:
12584:
12582:
12574:
12573:
12571:
12570:
12566:Paguma larvata
12561:
12552:
12543:
12533:
12527:
12521:
12520:
12518:
12517:
12508:
12499:
12490:
12480:
12478:
12469:
12464:
12457:
12456:
12444:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12428:
12427:
12426:
12420:
12418:
12412:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12404:
12403:
12400:
12399:
12396:
12395:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12379:
12370:
12361:
12352:
12343:
12337:Domestic cat (
12334:
12324:
12322:
12314:
12313:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12297:
12293:P. rubiginosus
12288:
12279:
12270:
12266:P. bengalensis
12260:
12258:
12250:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12240:Pallas's cat (
12236:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12216:
12206:
12204:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12175:
12165:
12163:
12152:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12142:
12133:
12127:Iberian lynx (
12124:
12115:
12105:
12103:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12091:
12082:
12073:
12064:
12055:
12046:
12037:
12028:
12018:
12016:
12008:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11991:
11981:
11979:
11971:
11970:
11968:
11967:
11957:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11937:
11928:
11918:
11916:
11908:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11894:
11892:
11881:
11872:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11847:
11838:
11829:
11820:
11811:
11805:Snow leopard (
11801:
11799:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11778:
11768:
11766:
11755:
11742:
11732:
11725:
11724:
11722:
11721:
11712:
11702:
11700:
11684:
11679:
11672:
11671:
11669:
11668:
11658:
11652:
11647:
11640:
11639:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11620:
11618:Laurasiatheria
11614:
11608:
11602:
11596:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11576:
11575:
11568:
11561:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11530:
11509:
11501:
11488:
11474:
11473:External links
11471:
11469:
11468:
11462:
11449:
11431:
11413:
11395:
11377:
11360:978-1861896551
11359:
11344:
11338:
11325:
11319:
11302:
11284:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11260:
11248:
11236:
11223:(4): 109–127.
11203:
11197:978-0687333653
11196:
11178:
11166:
11139:
11109:
11097:
11090:
11066:
11054:
11042:
11030:
11023:
10998:
10992:978-0826419132
10991:
10968:
10961:
10943:
10882:
10829:
10796:
10783:(1): 190–196.
10763:
10756:
10738:
10705:
10693:
10681:
10646:
10634:
10622:
10615:
10592:
10577:
10570:
10552:
10540:
10528:
10516:
10485:
10473:
10461:
10430:
10399:
10368:
10356:
10345:(1): 198–213.
10325:
10311:
10289:
10240:
10221:(2): 215–225.
10201:
10182:
10171:on 22 May 2011
10131:
10116:
10097:(2): 501–507.
10081:
10050:
10037:(5): 933–940.
10013:
9990:
9972:
9933:
9914:(4): 363–367.
9898:
9867:
9840:
9814:
9784:
9735:
9688:
9639:
9602:
9582:(4): 882−892.
9562:
9543:
9524:
9491:
9458:
9456:, pp. 103–113.
9446:
9425:(2): 179–189.
9401:
9386:
9374:
9372:, pp. 103–117.
9357:
9345:
9333:
9326:
9308:
9301:
9283:
9271:
9230:
9185:
9123:
9094:(2): 180–184.
9074:
9043:
9032:(6): 124–126.
9016:
8989:
8966:
8954:
8947:
8929:
8917:
8905:
8893:
8881:
8869:
8856:10.1086/284097
8834:
8811:
8799:
8782:
8770:
8753:
8738:
8726:
8719:
8695:
8683:
8676:
8656:
8645:(4): 301–307.
8629:
8614:
8602:
8590:
8577:(1): 108–176.
8557:
8544:(2): 132–142.
8520:
8508:
8465:
8406:
8388:(3): 387–408.
8361:
8312:
8305:
8287:
8260:(4): 871–889.
8244:
8225:(3): 220–224.
8209:
8197:
8185:
8178:
8156:
8150:978-1626549050
8149:
8131:
8113:(4): 606–614.
8082:
8052:
8040:
8028:
8016:
8001:
7982:(2): 347–358.
7966:
7954:
7947:
7917:
7905:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7804:
7768:(5): 899–906.
7745:
7711:(6): 445–454.
7688:
7637:
7618:(2): 279–281.
7594:
7582:
7580:, pp. 220–221.
7570:
7558:
7525:
7512:(4): 425–430.
7488:
7460:(3): 309–322.
7428:
7413:
7401:
7348:
7333:
7321:
7286:(5253): 1215.
7270:
7219:
7154:
7121:
7109:
7054:
7041:(3): 660–666.
7021:
7006:
6994:
6987:
6946:
6934:
6907:
6895:
6880:
6868:
6851:
6839:
6827:
6804:
6786:
6767:
6747:
6732:
6713:(4): 340–353.
6687:
6674:(4): 469–481.
6650:
6629:(1): 109–135.
6604:
6545:
6515:
6503:
6455:
6448:
6430:
6423:
6405:
6390:
6359:
6328:
6297:
6278:(1): 126–134.
6272:Theriogenology
6262:
6251:on 5 June 2002
6231:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6168:
6156:
6105:
6098:
6080:
6046:(4): 507–514.
6012:
6000:
5989:(4): 329–342.
5981:): a review".
5969:
5962:
5929:
5923:978-3844305456
5922:
5900:
5885:
5871:
5840:
5833:
5804:
5785:
5760:
5740:
5729:(3): 365–373.
5700:
5681:(2): 125–133.
5650:
5631:
5609:
5596:(4): 505–514.
5576:
5569:
5540:
5517:
5505:
5441:
5434:
5403:
5367:(9): 889–902.
5344:
5325:
5303:
5272:
5265:
5239:
5178:
5130:
5064:
5023:
4944:
4893:
4841:
4822:
4797:
4770:(6): 827–833.
4756:Panthera atrox
4740:
4674:
4643:(8): 850–864.
4631:Panthera atrox
4619:
4586:
4552:(3): 841–849.
4520:
4454:
4427:
4388:
4375:(1–2): 59–70.
4351:
4328:(3): 339–351.
4300:
4269:
4240:(6): 977–992.
4218:
4149:
4087:
4027:
4008:
3979:
3941:
3898:
3856:
3808:
3772:
3749:
3710:(10): e25483.
3687:
3621:
3590:
3516:
3485:
3444:
3415:
3367:
3352:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3186:Aesop's fables
3182:ancient Greece
3153:Hiranyakashipu
3097:the lions' den
3089:eponymous hero
3085:Book of Daniel
3077:tribe of Judah
2955:Sundiata Keita
2927:Main article:
2924:
2921:
2883:Uganda Railway
2856:
2853:
2845:Trophy hunting
2739:Main article:
2736:
2733:
2712:Queen Victoria
2678:Carl Hagenbeck
2613:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2510:
2507:
2466:
2463:
2371:
2368:
2347:
2344:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2268:social licking
2254:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2153:
2150:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2020:spotted hyenas
2010:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1878:common warthog
1850:hypercarnivore
1845:The lion is a
1830:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1681:
1678:
1618:Before Present
1590:
1587:
1547:
1544:
1505:
1502:
1475:Maneless lions
1444:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1242:
1239:
1158:that diverged
1147:that diverged
1088:Panthera atrox
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1006:
994:
971:sister species
955:
954:Fossil records
952:
919:
918:
879:(Heller, 1914)
836:P. l. massaica
809:
799:P. l. azandica
704:type specimens
691:
688:
674:was coined by
642:
639:
565:
562:
466:social species
424:
423:
419:
418:
410:
409:
405:
404:
396:
395:
394:
393:
385:
378:
368:
367:
363:
362:
351:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
323:
319:
318:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
213:
212:
199:
196:
195:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
156:
155:
147:
146:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17718:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17659:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17578:
17576:
17566:
17556:
17554:
17544:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17518:
17513:
17508:
17506:
17501:
17496:
17495:
17492:
17477:
17472:
17468:
17464:
17459:
17455:
17451:
17446:
17442:
17437:
17431:
17427:
17422:
17416:
17412:
17411:
17409:
17407:
17403:
17395:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17377:
17373:
17369:
17364:
17360:
17356:
17351:
17347:
17343:
17338:
17334:
17330:
17325:
17321:
17317:
17312:
17308:
17304:
17299:
17295:
17291:
17286:
17282:
17278:
17273:
17269:
17265:
17260:
17256:
17252:
17247:
17243:
17239:
17234:
17230:
17226:
17221:
17217:
17213:
17208:
17204:
17200:
17195:
17191:
17187:
17182:
17178:
17174:
17169:
17165:
17161:
17156:
17152:
17148:
17143:
17139:
17135:
17130:
17126:
17122:
17116:
17112:
17107:
17103:
17098:
17092:
17088:
17083:
17077:
17073:
17072:
17070:
17068:
17064:
17060:
17055:
17027:
17025:
17020:
17018:
17016:
17011:
17009:
17007:
17002:
17000:
16998:
16993:
16991:
16989:
16984:
16982:
16980:
16975:
16973:
16971:
16966:
16964:
16962:
16961:M. lutreolina
16957:
16955:
16953:
16948:
16946:
16944:
16939:
16937:
16935:
16930:
16928:
16926:
16921:
16919:
16917:
16912:
16910:
16908:
16903:
16901:
16899:
16894:
16892:
16890:
16885:
16883:
16881:
16876:
16875:
16873:
16863:
16862:
16857:
16851:
16849:
16844:
16842:
16840:
16835:
16833:
16831:
16826:
16824:
16822:
16817:
16816:
16814:
16812:
16811:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16797:
16787:
16785:
16780:
16778:
16776:
16771:
16769:
16767:
16762:
16761:
16759:
16757:
16756:
16751:
16745:
16743:
16738:
16737:
16735:
16733:
16732:
16727:
16721:
16719:
16714:
16712:
16710:
16705:
16704:
16702:
16700:
16699:
16694:
16688:
16686:
16681:
16680:
16677:
16671:
16669:
16664:
16663:
16661:
16659:
16658:
16653:
16647:
16645:
16640:
16638:
16636:
16631:
16629:
16627:
16622:
16620:
16618:
16617:L. canadensis
16613:
16612:
16610:
16608:
16607:
16602:
16596:
16594:
16591:Giant otter (
16589:
16588:
16585:
16582:
16572:
16568:
16554:
16552:
16547:
16545:
16543:
16538:
16537:
16535:
16533:
16532:
16527:
16521:
16519:
16514:
16513:
16510:
16504:
16502:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16492:
16491:
16486:
16483:
16473:
16469:
16459:
16457:
16452:
16450:
16448:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16430:
16429:
16424:
16418:
16416:
16411:
16410:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16389:
16379:
16377:
16372:
16370:
16368:
16363:
16361:
16359:
16354:
16352:
16350:
16349:M. gwatkinsii
16345:
16343:
16341:
16336:
16334:
16332:
16327:
16325:
16323:
16318:
16316:
16314:
16309:
16308:
16306:
16296:
16295:
16290:
16284:
16282:
16277:
16276:
16274:
16272:
16271:
16266:
16260:
16258:
16253:
16252:
16250:
16248:
16247:
16242:
16236:
16234:
16229:
16228:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16216:
16210:
16208:
16203:
16201:
16199:
16194:
16192:
16190:
16189:M. orientalis
16185:
16183:
16181:
16176:
16174:
16172:
16167:
16165:
16163:
16158:
16157:
16155:
16145:
16144:
16139:
16129:
16127:
16122:
16120:
16118:
16113:
16111:
16109:
16104:
16102:
16100:
16095:
16094:
16092:
16090:
16089:
16084:
16078:
16076:
16071:
16069:
16067:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16048:
16047:
16042:
16039:
16029:
16025:
16019:
16017:
16012:
16011:
16009:
16007:
16006:
16001:
15995:
15993:
15992:Taxidea taxus
15988:
15987:
15984:
15981:
15978:
15973:
15969:
15965:
15960:
15956:
15939:
15938:
15937:
15936:
15934:
15932:
15928:
15914:
15912:
15907:
15905:
15903:
15902:N. meridensis
15898:
15897:
15895:
15893:
15892:
15887:
15881:
15879:
15874:
15872:
15870:
15865:
15864:
15862:
15860:
15859:
15854:
15851:
15841:
15837:
15831:
15829:
15824:
15822:
15820:
15815:
15813:
15811:
15806:
15804:
15802:
15797:
15796:
15794:
15784:
15783:
15778:
15772:
15770:
15765:
15763:
15761:
15756:
15754:
15752:
15747:
15746:
15744:
15734:
15733:
15728:
15722:
15720:
15715:
15713:
15711:
15706:
15705:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15695:
15689:
15687:
15682:
15681:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15669:
15659:
15657:
15652:
15650:
15648:
15643:
15641:
15639:
15634:
15632:
15630:
15625:
15624:
15622:
15612:
15611:
15606:
15600:
15598:
15593:
15591:
15589:
15588:M. javanensis
15584:
15583:
15581:
15571:
15570:
15565:
15559:
15557:
15552:
15550:
15548:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15538:
15537:
15532:
15526:
15524:
15519:
15517:
15515:
15514:C. leuconotus
15510:
15508:
15506:
15505:C. humboldtii
15501:
15499:
15497:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15479:
15478:
15473:
15470:
15464:
15456:
15452:
15446:
15444:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15434:
15430:
15426:
15422:
15417:
15413:
15387:
15385:
15380:
15378:
15376:
15371:
15369:
15367:
15362:
15360:
15358:
15353:
15352:
15349:
15346:
15336:
15332:
15326:
15324:
15319:
15317:
15315:
15310:
15309:
15307:
15297:
15296:
15291:
15281:
15279:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15269:
15268:
15263:
15257:
15255:
15250:
15249:
15246:
15243:
15233:
15229:
15226:
15216:
15212:
15198:
15196:
15193:Baikal seal (
15191:
15189:
15187:
15184:Ringed seal (
15182:
15180:
15178:
15173:
15172:
15170:
15168:
15167:
15162:
15156:
15154:
15151:Harbor seal (
15149:
15147:
15145:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15135:
15134:
15129:
15123:
15121:
15116:
15114:
15112:
15109:Ribbon seal (
15107:
15105:
15103:
15098:
15097:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15085:
15079:
15077:
15074:Hooded seal (
15072:
15070:
15068:
15063:
15062:
15059:
15056:
15046:
15042:
15039:
15027:
15023:
15013:
15011:
15010:A. tropicalis
15006:
15004:
15002:
14997:
14995:
14993:
14988:
14986:
14984:
14979:
14977:
14975:
14970:
14968:
14966:
14961:
14959:
14957:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14943:
14942:
14940:
14938:
14937:
14936:Arctocephalus
14932:
14926:
14924:
14919:
14918:
14915:
14909:
14907:
14902:
14901:
14899:
14897:
14896:
14891:
14885:
14883:
14878:
14877:
14874:
14864:
14862:
14861:Z. wollebaeki
14857:
14855:
14853:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14843:
14842:
14837:
14831:
14829:
14824:
14823:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14811:
14805:
14803:
14798:
14797:
14795:
14793:
14792:
14787:
14784:
14778:
14773:
14769:(eared seals:
14764:
14759:
14753:
14751:
14746:
14745:
14743:
14741:
14737:
14733:
14729:
14721:
14717:
14692:
14691:
14690:
14689:
14687:
14685:
14681:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14669:
14667:
14658:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14631:
14629:
14624:
14622:
14620:
14615:
14613:
14611:
14610:U. thibetanus
14606:
14604:
14602:
14601:U. americanus
14597:
14596:
14594:
14592:
14591:
14586:
14580:
14578:
14573:
14571:
14569:
14564:
14563:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14551:
14545:
14543:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14532:
14527:
14521:
14519:
14516:Giant panda (
14514:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14508:
14503:
14500:
14492:
14488:
14485:
14482:
14477:
14459:
14457:
14452:
14450:
14448:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14434:
14432:
14430:
14425:
14423:
14421:
14416:
14414:
14412:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14402:C. familiaris
14398:
14396:
14394:
14389:
14388:
14386:
14384:
14383:
14378:
14372:
14370:
14365:
14363:
14361:
14360:Lycaon pictus
14356:
14355:
14352:
14346:
14344:
14339:
14337:
14335:
14330:
14329:
14327:
14325:
14324:
14319:
14316:
14308:
14304:
14294:
14292:
14287:
14285:
14283:
14278:
14276:
14274:
14269:
14267:
14265:
14260:
14258:
14256:
14251:
14249:
14247:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14236:
14231:
14225:
14223:
14218:
14216:
14214:
14209:
14208:
14205:
14199:
14197:
14192:
14191:
14189:
14187:
14186:
14181:
14175:
14173:
14168:
14167:
14164:
14161:
14153:
14149:
14146:
14138:
14134:
14124:
14122:
14117:
14115:
14113:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14099:
14097:
14095:
14090:
14088:
14086:
14081:
14079:
14077:
14072:
14070:
14068:
14063:
14061:
14059:
14056:Tibetan fox (
14054:
14052:
14050:
14045:
14043:
14041:
14036:
14034:
14032:
14027:
14025:
14023:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14010:
14003:
14002:
13997:
13991:
13989:
13988:N. viverrinus
13984:
13982:
13980:
13975:
13974:
13972:
13970:
13969:
13964:
13958:
13956:
13951:
13950:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13932:
13930:
13929:U. littoralis
13925:
13923:
13921:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13911:
13910:
13905:
13902:
13894:
13889:
13885:
13881:
13873:
13869:
13843:
13841:
13836:
13834:
13832:
13827:
13825:
13823:
13818:
13816:
13814:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13804:H. flavescens
13800:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13794:
13789:
13783:
13781:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13767:
13765:
13763:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13753:
13752:
13747:
13741:
13739:
13734:
13732:
13730:
13725:
13723:
13721:
13716:
13714:
13712:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13697:
13695:
13694:U. vitticolla
13690:
13688:
13686:
13681:
13679:
13677:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13663:
13661:
13659:
13654:
13652:
13650:
13645:
13643:
13641:
13636:
13634:
13632:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13618:
13617:
13615:
13613:
13612:
13607:
13601:
13599:
13598:Xenogale naso
13594:
13592:
13590:
13585:
13584:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13572:
13562:
13560:
13555:
13553:
13551:
13546:
13544:
13542:
13537:
13535:
13533:
13528:
13527:
13525:
13523:
13522:
13517:
13511:
13509:
13504:
13502:
13500:
13495:
13494:
13492:
13490:
13489:
13484:
13478:
13476:
13471:
13470:
13467:
13461:
13459:
13454:
13452:
13450:
13445:
13444:
13442:
13440:
13439:
13434:
13428:
13426:
13421:
13420:
13417:
13411:
13409:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13399:
13398:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13384:
13381:
13372:
13371:sensu stricto
13367:
13363:
13349:
13347:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13327:
13322:
13316:
13314:
13309:
13308:
13305:
13299:
13297:
13292:
13290:
13288:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13272:
13266:
13264:
13259:
13258:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13246:
13236:
13234:
13229:
13227:
13225:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13215:
13214:
13209:
13203:
13201:
13200:Fossa fossana
13196:
13194:
13192:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13174:
13171:
13161:
13157:
13154:
13150:
13146:
13141:
13123:
13121:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13105:
13099:
13097:
13094:Brown hyena (
13092:
13090:
13088:
13087:Hyaena hyaena
13083:
13082:
13079:
13076:
13068:
13064:
13058:
13056:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13046:
13045:
13040:
13037:
13029:
13025:
13021:
13017:
13013:
13008:
13004:
12983:
12982:
12981:
12980:
12978:
12976:
12972:
12968:
12946:
12944:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12930:
12928:
12926:
12921:
12919:
12917:
12914:Hausa genet (
12912:
12910:
12908:
12903:
12901:
12899:
12894:
12892:
12890:
12885:
12883:
12881:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12867:
12865:
12863:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12849:
12847:
12845:
12840:
12838:
12836:
12831:
12829:
12827:
12822:
12820:
12818:
12817:G. angolensis
12813:
12811:
12809:
12808:G. abyssinica
12804:
12803:
12801:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12781:
12779:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12754:
12753:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12739:
12729:
12727:
12722:
12720:
12718:
12717:V. tangalunga
12713:
12711:
12709:
12704:
12702:
12700:
12695:
12694:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12684:
12678:
12676:
12671:
12669:
12667:
12662:
12661:
12658:
12655:
12652:
12651:sensu stricto
12647:
12643:
12640:
12636:
12631:
12625:
12621:
12611:
12609:
12604:
12602:
12600:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12581:
12580:
12575:
12569:
12567:
12562:
12560:
12558:
12553:
12551:
12549:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12535:
12534:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12525:Paradoxurinae
12522:
12516:
12514:
12509:
12507:
12505:
12500:
12498:
12496:
12493:Otter civet (
12491:
12489:
12487:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12477:
12473:
12470:
12467:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12449:
12445:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12421:
12419:
12417:
12413:
12387:
12385:
12384:F. silvestris
12380:
12378:
12376:
12371:
12369:
12367:
12362:
12360:
12358:
12353:
12351:
12349:
12344:
12342:
12340:
12335:
12333:
12331:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12321:
12320:
12315:
12305:
12303:
12302:P. viverrinus
12300:Fishing cat (
12298:
12296:
12294:
12289:
12287:
12285:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12275:P. javanensis
12271:
12269:
12267:
12264:Leopard cat (
12262:
12261:
12259:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12245:
12243:
12238:
12237:
12234:
12231:
12225:
12215:
12213:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12202:
12197:
12191:
12189:
12184:
12183:
12180:
12174:
12172:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12162:
12161:
12156:
12153:
12147:
12141:
12139:
12134:
12132:
12130:
12125:
12123:
12121:
12116:
12114:
12112:
12111:L. canadensis
12109:Canada lynx (
12107:
12106:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12090:
12088:
12083:
12081:
12079:
12074:
12072:
12070:
12065:
12063:
12061:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12047:
12045:
12043:
12038:
12036:
12034:
12029:
12027:
12025:
12020:
12019:
12017:
12015:
12014:
12009:
11999:
11997:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11983:
11982:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11972:
11966:
11964:
11959:
11958:
11955:
11952:
11946:
11936:
11934:
11933:C. temminckii
11929:
11927:
11925:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11903:
11901:
11898:Marbled cat (
11896:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11890:
11885:
11882:
11876:
11873:
11869:
11868:sensu stricto
11865:
11860:
11846:
11844:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11830:
11828:
11826:
11821:
11819:
11817:
11812:
11810:
11808:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11798:
11797:
11792:
11786:
11784:
11779:
11777:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11764:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11743:
11735:
11730:
11726:
11720:
11718:
11717:P. pardicolor
11713:
11711:
11709:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11685:
11682:
11677:
11673:
11667:
11665:
11660:
11659:
11656:
11653:
11650:
11645:
11641:
11637:
11629:
11625:
11619:
11615:
11613:
11609:
11607:
11603:
11601:
11597:
11595:
11591:
11590:
11587:
11582:
11574:
11569:
11567:
11562:
11560:
11555:
11554:
11551:
11543:
11542:
11536:
11531:
11519:
11515:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11498:
11496:
11489:
11486:
11481:
11477:
11476:
11465:
11463:9780007146666
11459:
11455:
11450:
11438:
11434:
11428:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11414:
11402:
11398:
11396:9780691215297
11392:
11388:
11387:
11382:
11378:
11366:
11362:
11356:
11352:
11351:
11345:
11341:
11335:
11331:
11330:The Zoo Story
11326:
11322:
11316:
11311:
11310:
11303:
11291:
11287:
11281:
11277:
11276:
11270:
11269:
11257:
11252:
11245:
11240:
11231:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11214:
11207:
11199:
11193:
11189:
11182:
11175:
11170:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11143:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11124:(in French).
11123:
11119:
11118:Cassin, Elena
11113:
11106:
11101:
11093:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11077:
11070:
11063:
11058:
11051:
11046:
11039:
11034:
11026:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11005:
11003:
10994:
10988:
10984:
10977:
10975:
10973:
10964:
10958:
10954:
10947:
10939:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10904:(7): e22285.
10903:
10899:
10898:
10893:
10886:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10841:
10833:
10824:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10800:
10791:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10767:
10759:
10753:
10749:
10742:
10726:
10722:
10721:
10716:
10709:
10702:
10697:
10690:
10685:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10650:
10643:
10638:
10632:, p. 156–159.
10631:
10626:
10618:
10612:
10608:
10607:
10602:
10596:
10589:
10584:
10582:
10573:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10544:
10537:
10532:
10525:
10520:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10489:
10482:
10477:
10470:
10465:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10434:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10387:
10383:
10382:Visit the Zoo
10379:
10372:
10365:
10360:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10329:
10314:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10263:(2): 99–116.
10262:
10258:
10251:
10244:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10205:
10197:
10193:
10186:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10135:
10127:
10120:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10085:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10045:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10026:
10017:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9986:
9979:
9977:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9937:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9902:
9891:
9884:
9883:
9879:
9871:
9860:
9853:
9852:
9844:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9802:
9798:
9797:New Scientist
9794:
9788:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9754:
9752:
9748:
9739:
9731:
9725:
9716:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9684:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9643:
9634:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9615:
9606:
9598:
9590:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9566:
9558:
9554:
9547:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9450:
9442:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9414:
9405:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9383:
9378:
9371:
9366:
9364:
9362:
9354:
9349:
9342:
9337:
9329:
9323:
9319:
9312:
9304:
9302:9780202368160
9298:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9275:
9267:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9234:
9226:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9198:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9137:
9127:
9119:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9047:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9020:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9001:(in German).
9000:
8993:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8958:
8950:
8944:
8940:
8933:
8927:, pp. 189–90.
8926:
8921:
8915:, pp. 188–89.
8914:
8909:
8902:
8897:
8890:
8885:
8878:
8873:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8850:(5): 716–28.
8849:
8845:
8838:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8808:
8803:
8796:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8779:
8774:
8767:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8730:
8722:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8699:
8692:
8687:
8679:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8621:
8619:
8611:
8606:
8599:
8594:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8533:
8532:Lycaon pictus
8524:
8517:
8512:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8376:
8374:
8365:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8306:9780760747674
8302:
8298:
8291:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8207:, pp. 273–74.
8206:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8181:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8160:
8152:
8146:
8142:
8135:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8086:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8050:, p. 213–216.
8049:
8044:
8037:
8032:
8025:
8020:
8014:, pp. 270–76.
8013:
8008:
8006:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7958:
7950:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7909:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7832:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7641:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7586:
7579:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7520:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7492:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7448:
7446:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7352:
7344:
7337:
7331:, pp. 42, 57.
7330:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7067:
7058:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6944:, pp. 25, 31.
6943:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6899:
6892:
6887:
6885:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6849:, pp. 120–21.
6848:
6843:
6836:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6800:
6793:
6791:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6751:
6743:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6706:Mammal Review
6702:
6698:
6691:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6654:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6611:
6609:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6565:(4): e60174.
6564:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6538:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6507:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6460:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6401:
6394:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6316:
6312:
6311:New Scientist
6308:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6033:conservation"
6032:
6028:
6019:
6017:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5925:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5811:
5809:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5521:
5514:
5509:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5437:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5198:(1496): 200.
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5069:
5059:
5054:
5051:(2): 58–103.
5050:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5027:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4952:Barnett, R.;
4948:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4846:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4492:10.5334/oq.24
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:Wilson, D. E.
3335:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3288:
3284:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:The Lion King
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3222:L. Frank Baum
3219:
3218:Cowardly Lion
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3121:W. W. Denslow
3118:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:Ancient Egypt
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2852:
2851:in mid-2015.
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:Maasai people
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:Mughal Empire
2802:
2797: 640 BC
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2732:
2731:(1903–1965).
2730:
2725:
2724:equestrianism
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2684:and Sydney's
2683:
2682:Melbourne Zoo
2679:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2617:
2614:19th-century
2610:
2600:
2599:Melbourne Zoo
2593:
2574:
2573:of the lion.
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2549:In 1982, the
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:IUCN Red List
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2428:WAP ecosystem
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:IUCN Red List
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2293:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2251:
2237:
2226:Communication
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2079:
2065:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1674:Narmada River
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1597:zone and the
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1296:
1282:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:mitochondrial
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:mutation rate
1193:
1191:
1190:Olduvai Gorge
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:Hybridisation
1169:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:American lion
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:excavated in
988:
985:
981:
980:
976:
975:
974:
972:
965:
960:
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
931:
929:
925:
913:
906:
905:P. l. vernayi
900:
895:
894:P. l. krugeri
889:
884:
877:
876:P. l. nyanzae
871:
866:
859:
853:
848:
842:
837:
830:
826:
820:
815:
814:
810:
805:
800:
794:
789:
788:P. l. kamptzi
784:(Meyer, 1826)
782:
777:(Meyer, 1826)
775:
774:P. l. persica
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
749:
748:
744:
743:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:P. l. persica
724:
720:
719:IUCN Red List
716:
713:
709:
705:
696:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
662:Carl Linnaeus
659:
655:
647:
638:
636:
635:ancient Greek
632:
628:
623:
613:
608:
599:
598:Ancient Greek
594:
590:(nominative:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
561:
559:
558:Ancient Egypt
555:
551:
547:
543:
537:
535:
530:
529:IUCN Red List
526:
522:
521:western India
518:
514:
511:. During the
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
442:of the genus
441:
438:) is a large
437:
436:
431:
420:
416:
411:
406:
402:
397:
392:
391:
386:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:
372:
371:
369:
364:
359:
355:
349:
347:
341:
338:
337:Binomial name
334:
330:
329:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
223:
218:
214:
208:
202:
197:
191:
186:
175:
171:
166:
162:
157:
153:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
47:
44:
40:
39:Mountain lion
33:
19:
17405:
17376:Tree of Life
17147:panthera-leo
17111:Panthera_leo
17097:Panthera leo
17067:Panthera leo
17066:
17023:
17014:
17005:
16996:
16987:
16978:
16969:
16960:
16951:
16942:
16933:
16924:
16915:
16906:
16897:
16888:
16879:
16859:
16847:
16838:
16829:
16820:
16808:
16783:
16774:
16765:
16753:
16741:
16729:
16718:L. sumatrana
16717:
16708:
16696:
16684:
16667:
16655:
16643:
16634:
16625:
16616:
16604:
16592:
16550:
16541:
16529:
16517:
16501:V. peregusna
16500:
16488:
16455:
16446:
16426:
16414:
16401:Lyncodontini
16392:Ictonychinae
16376:M. zibellina
16375:
16366:
16357:
16348:
16339:
16331:M. flavigula
16330:
16321:
16313:M. americana
16312:
16292:
16280:
16268:
16256:
16244:
16233:Eira barbara
16232:
16206:
16198:M. personata
16197:
16188:
16179:
16170:
16161:
16141:
16125:
16116:
16108:M. canescens
16107:
16098:
16086:
16074:
16065:
16056:
16044:
16015:
16003:
15991:
15910:
15901:
15889:
15877:
15868:
15856:
15827:
15818:
15809:
15800:
15780:
15768:
15759:
15750:
15730:
15718:
15717:Cacomistle (
15709:
15697:
15686:Potos flavus
15685:
15655:
15646:
15637:
15628:
15608:
15596:
15587:
15567:
15555:
15546:
15534:
15522:
15513:
15504:
15495:
15475:
15442:
15383:
15374:
15365:
15356:
15322:
15313:
15293:
15277:
15265:
15253:
15238:(monk seals)
15194:
15185:
15176:
15164:
15152:
15143:
15131:
15119:
15110:
15101:
15075:
15066:
15009:
15001:A. townsendi
15000:
14991:
14983:A. philippii
14982:
14973:
14964:
14955:
14947:A. australis
14946:
14934:
14922:
14905:
14893:
14881:
14860:
14851:
14839:
14827:
14801:
14789:
14749:
14628:U. maritimus
14627:
14626:Polar bear (
14618:
14617:Brown bear (
14609:
14600:
14588:
14576:
14567:
14566:Sloth bear (
14541:
14529:
14517:
14505:
14455:
14446:
14437:
14428:
14419:
14410:
14401:
14392:
14380:
14369:Cuon alpinus
14368:
14359:
14343:L. mesomelas
14342:
14333:
14321:
14290:
14281:
14272:
14271:Pampas fox (
14263:
14254:
14245:
14233:
14221:
14212:
14196:S. venaticus
14195:
14183:
14171:
14170:Maned wolf (
14152:Cerdocyonina
14120:
14119:Fennec fox (
14111:
14102:
14094:V. rueppelli
14093:
14084:
14075:
14066:
14065:Arctic fox (
14058:V. ferrilata
14057:
14048:
14047:Corsac fox (
14039:
14030:
14021:
14020:Bengal fox (
13999:
13987:
13978:
13966:
13954:
13928:
13927:Island fox (
13919:
13907:
13840:H. sanguinea
13839:
13830:
13821:
13813:H. ichneumon
13812:
13803:
13791:
13779:
13770:
13761:
13749:
13737:
13728:
13719:
13710:
13693:
13684:
13675:
13666:
13657:
13648:
13640:U. edwardsii
13639:
13631:U. brachyura
13630:
13621:
13609:
13597:
13588:
13558:
13549:
13540:
13532:C. alexandri
13531:
13519:
13507:
13498:
13486:
13474:
13457:
13449:M. gambianus
13448:
13436:
13424:
13408:S. suricatta
13407:
13395:
13370:
13345:
13336:
13324:
13312:
13295:
13286:
13274:
13262:
13232:
13223:
13211:
13199:
13190:
13167:carnivorans)
13148:
13119:
13107:
13095:
13086:
13054:
13042:
13012:Herpestoidea
12975:Herpestoidea
12942:
12934:G. victoriae
12933:
12924:
12923:Cape genet (
12915:
12907:G. servalina
12906:
12897:
12896:King genet (
12889:G. piscivora
12888:
12879:
12870:
12861:
12853:G. johnstoni
12852:
12843:
12834:
12825:
12816:
12807:
12789:
12778:P. leightoni
12777:
12768:
12750:
12725:
12716:
12708:V. megaspila
12707:
12699:V. civettina
12698:
12686:
12674:
12665:
12650:
12634:
12607:
12598:
12589:
12577:
12565:
12556:
12547:
12538:
12512:
12503:
12494:
12485:
12383:
12374:
12366:F. margarita
12365:
12356:
12347:
12346:Jungle cat (
12338:
12329:
12317:
12301:
12292:
12284:P. planiceps
12283:
12274:
12265:
12255:Prionailurus
12253:
12241:
12211:
12199:
12187:
12186:Jaguarundi (
12170:
12158:
12137:
12128:
12119:
12110:
12098:
12086:
12077:
12068:
12059:
12050:
12041:
12033:L. geoffroyi
12032:
12023:
12022:Pampas cat (
12011:
11995:
11986:
11974:
11962:
11932:
11923:
11911:
11900:P. marmorata
11899:
11887:
11867:
11842:
11833:
11831:
11824:
11815:
11806:
11794:
11782:
11773:
11761:
11716:
11707:
11690:
11663:
11616:Superorder:
11610:Infraclass:
11539:
11535:"Lion"
11522:. Retrieved
11518:the original
11495:Panthera leo
11494:
11453:
11441:. Retrieved
11421:
11405:. Retrieved
11385:
11369:. Retrieved
11349:
11329:
11308:
11294:. Retrieved
11274:
11251:
11239:
11220:
11216:
11206:
11187:
11181:
11169:
11152:
11148:
11142:
11125:
11121:
11112:
11100:
11080:
11069:
11057:
11045:
11033:
11014:
10982:
10952:
10946:
10901:
10895:
10885:
10844:
10838:
10832:
10813:
10809:
10799:
10780:
10776:
10766:
10747:
10741:
10729:. Retrieved
10718:
10708:
10696:
10684:
10659:
10655:
10649:
10637:
10625:
10605:
10595:
10561:
10555:
10543:
10531:
10519:
10507:. Retrieved
10503:the original
10498:
10488:
10476:
10464:
10454:29 September
10452:. Retrieved
10448:the original
10443:
10433:
10421:. Retrieved
10417:the original
10412:
10402:
10390:. Retrieved
10386:the original
10381:
10371:
10359:
10342:
10338:
10328:
10316:. Retrieved
10302:
10292:
10280:. Retrieved
10273:the original
10260:
10256:
10243:
10218:
10214:
10211:Panthera leo
10210:
10204:
10195:
10191:
10185:
10173:. Retrieved
10169:the original
10151:(2): 87–94.
10148:
10144:
10134:
10125:
10119:
10094:
10090:
10084:
10072:. Retrieved
10063:
10053:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10016:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9984:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9936:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9881:
9880:Panthera leo
9877:
9870:
9850:
9843:
9831:. Retrieved
9817:
9805:. Retrieved
9796:
9787:
9775:. Retrieved
9768:the original
9763:
9759:
9750:
9746:
9738:
9724:cite journal
9708:(1): 26–31.
9705:
9701:
9700:in Africa".
9698:Panthera leo
9697:
9691:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9642:
9623:
9619:
9614:Panthera leo
9613:
9605:
9579:
9575:
9565:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9511:
9507:
9494:
9478:
9474:
9461:
9449:
9422:
9418:
9413:Panthera leo
9412:
9404:
9389:
9377:
9355:, pp. 88–91.
9348:
9343:, pp. 85–88.
9336:
9317:
9311:
9292:
9286:
9274:
9250:(1): 70–74.
9247:
9243:
9233:
9206:
9202:
9197:Panthera leo
9196:
9188:
9145:
9141:
9136:Panthera leo
9135:
9126:
9091:
9087:
9077:
9065:. Retrieved
9061:the original
9056:
9046:
9029:
9025:
9019:
9005:(1): 39–50.
9002:
8998:
8992:
8975:
8969:
8957:
8938:
8932:
8920:
8908:
8896:
8884:
8872:
8847:
8843:
8837:
8820:
8814:
8802:
8797:, p. 147-49.
8773:
8747:
8741:
8729:
8705:
8698:
8686:
8666:
8659:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8605:
8593:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8523:
8511:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8385:
8381:
8372:
8364:
8335:(5): 68–76.
8332:
8328:
8315:
8296:
8290:
8257:
8253:
8247:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8200:
8188:
8169:
8159:
8140:
8134:
8110:
8106:
8098:Panthera leo
8097:
8093:
8085:
8073:. Retrieved
8064:
8055:
8043:
8031:
8019:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7957:
7930:
7920:
7908:
7860:
7856:
7843:
7831:
7819:
7807:
7765:
7761:
7748:
7708:
7704:
7691:
7679:. Retrieved
7657:(1): 36–44.
7654:
7650:
7640:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7604:Panthera leo
7603:
7597:
7585:
7573:
7561:
7545:(1): 60–67.
7542:
7538:
7528:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7491:
7457:
7453:
7445:Panthera leo
7444:
7422:
7416:
7404:
7369:
7365:
7358:Jhala, Y. V.
7351:
7342:
7336:
7324:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7174:
7170:
7157:
7138:
7134:
7124:
7112:
7075:
7072:BMC Genetics
7071:
7066:Panthera leo
7065:
7057:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7015:
7009:
7004:, pp. 52–54.
6997:
6973:
6937:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6898:
6871:
6842:
6830:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6798:
6779:25 September
6777:. Retrieved
6757:
6750:
6741:
6735:
6710:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6671:
6667:
6662:Panthera leo
6661:
6653:
6644:11585/903022
6626:
6620:
6616:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6537:the original
6528:
6506:
6482:(1): 17–35.
6479:
6475:
6470:Panthera leo
6469:
6439:
6433:
6414:
6408:
6402:: e45011830.
6399:
6393:
6381:. Retrieved
6377:the original
6372:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6341:
6331:
6319:. Retrieved
6310:
6300:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6253:. Retrieved
6249:the original
6244:
6234:
6225:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6089:
6083:
6072:the original
6043:
6039:
6030:
6027:Panthera leo
6026:
6003:
5986:
5982:
5979:Panthera leo
5978:
5972:
5953:
5948:Panthera leo
5947:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5858:
5853:
5850:Panthera leo
5849:
5843:
5824:
5819:Panthera leo
5818:
5795:. Retrieved
5776:
5754:
5726:
5722:
5719:Panthera leo
5718:
5678:
5674:
5665:
5664:), Caracal (
5662:Panthera leo
5661:
5653:
5641:. Retrieved
5622:
5612:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5560:
5556:
5534:
5529:Panthera leo
5528:
5520:
5515:, pp. 28–30.
5508:
5497:the original
5476:
5472:
5464:Panthera leo
5463:
5425:
5422:Panthera leo
5421:
5364:
5360:
5347:
5335:. Retrieved
5316:
5306:
5289:
5275:
5248:
5242:
5230:. Retrieved
5195:
5191:
5181:
5148:
5144:
5141:Panthera leo
5140:
5133:
5088:
5084:
5079:Panthera leo
5078:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5026:
4978:
4972:
4964:Panthera leo
4963:
4947:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4861:
4857:
4832:. Retrieved
4813:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4754:, including
4751:
4743:
4718:11343/299180
4692:
4688:
4677:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4622:
4609:(9): 52–57.
4606:
4602:
4589:
4578:the original
4549:
4543:
4534:
4511:. Retrieved
4482:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4430:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4292:the original
4285:
4272:
4237:
4231:
4221:
4176:
4170:
4109:
4105:
4100:Panthera leo
4099:
4090:
4045:
4041:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
3999:
3994:Panthera leo
3993:
3970:. Retrieved
3957:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3920:
3882:
3876:
3871:Panthera leo
3870:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3825:Panthera leo
3824:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3766:
3760:
3752:
3707:
3703:
3678:. Retrieved
3648:(1): 64–76.
3645:
3641:
3635:
3612:. Retrieved
3603:
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3540:
3534:
3507:. Retrieved
3498:
3488:
3468:. Retrieved
3458:
3447:
3435:
3429:
3406:. Retrieved
3401:
3395:
3390:Panthera leo
3389:
3342:
3332:Panthera leo
3331:
3287:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3179:
3163:bodhisattvas
3156:
3132:
3126:
3114:
3111:Dorothy Gale
3065:Leo the lion
3030:
2973:
2967:
2951:
2943:Luxor Temple
2913:
2904:Lindi Region
2900:Rufiji River
2888:
2876:
2829:
2813:Ancient Rome
2787:Ashurbanipal
2771:
2747:Lion baiting
2741:Lion hunting
2729:Clyde Beatty
2719:
2694:
2671:
2632:
2628:Honolulu Zoo
2624:
2564:
2548:
2524:
2503:
2489:and reduced
2476:
2455:
2432:
2416:Burkina Faso
2390:
2386:
2349:
2346:Conservation
2333:
2322:
2313:
2272:allogrooming
2264:head rubbing
2261:
2212:encephalitis
2200:
2193:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2143:
2139:
2121:
2089:
2045:
2037:
2017:
1972:
1968:
1939:
1926:
1898:hippopotamus
1862:plains zebra
1844:
1833:common eland
1779:
1764:
1751:
1728:
1683:
1634:
1603:
1592:
1583:scrub forest
1560:
1540:canned hunts
1513:
1499:
1468:
1460:
1455:testosterone
1451:
1381:Tail length
1362:Female lions
1351:
1339:
1331:
1306:
1250:
1218:
1194:
1178:snow leopard
1141:sister group
1107:
1105:
1094:Panthera leo
1093:
1086:
1079:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1014:
1008:
997:
977:
968:
947:
943:
932:
927:
923:
920:
911:
904:
893:
882:
875:
864:
857:
846:
835:
832:(Noack 1891)
828:
812:
798:
787:
780:
773:
766:Barbary lion
759:Asiatic lion
746:
726:
722:
701:
671:
665:
653:
652:
626:
574:Anglo-Norman
569:
567:
546:Roman Empire
538:
534:habitat loss
486:
448:, native to
443:
435:Panthera leo
434:
433:
429:
427:
388:
380:
373:
346:Panthera leo
345:
343:
327:
326:
314:
43:
17430:Wikispecies
17207:iNaturalist
17091:Wikispecies
17015:M. sibirica
16997:M. putorius
16970:M. nigripes
16952:M. lutreola
16925:M. haidarum
16821:N. africana
16784:A. congicus
16775:A. cinereus
16766:A. capensis
16666:Sea otter (
16644:L. provocax
16551:I. striatus
16472:Ictonychini
16367:M. melampus
16279:Wolverine (
16257:P. pennanti
16180:M. moschata
16171:M. everetti
16117:M. leucurus
16075:A. hoevenii
16066:A. collaris
16016:M. capensis
15911:N. olivacea
15826:Olinguito (
15782:Bassaricyon
15769:P. pygmaeus
15699:Bassariscus
15672:Procyonidae
15647:S. putorius
15638:S. gracilis
15556:M. mephitis
15547:M. macroura
15441:Red panda (
15421:Musteloidea
15382:Ross seal (
15335:Lobodontini
15267:Neomonachus
15195:P. sibirica
15153:P. vitulina
15118:Grey seal (
15100:Harp seal (
14992:A. pusillus
14956:A. forsteri
14791:Callorhinus
14725:Pinnipedia
14684:Musteloidea
14456:C. simensis
14420:C. lupaster
14289:Hoary fox (
14282:L. sechurae
14255:L. fulvipes
14246:L. culpaeus
14142:(true dogs)
14101:Swift fox (
14076:V. macrotis
13968:Nyctereutes
13877:Caniformia
13822:H. ochracea
13780:B. nigripes
13771:B. jacksoni
13658:U. javanica
13575:Herpestinae
13550:C. obscurus
13541:C. ansorgei
13521:Crossarchus
13377:(mongooses)
13366:Herpestidae
13346:S. durrelli
13337:S. concolor
13287:G. fasciata
13224:E. goudotii
13145:Herpestidae
13055:P. cristata
12916:G. thierryi
12871:G. maculata
12835:G. cristata
12826:G. bourloni
12579:Paradoxurus
12537:Binturong (
12476:Hemigalinae
12453:Viverroidea
12416:Viverroidea
12375:F. nigripes
12227:Leopard cat
12212:P. concolor
12129:L. pardinus
12078:L. tigrinus
12069:L. pardalis
12060:L. jacobita
12051:L. guttulus
12024:L. colocola
11783:N. nebulosa
11753:Pantherinae
11633:Feliformia
11155:: 215–224.
10601:Feldman, D.
10509:5 September
10423:4 September
10366:, p. 81-82.
10257:Zoo Biology
9616:population"
9067:4 September
8750:(5): 87–94.
8639:Zoo Biology
6923:(16): 253.
6905:, p. 34–35.
6352:19 November
6321:19 November
5313:"The Liger"
4954:Shapiro, B.
4864:(1): 1–11.
4834:10 February
4668:11336/65990
4502:10576/22920
4445:Quaternaire
3972:23 December
3950:Wood, J. G.
3789:Pantherinae
3614:10 February
3509:20 February
3271:Roar (film)
3232:C. S. Lewis
3198:Nemean lion
3093:King Darius
3033:Mesopotamia
2959:Mali Empire
2696:Lion taming
2686:Taronga Zoo
2647:Renaissance
2439:Arly-Singou
2329:spray urine
2162:Lake Nakuru
2092:polyestrous
1886:sambar deer
1771:confluences
1645:Middle Ages
1632:by AD 100.
1571:Mount Kenya
1567:Mount Elgon
1365:Male lions
1334:postorbital
1271:Description
1043:Paleolithic
1039:P. fossilis
1025:during the
1017:, lived in
998:P. fossilis
676:Lorenz Oken
509:at twilight
366:Subspecies
328:P. leo
304:Pantherinae
300:Subfamily:
203:Appendix II
145:, Tanzania
18:Mane (lion)
17575:Categories
16988:M. nudipes
16979:M. nivalis
16943:M. kathiah
16898:M. erminea
16889:M. altaica
16839:N. frenata
16830:N. felipei
16800:Mustelinae
16542:I. libycus
16456:G. vittata
16322:M. caurina
16099:M. anakuma
15977:Mustelidae
15964:Mustelidae
15940:see below↓
15931:Mustelidae
15828:B. neblina
15739:(raccoons)
15710:B. astutus
15708:Ringtail (
15684:Kinkajou (
15656:S. pygmaea
15597:M. marchei
15455:Mephitidae
15323:M. leonina
15215:Monachinae
15186:P. hispida
15177:P. caspica
14974:A. gazella
14906:N. cinerea
14802:C. ursinus
14740:Odobenidae
14693:see below↓
14673:see below↓
14657:Pinnipedia
14575:Sun bear (
14542:T. ornatus
14531:Tremarctos
14507:Ailuropoda
14445:Red wolf (
14411:C. latrans
14334:L. adustus
14291:L. vetulus
14264:L. griseus
14194:Bush dog (
14085:V. pallida
14083:Pale fox (
14067:V. lagopus
14038:Cape fox (
13918:Gray fox (
13676:U. smithii
13508:H. parvula
13499:H. hirtula
13387:Mungotinae
13276:Galidictis
13249:Galidiinae
13177:Euplerinae
13160:Eupleridae
13149:sensu lato
13120:C. crocuta
13053:Aardwolf (
12984:see below↓
12925:G. tigrina
12898:G. poensis
12880:G. pardina
12862:G. letabae
12844:G. genetta
12742:Genettinae
12726:V. zibetha
12646:Viverrinae
12635:sensu lato
12630:Viverrinae
12599:P. jerdoni
12466:Viverridae
12425:see below↓
12364:Sand cat (
12171:A. jubatus
11996:C. caracal
11889:Pardofelis
11708:P. linsang
11649:Feliformia
11443:1 November
11381:Packer, C.
11296:1 November
10198:: 465–481.
9833:1 February
9807:2 February
9674:1887/14372
9659:(4): 1–7.
9626:(4): 110.
9540:(5): 5–10.
7783:2263/41825
7411:, pp. 208.
6202:, pp. 133.
6190:, pp. 360.
6178:, pp. 145.
5797:1 November
5232:7 December
4958:Burger, J.
4451:: 201–208.
4233:Cladistics
4020:1 December
3960:. London:
3805:: 167–280.
3482:required.)
3441:(in Latin)
3299:References
3188:, notably
3175:lion dance
3045:Babylonian
2891:man-eating
2867:in Chicago
2855:Man-eating
2825:executions
2756:Bas-relief
2745:See also:
2674:London Zoo
2639:menageries
2553:started a
2495:Endangered
2487:inbreeding
2447:extirpated
2352:Vulnerable
2316:media help
2220:lentivirus
2108:homosexual
2018:Lions and
1962:of 1314.7
1960:bite force
1922:porcupines
1894:rhinoceros
1847:generalist
1739:Tsavo lion
1643:until the
1630:extirpated
1510:White lion
1231:Nile Basin
1182:Palearctic
1010:P. spelaea
987:carnassial
924:P. leo leo
741:, namely:
708:subspecies
690:Subspecies
542:menageries
525:Vulnerable
497:shrublands
489:grasslands
284:Feliformia
280:Suborder:
185:Vulnerable
163:, Namibia
159:Female in
17436:Felis leo
17421:Q15294488
17406:Felis leo
16934:M. itatsi
16868:(weasels)
16731:Lutrogale
16668:E. lutris
16626:L. felina
16435:(grisons)
16358:M. martes
16301:(martens)
16219:Guloninae
16005:Mellivora
15878:N. narica
15819:B. medius
15810:B. gabbii
15801:B. alleni
15789:(olingos)
15758:Raccoon (
15610:Spilogale
15496:C. chinga
15477:Conepatus
15433:Ailuridae
15232:Monachini
15144:P. largha
14814:Otariinae
14777:sea lions
14772:fur seals
14763:Otariidae
14648:Mustelida
14619:U. arctos
14481:Arctoidea
14438:C. lycaon
14393:C. aureus
14323:Lupulella
14235:Lycalopex
14112:V. vulpes
14110:Red fox (
14074:Kit fox (
14049:V. corsac
13793:Herpestes
13406:Meerkat (
13165:(Malagasy
13067:Hyaeninae
13028:Hyaenidae
12943:G. felina
12357:F. lybica
12169:Cheetah (
12087:L. wiedii
12076:Oncilla (
12042:L. guigna
12013:Leopardus
11994:Caracal (
11987:C. aurata
11922:Bay cat (
11843:P. pardus
11841:Leopard (
11816:P. tigris
11774:N. diardi
11692:Prionodon
11592:Kingdom:
11581:Carnivora
11064:, p. 119.
11052:, p. 100.
11040:, p. 133.
10703:, p. 113.
10691:, p. 166.
10644:, p. 142.
10590:, p. 187.
10548:de Courcy
10538:, p. 208.
10364:de Courcy
8964:, p. 184.
8903:, p. 183.
8780:, p. 143.
8736:, p. 137.
8693:, p. 142.
8627:, p. 174.
8600:, p. 188.
8518:, p. 293.
8195:, p. 272.
8038:, p. 276.
8026:, p. 133.
7915:, p. 237.
7826:, p. 248.
7592:, p. 153.
7568:, p. 195.
7462:CiteSeerX
7078:(1): 21.
6837:, p. 122.
6727:202040786
6010:, p. 148.
5590:Evolution
5493:198968757
5091:(1): 70.
4727:0962-1083
4112:: 30807.
3962:Routledge
3759:"1. Art,
3680:25 August
3606:: 59–82.
3583:22 August
3430:Felis leo
3330:"Species
3304:Citations
3273:from 1981
3230:, and in
3167:Manjushri
3145:Narasimha
3133:mrigendra
3119:. Art by
2941:from the
2917:apartheid
2909:full moon
2716:pantomime
2655:King John
2635:seraglios
2370:In Africa
2292:Lion roar
2208:pneumonia
2100:ovulation
1890:elephants
1854:ungulates
1767:territory
1656:river in
1641:Palestine
1626:Herodotus
1610:cave lion
1563:savannahs
1536:gene pool
1491:Castrated
1489:, Kenya.
1221:mutations
1201:gene flow
1143:with the
1117:from the
1070:Evolution
1059:Patagonia
1053:, or the
1015:cave lion
1013:, or the
991:Sri Lanka
944:P. l. leo
825:Cape lion
747:P. l. leo
739:evolution
723:P. l. leo
680:specimens
654:Felis leo
564:Etymology
513:Neolithic
493:savannahs
470:ungulates
375:P. l. leo
322:Species:
274:Carnivora
240:Kingdom:
234:Eukaryota
17691:Panthera
17596:Big cats
17415:Wikidata
17363:Species+
17290:14000228
17225:10196306
17118:BioLib:
17076:Wikidata
16914:Ferret (
16848:N. vison
16709:L. lutra
16577:(otters)
16571:Lutrinae
16428:Galictis
16340:M. foina
16255:Fisher (
16143:Melogale
16126:M. meles
16046:Arctonyx
15891:Nasuella
15869:N. nasua
15846:(coatis)
15760:P. lotor
15536:Mephitis
15295:Mirounga
15045:Phocinae
15026:Phocidae
14895:Neophoca
14841:Zalophus
14748:Walrus (
14447:C. rufus
14429:C. lupus
14409:Coyote (
14244:Culpeo (
14185:Speothos
14121:V. zerda
14103:V. velox
14040:V. chama
13751:Bdeogale
13649:U. fusca
13488:Helogale
13458:M. mungo
13397:Suricata
13326:Salanoia
13233:E. major
13213:Eupleres
13044:Proteles
13033:(hyenas)
12797:(genets)
12348:F. chaus
12339:F. catus
12330:F. bieti
12210:Cougar (
12160:Acinonyx
12138:L. rufus
12136:Bobcat (
12085:Margay (
12067:Ocelot (
12040:Kodkod (
11961:Serval (
11924:C. badia
11913:Catopuma
11823:Jaguar (
11807:P. uncia
11796:Panthera
11763:Neofelis
11681:Feloidea
11612:Eutheria
11606:Mammalia
11600:Chordata
11598:Phylum:
11594:Animalia
11437:Archived
11419:(1972).
11401:Archived
11383:(2023).
11365:Archived
11290:Archived
10938:21799812
10897:PLOS One
10869:16107828
10725:Archived
10603:(1993).
10550:, p. 69.
10526:, p. 15.
10483:, p. 20.
10074:9 August
10068:Archived
9928:86228533
9908:Mammalia
9890:Archived
9859:Archived
9827:Archived
9801:Archived
9799:. 2016.
9683:56451273
9559:: 41–53.
9553:Cat News
9516:Archived
9483:Archived
9454:Schaller
9441:10321819
9394:Schaller
9384:, p. 95.
9382:Schaller
9370:Schaller
9353:Schaller
9341:Schaller
9281:, p. 85.
9279:Schaller
9225:14596469
8962:Schaller
8925:Schaller
8913:Schaller
8901:Schaller
8891:, p. 68.
8879:, p. 44.
8877:Schaller
8864:84927815
8809:, p. 46.
8795:Schaller
8778:Schaller
8768:, p. 45.
8734:Schaller
8691:Schaller
8625:Schaller
8612:, p. 29.
8610:Schaller
8598:Schaller
8516:Schaller
8503:30010193
8460:25693067
8420:PLOS ONE
8398:Archived
8353:Archived
8282:44240882
8205:Schaller
8193:Schaller
8123:Archived
8069:Archived
8048:Schaller
8036:Schaller
8024:Schaller
8012:Schaller
7996:17479753
7962:Schaller
7913:Schaller
7897:Archived
7885:29364874
7836:Schaller
7824:Schaller
7796:Archived
7792:53185309
7737:Archived
7681:20 April
7675:Archived
7671:86371484
7590:Schaller
7578:Schaller
7566:Schaller
7480:Archived
7409:Schaller
7396:29622932
7360:(2017).
7308:17820922
7265:44676637
7211:Archived
7207:35849910
7104:29614950
7002:Schaller
6903:Schaller
6893:, p. 33.
6878:, p. 37.
6876:Schaller
6866:, p. 33.
6864:Schaller
6847:Schaller
6835:Schaller
6824:: 34–39.
6773:Archived
6599:23573239
6559:PLOS ONE
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15840:Nasuina
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15088:Phocini
14727:(seals)
14662:(seals)
14554:Ursinae
14496:(bears)
14491:Ursidae
14367:Dhole (
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14031:V. cana
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13685:U. urva
13189:Fossa (
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12791:Genetta
12688:Viverra
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11976:Caracal
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10175:27 July
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