3351:
social and religious affairs in
Malabar. The Portuguese tried to establish a monopoly in the spice trade in India, using violent naval warfare. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Calicut rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala. Small, lightly armed, and highly mobile vessels of the Mappilas remained a major threat to Portuguese shipping all along the west coast of India. Mappila merchants, now controlling pepper trade in Calicut in the place of the West Asian Muslims, drew Mappila corsairs and used them to transport the spices past Portuguese blockades. Some Mappila traders even tried to outwit the Portuguese by reorienting their trade to Western Indian ports. Some chose an overland route, across the Western Ghats, for the export of spices. By the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese were finally able to deal with the "Mappila challenge". Kunjali Marakkar was defeated and killed, with the help of the Calicut ruler, in c. 1600 AD. The Ali Rajas of Cannanore was given permission to send ships to even to the Red Sea, as a way of ensuring their cooperation. The relentless battles led to the eventual decline of the Muslim community in Kerala, as they gradually lost control of the spice trade. The Muslims — who had been depended solely on commerce — were reduced into severe economic perplexity. Some traders turned inland (South Malabar) in search of alternate occupations to commerce. The Muslims of Kerala gradually became a society of small traders, landless labourers and poor fishermen. The once affluent, and urban, Muslim population became predominantly rural in Kerala.
2106:
3146:(14th century) has recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala. Immigration, intermarriage and missionary activity/conversion — secured by the common interest in the spice trade — helped in this development. The monopoly of overseas spice trade in the Arabian Sea was safe with the Arab and Persian shipping magnates from the Malabar Coast. Fortunes of these merchants depended on the political patronage of the native chiefs of Calicut (Kozhikode), Cannanore (Kannur), Cochin (Kochi), and Quilon (Kollam). The chiefs of these tiny kingdoms derived a great part of their revenue from taxing the spice trade. A 13th century granite inscription, in Old Malayalam and Arabic, at
3281:. The big Mappila traders in Cochin supplied large quantities of Southeast Asian spices to the Portuguese carracks. These traders, along with the Syrian Christians, acted as brokers and intermediaries in the purchase of spices and in the sale of the goods brought from Europe. Wealthy Muslim merchants of the Malabar Coast – including Mappilas – provided large credits to the Portuguese. These businessmen received large trading concessions, stipends and privileges in return. Interaction between the Portuguese private traders and Mappila merchants also continued to be tolerated by the Portuguese state. Kingdom of Calicut, whose shipping was increasingly looted by the Portuguese, evolved into a centre of Muslim resistance. In February
1446:
3343:
3162:
mentions Shah
Bandars in Calicut and Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean. The famous nakhuda Mishkal who possessed ships for the trade with China, Yemen and Persia was active in Calicut in the 1340s. But unlike in some of the other regions of the Indian Ocean, in Kerala, it seems that the nakhudas did not held any positions of commercial, communal leadership. The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal, near Cannanore, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the
3339:
The peace was soon broken, with the assassination of the qazi of
Cannanore Abu Bakr Ali (1545), and the Portuguese again came down hard on the Mappilas. In the meantime, the Portuguese also entered into friendship with some of the leading Middle Eastern merchants residing on the Malabar Coast (1550). The mantle of the Muslim resistance was now taken by the Ali Rajas of Cannanore, who even forced the king of Calicut to turn against the Portuguese once again. By the close of the 16th century, the Ali Rajas had emerged as figures with as much influence in Kerala as the Kolathiri (Chirakkal Raja) himself.
3423:, invaded and occupied northern Kerala in the late-18th century. In the following Mysore rule of Malabar, Muslims were favoured against the high caste Hindu landlords. Some were able to obtain some land rights and administrative positions. There was a sharp increase in community's growth, especially through conversions from the "outcaste" society. However, such measures of the Mysore rulers only widened the communal imbalance of Malabar. The East India Company — taking advantage of the situation — allied with the Hindu high castes to fight against the occupied regime. The British subsequently won the
2884:
Abu ibn
Udthorman in Hijra 166. The mosque itself contains two medieval royal charters, one on a block of granite built into the steps of the mosque tank and another one a loose stone lying outside, of the Kodungallur Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD). The position of the royal Chera charter (in Old Malayalam) inside the mosque suggests that the city belonged to the Muslims or included them or came into their possession at a later stage. A few Umayyad (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.
2876:
2703:
9199:
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2585:(Kollam)). They were traditionally elite merchants who were all part of the brisk foreign trade. Until well into the European period, the Muslims were almost exclusively concentrated in the port cities. Middle Eastern sailors had to rely on lighterage at most of the Kerala ports in the medieval period. This led them to enter into mutually beneficial relationships with the traditional sea fishermen community. A large majority of fishermen, once low-caste Hindus, in northern Kerala now follow Islam.
1344:
3206:
2205:
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51:
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9211:
2891:(c. 883 AD, "the Tabula Quilonensis") is written in Old Malayalam in Vatteluttu script, and concludes with a number of "signatures" in Kufic Arabic, Middle Persian in Pahlavi script and Judaeo-Persian. The charter shows Atikal, in presence of the royal representative from Kodungallur (prince Kota Ravi Vijayaraga) and regional civil and military officials, granting land and serfs to the Tarisapalli, built by Mar Sapir Iso, and conferring privileges on
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1280:
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3185:) from the Malabar Coast. Export items across the Arabian Sea included spices such as pepper, ginger and cardamom, trans-shipped textiles, coconuts and associated products. Gold, copper, and silver, horses, silk and various aromatics were imported into Kerala. The native Muslims dominated the trade to Pegu, Mergui, Melaka (in Myanmar and Malaysia) and points east, and the Indian coastal trade (Canara, Malabar,
2717:
862:
2691:
2833:, which was the link between the West and ports of East Asia, even before Islam had been established in Arabia. The western coast of India was the chief centre of Middle Eastern trading activities right from at least 4th century AD and by about 7th century AD, and several West Asian merchants had taken permanent residence in some port cities of the Malabar Coast. According to popular tradition,
3197:. Muslims, with Gujarati Vanias, also took part in the trade with ports of Gujarat. The Indian coastal trade included goods such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into Kerala, from the Canara and the Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims.
3801:
194:
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the charter prove that the associates of Mar Sapir Iso included Jews and
Muslims too. Muslim Arabs and some Persians must have formed permanent settlements at Kollam by this period. The charter gives proof of the status and privileges of trading guilds in Kerala. "Anjuvannam", mentioned in the copper plate, was a merchant association composed Christians, Jews and Muslims.
2029:. In general, a Muslim Mappila is either a descendant of any higher caste native convert to Islam or a mixed descendant of any Middle Eastern — Arab or Persian — individual. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that form the Muslim population of Kerala. No Census Report where the Muslim communities were mentioned separately is also available.
2924:". While there is no concrete historical evidence for this tradition, there can be little doubt of the early Muslim presence, and of the religious tolerance based on economic imperatives, on the Malabar Coast. The account of conversion of Islam by the then Cheraman Perumal is generally considered apocryphal by mainstream scholars.
5965:... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by
3571:
backwardness began to change. The
Mappila community is now considered as section of Indian Muslims marked by recovery, change and positive involvement in the modern world. Mappila women are now not reluctant to join professional vocations and assuming leadership roles. As per the latest government data, female literacy rate in
3166:. Zayn al-Din Makhdum (c. 1498–1581) estimates that 10% of the population of Malabar was Muslim by the midpoint of the 16th century AD. Samarqandi said that in Calicut he met Muslims among the "horde of infidels", and that both kings and beggars wear the same thing but that the Muslims wear fine clothing in the Arab fashion.
2872:(973–1052 AD) appears to have been the first to call the region by this name. Masudi of Baghdad (896–965 AD) speaks about the contacts between Malabar and Arabia. Authors such as Ibn Khurdad Beh (869 – 885 AD), Ahmad al Baladhuri (892 AD), and Abu Zayd of Ziraf (916 AD) mentions Malabar ports in their works.
3518:
Active participation in the state elections gave rise to a psychology of accommodation that took the
Muslims into cooperate relationships with Hindus and Christians of Kerala. The Communist-lead Kerala government granted the wish of the Muslim League for the formation of a Muslim majority district in
3747:
was a popular form of social entertainment among the
Muslims of Kerala. It is generally presented by women numbering about fifteen including musicians, as a part of wedding ceremonies a day before the wedding day. The bride, dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments, is the chief spectator;
3333:
in Cochin, now planning to capture the spice trade through the Gulf of Mannar and to Sri Lanka, came into the conflict with
Mappilas and the (Tamil) Maraikkayars. The narrow gulf held the key to the trade to Bengal (especially Chittagong). By the 1520s, open confrontations between the Portuguese and
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in south Kerala was the southernmost of the Kerala ports associated with black pepper. It served as the region's gateway to the eastern Indian Ocean. East and
Southeast Asia were the primary markets for Kerala's main export, the spices, until at least the c. 15th century. In 1403, it seems that, the
2903:
reads: " to this Maymun ibn Ibrahim, Muhammad ibn Manih, Sulh ibn 'Ali, 'Uthaman ibn al-Marzuban, Muhammad ibn Yahya, 'Amr ibn Ibrahim, Ibrahim ibn al-Tayy, Bakr ibn Mansur, al-Qasim ibn Hamid, Mansur ibn 'Isa and, Isma'il ibn Ya'qub". The presence of non-Christian signatures and the names found in
2593:
After and during the Portuguese period, some of the Muslim merchants were forced to turn inland (Malabar) in search of alternative occupations to commerce. Some acquired land and became landowners and some became agricultural labourers. Between 16th and 20th centuries, the collective Mappila numbers
3723:
16th century. The ballads are compiled in complex blend of Malayalam/Tamil and Arabic, Persian/Urdu in a modified Arabic script. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, as they sound a mix of the ethos and culture of Dravidian South India as well as West Asia. They deal with themes such as
3471:
The Muslim material strength — along with the extent of modern education, theological "reform", and active participation in democratic process — recovered slowly after the 1921–22 Uprising. The Muslim numbers in provincial and central government posts remained staggeringly low. The Mappila literacy
3338:
to oppose the Portuguese. The Portuguese maintained patrolling squadrons off the Kerala ports and continued their raids on departing Muslim fleets at Calicut and Quilon. After a series of naval battles, the once powerful Mappila chief was finally forced to sue for peace with the Portuguese in 1540.
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Sooner rather than later, tensions arose between the wealthy Mappila traders of Cannanore and the Portuguese state. The ships of the Cannanore Mappilas again and again fell prey to the Portuguese sailors off the coast of Maldives, an important point between Southeast Asia and the Red Sea. Interests
2883:
Scholar C. N. Ahammad Moulavi has mentioned that he has seen at Irikkalur near Valapattanam a tombstone bearing the date 670 AD/Hijra 50 (it seems that the tombstone is now lost). Inscriptions found on a tombstone on the beach outside the Juma'h Mosque in Panthalayani Kollam record the death of one
3542:
Modern Mappila theological revisions and social reforms were initiated by Wakkom Maulavi (1873–1932) in Kollam. The Maulavi was initially influenced by Muḥammad 'Abduh and Rashīd Riḍā, and to some degree by the ideas of Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb. He notably encouraged
3161:
as the major port city in Kerala. Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "shah bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Batttutah
3779:
ballad singing is prevalent amongst people who practice folkloric traditions in the Mappila community of Wayanad. Unlike usual religious interpretations, Mappila Ramayan or Lamayan evokes cultural memories and is set in Malabar Muslim milieu. Their Ramayan ballards are usually laced with everyday
3350:
Before the 16th century, Middle Eastern Muslims dominated the economic, social and religious affairs of Kerala Muslims. Many of these merchants fled Kerala in the course of the 16th century. The vacuum created economic opportunities for some Mappila traders, who also took on a greater role in the
2920:(c. 570–632). Perumal's proselytisers, led by Malik ibn Dinar, established a series of mosques in his kingdom and north of it, thus facilitating the expansion of Islam in Kerala. It is assumed that the first recorded version of this legend is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship known as "
2907:
In keeping with Kodungallur's significant role in the spice trade, the legends of Kerala Christians, Jews and Muslims all depict this port city as the focal point for the spread of their respective faiths. According to the legend of Cheraman Perumal, or as per one version of it, the first Indian
3730:
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910–1994), followed by, U. A. Khader, K. T. Muhammed, N. P. Muhammed and Moidu Padiyath are leading Mappila authors of the modern age. Mappila periodical literature and newspaper dailies — all in Malayalam — are also extensive and critically read among the Muslims. The
2522:
The latter, also known as the "Paradesi Muslims", in fact came from all over the Islamic world. They included Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, Turks, Iraqis, Gujaratis, Khorasanis and Deccanis (and Melakans, Sumatrans, Bengalis). These Muslims were not unsettled navigators but had settled in Kerala.
2079:
The Malabar Muslims have also been nicknamed such due to their presence in Malabar region. Mappila Muslims is a diverse group of people, including descendants of Arab traders and local converts to Islam. They share the Malayalam language with other communities in Kerala and have a rich cultural
3570:
in the following years (beginning in the mid-1960s). This widespread participation in the Gulf Rush produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. Great influx funds from the earnings of Mappilas employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment and educational
3438:
The discriminatory land tenure system — tracing its origins to pre modern Kerala — gave Muslims of Kerala (and other tenants and labourers) no access to land ownership. This led to a series of violent attacks against the high caste landlords and colonial administration (the Mappila Outbreaks,
3252:
CE (c. 1500–1520), Portuguese traders were successful in reaching in agreements with the local Hindu chiefs and native Muslim (Mappila) merchants in Kerala. The major contradiction was between the Portuguese state and the Arab and Persian traders, and the Kingdom of Calicut. In January
2857:. Arab writers such as Masudi of Baghdad (934–955 AD), Idrisi (1154 AD), Abul-Fida (1213 AD) and al-Dimishqi (1325 AD) mentions the Muslim communities in Kerala. Some historians assume that the Mappilas can be considered as the first native, settled Islamic community in South Asia.
2044:, of which the Kerala state, as early as the 7th century AD. Before being overtaken by the Europeans in the spice trade, Malabar Muslims were a prosperous trading community, settled mainly in the coastal urban centres of Kerala. The continuous interaction of the Mappilas with the
3547:(1886–1964), E. K. Maulavi (1879–1974) and M. K. Haji carried his work forward to the modern age. K. M . Maulavi tried to spread the new ideas of southern Kerala to the more orthodox Malabar region. C. O. T. Kunyipakki Sahib, Maulavi Abussabah Ahmedali (died 1971), K. A. Jaleel,
2071:, does exist among the Muslims of Kerala (although all Muslims are allowed to worship in all Kerala mosques, certain communities are held in "lower status" to others). A number of different communities, some of them having distant ethnic roots, exist as status groups in Kerala.
2097:(Mappila Arabs) s, about one-quarter of Kerala's population (26.56%) are Muslims. The calculated Muslim population (2011) in Kerala state is 88,73,472. The number of Muslims in rural areas is only 42,51,787, against an urban population of 46,21,685.
3698:
In 17th century, after the arrival of Hadrami sufis to malabar the Ash'ari sufism become widespread among the malabar muslims. Which transformed muslim community into spiritually connected with the Sufi doctrines. This gives importance to apostles
3636:, while the other theological orientations, of which the Salafi Mujahids constitute a large majority, are seen as modern "reform" movements within the Sunni Islam. Both the Sunnis and Mujahids again have been divided to a number of sub-identities.
4673:"Remittances and its Impact on the Kerala Economy and Society – International Migration, Multi-local Livelihoods and Human Security: Perspectives from Europe, Asia and Africa", Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands, 30–31 August 2007
2598:
interior. The peak of the Muslim distribution in Kerala had gradually shifted to the interior Malabar District. William Logan, comparing the Census Reports of 1871 and 1881, famously concluded that within ten years some 50,000 people from the
2048:
has created a profound impact on their life, customs, and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic synthesis — within the large spectrum of Kerala culture — in literature, art, food, language, and music.
3748:
she sits on a peetham, around which the singing and dancing take place. While women sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride in steps. Two or three girls begin the songs and the rest join the chorus.
3591:, is another major Muslim entrepreneur from Kerala. During his state visit to Saudi Arabia in 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented the Saudi king Salman with a gold-plated replica of the Kodungallur Mosque.
2149:
concerns of the British Empire. Diaspora groups of Mappilas are also found in Singapore and Malaysia. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of Muslims have left Kerala to seek employment in the Middle East, especially in
1942:
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Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India. Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996.P-
5845:
The Edinburgh review: or critical journal – Sydney Smith, Lord Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey, Macvey Napier, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, William Empson, Harold Cox, Henry Reeve, Arthur Ralph Douglas Elliot (Hon.)
4528:
Hafiz Mohamad, N. P. "Socioeconomic determinants of the continuity of matrilocal family system among Mappila Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut
3126:
The Middle Eastern Muslim traders and Kerala mercantile community went through a long period of peaceful intercultural growth till the arrival of the Portuguese explorers (early 16th century).
5718:
Sousa, João de (1790). "Da mesmo Governador escrita ao Almirante D. Vasco da Gama Vice-Rei da India" [From the same Governor written to Admiral Dom Vasco da Gama, Viceroy of India].
3334:
the Mappilas, from Ramanathapuram, and Thoothukudi to northern Kerala, and to western Sri Lanka, became a common occurrence. The Mappila traders actively worked in even in the island of
3602:
and in the north Kerala a small proportion vote Communist Left. Politically, the Muslims in Kerala have exhibited more unanimity than any other major communities in modern Kerala.
2887:
The earliest major epigraphic evidence of Muslim merchants in Kerala is a royal charter by Ayyan Atikal, the powerful governor of Kollam under the Chera king of Kodungallur. The
2603:
community (former untouchables) converted to Islam. Muslim growth in the 20th century has considerably outpaced that of the general Kerala population due to higher birth rates.
4551:
P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut
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Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)
5693:"Document 9: ANTT, Cartas Orientais No. 47- Chenicheri Kurup to the Viceroy Vasco da Gama, in "Letters from Kannur, 1500–50: A Little Explored Aspect of Kerala History""
5526:
Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)
2565:
Till the 16th century, as noticed by the contemporary observers, Muslims settled mainly along the coastal tracts of Kerala (especially in major Kerala ports such as
6200:
2080:
heritage that blends local traditions with Islamic practices. They were also referred to as 'Mouros da Terra'(Arabs of land) and Mouros Malabares' (Malabar Arabs).
2010:
islands in Southern India. The term Mappila is used to denote Muslims of middle eastern descent in Northern Kerala, and in Southern Kerala for Mar thoma Nazarenes (
2615:
1836–1921 led the officials to make and maintain a distinction between the interior Mappilas and the 'respectable' Mappila traders of the coastal cities, such as
4641:
1445:
3511:. K. O. Ayesha Bai, a member of Muslim community, the first Muslim women to rise to public fame in modern Kerala, became the Deputy Speaker of the Communist
1947:
6211:
5332:
Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–234.
2686:
A model of the old structure of the Kodungallur Mosque. According to the Cheraman Perumal tradition, the first Indian mosque was built at Kodungallur.
2664:
Lastly, there were the converts from the Backward and Scheduled Hindu castes (such as the South Malabar interior Mappilas, Pusalars/Puyislans and the
9049:
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3776:
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5067:
3594:
Ever since in the Indian Independence from the British in 1947, the overwhelming majority of Muslims in former Malabar District have supported the
3150:
in Calicut mentions a donation by the king to the mosque. The inscription is the only surviving historical document recording royal endowment by a
6331:
4417:
6503:
5868:
4368:
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can also be seen. When the British supremacy on Malabar District was established, many Mappilas were recruited for employment in plantations in
9043:
3614:
school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist Sunnis) while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within
2594:
increased rapidly in Malabar and Travancore and Kochi regions, chiefly by the conversion among the lower and 'outcaste' Hindu groups of the
2032:
The Muslim community originated primarily as a result of the West Asian contacts with Kerala, which was fundamentally based upon commerce ("
2014:). Muslims of Kerala make up 26.56% of the population of the state (2011), and as a religious group they are the second largest group after
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5608:
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romance, satire, religion, and politics. Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1875–91) is generally considered as the poet laureate of Mappila Songs.
6397:
3536:
3532:
3262:
1982:
3751:
Kolkkali was a popular dance form among the Muslims of Kerala. It is played in group of 12 people with two sticks, similar to the
3368:
during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in
6618:
568:
4247:"Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar"
2939:, the first mosque was built by Malik ibn Dinar in Kodungallur, while the rest of the mosques were founded by Malik ibn Habib.
1934:
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in the 16th century CE. For decades, the Malabari Mappila Muslims which representing the Mughal empire are already patronized
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3551:, and K. O. Ayesha Bai were other prominent social and political reformers of the 20th century. An organisation known as the
2814:(5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolised by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.
1308:
455:
9290:
2853:. A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable Muslim population in the coastal towns of
2750:
and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India". Kerala's spices attracted ancient
1929:
3499:
faded into memory in the rest of India, it remained a serious political force in the state of Kerala with leaders such as
3177:
The Middle Eastern Muslims controlled the lucrative western arm of the overseas long-distance trade (to the ports of the
1904:
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Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)
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and the native rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala.
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1919:
1816:
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As the modern Mappila literature developed after the 1921–22 Uprising, religious publications dominated the field.
3555:(MES), founded in 1964 by P. K. Abdul Ghafoor and friends, also played a role in the development of the community.
3543:
the Mappilas to adopt English education. Notable reformers such as K. M. Seethi Sahib (1898–1960), Khatib Muhammad
1871:
883:
233:
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6049:"Moplahs a Menace for Several Years — Malabar Fanatics Said to Have Been Emboldened by Shifting of British Troops"
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4690:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
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825:
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Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 pp. 458–56.
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rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—
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5910:
1975:
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The community was able to produce a number of high-regarded leaders in the following years. This included
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records its foundation year as Hijra 518 (1124 AD). The mosque in the heart of the old Chera capital, the
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The Sunnis referred here are identified by their conventional beliefs and practices and adherence to the
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islands in the Arabian Sea. A small number of Malayali Muslims have settled in the southern districts of
1954:
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Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: International Migration and the Reconstruction of Community Identities in India
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M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017)
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Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986)
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3212:(Cannanore) in northern Kerala in the 16th century. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the
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Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987
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food culture. This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.
3599:
3488:
3448:
2921:
1798:
650:
450:
31:
30:
This article is about Malabar Muslims or Jonaka Mappilas. For other uses of the title Mappila, see
17:
5658:
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288
3761:(also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims of Kerala, using the traditional
3102:
which dates back to the 10th century CE. It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a
2025:
According to some scholars, the Malabar Muslims are the oldest settled native Muslim community in
8747:
8459:
8454:
7551:
7393:
6474:
6309:
4103:
3496:
2646:) – at the top were the aristocratic Tangals (the Sayyids), who claim descent from the family of
2448:
2011:
1968:
1538:
1325:
908:
245:
5507:
2631:. The Colonial administrates also kept a distinction between coastal and inland Mappilas of the
8996:
8677:
8042:
6604:
6283:
5583:
4078:
3583:, 19th richest man in India, is the richest Malayali, according to the Forbes magazine (2018).
3480:
2875:
2511:
The Muslims present in Kerala were distinguished by the Portuguese historians into two groups:
1578:
1208:
893:
699:
465:
5978:
5843:
5810:
5776:
5524:
5404:
5370:
5255:
5199:
9180:
8958:
8087:
7688:
6832:
6578:
6357:
6306:"Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year"
6015:
5289:
5165:
5131:
4191:
3732:
3520:
3361:
1558:
1523:
926:
694:
519:
303:
258:
5438:
4285:
Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India
4246:
3735:", founded in 1934, played as significant role in the development of the Mappila community.
2698:
map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
8918:
7736:
7521:
7255:
6857:
6574:
5668:
5577:
4373:
3672:
3356:
3310:
3115:
2162:
2155:
1851:
1846:
1373:
1294:
844:
108:
56:
8:
8515:
8082:
7930:
7185:
4874:
3983:
3588:
3572:
3548:
3508:
3389:
3213:
2315:
1899:
1856:
1468:
1453:
1243:
903:
818:
704:
338:
238:
5496:
VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.
4886:
8731:
8289:
7900:
7408:
7343:
7036:
6923:
6792:
6721:
5020:
3790:
3492:
3460:
3377:
3302:
2429:
2372:
2296:
2239:
1674:
1614:
1593:
1413:
888:
728:
685:
655:
638:
613:
558:
514:
226:
5095:
Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala
4808:
4307:
3459:
being temporarily instituted in the region and the leaders of the rebellion tried and
9280:
8032:
7443:
6170:
6021:
5984:
5947:
5934:
5816:
5782:
5688:
5639:
5614:
5587:
5557:
5530:
5444:
5410:
5376:
5349:
5295:
5261:
5205:
5171:
5137:
5099:
5046:
5012:
4936:
4856:
4846:
4820:
4788:
4737:
4348:
4317:
4264:
4232:
4212:
4170:
3444:
3432:
3416:
3314:
3266:
2846:
2829:. It is generally agreed among scholars that Middle Eastern merchants frequented the
2574:
2410:
2353:
2334:
1866:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1428:
1423:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1358:
1185:
1163:
1023:
779:
765:
733:
680:
593:
553:
415:
5291:
Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi
2720:
2653:
Landed Aristocracy - the Arabis were followed by the landed aristocracy, centred on
8672:
8439:
8369:
8241:
8236:
8115:
8052:
8047:
8022:
7973:
7882:
7658:
7348:
7240:
7170:
7016:
7001:
6898:
6802:
6757:
4882:
4816:
4511:
4289:
4254:
4162:
4098:
3957:
3576:
3524:
3484:
3424:
3373:
3221:
3220:
In the past, there were many Muslim traders in the ports of Malabar. Following the
3194:
2547:
2277:
2122:
1826:
1598:
1588:
1518:
1493:
1393:
1363:
1158:
578:
573:
524:
509:
494:
403:
282:
165:
4683:
3648:— mainly two groups (majority of traditional Sunnis in Kerala are Shafiʽis).
2702:
9078:
9063:
8645:
8627:
8231:
8163:
8120:
8092:
7988:
7786:
7776:
7531:
7488:
7433:
7423:
7413:
7363:
7285:
7245:
7089:
6933:
6918:
6913:
6903:
6893:
6878:
6873:
6717:
5938:
5747:
5343:
5093:
4930:
4926:
4782:
4731:
4405:
4311:
4073:
3894:
3676:
3658:
3619:
3580:
3147:
3139:
from one pepper merchant, a Muslim believed to have come from the Malabar Coast.
2623:
in North Malabar — arguably converts from high caste Hindus — and the Muslims of
2467:
2391:
2258:
2146:
2060:
1779:
1654:
1603:
1583:
1543:
1528:
1383:
1259:
1249:
1168:
898:
760:
713:
529:
489:
478:
460:
363:
308:
221:
124:
4581:
3270:
9254:
8986:
8869:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8707:
8580:
8530:
8487:
8414:
8399:
8389:
8246:
8198:
7920:
7887:
7877:
7726:
7640:
7612:
7516:
7453:
7378:
7318:
7270:
7150:
7107:
6968:
6943:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6747:
6727:
6712:
6647:
6627:
6120:"Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users – Times of India"
4340:
4088:
4048:
3898:
3560:
3504:
3452:
3409:
3306:
3099:
2558:
1861:
1714:
1689:
1684:
1639:
1333:
1100:
1028:
811:
673:
660:
618:
563:
177:
6591:
6305:
6260:
6148:
5372:
Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean
3840:
3531:, currently the twelfth busiest airport in India, was inaugurated in 1988. An
3372:
and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of
3236:, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between
73:
9269:
9185:
8923:
8890:
8802:
8715:
8667:
8565:
8555:
8550:
8510:
8505:
8434:
8429:
8329:
8319:
8304:
8211:
8188:
8057:
8009:
7999:
7940:
7905:
7844:
7834:
7741:
7711:
7678:
7673:
7663:
7630:
7526:
7428:
7418:
7398:
7368:
7358:
7313:
7305:
7210:
7165:
7135:
7061:
7051:
6976:
6888:
6797:
6652:
5038:
5016:
4860:
4268:
4219:
First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973
3544:
3405:
3381:
3290:
3286:
3241:
3190:
3118:, has a granite foundation exhibiting 11th–12th century architectural style.
3089:
2913:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2799:
2779:
2658:
2632:
2595:
2165:, the district-wise distribution of the Muslim population is as shown below:
2041:
1889:
1841:
1821:
1649:
1644:
1624:
1503:
1403:
1110:
1043:
1018:
1013:
738:
643:
603:
153:
6596:
5229:
9246:
8752:
8545:
8535:
8520:
8158:
8140:
8130:
7852:
7819:
7781:
7751:
7668:
7653:
7338:
7333:
7230:
7215:
7145:
7140:
7071:
7006:
6981:
6958:
6953:
6938:
6928:
6732:
6677:
6667:
6662:
4377:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Archived from
4345:
Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921
4038:
3962:
3942:
3752:
3322:
3278:
3249:
3182:
3169:
3132:
3111:
2900:
2860:
The Southwestern Coast of India was known as "Malabar" (a mixture of Tamil
2822:
2795:
2682:
2151:
1914:
1699:
1629:
1513:
1284:
1264:
1178:
1092:
799:
745:
482:
214:
203:
50:
4733:
The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History
4660:
3205:
2619:. The two other regional groupings are the high-status Muslim families of
2204:
2121:
The number of Muslims is particularly high in the northern Kerala (former
9190:
9068:
9035:
8913:
8864:
8540:
8525:
8497:
8479:
8444:
8394:
8314:
8168:
8067:
7862:
7857:
7703:
7607:
7473:
7468:
7403:
7323:
7117:
7084:
7056:
6852:
6737:
5257:
The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine
4043:
4024:
3821:
3640:
3630:
3615:
3584:
3456:
3428:
3318:
3294:
3163:
3143:
3077:
2956:
2909:
2838:
2826:
2807:
2775:
2767:
2755:
2746:
Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to
2126:
2056:
2045:
2033:
2007:
1679:
861:
852:
541:
499:
423:
137:
96:
60:
5163:
5024:
5000:
4313:
Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)
4293:
4259:
3661:—with different splinter factions (with varying degrees of puritanism).
3443:
1836–1921) and in 1921–22; it took in the form of an explosion known as
8560:
8469:
8349:
8324:
8153:
7960:
7925:
7801:
7483:
7383:
7250:
7205:
7066:
6883:
6752:
6195:"Yusuf Ali is the richest Malayali and he is richer than Donald Trump"
6069:
3872:
3812:
3682:
3645:
3611:
3094:
3081:
2896:
2892:
2740:
2624:
2068:
2053:
2026:
1694:
1634:
1378:
1096:
546:
3566:
A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the
8797:
8641:
8464:
8364:
8251:
8216:
8183:
7945:
7915:
7892:
7824:
7811:
7796:
7498:
7463:
7290:
7220:
7155:
7046:
6762:
6278:
6094:
4283:
3971:
3876:
3758:
3563:(founded 1948) also promoted the higher education among the Muslims.
3420:
3335:
3298:
3274:
3245:
3229:
3158:
3085:
3052:
3040:
3016:
3004:
2869:
2811:
2763:
2736:
2732:
2695:
2616:
2566:
2130:
2019:
1669:
1225:
1173:
1050:
445:
120:
100:
5940:
Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka
5692:
5001:"From Communitas to the Structure of Islam: The Mappilas of Malabar"
4552:
4530:
8859:
8844:
8792:
8474:
8354:
8266:
8261:
8027:
7994:
7983:
7867:
7602:
7589:
7536:
7438:
7328:
7300:
7280:
7225:
7112:
7026:
7021:
6996:
6908:
5480:: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978
4093:
4033:
3946:
3716:
3668:
3623:
3346:
Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524)
3151:
3064:
2917:
2803:
2647:
2133:, while the scattered presence of the community in major cities of
1774:
1739:
1659:
1608:
1418:
1106:
973:
966:
755:
723:
437:
371:
161:
157:
8596:
5610:
Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s-1880s
3154:
ruler, in the form of a grant, to the Muslim community in Kerala.
8977:
8885:
8877:
8839:
8829:
8824:
8575:
8424:
8409:
8404:
8309:
8284:
8279:
8206:
8102:
8037:
7968:
7935:
7910:
7872:
7761:
7721:
7716:
7625:
7617:
7584:
7574:
7569:
7541:
7506:
7260:
7235:
7200:
7190:
7180:
7127:
7031:
6991:
6807:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6697:
6672:
6657:
4125:
T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus"
4053:
4029:
4015:
4006:
3931:
3910:
3880:
3807:
3633:
3575:, centre of Mappila distribution, stood at 91.55% (2011 Census).
3365:
3178:
3136:
2912:
with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of
2850:
2759:
2639:
2600:
2578:
2551:
1769:
1744:
1368:
1002:
933:
588:
265:
5980:
Firearms of the Islamic World: in the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait
4288:(PhD). The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad.
3861:
2849:
in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of
8973:
8849:
8787:
8651:
8449:
8419:
8384:
8374:
8344:
8339:
8299:
8271:
8256:
8226:
8221:
8173:
8135:
8125:
8110:
8062:
7978:
7950:
7839:
7829:
7791:
7766:
7756:
7746:
7731:
7693:
7648:
7594:
7561:
7458:
7265:
7195:
7175:
7094:
7079:
7041:
6986:
6948:
6842:
6837:
6812:
6767:
6742:
6707:
6702:
5477:
5406:
Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles
4011:
3890:
3868:
3744:
3651:
3401:
3385:
3369:
3225:
3209:
3186:
3127:
3107:
3028:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2854:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2654:
2643:
2628:
2620:
2582:
2570:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2211:
2114:
2110:
2003:
1999:
1749:
1734:
1704:
1220:
1195:
1129:
1071:
1064:
1057:
983:
878:
608:
598:
387:
355:
347:
332:
326:
210:
104:
92:
6561:
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
5677:. London: Reprint. Asian Educational Services. pp. 19–47.
3388:. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of
3157:
By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of
3110:
of Kerala. The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the
8854:
8834:
8570:
8294:
8193:
8145:
8077:
8072:
7771:
7579:
7546:
7511:
7448:
7388:
7373:
7353:
7295:
7275:
7160:
7011:
6847:
6687:
6682:
5465:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.
4083:
4019:
3975:
3950:
3914:
3431:
and, consequently, Malabar was organised as a district under
3393:
3237:
3103:
2834:
2787:
2783:
2747:
2723:(shaded in dark blue) is the most-prominent school among the
2690:
2677:
2665:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2064:
2037:
2015:
1709:
1664:
1619:
1215:
1137:
1120:
943:
938:
750:
628:
319:
277:
270:
193:
185:
149:
5440:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast
4984:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast
4200:
3780:
activities of the community and embellished with Urdu terms.
3277:'s navy marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the
2518:
Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca").
8944:
Sayyid Abdurahman Imbichikoya Thangal Al-Aydarusi Al-Azhari
8017:
6642:
5043:
Politics, Women and Well Being: How Kerala Became 'a Model'
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
3937:
3902:
3852:
3282:
3254:
3233:
2798:, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other
2791:
2771:
2751:
2611:
During the British period the so-called Mappila Outbreaks,
2531:
1133:
1006:
978:
953:
948:
379:
287:
6557:
5892:
5890:
5170:. Permanent Black and Ravi Dayal Publisher. pp. 39–.
4684:"Population By Religious Community – 2011 Census of India"
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
3800:
3380:
from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise
5749:
PT/TT/CART/891.1/47: Carta de Guinguir, Guazil de Cananor
3889:
The Mohammaden Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional
3773:. Participants dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff.
3766:
3605:
3527:
being its major catchment area, was established in 1968.
988:
5368:
3665:(K. N. M) is the largest Mujahid organisation in Kerala.
3404:
community of Kerala as well as the general condition of
5887:
5505:
5085:
4441:
3472:
rate was only 5% in 1931. Even by 1947, only 3% of the
2766:
to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE.
2530:
A descendant of any native convert (vast majority were
4642:"Caste system exists among Muslims though not overtly"
4229:
Gulf Dream: For Indians The Golden Beaches Still gleam
3447:. The uprising — which initially had the supported of
6450:"Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe"
5697:
Clio and her descendants: Essays for Kesavan Veluthat
5164:
Shail Mayaram; M. S. S. Pandian; Ajay Skaria (2005).
3974:
is another popular item, which has an influence from
3610:
Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional
3598:. In south Kerala, the community generally supported
2868:, most probably) to the West Asians. Persian scholar
5575:
5571:
5569:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5092:
Chattopadhyay, Srikumar; Franke, Richard W. (2006).
4932:
Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation
4361:
6236:Shajahan Madampat, "Malappuram Isn't Mini Kashmir"
5774:
5091:
3707:). Still today it retains some of these practices.
5341:
5157:
4169:. State University of New York Press. p. xi.
3815:, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malabar
3455:- was suppressed by the colonial government, with
2770:established trade with Kerala during this period.
2059:, while a large minority follow movements such as
6261:Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India
5933:
5566:
5402:
5362:
5244:
5129:
4251:Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
1948:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)
9267:
5946:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–122.
5808:
5802:
5781:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–294.
5768:
5522:
5516:
5167:Muslims, Dalits, and the Fabrications of History
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
3710:
2916:, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of
2083:
2022:with the other religious communities of Kerala.
6095:"Kozhikode Calicut International Airport (CCJ)"
6070:"Official website of Calicut University – Home"
6013:
5287:
5201:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4316:. University of Michigan. p. 99 and note.
3738:
3535:(IIM) was established at Kozhikode in 1996 and
3088:town. The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an
3034:Shahab al-Din ibn 'Umar ibn Muhammad ibn Malik
2018:(54.73%). Muslims share the common language of
6573:(The English translation of the historic work
5396:
4522:
4121:
4119:
2899:. The attestation to the copper plates in the
2557:A descendant of a marriage alliance between a
1943:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)
8612:
6626:
6612:
6009:
6007:
5976:
5550:
5509:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5281:
5065:
4750:
4518:. Vol. VI. E. J. Brill. pp. 458–66.
4244:
4189:
3784:
3070:Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani
1976:
1302:
819:
6282:. Chennai, India. 7 May 2006. Archived from
5903:
5667:
5512:. Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424.
4780:
4729:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4534:
4245:Kottaparamban, Musadhique (1 October 2019).
3121:
6504:"Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast"
6266:
6137:
5674:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
5606:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4116:
3189:, Maldives and Coromandel Coast, and other
3173:Early Arab settlements in Kerala up to 1496
2661:, arguably converts from high caste Hindus.
2063:. Contrary to a popular misconception, the
8619:
8605:
6619:
6605:
6020:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–.
6004:
5970:
5636:kabir:The Apposaitle of Hindu Muslim Unity
5634:Muhammed, Hedayuthabdulla (January 2009).
5576:Henry Morse Stephens (1897). "Chapter 1".
5375:. Columbia University Press. p. 333.
5315:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5005:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4589:PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University
4369:"Population by religious community – 2011"
4335:
4333:
4157:
3618:. The latter section consists of majority
2928:First mosques of Malabar according to the
2678:Arrival of Islam in Kerala and Lakshadweep
2506:
1983:
1969:
1309:
1295:
826:
812:
49:
9142:Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation
6212:"TOI's top 10: World's richest Malayalis"
5687:
5443:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
5066:Pradeep Kumar, Kaavya (28 January 2014).
4840:
4648:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4258:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
3046:Hussayn ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani
2825:rim, via spice and silk traders from the
2052:Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow the
43:Malabar Muslims of Kerala and Lakshadweep
6395:
5633:
4935:. C. Hurst and Company. pp. 23–25.
4925:
4900:
4781:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (29 October 1998).
4556:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4339:
4281:
3491:, and most crucially, the inspirational
3476:officers in Malabar region were Muslim.
3384:. It was first printed and published in
3341:
3204:
3168:
3135:court first learned of the existence of
2874:
2715:
2701:
2689:
2681:
2104:
8845:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats
7590:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats
6577:written about the society of Kerala by
6497:
6495:
6447:
5860:
5775:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998).
5699:. Delhi: Primus Books. pp. 123–125
5488:
5486:
5112:
5037:
4579:
4330:
4306:
4001:are prepared by the Mappila community.
3285:, the defeat of the joint fleet of the
2879:Quilon Syrian Copper Plate (c. 883 AD)
2606:
2561:individual and a native low caste woman
14:
9268:
8660:
6501:
6475:"Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe"
6256:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6248:
5866:
5778:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama
5499:
5436:
5068:"Of Kerala, Egypt, and the Spice link"
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4813:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4784:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama
4730:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (30 April 2012).
4725:
4595:
4582:"Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798"
4510:
4300:
4161:
4134:
3606:Theological orientations/denominations
3587:, chairman of the Dubai-headquartered
3400:also describes the history of Mappila
3200:
2515:Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land").
1935:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
8600:
6600:
6529:"Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels"
6396:Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019).
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6364:from the original on 27 December 2023
6332:"Muslim Ramayana traditions of India"
6312:from the original on 12 December 2021
5909:A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books
5717:
5467:Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.
5294:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 54–55.
4998:
4994:
4992:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4669:
4667:
4393:
4056:made of flour, like a baked, layered
6492:
6274:"Preserve identity of Mappila songs"
5752:(in Arabic). Lisbon. 1524. p. 1
5638:. Motilal Banarasidess. p. 47.
5483:
5228:. lakshadweep.nic.in. Archived from
5204:. Infobase Publishing. p. 506.
5197:
5130:A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007).
4014:paste covering a mixture of cashew,
3466:
3445:Mappila Uprising (Malabar Rebellion)
3092:inscription written in a mixture of
1930:Muslim chronicles for Indian history
1905:All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board
87:Regions with significant populations
9222:
9060:Kerala Samsthana Jem-iyyathul Ulama
8626:
6558:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942),
6245:
5437:Prange, Sebastian R. (3 May 2018).
5369:Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008).
5031:
4986:. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
4887:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673
3559:(founded in 1922, Kodungallur) and
2706:Names, routes and locations of the
1895:All India Muslim Personal Law Board
24:
9152:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama
9133:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama
9056:Dakshina Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama
9050:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama
9044:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama
6551:
6376:
5977:Robert Elgood (15 November 1995).
5470:
5045:. Palgrave McMillan. p. 112.
4989:
4949:
4702:
4664:
4617:"Kerala Public Service Commission"
4609:
1996:Malabar Muslims or Muslim Mappilas
1910:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia
25:
9312:
6585:
6398:"Straight from the Malabar Coast"
6014:Prema A. Kurien (7 August 2002).
5815:. Psychology Press. p. 147.
5809:Mehrdad Shokoohy (29 July 2003).
5529:. Psychology Press. p. 144.
5523:Mehrdad Shokoohy (29 July 2003).
3867:Halwas are popular in towns like
2002:community found predominantly in
1920:All India Shia Personal Law Board
9250:
9249:
9240:
9221:
9210:
9209:
9198:
9197:
5506:Charles Alexander Innes (1908).
5492:Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.),
5198:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010).
4821:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673
3860:
3839:
3820:
3799:
3715:Mappila Songs/Poems is a famous
3693:
3537:National Institute of Technology
3058:Sa'd al-Din ibn Malik al-Madani
2588:
2203:
1872:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College
1444:
1342:
1278:
860:
793:
192:
9007:Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal
6521:
6467:
6441:
6415:
6350:
6324:
6298:
6230:
6204:
6189:
6163:
6112:
6087:
6062:
6041:
5914:
5836:
5740:
5726:Academia das Ciências de Lisboa
5711:
5681:
5661:
5652:
5627:
5600:
5457:
5430:
5335:
5218:
5191:
5059:
4867:
4834:
4801:
4774:
4676:
4634:
4410:
3501:Syed Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal
3291:Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt
3222:discovery of a direct sea route
2841:, situated just to the west of
2100:
2088:
1572:Famous Families and ethnicities
55:A rebuilt structure of the old
9012:Sayed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal
6592:BBC Hindi on Muslims in Kerala
5586:. Asian Educational Services.
5409:. Other Books. pp. 179–.
5098:. Concept Publishing Company.
4787:. Cambridge University Press.
4282:Kuzhiyan, Muneer Aram (2015).
4275:
4238:
4222:
4183:
3533:Indian Institute of Management
3248:. In the first two decades of
3193:shores) with the Chettis from
2908:mosque was built in 624 AD at
2709:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2125:). Mappilas are also found in
2074:
1817:Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College
13:
1:
9002:Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal
6502:Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014).
6423:"Thalassery Chicken Biriyani"
5983:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 164–.
5898:Kerala History and its Makers
5348:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123.
5254:Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987).
4845:. State Univ Of New York Pr.
4109:
3935:(a type of rice pancake) and
3711:Mohammaden Mappila literature
3529:Calicut International Airport
2802:. They must have brought the
2786:. The Arabs on the coasts of
2084:Demographics and distribution
1832:Darul Huda Islamic University
1534:Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal
9276:Muslim communities of Kerala
9100:Traditionalist (Sunnī Islam)
6581:during sixteenth century CE)
6074:www.universityofcalicut.info
5476:Pg 58, Cultural heritage of
5136:. DC Books. pp. 57–58.
3739:Mohammaden Mappila folk arts
3106:king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the
2036:"). As per local tradition,
7:
9291:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
9087:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
9016:Munavvar Ali Shihab Thangal
8934:Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar
6175:Government of Kerala, India
5613:. Anthem Press. p. 8.
5342:Jonathan Goldstein (1999).
5260:. Brill. pp. 458–459.
4347:. Oxford University Press.
4067:
3834:(mussels stuffed with rice)
3663:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
2172:District wise map of Kerala
2067:, like from other parts of
1955:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
367:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
9317:
9161:Sunni Students' Federation
8929:Varakkal Mullokoya Thangal
5494:South Indian Inscriptions.
5403:Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007).
5133:A Survey Of Kerala History
4999:Razak, P.P. Abdul (2007).
4841:Roland E., Miller (2016).
4196:. Madras Government Press.
3788:
3785:Mohammaden Mappila Cuisine
3688:
3673:the Jama'at-i-Islami India
3553:Muslim Educational Society
3495:(1898–1960). Although the
2889:Quilon Syrian Copper Plate
2672:
2202:
1837:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya
29:
9237:
9173:
9150:
9131:
9124:
9108:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar
9099:
9077:
9034:
9027:
8972:
8906:
8899:
8817:
8780:
8740:
8724:
8697:
8690:
8634:
8496:
8008:
7959:
7810:
7702:
7639:
7560:
7497:
7126:
6967:
6866:
6635:
5724:(in Portuguese). Lisbon:
4736:. John Wiley & Sons.
4516:The Encyclopedia of Islam
4193:Malabar Manual (Volume-I)
4028:(ripe banana filled with
4010:(deep-fried, boiled ripe
3259:First Battle of Cannanore
3122:Growth of Islam in Kerala
2986:'Abd al-Rahman ibn Malik
1925:Indian Muslim nationalism
1554:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar
1086:Sunni schools of theology
148:
143:
136:
131:
119:
114:
91:
86:
72:
67:
48:
9301:South Indian communities
8954:Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal
8939:Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar
6099:www.kozhikodeairport.com
5288:A. Rā Kulakarṇī (1996).
3828:Kallummakkaya nirachathu
3659:Salafists (the Mujahids)
3620:Salafists (the Mujahids)
3600:Indian National Congress
3449:Indian National Congress
3313:marked the beginning of
2930:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad
2922:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad
2778:were the first to enter
2145:and for manual labor in
1799:List of mosques in India
456:Medieval Islamic science
32:Mappila (disambiguation)
9286:Social groups of Kerala
8992:Panakkad Shihab Thangal
8460:Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh
8455:Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh
6533:Faces Places and Plates
4879:Encyclopédie de l’Islam
3978:. Various varieties of
3263:Third Portuguese Armada
2821:, a part of the larger
2507:Portuguese distinctions
2012:Saint Thomas Christians
1728:Religious jurisprudence
1549:Panakkad Shihab Thangal
1539:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
884:Prophets and Messengers
9115:AP Aboobacker Musliyar
8997:Umerali Shihab Thangal
8964:AP Aboobacker Musliyar
8748:Vaikom Muhammad Bashir
6564:, University of Madras
6448:Shamsul (7 May 2016).
5922:Mappila Muslim Culture
5584:Rulers of India series
4843:Mappila muslim culture
4190:William Logan (1887).
4167:Mappila Muslim Culture
4079:Arabi Malayalam script
3568:Persian Gulf countries
3481:Mohammed Abdur Rahiman
3364:(born around 1532) of
3347:
3217:
3174:
2880:
2864:and Arabic or Persian
2810:. The Greek historian
2743:
2713:
2699:
2687:
2581:), Cochin (Kochi) and
2118:
1579:Islam in Uttar Pradesh
1152:Contemporary movements
967:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
894:Succession to Muhammad
466:Succession to Muhammad
109:States of Persian Gulf
8959:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
8891:Bohras (Daudi Bohras)
8840:Tangals (the Sayyids)
8088:Bhale Sultan Khanzada
7631:Bohras (Daudi Bohras)
7585:Tangals (the Sayyids)
6579:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
6427:The Take It Easy Chef
5463:Prange, Sebastian R.
4982:Prange, Sebastian R.
3966:, popularly known as
3719:tradition emerged in
3521:University of Calicut
3427:against Mysore ruler
3362:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
3345:
3208:
3172:
2878:
2719:
2705:
2693:
2685:
2526:A Mappila is either,
2108:
1998:, is a member of the
1559:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
1524:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
144:Related ethnic groups
8919:Zainuddin Makhdoom I
8698:Religious literature
7931:Shaikhs of Rajasthan
6575:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen
6263:Modern Asian Studies
6171:"Literacy Rate 2011"
5896:A. Sreedhara Menon.
5848:. A. Constable. 1922
5607:Nitin Sinha (2014).
4580:Kumhali, V. (1986).
4374:2011 Census of India
3953:are used profusely.
3811:, a pancake made of
3731:newspaper known as "
3357:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen
3301:with support of the
3076:It is believed that
2739:unlike from rest of
2607:British distinctions
2163:2011 Census of India
2156:United Arab Emirates
1852:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia
1847:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia
1374:Cheraman Juma Masjid
934:Declaration of Faith
505:Association football
57:Cheraman Juma Mosque
9186:Suprabhaatham Daily
9028:Major denominations
6058:. 4 September 1921.
5937:(22 January 2008).
5920:Roland E. Miller.
5875:on 21 December 2012
5721:Documentos Arabicos
4927:Nossiter, Thomas J.
4514:(1988). "Mappila".
4060:with rich filling,
4004:The snacks include
3589:Aster DM Healthcare
3573:Malappuram District
3549:C. N. Ahmad Moulavi
3509:C. H. Mohammed Koya
3398:Tuhfatul Mujahideen
3390:Al-Azhar University
3201:The European period
3159:Calicut (Kozhikode)
3142:Moroccan traveller
3027:Jurfatan/Jirfatan (
3022:Malik ibn Muhammad
2962:Muhammad ibn Malik
2943:
1900:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
1857:Darul Uloom Deoband
266:Profession of Faith
239:Day of Resurrection
45:
9125:Influential bodies
8882:Dakhnis or Pathans
8732:Moyinkutty Vaidyar
7622:Dakhnis or Pathans
7434:Shaikhs of Gujarat
6360:. 8 January 2011.
6358:"Malabari Ramayan"
6336:The Times of India
6286:on 7 November 2012
6216:The Times of India
6124:The Times of India
6056:The New York Times
5900:. D C Books (2011)
5689:Devadevan, Manu V.
3929:(soft flatbread),
3791:Thalassery cuisine
3523:, with the former
3493:K. M. Seethi Sahib
3453:Mohandas K. Gandhi
3419:, ruled by Sultan
3378:Zamorin of Calicut
3348:
3329:of the Portuguese
3303:Republic of Venice
3218:
3175:
3116:Kodungallur Mosque
2998:Ibrahim ibn Malik
2942:
2881:
2744:
2714:
2700:
2688:
2487:Thiruvananthapuram
2119:
1884:Influential bodies
1763:Schools of thought
1615:Hyderabadi Muslims
1594:Rajasthani Muslims
1414:Kunhali Marakkar I
1191:Neo-traditionalism
42:
9261:
9260:
9169:
9168:
9095:
9094:
9023:
9022:
8949:Athippatta Usthad
8776:
8775:
8686:
8685:
8594:
8593:
8232:Kayastha Musalman
8033:Bachgoti Khanzada
7444:Sayyid of Gujarat
7310:Maliks of Gujarat
6197:Malayala Manorama
6027:978-0-8135-3089-5
5990:978-1-85043-963-9
5935:Leonard Y. Andaya
5869:"Islam in Kerala"
5822:978-0-415-30207-4
5788:978-0-521-64629-1
5620:978-1-78308-311-4
5593:978-81-206-1524-3
5562:978-81-8267-114-0
5536:978-0-415-30207-4
5450:978-1-108-42438-7
5416:978-81-903887-8-8
5382:978-0-231-70024-5
5345:The Jews of China
5301:978-81-7154-579-7
5267:978-90-04-07929-8
5211:978-1-4381-1913-7
5177:978-81-7824-115-9
5143:978-81-264-1578-6
5105:978-81-8069-294-9
5052:978-0-333-54808-0
4852:978-1-4384-5600-3
4512:Miller, Roland E.
4422:Outlook Traveller
4381:on 25 August 2015
4354:978-0-19562-139-6
4260:10.33306/mjssh/31
4233:Malayala Manorama
4176:978-1-4384-5601-0
4165:(27 April 2015).
4163:Miller, Roland E.
4025:pazham nirachathu
3755:dance of Gujarat.
3622:and the minority
3467:Post-colonial era
3433:Madras Presidency
3417:Kingdom of Mysore
3317:dominance of the
3287:Sultan of Gujarat
3267:Kingdom of Cochin
3074:
3073:
2991:Fakanur/Makanur (
2935:According to the
2817:Islam arrived in
2806:of Kerala to the
2800:eastern countries
2504:
2503:
2161:According to the
2095:to the 2011 censu
1993:
1992:
1509:Nizamuddin Auliya
1499:Moinuddin Chishti
1489:Sheikh Ubaidullah
1429:Malabar Rebellion
1424:Kingdom of Mysore
1409:Deccan sultanates
1399:Gujarat Sultanate
1389:Bahmani Sultanate
1359:Sheikh Ubaidullah
1319:
1318:
1164:Deobandi movement
836:
835:
766:Deobandi jihadism
171:
170:
16:(Redirected from
9308:
9253:
9252:
9247:Islam portal
9245:
9244:
9243:
9225:
9224:
9213:
9212:
9201:
9200:
9129:
9128:
9032:
9031:
8924:Mampuram Thangal
8904:
8903:
8695:
8694:
8673:Malayalam script
8658:
8657:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8598:
8597:
8440:Sadaat-e-Bilgram
8405:Rajput Musalmaan
8380:Qaum-e-Punjabian
8242:Khokhar Khanzada
8179:Gujjar Musalmaan
6621:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6393:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6338:. 9 October 2016
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6243:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6177:. 14 August 2019
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6147:. Archived from
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5945:
5931:
5925:
5924:SUNY Press, 2015
5918:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5871:. Archived from
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5573:
5564:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5497:
5490:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5127:
5110:
5109:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5035:
5029:
5028:
4996:
4987:
4980:
4947:
4946:
4923:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4748:
4747:
4727:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4662:
4657:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4577:
4554:
4549:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4508:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4424:. Archived from
4414:
4408:
4402:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4308:Županov, Ines G.
4304:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4242:
4236:
4226:
4220:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4159:
4132:
4129:August 26, 2015
4123:
4099:Sri Lankan Moors
3864:
3843:
3824:
3803:
3769:, also known as
3525:Malabar District
3485:E. Moidu Moulavi
3451:leaders such as
3425:Anglo-Mysore War
3374:Kunjali Marakkar
3331:casado moradores
3195:Coromandel Coast
2974:Hasan ibn Malik
2944:
2941:
2748:Sumerian records
2712:(1st century CE)
2577:(Tanur), Funan (
2207:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2147:South East Asian
2123:Malabar District
2117:– District-wise.
2109:Distribution of
1985:
1978:
1971:
1827:Aliah University
1793:Mosques in India
1599:Gujarati Muslims
1589:Kashmiri Muslims
1519:Sarkar Waris Pak
1494:Malik bin Deenar
1448:
1394:Bengal Sultanate
1369:Cheraman Perumal
1364:Malik bin Deenar
1346:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1285:Islam portal
1283:
1282:
1281:
1159:Barelvi movement
1125:
1124:
1038:
1037:
864:
855:
849:
848:
838:
837:
828:
821:
814:
800:Islam portal
798:
797:
796:
196:
173:
172:
166:Sri Lankan Moors
81:
68:Total population
53:
46:
41:
27:Muslim community
21:
9316:
9315:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9296:Islam in Kerala
9266:
9265:
9262:
9257:
9241:
9239:
9233:
9181:Chandrika Daily
9165:
9146:
9120:
9091:
9073:
9064:Islam in Kerala
9019:
8968:
8895:
8813:
8772:
8736:
8725:Religious Poets
8720:
8712:Khissa Pattukal
8682:
8678:Arabi Malayalam
8656:
8646:Mappila dialect
8630:
8628:Islam in Kerala
8625:
8595:
8590:
8492:
8488:Tyagi Musalmaan
8267:Lalkhani Rajput
8164:Gautam Khanzada
8141:Dhobi Musalmaan
8107:Muslim Bhumihar
8093:Bhatti Khanzada
8004:
7989:Deccani Muslims
7955:
7806:
7787:Muslim Raj Gond
7777:Konkani Muslims
7698:
7635:
7556:
7532:Konkani Muslims
7493:
7464:Sulaymani Bohra
7424:Sandhai Muslims
7246:Ghanchi-Pinjara
7122:
7104:Shaikh of Bihar
6963:
6862:
6718:Deccani Muslims
6631:
6625:
6588:
6567:
6565:
6554:
6552:Further reading
6549:
6548:
6538:
6536:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6500:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6394:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6259:
6246:
6240:21 August 2017
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6145:"The Institute"
6143:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6012:
6005:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5975:
5971:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5943:
5932:
5928:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5904:
5895:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5686:
5682:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5574:
5567:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5504:
5500:
5491:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5252:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5128:
5113:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5036:
5032:
4997:
4990:
4981:
4950:
4943:
4924:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4853:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4751:
4744:
4728:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4688:Census of India
4682:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4596:
4584:
4578:
4557:
4550:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4509:
4442:
4431:
4429:
4428:on 15 July 2012
4416:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4341:Panikkar, K. N.
4338:
4331:
4324:
4305:
4301:
4280:
4276:
4243:
4239:
4227:
4223:
4205:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4160:
4135:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4104:Nasrani Mappila
4074:Arabi Malayalam
4070:
3925:meaning meat),
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3793:
3787:
3777:Mappila Ramayan
3741:
3713:
3696:
3691:
3677:political Islam
3675:)—representing
3608:
3581:M. A. Yusuf Ali
3513:Kerala Assembly
3469:
3273:and Zamorin of
3203:
3148:Muchundi Mosque
3128:Quilon (Kollam)
3124:
3100:Grantha scripts
3010:Musa ibn Malik
2837:was brought to
2680:
2675:
2609:
2591:
2554:) to Islam (or)
2509:
2171:
2103:
2091:
2086:
2077:
2034:the spice trade
1989:
1960:
1959:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1655:Dakhini Muslims
1604:Konkani Muslims
1584:Bengali Muslims
1573:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1544:Syed Ahmad Khan
1529:Ahmad Raza Khan
1483:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1384:Delhi Sultanate
1354:
1334:
1315:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1250:Kutub al-Sittah
1239:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1118:
1117:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1035:
1034:
1009:
994:
993:
969:
959:
958:
929:
919:
918:
874:
851:
850:
842:
841:
832:
794:
792:
785:
784:
761:Salafi jihadism
719:Other religions
714:Arabic language
676:
666:
665:
594:Moral teachings
485:
471:
470:
461:Spread of Islam
406:
396:
395:
383:(jurisprudence)
365:Qisas al-Anbiya
314:
313:
293:
292:
261:
251:
250:
206:
125:Arabi Malayalam
76:
63:
44:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9314:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9259:
9258:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9219:
9207:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9157:
9155:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9138:
9136:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9111:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9089:
9083:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9040:
9038:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8987:Pukkoya Tangal
8983:
8981:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8910:
8908:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8880:
8875:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8807:Muttum Viliyum
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8768:Moidu Padiyath
8765:
8763:N. P. Muhammed
8760:
8758:K. T. Muhammed
8755:
8750:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8713:
8710:
8708:Majlis Al-Noor
8705:
8701:
8699:
8692:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8664:
8662:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8624:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8601:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8581:Shershahabadia
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8531:Iraqi Biradari
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8502:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8482:
8480:Teli Musalmaan
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8212:Kakorvi Shaikh
8209:
8204:
8201:
8199:Iraqi Biradari
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7965:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7708:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7645:
7643:
7641:Madhya Pradesh
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7503:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7108:Shershahabadia
7105:
7102:
7100:Syed (Mallick)
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7037:Malik of Bihar
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6973:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6818:Muslim Rajputs
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:Iraqi Biradari
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6587:
6586:External links
6584:
6583:
6582:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6535:. 30 June 2020
6520:
6491:
6466:
6440:
6429:. 23 June 2017
6414:
6375:
6349:
6323:
6297:
6265:
6244:
6229:
6203:
6188:
6162:
6136:
6111:
6086:
6061:
6040:
6026:
6003:
5989:
5969:
5952:
5926:
5913:
5902:
5886:
5859:
5835:
5821:
5801:
5787:
5767:
5739:
5728:. pp. 4–5
5710:
5680:
5660:
5651:
5644:
5626:
5619:
5599:
5592:
5565:
5549:
5535:
5515:
5498:
5482:
5469:
5456:
5449:
5429:
5415:
5395:
5381:
5361:
5354:
5334:
5314:
5300:
5280:
5266:
5243:
5232:on 14 May 2012
5217:
5210:
5190:
5176:
5156:
5142:
5111:
5104:
5084:
5058:
5051:
5039:Jeffrey, Robin
5030:
4988:
4948:
4941:
4899:
4866:
4851:
4833:
4800:
4793:
4773:
4749:
4742:
4701:
4675:
4663:
4647:
4633:
4608:
4594:
4555:
4533:
4521:
4440:
4438:December, 2009
4418:"Oh! Calicut!"
4409:
4392:
4360:
4353:
4329:
4322:
4299:
4274:
4237:
4235:Yearbook 1990;
4221:
4199:
4182:
4175:
4133:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Beary language
4086:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4049:chatti pathiri
3866:
3859:
3858:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3737:
3712:
3709:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3607:
3604:
3561:Farook College
3505:Pukkoya Tangal
3503:, P. M. S. A.
3489:Congress Party
3468:
3465:
3410:Aceh Sultanate
3376:alongside the
3307:Ottoman Empire
3202:
3199:
3123:
3120:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2721:Shafiʽi school
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2651:
2608:
2605:
2590:
2587:
2563:
2562:
2559:Middle Eastern
2555:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:Pathanamthitta
2445:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2102:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:Ma'din Academy
1864:
1862:Manzar-e-Islam
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:Shershahabadia
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Iraqi Biradari
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Bihari Muslims
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Dawoodi Bohras
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:Indo-Saracenic
1461:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1335:Islam in India
1330:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
970:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
909:Predestination
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
870:
869:
866:
865:
857:
856:
834:
833:
831:
830:
823:
816:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
787:
786:
783:
782:
776:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
748:
743:
742:
741:
736:
726:
721:
716:
710:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
689:
688:
683:
677:
674:Related topics
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
656:Social welfare
653:
648:
647:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
550:
549:
544:
534:
533:
532:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
441:
434:
427:
419:
418:
413:
407:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
385:
376:
375:
369:
361:
353:
344:
343:
323:
315:
312:
311:
306:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
268:
262:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
246:Predestination
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
227:Revealed Books
224:
218:
217:
207:
202:
201:
198:
197:
189:
188:
182:
181:
169:
168:
146:
145:
141:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
117:
116:
112:
111:
89:
88:
84:
83:
70:
69:
65:
64:
54:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9313:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9264:
9256:
9248:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9196:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9149:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9098:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8900:Major figures
8898:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8803:Arabana Muttu
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8717:
8716:Mappila Pattu
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8668:Arabic script
8666:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8617:
8615:
8610:
8608:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8511:Dawoodi Bohra
8509:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8465:Shaikh Ja'fri
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8435:Sadaat-e-Bara
8433:
8431:
8430:Sadaat Amroha
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8330:Nagar Muslims
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8320:Muslim Chhipi
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8011:
8010:Uttar Pradesh
8007:
8001:
8000:Dawoodi Bohra
7998:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7941:Sindhi-Sipahi
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7845:Dawoodi Bohra
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7742:Dawoodi Bohra
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7679:Muslim Chhipi
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7664:Dawoodi Bohra
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7527:Kodava Maaple
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:Multani Lohar
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7211:Dawoodi Bohra
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Muslim Chhipi
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6858:Urdu-speaking
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6628:Indian Muslim
6622:
6617:
6615:
6610:
6608:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6580:
6576:
6563:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6496:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6242:
6239:
6233:
6218:. 4 June 2015
6217:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6151:on 8 May 2017
6150:
6146:
6140:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6057:
6050:
6044:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6010:
6008:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5973:
5966:
5955:
5953:9780824831899
5949:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5824:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5805:
5790:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5714:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5655:
5647:
5645:9788120833739
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5570:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5473:
5466:
5460:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5355:9780765601049
5351:
5347:
5346:
5338:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5194:
5179:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4944:
4942:9780905838403
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4796:
4794:9780521646291
4790:
4786:
4785:
4777:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4743:9780470672914
4739:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4407:. pp. 458–56.
4406:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4323:0-472-11490-5
4319:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4217:81-86668-06-3
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Beary Muslims
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:Kallummakkaya
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3792:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3703:) or matrys (
3702:
3694:Yemeni Sufism
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:Muslim League
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:Aikya Sangham
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:K. M. Maulavi
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:Muslim League
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:Malabar Coast
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:Malabar coast
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:Battle of Diu
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3244:and south to
3243:
3242:Malabar Coast
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:Bay of Bengal
3188:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:Madayi Mosque
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:Old Malayalam
3087:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:Kalankallur (
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:Chera dynasty
2911:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:Malabar Coast
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:Malabar Coast
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:Malabar Coast
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:Malabar Coast
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:North Malabar
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:South Malabar
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:South Malabar
2589:Inland Growth
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:(Kozhikode),
2568:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:Malabar Coast
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Muslim Jamaat
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Jamiatur Raza
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Jamia Nizamia
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Arabs (India)
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Tamil Muslims
1648:
1646:
1645:Oriya Muslims
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Bakhtiar Kaki
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:Major figures
1479:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Mughal Empire
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1111:Ahl al-Hadith
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
968:
963:
962:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
928:
923:
922:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Judgement Day
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
873:
868:
867:
863:
859:
858:
854:
846:
840:
839:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
791:
790:
789:
788:
781:
778:
777:
772:
771:Military laws
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
747:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Proselytizing
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
537:Denominations
535:
531:
528:
527:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
480:
475:
474:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
420:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
405:
400:
399:
392:
390:
386:
384:
382:
378:
377:
373:
370:
368:
366:
362:
360:
358:
354:
352:
350:
346:
345:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
328:
324:
322:
321:
317:
316:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
255:
254:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
205:
200:
199:
195:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Kodava Maaple
151:
147:
142:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
80:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
37:
33:
19:
9263:
9226:
9214:
9202:
9154:(AP faction)
9135:(EK faction)
9052:(EK faction)
9046:(AP faction)
8753:U. A. Khader
7399:Patani Bohra
7339:Meta Qureshi
7141:Alavi Bohras
6959:Alavi Bohras
6954:Goan Muslims
6566:, retrieved
6560:
6537:. Retrieved
6532:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6507:
6482:. Retrieved
6478:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6453:
6443:
6431:. Retrieved
6426:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6401:
6366:. Retrieved
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6335:
6326:
6314:. Retrieved
6300:
6288:. Retrieved
6284:the original
6277:
6268:
6237:
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6215:
6206:
6196:
6191:
6179:. Retrieved
6174:
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6149:the original
6139:
6127:. Retrieved
6123:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6098:
6089:
6077:. Retrieved
6073:
6064:
6055:
6043:
6031:. Retrieved
6016:
5994:. Retrieved
5979:
5972:
5964:
5957:. Retrieved
5939:
5929:
5921:
5916:
5905:
5897:
5877:. Retrieved
5873:the original
5867:AG Noorani.
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5844:
5838:
5826:. Retrieved
5811:
5804:
5792:. Retrieved
5777:
5770:
5760:– via
5756:10 September
5754:. Retrieved
5748:
5742:
5732:10 September
5730:. Retrieved
5720:
5713:
5703:10 September
5701:. Retrieved
5696:
5683:
5673:
5669:Knox, Robert
5663:
5654:
5635:
5629:
5609:
5602:
5578:
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5525:
5518:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5472:
5464:
5459:
5439:
5432:
5420:. Retrieved
5405:
5398:
5386:. Retrieved
5371:
5364:
5344:
5337:
5305:. Retrieved
5290:
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5256:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:the original
5220:
5200:
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5166:
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5132:
5094:
5087:
5075:. Retrieved
5071:
5061:
5042:
5033:
5008:
5004:
4983:
4931:
4890:. Retrieved
4878:
4869:
4842:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4812:
4803:
4783:
4776:
4732:
4692:. Retrieved
4687:
4678:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:
4611:
4588:
4524:
4515:
4430:. Retrieved
4426:the original
4421:
4412:
4383:. Retrieved
4379:the original
4372:
4363:
4344:
4312:
4302:
4294:10603/213506
4284:
4277:
4250:
4240:
4228:
4224:
4208:
4202:
4192:
4185:
4166:
4126:
4064:, and more.
4061:
4057:
4047:
4037:
4023:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3997:and Ponnani
3994:
3993:, Kozhikode
3990:
3985:
3979:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3943:black pepper
3936:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:irachi puttu
3918:
3906:
3888:
3851:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3806:
3770:
3762:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3683:Shīiah Islam
3628:
3609:
3593:
3565:
3556:
3541:
3517:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3440:
3437:
3414:
3397:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3330:
3327:
3323:Indian Ocean
3279:Indian Ocean
3271:João da Nova
3261:between the
3250:16th century
3219:
3183:Persian Gulf
3176:
3156:
3144:Ibn Battutah
3141:
3125:
3093:
3075:
3053:Panthalayani
3051:Fandarinah (
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2906:
2901:Kufic script
2886:
2882:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2823:Indian Ocean
2816:
2796:Persian Gulf
2745:
2707:
2612:
2610:
2592:
2564:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2197:% of Muslims
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2160:
2152:Saudi Arabia
2120:
2101:Distribution
2094:
2092:
2089:Demographics
2078:
2065:caste system
2051:
2031:
2024:
1995:
1994:
1915:Raza Academy
1811:Universities
1700:Goan Muslims
1680:Sunni Bohras
1514:Amir Khusrow
1459:Indo-Islamic
1441:Architecture
1248:
1179:Ahl-i Hadith
1119:In terms of
1116:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1033:
927:Five Pillars
746:Islamophobia
525:Demographics
520:Circumcision
436:
429:
422:
388:
380:
364:
356:
348:
337:
331:
325:
318:
78:
39:Ethnic group
36:
9228:WikiProject
9191:Siraj Daily
8914:Malik Dinar
8818:Communities
8810:Vattappattu
8704:Mala-Mawlid
8498:West Bengal
8068:Banu Israil
7863:Hela Mehtar
7737:Chhaparband
7704:Maharashtra
7522:Chhaparband
7469:Sunni Bohra
7404:Patni Jamat
6630:communities
6454:CookAwesome
6368:27 December
6342:27 December
6316:17 February
6308:. YouTube.
6199:March 2018
5944:(Hardcover)
5852:17 February
5579:Albuquerque
5077:12 November
5011:: 895–911.
4432:17 February
4253:: 406–416.
4062:arikkadukka
4036:or sugar),
3984:Thalassery
3960:version of
3846:Thalassery
3832:arikkadukka
3641:Sunnī Islam
3616:Sunni Islam
3585:Azad Moopen
3457:martial law
3429:Tipu Sultan
3360:written by
3319:Spice trade
3164:Lakshadweep
3078:Malik Dinar
3039:Darmaftan (
3015:Kanjarkut (
2957:Kodungallur
2910:Kodungallur
2893:Anchuvannam
2839:Lakshadweep
2827:Middle East
2808:Middle East
2776:Phoenicians
2768:Phoenicians
2756:Babylonians
2127:Lakshadweep
2075:Terminology
2046:Middle East
2008:Lakshadweep
1265:Persecution
1101:Ahl al-Ra'y
853:Sunni Islam
424:Ahl al-Bayt
309:Foundations
138:Sunni Islam
97:Lakshadweep
61:Kodungallur
9270:Categories
9174:News paper
9113:AP Sunni (
9106:EK Sunni (
8798:Duff Muttu
8691:Literature
8470:Shaikhzada
8350:Panchpiria
8325:Muley Jats
8083:Bharbhunja
7961:Tamil Nadu
7802:Tadvi Bhil
7484:Vora Patel
7479:Turk Jamat
7251:Halaypotra
7206:Chundrigar
7186:Bharbhunja
6722:Hyderabadi
6568:3 December
6513:26 January
6407:26 January
6129:11 October
6104:11 October
6079:11 October
5959:2 December
5149:10 October
4694:19 October
4110:References
3873:Thalassery
3813:rice flour
3789:See also:
3759:Duff Muttu
3679:in Kerala.
3577:Lulu Group
3421:Haider Ali
3315:Portuguese
3293:, and the
3214:Portuguese
3181:, and the
3095:Vatteluttu
3082:Thalangara
3063:Shaliyat (
3003:Manjalur (
2897:Manigramam
2847:Ubaidullah
2794:, and the
2741:South Asia
2731:, coastal
2625:Travancore
2573:(Kannur),
2491:3,301,427
2472:2,635,375
2453:1,197,412
2434:2,127,789
2415:1,974,551
2396:1,108,974
2377:3,282,388
2358:3,121,200
2339:2,809,934
2323:2,888,849
2320:4,112,920
2316:Malappuram
2304:1,211,131
2301:3,086,293
2263:2,523,003
2244:1,307,375
2218:33,406,061
2093:According
2069:South Asia
2027:South Asia
1695:Kayamkhani
1635:Vora Patel
1379:Ghaznavids
1244:Literature
1209:Holy sites
1097:Maturidism
954:Pilgrimage
889:Holy books
614:Philosophy
351:(exegesis)
288:Pilgrimage
278:Almsgiving
9204:Templates
9079:Salafists
8886:Ravuthars
8874:Kurikkals
8860:Marakkars
8781:Folk Arts
8642:Malayalam
8635:Languages
8390:Rai Bhatt
8365:Putliwale
8276:Mandarkia
8252:Kingharia
8217:Kamangars
8184:Halalkhor
8048:Bandhmati
7991:(Pathans)
7946:Singiwala
7916:Qaimkhani
7893:Manganiar
7825:Anderkoti
7812:Rajasthan
7797:Saiqalgar
7626:Ravuthars
7603:Marakkars
7499:Karnataka
7349:Molesalam
7291:Khaskheli
7221:Dhuldhoya
7156:Attarwala
7047:Mirshikar
6508:The Hindu
6402:The Hindu
6290:15 August
6279:The Hindu
6222:14 August
6181:14 August
5879:5 January
5226:"History"
5072:The Hindu
5017:2249-1937
4875:"MAPPILA"
4861:960234907
4809:"MAPPILA"
4626:14 August
4385:25 August
4269:2590-3691
4127:The Hindu
4094:Marakkars
4039:muttamala
4032:grating,
4007:unnakkaya
3989:, Kannur
3980:biriyanis
3972:Malayalam
3968:Pit Mandi
3877:Kozhikode
3733:Chandrika
3669:Islamists
3624:Islamists
3579:chairman
3539:in 2002.
3515:in 1957.
3336:Sri Lanka
3275:Kozhikode
3230:Kozhikode
3086:Kasaragod
3041:Dharmadam
3029:Cannanore
3017:Kasaragod
3005:Mangalore
2947:Location
2870:al-Biruni
2812:Herodotus
2782:to trade
2764:Egyptians
2760:Assyrians
2737:Sri Lanka
2733:Karnataka
2696:Silk Road
2655:Cannanore
2621:Cannanore
2571:Cannanore
2430:Alappuzha
2373:Ernakulam
2297:Kozhikode
2223:8,873,472
2182:Total Pop
2131:Karnataka
2020:Malayalam
1939:Samastha
1670:The Saits
1226:Jerusalem
1186:Modernism
1174:Wahhabism
1134:al-Wijdan
1093:Ash'arism
734:terrorism
686:Criticism
639:Sexuality
609:Mysticism
579:Festivals
559:Education
554:Economics
490:Academics
446:Caliphate
259:Practices
162:Marakkars
158:Malayalis
121:Malayalam
115:Languages
101:Tulu Nadu
79:6 million
9281:Mappilas
9255:Category
9216:Category
8830:Pusalans
8825:Mappilas
8793:Kolkkali
8475:Siddiqui
8370:Qalandar
8355:Pankhiya
8262:Lal Begi
8237:Khanzada
8098:Bhatiara
8028:Atishbaz
7995:Nawayath
7984:Marakkar
7883:Khanzada
7868:Hiranbaz
7849:Deshwali
7575:Pusalans
7570:Mappilas
7537:Nawayath
7439:Shaikhda
7329:Mansoori
7301:Machiyar
7256:Hingorja
7226:Doodwala
7113:Thakurai
7027:Lal Begi
7022:Kulhaiya
7017:Khanzada
6997:Churihar
6909:Nawayath
6899:Gujarati
6874:Assamese
6867:Minority
6763:Kashmiri
6758:Khanzada
6693:Bhatiara
6636:Majority
6479:BBC Food
6362:Archived
6310:Archived
5691:(2017).
5671:(1681).
5236:1 August
5041:(1992).
5025:44147898
4929:(1982).
4826:22 March
4343:(1989).
4310:(2005).
4068:See also
4042:made of
4034:molasses
3999:biriyani
3995:biriyani
3991:biriyani
3986:biriyani
3947:cardamom
3927:parottas
3899:Yemenese
3771:tappitta
3717:folklore
3461:executed
3321:and the
3305:and the
3240:and the
3080:died at
3065:Chaliyam
2918:Muhammad
2804:Cinnamon
2694:Ancient
2648:Muhammad
2640:Thangals
2548:Mukkuvar
2494:452,915
2475:508,500
2437:224,545
2418:126,499
2411:Kottayam
2380:514,397
2361:532,839
2354:Thrissur
2342:812,936
2335:Palakkad
2285:234,185
2282:817,420
2266:742,483
2247:486,913
2240:Kasargod
2192:% of Pop
2177:District
2061:Salafism
2040:reached
1775:Deobandi
1660:Nawayath
1611:(Kerala)
1609:Mappilas
1419:Ali Raja
1326:a series
1324:Part of
1169:Salafism
1138:al-Kashf
1107:Atharism
974:Abu Bakr
845:a series
843:Part of
780:Glossary
756:Jihadism
729:Violence
724:Islamism
695:Muhammad
681:Apostasy
624:Politics
574:Feminism
569:Exorcism
530:Diaspora
515:Children
510:Calendar
438:Rashidun
416:Muhammad
411:Timeline
372:Mathnawi
234:Prophets
178:a series
176:Part of
132:Religion
18:Mappilas
9069:Shafi‘i
8978:Thangal
8907:General
8878:Nainars
8850:Labbais
8661:Scripts
8576:Sapuria
8450:Salmani
8425:Rohilla
8415:Rangrez
8410:Ramaiya
8360:Pathans
8335:Nalband
8310:Mujavir
8285:Manihar
8280:Malkana
8207:Kabaria
8150:Fareedi
8121:Dakhini
8103:Bhishti
8053:Banjara
8038:Baghban
7974:Kayalar
7969:Rowther
7936:Silawat
7921:Rangrez
7911:Pinjara
7873:Kandera
7835:Cheetah
7762:Gavandi
7722:Bhishti
7717:Baghban
7684:Pathans
7659:Banjara
7618:Nainars
7595:Labbais
7542:Pinjara
7507:Baghban
7489:Vyapari
7429:Sanghar
7409:Pathans
7364:Multani
7319:Makwana
7314:Mandali
7306:Makrani
7286:Khalifa
7261:Hingora
7241:Ghanchi
7236:Galiara
7201:Chunara
7191:Bhishti
7181:Bhadala
7171:Banjara
7128:Gujarat
7076:Pathans
7032:Malkana
6992:Chamail
6934:Punjabi
6919:Marwari
6914:Marathi
6904:Konkani
6879:Bengali
6843:Salmani
6828:Rangrez
6808:Purigpa
6788:Rowther
6783:Mappila
6778:Manihar
6773:Malkana
6698:Bhishti
6673:Baghban
6238:Outlook
6033:25 July
5996:25 July
5828:30 July
5794:26 July
5542:30 July
5422:25 July
5388:24 July
5307:24 July
5273:25 July
5183:24 July
4892:17 July
4058:chapati
4054:dessert
4030:coconut
4016:raisins
3958:Malabar
3932:Pathiri
3911:mussels
3895:Persian
3881:Ponnani
3848:biryani
3808:Pathiri
3753:Dandiya
3705:shaheed
3689:Culture
3646:Shāfi'ī
3634:madhhab
3631:Shāfiʿī
3612:Shāfiʿī
3487:of the
3366:Ponnani
3299:Calicut
3295:Zamorin
3179:Red Sea
3137:Malacca
3108:Muslims
2967:Kulam (
2851:Andrott
2725:Muslims
2673:History
2644:Sayyids
2617:Calicut
2601:Cheruma
2579:Ponnani
2567:Calicut
2552:Brahmin
2544:Pulayar
2540:Thiyyar
2536:Ezhavar
2497:13.72%
2478:19.30%
2456:55,074
2440:10.55%
2399:82,206
2383:15.67%
2364:17.07%
2345:28.93%
2329:32.56%
2326:70.24%
2310:13.65%
2307:39.24%
2288:28.65%
2278:Wayanad
2269:29.43%
2250:37.24%
2187:Muslims
2111:Muslims
2054:Shāfiʿī
1770:Barelwi
1745:Hanbali
1740:Shafi`i
1353:History
1260:History
1029:Hanbali
1024:Shafi'i
1003:schools
949:Fasting
944:Charity
872:Beliefs
651:Slavery
634:Science
589:Madrasa
584:Finance
495:Animals
483:society
479:Culture
451:Imamate
431:Sahabah
404:History
374:(Poems)
359:(creed)
283:Fasting
211:Oneness
204:Beliefs
77:
8974:Sayyid
8835:Ossans
8788:Oppana
8652:Arabic
8586:Shamsi
8566:Nashya
8551:Khotta
8420:Rayeen
8385:Qidwai
8375:Qassab
8345:Naqqal
8340:Nanbai
8305:Mughal
8300:Mirasi
8272:Madari
8257:Kunjra
8247:Khumra
8227:Kasgar
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8203:Jhojha
8194:Idrisi
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8174:Goriya
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8063:Behlim
8058:Barhai
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8023:Ansari
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7517:Chaush
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7454:Sipahi
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7196:Chhipa
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6459:13 May
6433:13 May
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2735:, and
2729:Kerala
2666:Ossans
2629:Cochin
2583:Quilon
2575:Tanore
2500:5.10%
2481:5.73%
2468:Kollam
2462:0.62%
2459:4.60%
2443:2.53%
2424:1.43%
2421:6.41%
2405:0.93%
2402:7.41%
2392:Idukki
2386:5.80%
2367:6.00%
2348:9.16%
2291:2.64%
2272:8.37%
2259:Kannur
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2233:100.0%
2228:26.56%
2212:Kerala
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2016:Hindus
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7271:Kadia
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7216:Dhobi
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6977:Abdal
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6894:Gondi
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6318:2012
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6224:2019
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6157:2017
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