Maria Montessori - Knowledge

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Friends of the Montessori Method) became the Opera Montessori (Montessori Society) with a government charter, and by 1926 Mussolini was made honorary president of the organization. In 1927, Mussolini established a Montessori teacher training college, and by 1929 the Italian government supported a wide range of Montessori institutions. From 1930 on, Montessori and the Italian government came into conflict over financial support and ideological issues, especially after Montessori's lectures on Peace and Education. In 1932, she and her son Mario were placed under political surveillance. In 1933, she resigned from the Opera Montessori, and in 1934 she left Italy. The Italian government ended Montessori activities in the country in 1936. Montessori’s antifascist views caused her to be forced into exile from Italy during Mussolini’s premiership. During her exile, she developed her work Education for Peace in which she expressed her ideal that children are peacemakers and education is the only true means to eliminate war. She said: "Establishing lasting peace is the work of education; all politics can do is keep us out of war."

1157:"human tendencies" in 1957. In addition, she observed four distinct periods, or "planes", in human development, extending from birth to six years, from six to twelve, from twelve to eighteen, and from eighteen to twenty-four. She saw different characteristics, learning modes, and developmental imperatives active in each of these planes, and called for educational approaches specific to each period. Over the course of her lifetime, Montessori developed pedagogical methods and materials for the first two planes, from birth to age twelve, and wrote and lectured about the third and fourth planes. She created over 4,000 Montessori classrooms across the world and her books were translated into many different languages for the training of new educators. Her methods are installed in hundreds of public and private schools across the United States. 840:, near Amsterdam. Here Montessori and her son Mario continued to develop new materials, including the knobless cylinders, the grammar symbols, and botany nomenclature cards. In the context of rising military tensions in Europe, Montessori increasingly turned her attention to the theme of peace. In 1937, the 6th International Montessori Congress was held on the theme of "Education for Peace", and Montessori called for a "science of peace" and spoke about the role of education of the child as a key to the reform of society. In 1938, Montessori was invited to India by the Theosophical Society to give a training course, and in 1939 she left the Netherlands with her son and collaborator Mario. 1046:

we talk about democracy, freedom and human rights – is enslaved by a school order, by intellectual rules, which we impose on it. We define the rules which are to be learnt, how they should be learnt and at what age. The child population is the only population without rights. The child is the neglected citizen. Think of this and fear the revenge of this populace. For it is his soul that we are suffocating. It is the lively powers of the mind that we are oppressing, powers which cannot be destroyed without killing the individual, powers which tend either towards violence or destruction, or slip away into the realm of sickness, as Dr. Stern has so well elucidated.

1235: 643:, which had a broad impact. The National Kindergarten Association was critical as well. Critics charged that Montessori's method was outdated, overly rigid, overly reliant on sense-training, and left too little scope for imagination, social interaction, and play. In addition, Montessori's insistence on tight control over the elaboration of her method, the training of teachers, the production and use of materials, and the establishment of schools became a source of conflict and controversy. After she left in 1915, the Montessori movement in the US fragmented, and Montessori education was a negligible factor in education in the US until 1952. 402:

learning difficulties, as well as teacher training for their instructors. In 1899, Montessori was appointed a councilor to the newly formed National League for the Protection of Retarded Children, and was invited to lecture on special methods of education for children with intellectual disabilities at the teacher training school of the College of Rome. That year Montessori undertook a two-week national lecture tour to capacity audiences before prominent public figures. She joined the board of the National League and was appointed as a lecturer in hygiene and anthropology at one of the two teacher-training colleges for women in Italy.

1173:, presents the method in detail. Educators who followed this model set up special environments to meet the needs of students in three developmentally-meaningful age groups: 2–2.5 years, 2.5–6 years, and 6–12 years. The students learn through activities that involve exploration, manipulations, order, repetition, abstraction, and communication. Teachers encourage children in the first two age groups to use their senses to explore and manipulate materials in their immediate environment. Children in the last age group deal with abstract concepts based on their newly developed powers of reasoning, imagination, and creativity. 313:

That year, at the age of 16, she continued at the technical institute Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, studying Italian, mathematics, history, geography, geometric and ornate drawing, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and two foreign languages. She did well in the sciences and especially in mathematics. Initially, she intended to pursue the study of engineering upon graduation, an unusual aspiration for a woman at the time. By the time she graduated in 1890 at the age of 20, with a certificate in physics–mathematics, she had decided to study medicine, a more unlikely pursuit given cultural norms at the time.

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for the UK. By 1912, Montessori schools had opened in Paris and many other Western European cities, and were planned for Argentina, Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Syria, the US and New Zealand. Public programs in London, Johannesburg, Rome, and Stockholm had adopted the method in their school systems. Montessori societies were founded in the United States (the Montessori American Committee) and the United Kingdom (the Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). In 1913 the first International Training Course was held in Rome, with a second in 1914.

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following their own inclinations. In these conditions, Montessori made a number of observations which became the foundation of her work. First, she observed great concentration in the children and spontaneous repetition of chosen activities. She also observed a strong tendency in the children to order their own environment, straightening tables and shelves, and ordering materials. As children chose some activities over others, Montessori refined the materials she offered to them. Over time, the children began to exhibit what she called "spontaneous discipline".

414:, or Orthophrenic School, a "medico-pedagogical institute" for training teachers in educating children with learning difficulties, with an attached laboratory classroom. Montessori was appointed co-director. 64 teachers enrolled in the first class, studying psychology, anatomy, and physiology of the nervous system, anthropological measurements, causes and characteristics of mental disability, and special methods of instruction. During her two years at the school, Montessori developed methods and materials which she later adapted to use with mainstream children. 1193: 1182: 393:, who greatly influenced her work. Montessori was intrigued by Itard's ideas and created a far more specific and organized system for applying them to the everyday education of children with disabilities. When she discovered the works of Jean Itard and Édouard Séguin they gave her a new direction in thinking and influenced her to focus on children with learning difficulties. Also in 1897, Montessori audited the university courses in pedagogy and read "all the major works on educational theory of the past two hundred years". 479:

shelves. She expanded the range of practical activities such as sweeping and personal care to include a wide variety of exercises for the care of the environment and the self, including flower arranging, hand washing, gymnastics, care of pets, and cooking. She also included large open-air sections in the classroom encouraging children to come and go as they please in the room's different areas and lessons. In her book she outlines a typical winter's day of lessons, starting at 09:00 am and finishing at 04:00 pm:

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Montessori began to experiment with teaching materials for writing and reading—letters cut from sandpaper and mounted on boards, moveable cutout letters, and picture cards with labels. Four- and five-year-old children engaged spontaneously with the materials and quickly gained a proficiency in writing and reading far beyond what was expected for their age. This attracted further public attention to Montessori's work. Three more Case dei Bambini opened in 1908, and in 1909 Italian Switzerland began to replace

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cease working professionally. Instead of marriage, Montessori decided to continue her work and studies. Montessori wanted to keep the relationship with her child's father secret under the condition that neither of them would marry anyone else. When the father of her child was pressured by family to make a more advantageous social connection and subsequently married, Montessori was left feeling betrayed and decided to leave the university hospital. She was forced to place her son in the care of a

1257:), were written in Italian by her and translated under her supervision." Many of her later works were transcribed from her lectures, often in translation, and only later published in book form. Most of her works and other compilations of lectures or articles written by Montessori are available through the Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company. Montessori's major works in book form are given here in order of their first publication, with significant revisions and English translations. 1110:, all of whom emphasized sensory exploration and manipulatives. Montessori's first work with children with learning difficulties, at the Orthophrenic School in 1900–1901, used the methods of Itard and Séguin, training children in physical activities such as walking and the use of a spoon, training their senses by exposure to sights, smells, and tactile experiences, and introducing letters in tactile form. These activities developed into the Montessori "Sensorial" materials. 1208:, student freedom (including their choices of activity), long blocks of uninterrupted work time, specially trained teachers, and prepared environment. Scientific studies regarding the Montessori method are mostly positive, with a 2017 review stating that "broad evidence" exists for its efficacy. She and Montessori schools were featured on coins and banknotes of Italy, and on stamps of the Netherlands, India, Italy, the Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. A 556: 471:

dressing and undressing, care of the environment such as dusting and sweeping, and caring for the garden. The children were also shown the use of the materials Montessori had developed. Montessori, occupied with teaching, research, and other professional activities, oversaw and observed the classroom work, but did not teach the children directly. Day-to-day teaching and care were provided, under Montessori's guidance, by the building porter's daughter.

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philosophy, and psychology as such, but she did not graduate. She also pursued independent study in anthropology and educational philosophy, conducted observations and experimental research in elementary schools, and revisited the work of Itard and Séguin, translating their books into handwritten Italian. During this time, she began to consider adapting her methods of educating children with learning difficulties to mainstream education.

547:). Two more training courses were held in Rome in 1910, and a third in Milan in 1911. Montessori's reputation and work began to spread internationally. Around that time she gave up her medical practice to devote more time to her educational work, developing her methods, and training teachers. In 1919, she resigned from her position at the University of Rome, as her educational work was increasingly absorbing her time and interest. 3882: 924:

worked directly with plants and animals in their natural environments, and the Montessoris developed lessons, illustrations, charts, and models for use with elementary aged children. Material for botany, zoology, and geography was created. Between 1942 and 1944 these elements were incorporated into an advanced course for work with children from six to twelve years old. This work led to two books:

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development of new methods which would transform them. "Scientific education, therefore, was that which, while based on science, modified and improved the individual." Further, education itself should be transformed by science: "The new methods if they were run on scientific lines, ought to change completely both the school and its methods, ought to give rise to a new form of education."

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1904, she conducted anthropological research with Italian schoolchildren, and in 1904 she was qualified as a free lecturer in anthropology for the University of Rome. She was appointed to lecture in the Pedagogic School at the university and continued in the position until 1908. Her lectures were printed as a book titled

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teaching institute. A fourth international course was given there in 1916, including materials and methods, developed over the previous five years, for teaching grammar, arithmetic, and geometry to elementary school children from six to twelve years of age. In 1917, Montessori published her elementary work in

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As stated in the introduction to this text, "the present volume is based upon the lectures given by Dr. Maria Montessori at Ahmedabad, during the first Training Course after her internment in India." Additionally, this version is based on notes from the lectures, so it is based on notes by students –

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As early as 1909, Montessori's work began to attract the attention of international observers and visitors. Her work was widely published internationally and spread rapidly. By the end of 1911, Montessori education had been officially adopted in public schools in Italy and Switzerland and was planned

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She felt by working independently children could reach new levels of autonomy and become self-motivated to reach new levels of understanding. Montessori also came to believe that acknowledging all children as individuals and treating them as such would yield better learning and fulfilled potential in

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The school was an immediate success, attracting the attention of government officials from the departments of education and health, civic leaders, and prominent figures in the fields of education, psychiatry, and anthropology from the University of Rome. The children in the model classroom were drawn

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There has been confusion regarding Montessori's association with The Theosophical Society and during her stay in India she openly proclaimed that she was not a member. This was in fact accurate, but it was discovered posthumously that Montessori had in fact been a member of the society at one point.

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in 1948. Her method was founded on the observation of children at liberty to act freely in an environment prepared to meet their needs. Montessori came to the conclusion that the children's spontaneous activity in this environment revealed an internal program of development, and that the appropriate

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Remember that people do not start at the age of twenty, at ten or at six, but at birth. In your efforts at solving problems, do not forget that children and young people make up a vast population, a population without rights which is being crucified on school-benches everywhere, which – for all that

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On her return from the US, Montessori continued her work in Barcelona, where a small program sponsored by the Catalan government begun in 1915 had developed into the Escola Montessori, serving children from three to ten years old, and the Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, a research, training, and

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At first, the classroom was equipped with a teacher's table and blackboard, a stove, small chairs, armchairs, and group tables for the children, and a locked cabinet for the materials that Montessori had developed at the Orthophrenic School. Activities for the children included personal care such as

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An interest in Montessori had existed in India since 1913 when an Indian student attended the first international course in Rome, and students throughout the 1920s and 1930s had come back to India to start schools and promote Montessori education. The Montessori Society of India was formed in 1926,

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On 31 March 1898, her only child – a son named Mario Montessori (31 March 1898 – 1982) was born. Mario Montessori was born out of her love affair with Giuseppe Montesano, a fellow doctor who was co-director with her of the Orthophrenic School of Rome. If Montessori married, she would be expected to

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She was met with hostility and harassment from some medical students and professors because of her gender. Because her attendance of classes with men in the presence of a naked body was deemed inappropriate, she was required to perform her dissections of cadavers alone, after hours. She resorted to

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In 1883, or 1884, at the age of 13, Montessori entered a secondary, technical school, Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti, where she studied Italian, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, accounting, history, geography, and sciences. She graduated in 1886 with good grades and examination results.

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This Italian-language version was personally written by Maria Montessori, whereas the English-language version from 1949 was not based on Montessori's own writings but was based on student(s) notes (in English) from her lecture. For this reason, the Italian-language edition is understood to be the

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Montessori continued to develop her pedagogy and her model of human development as she expanded her work and extended it to older children. She saw human behavior as guided by universal, innate characteristics in human psychology which her son and collaborator Mario M. Montessori Sr. identified as

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Montessori considered her work in the Orthophrenic School and her subsequent psychological studies and research work in elementary schools as "scientific pedagogy", a concept current in the study of education at the time. She called for not just observation and measurement of students, but for the

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movement began to demand that Montessori take a political stand and make a public statement favoring Catalan independence, and she refused. Official support was withdrawn from her programs. In 1924, a new military dictatorship closed Montessori's model school in Barcelona, and Montessori education

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sold quickly through six editions. The first International Training Course in Rome in 1913 was sponsored by the American Montessori Committee, and 67 of the 83 students were from the US. By 1913 there were more than 100 Montessori schools in the country. Montessori traveled to the United States in

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From 1896 to 1901, Montessori worked with and researched "phrenasthenic children"—in modern terms, children experiencing some form of cognitive delay, illness, or disability. She also began to travel, study, speak, and publish nationally and internationally, coming to prominence as an advocate for

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During her years in India, Montessori and her son Mario continued to develop her educational method. The term "cosmic education" was introduced to describe an approach for children aged from six to twelve years that emphasized the interdependence of all the elements of the natural world. Children

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Accordingly, the schoolroom was equipped with child-sized furnishings, "practical life" activities such as sweeping and washing tables, and teaching material that Montessori had developed herself. Children were given the freedom to choose and carry out their own activities, at their own pace and

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and in observance of this UNESCO held a celebration. Montessori was one of the invited guests who would also deliver a speech to commemorate and memorialize the momentous occasion. As with her speech six months previously – in front of the UNESCO Board of Governors in Wiesbaden – Montessori once

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in 1939, and had intended to give a tour of lectures at various universities, and then return to Europe. When Italy entered WWII on the side of Germany in 1940, Britain interned all Italians in the UK and its colonies as enemy aliens. In fact, only Mario Montessori was interned, while Montessori

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expressed his support for Montessori schools and teacher training. In 1924, Montessori met with Mussolini, who extended his official support for Montessori education as part of the national program. A pre-war group of Montessori supporters, the Societa gli Amici del Metodo Montessori (Society of

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9–10. Entrance. Greeting. Inspection as to personal cleanliness. Exercises of practical life; helping one another to take off and put on the aprons. Going over the room to see that everything is dusted and in order. Language: Conversation period: Children give an account of the events of the day

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Montessori's work developing what she would later call "scientific pedagogy" continued over the next few years. In 1902, Montessori presented a report at a second national pedagogical congress in Naples. She published two articles on pedagogy in 1903, and two more the following year. In 1903 and

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In 1897, Montessori spoke on societal responsibility for juvenile delinquency at the National Congress of Medicine in Turin. In 1898, she wrote several articles and spoke again at the First Pedagogical Conference of Turin, urging the creation of special classes and institutions for children with

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Montessori education was met with enthusiasm and controversy in England between 1912 and 1914. In 1919, Montessori came to England for the first time and gave an international training course which was received with high interest. Montessori education continued to spread in the UK, although the

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She continued to adapt and refine the materials she had developed earlier, altering or removing exercises which were chosen less frequently by the children. Based on her observations, Montessori experimented with allowing children free choice of the materials, uninterrupted work, and freedom of

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had founded many "Tagore-Montessori" schools in India, and Indian interest in Montessori education was strongly represented at the International Congress in 1929. Montessori herself had been personally associated with the Theosophical Society since 1899 when she became a member of the European

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Based on her observations, Montessori implemented a number of practices that became hallmarks of her educational philosophy and method. She replaced the heavy furniture with child-sized tables and chairs light enough for the children to move, and placed child-sized materials on low, accessible

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In 1946, at the age of 76, Montessori returned to Amsterdam, and she spent the next six years travelling in Europe and India. She gave a training course in London in 1946, and in 1947 opened a training institute there, the Montessori Centre. After a few years this centre became independent of

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In this first classroom, Montessori observed behaviors in these young children which formed the foundation of her educational method. She noted episodes of deep attention and concentration, multiple repetitions of activity, and a sensitivity to order in the environment. Given a free choice of

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While in India, Montessori observed children and adolescents of all ages and turned to the study of infancy. In 1944, she gave a series of 30 lectures on the first three years of life, and a government-recognized training course in Sri Lanka. These lectures were collected in 1949 in the book

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was a success, and a second was opened on 7 April 1907. The children in her programs continued to exhibit concentration, attention, and spontaneous self-discipline, and the classrooms began to attract the attention of prominent educators, journalists, and public figures. In the fall of 1907,

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The Montessori family moved to Florence in 1873, then to Rome in 1875 because of her father's work. Montessori entered a public elementary school at the age of 6 in 1876. Her early school record was "not particularly noteworthy", although she was awarded certificates for good behavior in the

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In 1901, Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and her private practice, and in 1902 she enrolled in the philosophy degree course at the University of Rome; philosophy at the time included much of what is now considered psychology. She studied theoretical and moral philosophy, history of

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or AMI "to oversee the activities of schools and societies all over the world and to supervise the training of teachers". AMI also controlled rights to the publication of Montessori's works and the production of authorized Montessori didactic materials. Early sponsors of the AMI included

278:, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, age 33, was an official of the Ministry of Finance working in the local state-run tobacco factory. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years old, was well-educated for the times and was the niece of Italian geologist and paleontologist 627:

in San Francisco, California, and to give a third international training course. A glass-walled classroom was installed at the Exposition, and thousands of observers came to see a class of 21 students. Montessori's father died in November 1915, and she returned to Italy.

994:, Italy, where a model classroom was demonstrated. The same year, the first training course for birth to three years of age, called the Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy) was established. She was nominated for the 325:

but was strongly discouraged. In 1890, she enrolled in the University of Rome in a degree course in natural sciences, passing examinations in botany, zoology, experimental physics, histology, anatomy, and general and organic chemistry, and earning her

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activity, the children showed more interest in practical activities and Montessori's materials than in toys provided for them and were surprisingly unmotivated by sweets and other rewards. Over time, she saw a spontaneous self-discipline emerge.

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1–2. Directed games, if possible, in the open air. During this period the older children in turn go through with the exercises of practical life, cleaning the room, dusting, putting the material in order. General inspection for cleanliness:

350:, and worked in the pediatric consulting room and emergency service, becoming an expert in pediatric medicine. Montessori graduated from the University of Rome in 1896 as a doctor of medicine. Her thesis was published in 1897 in the journal 1041:, Germany on 19 June 1951 and delivered a speech. She used the address as an opportunity to redouble her advocacy for the rights of the child, whom she often referred to as the "forgotten citizen", or "neglected citizen", by declaring: 282:. While she did not have any particular mentor, she was very close to her mother who readily encouraged her. She also had a loving relationship with her father, although he disagreed with her choice to continue her education. 973:, which was based on notes taken by students during the courses. During these courses, Montessori described the development of the child from birth onwards and presented her concept of the Four Planes of Development. In 1948 655:, Spain. Over the next 20 years, Montessori traveled and lectured widely in Europe and gave numerous teacher training courses. Montessori education experienced significant growth in Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, and Italy. 379:

After graduating from the University of Rome in 1896, Montessori continued with her research at the university's psychiatric clinic. In 1897, she was accepted as a voluntary assistant there. As part of her work, she visited

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movement and activity within the limits set by the environment. She began to see independence as the aim of education, and the role of the teacher as an observer and director of children's innate psychological development.

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movement experienced some of the struggles over authenticity and fragmentation that took place in the US. Montessori continued to give training courses in England every other year until the beginning of World War II.

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She joined the European Section of the Society on 23 May 1899, however sometime thereafter, "her membership was later dropped, although the date is not known." Wilson, C. (1985). Montessori was a Theosophist.

759:. Between 1913 and 1936, Montessori schools and societies were also established in France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Serbia, Canada, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. 384:

in Rome where she observed children with mental disabilities, observations that were fundamental to her future educational work. She also read and studied the works of 19th-century physicians and educators

734:'s Fascist government came to power in Italy. In December, Montessori returned to Italy to plan a series of annual training courses under government sponsorship, and in 1923 the minister of education 371:

living in the countryside, distraught to miss the first few years of his life. She would later be reunited with her son in his teenage years, where he proved to be a great assistant in her research.

804:, Switzerland. In 1932, Montessori spoke at the International Peace Club in Geneva, Switzerland, on the theme of Peace and Education. Montessori held peace conferences from 1932 to 1939 in Geneva, 1715:

Montessori is often described as the first woman doctor in Italy, but in fact, Ernestina Paper earned a medical degree in Florence in 1877 and practiced medicine beginning in 1878. (Trabalzini 14)

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Montessori published a number of books, articles, and pamphlets during her lifetime, often in Italian but sometimes first in English. According to Kramer, "the major works published before 1920 (

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11–11:30. Simple gymnastics: Ordinary movements done gracefully, normal position of the body, walking, marching in line, salutations, movements for attention, placing of objects gracefully.

247:, becoming one of the first women to attend medical school in Italy; she graduated with honors in 1896. Her educational method is in use today in many public and private schools globally. 418:

from the asylum and ordinary schools but considered "uneducable" due to their deficiencies. Some of these children later passed public examinations given to so-called "normal" children.

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This was a new English-language translation of the text, by Claude A. Claremont, based on the revised, updated, and expanded version Montessori wrote in Italian. Montessori, M. (1967).

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Section of the Society, although her membership would eventually lapse. The Theosophical movement, motivated to educate India's poor, was drawn to Montessori education as one solution.

243:. At an early age, Montessori enrolled in classes at an all-boys technical school, with hopes of becoming an engineer. She soon had a change of heart and began medical school at the 342:. Montessori won an academic prize in her first year, and in 1895 secured a position as a hospital assistant, gaining early clinical experience. In her last two years, she studied 1266:(Tipografia della Casa Editrice S. Lapi, 1909). Subsequently revised and reissued in 1913 and 1918 (published by Ermanno Loescher), and 1935 (published by Maglione and Strine). 1309:(Ballantine Books, 1967). Simultaneously versions of this title were published in the United States by Fides Publishers (Notre Dame, Indiana) and Amereon House (New York). 4274: 455:

In 1906, Montessori was invited to oversee the care and education of a group of children of working parents in a new apartment building for low-income families in the

940:. In 1944, the Montessoris were granted some freedom of movement and traveled to Sri Lanka. In 1945, Montessori attended the first All India Montessori Conference in 709:. Montessori programs flourished in the Netherlands, and by the mid-1930s there were more than 200 Montessori schools in the country. In 1935 the headquarters of the 730:

In 1922, Montessori was invited to Italy on behalf of the government to give a course of lectures and later to inspect Italian Montessori schools. Later that year,

1026:), and was again nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1951, she participated in the 9th International Montessori Congress in London, gave a training course in 911:

herself was confined to the Theosophical Society compound, and Mario was reunited with his mother after two months. The Montessoris remained in Madras and

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December 1913 on a three-week lecture tour which included films of her European classrooms, meeting with large, enthusiastic crowds wherever she traveled.

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Although Montessori and her educational approach were popular in the US, she was not without opposition and controversy. Influential progressive educator

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in 1892. This degree, along with additional studies in Italian and Latin, qualified her for entrance into the medical program at the university in 1893.

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3–4. Collective gymnastics and songs, if possible in the open air. Exercises to develop forethought: Visiting, and caring for, the plants and animals.

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Montessori, Maria (1992). "Address by Dr. Maria Montessori at the First (Preliminary) Meeting of the Governing Board (Wiesbaden, June 19, 1951) ".

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The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in 'The Childhood Houses' with Additions and Revisions by the Author

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in 1907, Montessori began to develop her own pedagogy. The essential elements of her educational theory emerged from this work, described in

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Montessori moved forward with her intention to study medicine. She appealed to Guido Baccelli, the professor of clinical medicine at the

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in Rome. Montessori was interested in applying her work and methods to children without mental disabilities, and she accepted. The name

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role of the educator was to remove obstacles to this natural development and provide opportunities for it to proceed and flourish.

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In 1911 and 1912, Montessori's work was popular and widely publicized in the US, especially in a series of articles in

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10–11. Intellectual exercises. Objective lessons interrupted by short rest periods. Nomenclature, Sense exercises.

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declined in Spain, although Barcelona remained Montessori's home for the next twelve years. In 1933, under the

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Montessori, Maria (2016). "Protection Against the Exploitation of Children". In Schulz-Benesch, Gunter (ed.).

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where most of her works and other compilations of lectures or articles written by Montessori are available

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opened on 6 January 1907, enrolling 50 or 60 children between the ages of two or three and six or seven.

322: 244: 2756: 2649: 3989: 3830: 1289: 1255:

The Advanced Montessori Method—Spontaneous Activity in Education and The Montessori Elementary Material

1139: 1107: 979: 958: 3805: 3781: 4113: 2128: 1262: 1397:

The Child in the Church: Essays on the Religious Education of Children and the Training of Character

796:

In 1932, Montessori spoke on Peace and Education at the Second International Montessori Congress in

611:

and his wife became proponents of the method and a second school was opened in their Canadian home.

4149: 4123: 4093: 4083: 4037: 3969: 3488: 3292: 632: 3795: 3771: 3102:

The Essential Montessori: An Introduction to the Woman, the Writings, the Method, and the Movement

1481: 354:. She found employment as an assistant at the university hospital and started a private practice. 4058: 3943: 1298: 1281:

The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses

1272:

The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses

1223: 1213: 1095: 1094:

Montessori's theory and philosophy of education were initially heavily influenced by the work of

990:

In 1949, Montessori returned to Europe and attended the 8th International Montessori Congress in

706: 678: 573:

The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses

386: 232: 20: 1559: 4164: 3212: 1263:

Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini

1003: 975:

Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini

545:

The Method of Scientific Pedagogy Applied to the Education of Children in the Children's Houses

541:

Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applicato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini

961:

and gave two more training courses. Later that year she returned to India and gave courses in

4118: 3999: 3374:

compiled by Joel Parham and connected with the Center for Learner Agency Research and Action.

863: 608: 456: 231:; 31 August 1870 – 6 May 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for her 3396:

This publication was translated into English from the Italian by an unattributed individual.

2569: 4249: 4244: 4174: 4169: 4154: 4078: 3974: 3168: 1745: 1205: 1084: 1037:

in 1951. She was present at the first preliminary meeting of the UNESCO Governing Board in

903: 837: 673: 2064: 915:

until 1946, although they were allowed to travel in connection with lectures and courses.

550: 536: 8: 3608: 1099: 1068: 890: 849: 785: 604: 390: 275: 67: 3964: 3387:); and Association Montessori Internationale, "Book List" (Amsterdam: AMI, April 1995) . 3343: 3172: 1814: 1103: 918: 529: 3673: 3630: 3586: 3411: 3189: 3156: 1352: 1192: 539:, Italy. In the same year, she described her observations and methods in a book titled 693:

in 1936, political and social conditions drove Montessori to leave Spain permanently.

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containing citations for sources related to Maria Montessori and Montessori education

3858: 3736: 3732: 3688: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3619: 3593: 3570: 3563: 3547: 3540: 3524: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3438: 3224: 3194: 3109: 3105: 2964: 2943: 2942:

Montessori, Maria (2002). "Speech at the Governing Board 1951". In Elfert, M. (ed.).

2870: 1166: 1072: 995: 882: 825: 690: 236: 135: 3867: 3849: 3728: 3184: 3176: 1302:(Garzanti, 1950). A 'new' edition of this title was published by Garzanti in 1970. 1239: 1222:

nominated Montessori as one of the Top 100 Women of the year, an offshoot of their

735: 731: 438: 279: 227: 172: 3466: 3317: 1776: 1216:(registration PH-KCB) was named after her, and retired in November 2014. In 2020, 4068: 4032: 3887: 3800: 3776: 1280: 1218: 999: 962: 859: 836:

In 1936, Montessori and her family left Barcelona for England, and soon moved to

3854: 3702:

Trabalzini, Paola (2011). "Maria Montessori Through the Seasons of the Method".

535:

In 1909, Montessori held the first teacher training course in her new method in

4088: 4004: 3088:

Montessori Today: A Comprehensive Approach to Education from Birth to Adulthood

2653: 2035: 2033: 1468:(translated by The Montessori Education Research Center] (Schocken Books, 1973) 1181: 1010:

conference in Florence, presented at the 29th international training course in

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L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Self-Education in Elementary School)

3267: 3180: 2977: 2829: 2785: 2335: 800:, France. This lecture was published by the Bureau International d'Education, 39: 4238: 2886:

Montessori, Maria (1935). "Dr. Montessori's Message: The Forgotten Citizen".

2864: 2862: 2860: 777: 579:

was published in English in 1913. In 1914, Montessori published, in English,

260: 157: 2030: 2014: 603:. The first North American Montessori school was opened in October 1911, in 4009: 3635:. Translated by Carter, Barbara B. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Inc. 3198: 1930: 1324: 1185: 824:. In 1949, and again in 1950 and in 1951, Montessori was nominated for the 599: 339: 3912: 3826:

The Centre for Montessori Studies in her native home in Chiaravalle, Italy

3667:. Translated by Johnstone, Mary A. Madras: Kalakshetra Publications Press. 3442: 2857: 2700: 2223: 2084: 1946: 1718: 567:

Montessori's work was widely translated and published during this period.

4179: 4144: 3994: 2927:

Montessori, Maria (2019). "The Forgotten Citizen". In Sackett, G. (ed.).

1962: 1370:

The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. I: Spontaneous Activity in Education

944:, and in 1946, with the war over, she and her family returned to Europe. 781: 646: 297: 2523: 1669: 1033:

Montessori was directly involved in the development and founding of the

4205: 4108: 3979: 3959: 2945:

50 Years UNESCO Institute for Education: towards an open learning world

1914: 1834: 1653: 912: 809: 636: 555: 551:

1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education

347: 343: 3613:. Translated by George, Anne E. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. 2801: 2684: 2668: 2626: 2483: 1365:

English edition published in two volumes (Frederick A. Stokes, 1917):

854: 363:

women's rights and education for children with learning difficulties.

2757:

http://www.kelpin.nl/fred/download/montessori/english/theosophist.pdf

2112: 1201: 1151: 1038: 1027: 966: 919:

Elementary material, cosmic education, and lessons on early childhood

702: 652: 368: 86: 2922: 2920: 1874: 4098: 3876: 3872: 3840:

Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society

3463:

Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society

2961:

The Child, Society and the World: Unpublished Speeches and Writings

2574: 1574: 1200:

A range of practices exist under the name Montessori, which is not

805: 768: 240: 3906: 3131:"Montessori: An Effective Learning Approach or a Matter of Faith?" 463:, or Children's House, was suggested to Montessori, and the first 2917: 1011: 991: 984: 907: 813: 767:

In 1929, the first International Montessori Congress was held in

583:, a practical guide to the didactic materials she had developed. 335: 987:, Pakistan and the Pakistan Montessori Association was founded. 858:

Montessori with her son Mario (on the left) and the theosophist

651:

In 1916, Montessori returned to Europe and took up residence in

374: 4128: 1014:, gave a national course in Rome, published a fifth edition of 1007: 941: 801: 748: 3815: 3368:

Additional publications by Maria Montessori are listed in the

1030:, was nominated for the third time for the Nobel Peace Prize. 635:, a follower of American philosopher and educational reformer 3900: 3844: 3723:

Giardiello, Patricia (29 November 2022). "Maria Montessori".

3383:

Much of the following information comes from: Open Worldcat (

3370: 2551: 2211: 2184: 1800:"The Maria Montessori no one knows: a heartbreaking betrayal" 969:. These courses led to the first English edition of the book 2239: 762: 199: 797: 202: 2872:

The 40th Anniversary of the UNESCO Institute for Education

2499: 2172: 957:. Also in 1947, she returned to Italy to re-establish the 518: 181: 2845: 2773: 2761: 2728: 2614: 2590: 2539: 2511: 2471: 2435: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2100: 2054: 2052: 2002: 1209: 532:

methods with Montessori in orphanages and kindergartens.

190: 3820: 2201: 2199: 1990: 619:

Montessori returned to the US in 1915, sponsored by the

3437:(C. A. Claremont, Trans.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3384: 2993: 1862: 1697: 1685: 1558:. Association Montessori Internationale. Archived from 1356:(First published in English; Frederick A. Stokes, 1914) 3406:

not Montessori's own writings. Montessori, M. (1949).

3324: 3245:"McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – KLM – Royal Dutch Airlines" 2570:"Who is Maria Montessori?" American Montessori Society 2049: 1641: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1461:(First published in French; Desclée de Brouwer, 1923) 1078: 647:

1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education

3157:"Montessori education: a review of the evidence base" 3014: 2817: 2716: 2602: 2459: 2447: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2263: 2251: 2196: 2160: 2148: 1978: 831: 357: 211: 196: 184: 175: 3412:

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.202650

1902: 1890: 1850: 316: 187: 2905:Montessori, Maria (2007). "The Forgotten Citizen". 1629: 1617: 1590: 193: 178: 3585: 3562: 3539: 3497: 1152:Further development and Montessori education today 1050:10 December 1951 was the third anniversary of the 586: 4275:Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome 3265: 2948:. UNESCO Institute for Education. pp. 32–34. 2875:. UNESCO Institute for Education. pp. 49–51. 1165:One of Montessori's many accomplishments was the 843: 4236: 44:Portrait of Montessori, artist and date unknown 1744:. Sweetwater Montessori School. Archived from 977:was revised again and published in English as 639:, wrote a dismissive and critical book titled 503:2–3. Manual work. Clay modelling, design, etc. 3928: 2929:Citizen of the World: Key Montessori Readings 1287:Revised and enlarged English (India) edition 716: 421: 375:Work with children with learning difficulties 1444:(First published in French; Gonthier, 1936) 751:in 1923, and her lectures were published as 3942: 1380:Vol. II: The Montessori Elementary Material 816:, which were later published in Italian as 16:Italian pedagogue and physician (1870–1952) 3935: 3921: 3888:Newspaper clippings about Maria Montessori 3722: 3701: 3671: 3660: 3646:. Madras: Kalakshetra Publications Press. 3639: 3628: 3617: 3606: 3093: 2987: 2958: 2941: 2926: 2904: 2885: 2868: 2851: 2839: 2811: 2795: 2779: 2710: 2694: 2678: 2636: 2620: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2493: 2369: 2345: 2233: 2217: 2190: 2142: 2122: 2078: 2058: 2043: 2024: 1996: 1972: 1956: 1940: 1924: 1884: 1840: 1828: 1728: 1679: 1663: 1647: 1611: 1584: 1129:Working with non-disabled children in the 713:, or AMI, moved permanently to Amsterdam. 696: 38: 3542:Montessori: The Science Behind the Genius 3495: 3293:"Maria Montessori: 100 Women of the Year" 3188: 3099: 1556:"Highlights from 'Communications 2007/1'" 998:. Montessori was also awarded the French 947: 902:Montessori gave a training course at the 763:The Association Montessori Internationale 274:Montessori was born on 31 August 1870 in 4160:Constructivism (philosophy of education) 3682: 3678:. Madras: Theosophical Publishing House. 3624:. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. 3523:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3456: 3154: 3128: 3100:Hainstock, Elizabeth G. (1 April 1997). 3080: 2584: 2138: 2094: 2074: 1824: 1599: 1360:L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari 1233: 1191: 1180: 853: 828:, receiving a total of six nominations. 554: 259: 3583: 3560: 3537: 1797: 1511:Revised and rewritten Italian edition: 625:Panama–Pacific International Exposition 519:Spread of Montessori education in Italy 410:In 1900 the National League opened the 285: 4295:Italian expatriates in the Netherlands 4237: 3850:Photos of Maria Montessori (1913–1951) 3518: 3504:. New York: The New American Library. 3330: 3266:DutchPlaneSpotter (11 November 2014). 3020: 2999: 2983: 2835: 2823: 2807: 2791: 2767: 2734: 2722: 2706: 2690: 2674: 2632: 2608: 2596: 2580: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2357: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2229: 2205: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2134: 2118: 2106: 2090: 2070: 2039: 2020: 2008: 1984: 1968: 1952: 1936: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1820: 1724: 1703: 1691: 1675: 1659: 1635: 1623: 1580: 1513:La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente 1508:(Theosophical Publishing House, 1949) 1113: 1057:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 897: 405: 4270:20th-century Italian women physicians 4150:Cognitivism (philosophy of education) 4145:Behaviorism (philosophy of education) 3916: 3907:Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company 3816:Association Montessori Internationale 3546:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3410:. The Theosophical Publishing House. 2749:History of Education Society Bulletin 1500:(Theosophical Publishing House, 1955) 1485:(Theosophical Publishing House, 1949) 1052:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 938:What You Should Know About Your Child 773:Association Montessori Internationale 711:Association Montessori Internationale 569:Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica 226: 1518:English edition of Italian version: 1160: 725: 658: 443:and the spread of Montessori's ideas 304:, or "women's work", the next year. 3685:Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work 3155:Marshall, Chloë (27 October 2017). 3104:(Revised ed.). New York City: 1422:(First published in Spanish; 1934) 1296:Revised and reissued in Italian as 1196:Montessori on a 1970 stamp of India 1122: 1089: 1079:Educational philosophy and pedagogy 1055:again highlighted the lack of any " 307: 255: 13: 4325:Sapienza University of Rome alumni 4315:People from the Province of Ancona 4170:Humanism (philosophy of education) 3864:Works by or about Maria Montessori 3715: 3424:authoritative version of the text. 3129:Benyamin, Chaya (13 August 2021). 1798:Gardner, Robert (31 August 2012). 1522:(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967) 1407:(First published in German; 1923) 1331:English (United Kingdom) edition: 1312:English (United Kingdom) edition: 1278:English (United Kingdom) edition: 1071:on 6 May 1952 at the age of 81 in 832:Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939) 755:, published in English in 1936 as 742: 396: 358:1896–1901: Early career and family 290: 250: 14: 4336: 4260:20th-century Italian philosophers 3751: 3247:. Airliners.net. 11 November 2014 623:, to demonstrate her work at the 493:11:30–12. Luncheon: Short prayer. 447: 317:University of Rome—Medical school 4305:Italian women's rights activists 3880: 3427: 3417: 3399: 3390: 3377: 3362: 3336: 3311: 3285: 3259: 3237: 3205: 3148: 3122: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3005: 1766: 1293:(Kalakshetra Publications, 1948) 983:. In 1949, she gave a course in 953:Montessori and continued as the 701:In 1917, Montessori lectured in 581:Doctor Montessori's Own Handbook 239:) and her writing on scientific 171: 167:Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori 156: 54:Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori 4265:20th-century Italian physicians 2952: 2935: 2898: 2879: 2740: 2642: 2563: 1791: 1760: 1734: 1709: 1453:(Longmans, Green and Co., 1936) 1377:The Advanced Montessori Method, 668:, which appeared in English as 593:Montessori in the United States 587:Montessori in the United States 4255:20th-century Italian inventors 3901:Montessori Bibliography Online 3733:10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0266 3643:To Educate the Human Potential 3459:"Maria Montessori (1870–1952)" 3371:Montessori Bibliography Online 1548: 1536:To Educate the Human Potential 1390:I bambini viventi nella Chiesa 1035:UNESCO Institute for Education 930:To Educate the Human Potential 889:in 1927. By 1929, Indian poet 844:1939–1946: Montessori in India 670:The Advanced Montessori Method 641:The Montessori Method Examined 621:National Education Association 338:to mask the offensive odor of 107:University of Rome La Sapienza 1: 4285:Italian educational theorists 3621:Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook 3565:Montessori: A Modern Approach 3496:Hainstock, Elizabeth (1978). 3450: 2650:"Nomination Database – Peace" 1466:From Childhood to Adolescence 1353:Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook 867: 412:Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica 265: 228:[maˈriːamontesˈsɔːri] 4290:Italian expatriates in India 3806:Resources in other libraries 3782:Resources in other libraries 3592:. New York: Schocken Books. 3584:Lillard, Paula Polk (1996). 3569:. New York: Schocken Books. 3561:Lillard, Paula Polk (1972). 3319:Online magazine "Montessori" 3268:"KLM MD-11 Farewell Flights" 3050:Montessori (1938) 1–3, 28–29 1773:Psychology's Feminist Voices 1340:English (American) edition: 1269:English (American) edition: 1238:Montessori in a portrait by 955:St. Nicholas Training Centre 484:before. Religious exercises. 7: 3892:20th Century Press Archives 3879:(public domain audiobooks) 3821:American Montessori Society 3727:. Oxford University Press. 3683:Standing, Edwin M. (1957). 3457:Flaherty, Tarraugh (n.d.). 3344:"A Montessori Bibliography" 3090:. New York: Pantheon Books. 3068:Montessori (1938) 62, 76–77 1346:(Frederick A. Stokes, 1913) 1275:(Frederick A. Stokes, 1912) 1204:. Popular elements include 571:was published in the US as 245:Sapienza University of Rome 10: 4341: 4089:Educational existentialism 3672:Montessori, Maria (1949). 3664:The Discovery of the Child 3661:Montessori, Maria (1948). 3640:Montessori, Maria (1948). 3629:Montessori, Maria (1936). 3618:Montessori, Maria (1914). 3607:Montessori, Maria (1912). 3538:Lillard, Angeline (2005). 3348:Montessori Family Alliance 3229:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 2137:, pp. 147, 150, 155; 1459:De l'enfant à l'adolescent 1314:The Discovery of the Child 1307:The Discovery of the Child 1305:First American edition of 1290:The Discovery of the Child 1140:The Discovery of the Child 1108:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 1082: 1024:The Discovery of the Child 980:The Discovery of the Child 959:Opera Nazionale Montessori 847: 717:United Kingdom (1919–1936) 590: 422:1901–1906: Further studies 18: 4320:Philosophers of education 4214: 4193: 4137: 4046: 4025: 3950: 3873:Works by Maria Montessori 3855:Works by Maria Montessori 3845:The Montessori Foundation 3801:Resources in your library 3777:Resources in your library 3181:10.1038/s41539-017-0012-7 3077:Montessori (1936) 126–138 1530:Education for a New World 1337:(William Heinemann, 1913) 1284:(William Heinemann, 1912) 1176: 926:Education for a New World 866:(on the right) in India, 155: 150: 142: 130: 113: 102: 94: 75: 49: 37: 30: 4124:Social reconstructionism 4094:Educational perennialism 4084:Educational essentialism 4038:Student-centred learning 3500:The Essential Montessori 3011:Montessori (1938), 17–23 1542: 1343:Pedagogical Anthropology 1334:Pedagogical Anthropology 1251:Pedagogical Anthropology 1229: 1062: 791: 689:. With the onset of the 633:William Heard Kilpatrick 577:Pedagogical Anthropology 433:Pedagogical Anthropology 4300:Italian Roman Catholics 4059:Contemplative education 3944:Philosophy of education 3632:The Secret of Childhood 3161:npj Science of Learning 1450:The Secret of Childhood 1412:The Child in the Family 1405:Das Kind in der Familie 1325:Antropologia Pedagogica 1299:La scoperta del bambino 1214:McDonnell Douglas MD-11 1212:(Royal Dutch Airlines) 1096:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard 1020:La Scoperta del Bambino 1002:, Officer of the Dutch 757:The Child in the Family 747:Montessori lectured in 707:University of Amsterdam 697:Netherlands (1917–1936) 679:Second Spanish Republic 511:each particular child. 387:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard 233:philosophy of education 21:Maria Montessori (film) 19:For the 2023 film, see 4165:Criticism of schooling 2248:, pp. 159, 162–5. 1939:, pp. 92, 94–95; 1242: 1197: 1189: 1048: 1004:Order of Orange Nassau 948:1946–1952: Final years 873: 753:Il Bambino in Famiglia 560: 271: 98:Noordwijk, Netherlands 4280:Catholic philosophers 4138:How and whom to teach 4114:Progressive education 3833:The Montessori Method 3519:Kramer, Rita (1976). 1802:. Clanmore Montessori 1247:The Montessori Method 1237: 1195: 1184: 1171:The Montessori Method 1135:The Montessori Method 1067:Montessori died of a 1043: 857: 613:The Montessori Method 609:Alexander Graham Bell 558: 263: 4175:Montessori education 4155:Compulsory education 4079:Democratic education 3487:: CS1 maint: year ( 3385:https://worldcat.org 3086:Lillard, P. (1996). 3059:Montessori (1938) 62 3041:Montessori (1938) 28 2986:, pp. 360–367; 2838:, pp. 348–355; 2794:, pp. 345–346; 2709:, pp. 340–341; 2508:, pp. 283, 285. 2344:, pp. 249–250; 2181:, pp. 172, 155. 2093:, pp. 126–131; 2073:, pp. 123–125; 2042:, pp. 115–121; 2023:, pp. 113–116; 1498:The Formation of Man 1491:Formazione dell'uomo 1206:mixed-age classrooms 1188:banknote, 1990 issue 1085:Montessori education 904:Theosophical Society 881:was translated into 820:, and in English as 674:Catalan independence 457:San Lorenzo district 286:1883–1896: Education 4310:Montessori teachers 3835:by Maria Montessori 3790:By Maria Montessori 3687:. New York: Plume. 3469:on 25 December 2012 3173:2017npjSL...2...11M 2990:, pp. 170–172. 2842:, pp. 169–170. 2798:, pp. 167–168. 2770:, pp. 341–342. 2737:, pp. 306–307. 2599:, pp. 305–306. 2560:, pp. 158–160. 2520:, pp. 302–304. 2480:, pp. 280–281. 2444:, pp. 235–245. 2384:, pp. 331–333. 2360:, pp. 269–270. 2348:, pp. 119–120. 2332:, pp. 246–250. 2320:, pp. 230–231. 2308:, pp. 227–229. 2296:, pp. 212–215. 2284:, pp. 186–202. 2236:, pp. 103–104. 2220:, pp. 106–107. 2193:, pp. 107–108. 2145:, pp. 103–104. 2109:, pp. 135–136. 2011:, pp. 111–112. 1562:on 14 December 2007 1482:Peace and Education 1114:Scientific pedagogy 1075:, the Netherlands. 1069:cerebral hemorrhage 1018:with the new title 898:Internment in India 891:Rabindranath Tagore 850:Montessori in India 822:Education and Peace 786:Rabindranath Tagore 672:. Around 1920, the 605:Tarrytown, New York 406:Orthophrenic School 68:Chiaravalle, Marche 3675:The Absorbent Mind 3435:The Absorbent Mind 3408:The Absorbent Mind 2963:. pp. 79–82. 2141:, pp. 58–61; 2077:, pp. 53–54; 1975:, pp. 49, 52. 1955:, pp. 95–97; 1843:, pp. 18–19; 1823:, pp. 58–61; 1769:"Maria Montessori" 1742:"Mario Montessori" 1727:, pp. 52–58; 1678:, pp. 34–35; 1662:, pp. 32–33; 1520:The Absorbent Mind 1506:The Absorbent Mind 1316:(Clio Press, 1988) 1243: 1224:Person of the Year 1198: 1190: 971:The Absorbent Mind 874: 600:McClure's Magazine 561: 559:Montessori in 1913 328:diploma di licenza 323:University of Rome 272: 4232: 4231: 4201:Cognitive science 4185:Waldorf education 4104:Popular education 4074:Critical thinking 4064:Critical pedagogy 3859:Project Gutenberg 3758:Library resources 3742:978-0-19-979123-1 3725:Childhood Studies 3704:The NAMTA Journal 3002:, pp. 59–67. 2970:978-90-79506-34-7 2931:. pp. 47–53. 2536:, pp. 156–7. 2097:, pp. 47–50. 2046:, pp. 54–56. 2027:, pp. 40–47. 1959:, pp. 39–41. 1927:, pp. 23–24. 1871:, pp. 84–85. 1831:, pp. 16–17. 1748:on 4 January 2013 1731:, pp. 16–23. 1706:, pp. 47–50. 1694:, pp. 40–41. 1515:(Garzanti, 1952) 1496:English edition: 1493:(Garzanti, 1949) 1479:English edition: 1476:(Garzanti, 1949) 1474:Educazione e pace 1464:English edition: 1447:English edition: 1432:English edition: 1425:English edition: 1410:English edition: 1395:English edition: 1362:(Loescher, 1916) 1328:(Vallardi, 1910) 1167:Montessori method 1161:Montessori method 1073:Noordwijk aan Zee 996:Nobel Peace Prize 826:Nobel Peace Prize 818:Educazione e Pace 726:Italy (1922–1934) 691:Spanish Civil War 687:Psicoarithemetica 659:Spain (1915–1936) 537:Città di Castello 496:12–1. Free games. 237:Montessori method 164: 163: 136:Montessori method 4332: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3884: 3883: 3868:Internet Archive 3763:Maria Montessori 3746: 3711: 3698: 3679: 3668: 3657: 3636: 3625: 3614: 3603: 3591: 3588:Montessori Today 3580: 3568: 3557: 3545: 3534: 3521:Maria Montessori 3515: 3503: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3465:. 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Archived from 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1682:, pp. 9–10. 1673: 1667: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1588: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1552: 1434:Psychoarithmetic 1240:Alexander Akopov 1131:Casa dei Bambini 1124:Casa dei Bambini 1104:Friedrich Fröbel 1090:Early influences 872: 869: 736:Giovanni Gentile 732:Benito Mussolini 525:Casa dei Bambini 461:Casa dei Bambini 441:Casa dei Bambini 308:Secondary school 302:lavori donneschi 280:Antonio Stoppani 270: 267: 256:Birth and family 230: 225: 218: 214: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 160: 82: 63: 61: 42: 32:Maria Montessori 28: 27: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4210: 4189: 4133: 4069:Critical theory 4042: 4033:Active learning 4021: 3946: 3941: 3881: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3787: 3786: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3718: 3716:Further reading 3695: 3654: 3600: 3577: 3554: 3531: 3512: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3453: 3448: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3135:The Perspective 3127: 3123: 3116: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2988:Trabalzini 2011 2982: 2978: 2971: 2957: 2953: 2940: 2936: 2925: 2918: 2907:Montessori Life 2903: 2899: 2884: 2880: 2867: 2858: 2852:Trabalzini 2011 2850: 2846: 2840:Trabalzini 2011 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2812:Trabalzini 2011 2810:, p. 348; 2806: 2802: 2796:Trabalzini 2011 2790: 2786: 2780:Trabalzini 2011 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2711:Trabalzini 2011 2705: 2701: 2695:Trabalzini 2011 2693:, p. 339; 2689: 2685: 2679:Trabalzini 2011 2677:, p. 337; 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2637:Trabalzini 2011 2635:, p. 330; 2631: 2627: 2621:Trabalzini 2011 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583:, p. 246; 2579: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2558:Trabalzini 2011 2556: 2552: 2546:Trabalzini 2011 2544: 2540: 2534:Trabalzini 2011 2532:, p. 326; 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2494:Trabalzini 2011 2492:, p. 282; 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2370:Trabalzini 2011 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2346:Trabalzini 2011 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2234:Trabalzini 2011 2232:, p. 174; 2228: 2224: 2218:Trabalzini 2011 2216: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2191:Trabalzini 2011 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2143:Trabalzini 2011 2133: 2129: 2123:Trabalzini 2011 2121:, p. 137; 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2079:Trabalzini 2011 2069: 2065: 2059:Montessori 1912 2057: 2050: 2044:Trabalzini 2011 2038: 2031: 2025:Trabalzini 2011 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1997:Trabalzini 2011 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1973:Trabalzini 2011 1971:, p. 110; 1967: 1963: 1957:Trabalzini 2011 1951: 1947: 1941:Trabalzini 2011 1935: 1931: 1925:Trabalzini 2011 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1885:Trabalzini 2011 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1841:Trabalzini 2011 1839: 1835: 1829:Trabalzini 2011 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1779:on 1 April 2019 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1729:Trabalzini 2011 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1680:Trabalzini 2011 1674: 1670: 1666:, pp. 7–8. 1664:Trabalzini 2011 1658: 1654: 1648:Trabalzini 2011 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1612:Trabalzini 2011 1610: 1606: 1598: 1591: 1585:Trabalzini 2011 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1420:Psico Geométria 1232: 1179: 1163: 1154: 1137:in 1912 and in 1127: 1116: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1065: 1000:Legion of Honor 950: 921: 900: 870: 860:George Arundale 852: 846: 834: 794: 765: 745: 743:Other countries 728: 719: 699: 683:Psicogeometrica 661: 649: 607:. The inventor 595: 589: 553: 521: 453: 445: 424: 408: 399: 397:Public advocacy 377: 360: 319: 310: 293: 291:Early education 288: 268: 258: 253: 251:Life and career 223: 216: 212: 174: 170: 134:Founder of the 126: 90: 84: 80: 71: 65: 59: 57: 56: 55: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4338: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3752:External links 3750: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3699: 3693: 3680: 3669: 3658: 3652: 3637: 3626: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3581: 3575: 3558: 3552: 3535: 3529: 3516: 3510: 3493: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3426: 3416: 3398: 3389: 3376: 3361: 3350:. 13 July 2017 3335: 3333:, p. 356. 3323: 3310: 3299:. 5 March 2020 3284: 3258: 3236: 3204: 3147: 3121: 3115:978-0452277960 3114: 3092: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3013: 3004: 2992: 2976: 2969: 2951: 2934: 2916: 2897: 2878: 2856: 2854:, p. 170. 2844: 2828: 2826:, p. 348. 2816: 2814:, p. 168. 2800: 2784: 2782:, p. 165. 2772: 2760: 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 342. 2715: 2713:, p. 165. 2699: 2697:, p. 162. 2683: 2681:, p. 161. 2667: 2654:Nobelprize.org 2641: 2639:, p. 173. 2625: 2623:, p. 157. 2613: 2611:, p. 311. 2601: 2589: 2573: 2562: 2550: 2548:, p. 158. 2538: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2496:, p. 127. 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 294. 2458: 2456:, p. 272. 2446: 2434: 2432:, p. 305. 2422: 2420:, p. 323. 2410: 2408:, p. 267. 2398: 2396:, p. 251. 2386: 2374: 2372:, p. 160. 2362: 2350: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2272:, p. 181. 2262: 2260:, p. 172. 2250: 2238: 2222: 2210: 2208:, p. 167. 2195: 2183: 2171: 2169:, p. 176. 2159: 2157:, p. 155. 2147: 2127: 2111: 2099: 2083: 2063: 2048: 2029: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1987:, p. 111. 1977: 1961: 1945: 1929: 1923:, p. 91; 1913: 1901: 1889: 1883:, p. 86; 1873: 1861: 1849: 1833: 1827:, p. 28; 1813: 1790: 1759: 1733: 1717: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1668: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1589: 1583:, p. 24; 1573: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1427:Psychogeometry 1417: 1416: 1415: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1373: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1338: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1231: 1228: 1178: 1175: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1100:Édouard Séguin 1091: 1088: 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 1064: 1061: 949: 946: 920: 917: 899: 896: 862:with his wife 848:Main article: 845: 842: 833: 830: 793: 790: 764: 761: 744: 741: 727: 724: 718: 715: 698: 695: 660: 657: 648: 645: 591:Main article: 588: 585: 552: 549: 520: 517: 508: 507: 504: 501: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 452: 446: 444: 437: 423: 420: 407: 404: 398: 395: 391:Édouard Séguin 376: 373: 359: 356: 318: 315: 309: 306: 292: 289: 287: 284: 257: 254: 252: 249: 162: 161: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 132: 131:Known for 128: 127: 125: 124: 121: 117: 115: 111: 110: 109:Medical School 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 85: 83:(aged 81) 77: 73: 72: 66: 64:31 August 1870 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4337: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 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3694:0-452-26090-6 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3653:9789081172455 3649: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3599:9780805210613 3595: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3555: 3553:0-19-516868-2 3549: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3530:0-201-09227-1 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3511:0-451-61695-2 3507: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3023:, p. 76. 3022: 3017: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2587:, p. 64. 2586: 2585:Standing 1957 2582: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2139:Standing 1957 2136: 2131: 2125:, p. 57. 2124: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2095:Standing 1957 2092: 2087: 2081:, p. 56. 2080: 2076: 2075:Standing 1957 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1999:, p. 53. 1998: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1943:, p. 39. 1942: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1911:, p. 87. 1910: 1905: 1899:, p. 90. 1898: 1893: 1887:, p. 21. 1886: 1882: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1859:, p. 78. 1858: 1853: 1847:, p. 73. 1846: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1825:Standing 1957 1822: 1817: 1801: 1794: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767:Ball, Laura. 1763: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1638:, p. 31. 1637: 1632: 1626:, p. 27. 1625: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1587:, p. 13. 1586: 1582: 1577: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1367: 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