1112:
though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The
British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits. Garnet Wolseley, one of Britain's most admired late nineteenth-century soldiers, published a damning essay on "The negro as soldier" in 1888, and though his focus was on the African command with which he was most familiar, his dismissive comments are typical of those used against nonwhite soldiers more broadly. While "the Savage" lacked intelligence, was riddled with disease, and enjoyed human suffering, the Anglo-Saxon craved "manly sports" that had developed in him a "bodily strength" unmatched by any other nation.
262:
562:—remain substantially over-represented in the contemporary Indian Armed Forces. In 1984, Haryana, which accounted for 2.2% of India's population, accounted for 7.82% of the armed forces' headcount; the figures for Himachal Pradesh were 0.6% of the population, and 4.68% of the armed forces, and for Punjab, 2.4% of the population and 40% of the armed forces. This was before 1984 and since then the Punjabi people more specifically the Sikhs had left the army and waged a war on the Indian state while accounting for 2.4% of the population they currently are 12.6% of the Armed forces, the decrease of their participation in the army due to political reasons.
22:
246:
275:
573:, which recruits exclusively from Sikhs, Jats and Rajputs in equal proportion. The Indian government has defended what it terms as "class composition" restrictions on the grounds of the "functional requirements" of the ceremonial detachment, namely its "ceremonial duties demand common height, built, appearance and dress for reason of pomp and projection".
121:, the British faced fierce resistance in some regions while easily conquering others. British officials sought 'martial races' accustomed to hunting, or from agricultural cultures from hilly or mountainous regions with a history of conflict. Others were excluded due to their 'ease of living' or branded as
585:
likewise reflected the institutional legacy of the "martial races" theory, although it was no longer formally applied there as well. The
British preference of Punjabis, combined with the fact that Bengalis (who were the single largest group in the new nation) had been disfavored ever since the Revolt
136:
The
British regarded the 'martial races' as valiant and strong but also intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. They were also regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority. For these reasons, the martial races theory
56:
According to modern historian
Jeffrey Greenhut on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen
629:
notes that the limited recruitment of
Bengali personnel in the Pakistan Army was because the West Pakistanis "could not overcome the hangover of the martial race theory". As a result, in 1955, out of the Pakistan Army's 908-strong officer corps, 894 hailed from West Pakistan and a mere 14 from East
100:
Following Indian independence, the Indian government in
February 1949 abolished the official application of "martial race" principles with regard to military recruitment, although it has continued to be applied formally and informally in certain circumstances. In Pakistan, such principles, although
1111:
The
Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory,
688:
claimed success bringing the army's composition closer to national demographics; the proportion of
Punjabis in the army had fallen from 71% in 2001 to 57% in 2007, and was expected to reach 54% by 2011. In turn, the proportion of Sindhis was expected to increase from 15% to 17%, and Balochis from
132:
British general and scholar
Lieutenant-General George MacMunn (1869–1952) noted in his writings "It is only necessary for a feeling to arise that it is impious and disgraceful to serve the British, for the whole of our fabric to tumble like a house of cards without a shot being fired or a sword
48:
as belonging to one of two categories, the 'martial' caste and the 'non-martial' caste. The ostensible reason for this system of classification was the belief that a 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for fighting, while the 'non-martial races' were those races which the
British
1489:…Coorg for the purpose of trying to induce Coorgs and Gaudas to take service, but, after working the whole of Coorg, one recruit only, a Gauda, was obtained . According to the report of the native officer in command of the party, the inhabitants of Coorg, although a warlike race, are much…
829:
Dr . Jeffrey Greenhut has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry . Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of
521:
However, while most caste or tribal bars on recruitment were lifted, recruitment in regions populated by the former "martial races" was progressively intensified, with the result that by the beginning of the 1970s, India had more than doubled the number of "martial class" units. The
634:, the exclusion of East Pakistani Bengalis from military leadership translated into their exclusion from the nation's political leadership. This deepened the alienation of East Pakistanis from the Pakistani government, which would eventually lead to the
689:
3.2% in 2007 to 4% in 2011. The report also projected an increase in the soldiers from Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan from 0% to 9% by 2011. However, noting that, for instance, a disproportionately large share of new recruits from Sindh are ethnic
133:
unsheathed". To this end, it became British policy to recruit only from those tribes whom they classified as members of the 'martial races', and the practice became an integral part of the recruitment manuals for the Army in the British Raj.
57:
from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait. British-trained Indian soldiers were among those who had rebelled in 1857 and thereafter, the
211:
did not join the mutiny, and fought on the side of the British Army. From then on, this theory was used to the hilt to accelerate recruitment from among these 'races', whilst discouraging enlistment of 'disloyal' troops and high-caste
649:. Based on this belief in martial supremacy numerical superiority of the foe could be overcome. Defence writers in Pakistan have noted that the 1971 defeat was partially attributable to the flawed 'martial races' theory which led to
684:. In the past few decades there have been some efforts to rectify these imbalances and make the Armed Forces more representative, in part by relaxing recruitment standards in Sindh and Balochistan. In 2007 a report published by the
1889:, Andrea Dew: "The Martial Races Theory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor played a major role in the under-estimation of the Indian Army by Pakistani soldiers as well as civilian decision makers in 1965."
231:
Sikhs in numerous paintings. Richard Schultz, an American author, has claimed the martial race concept as a supposedly clever British effort to divide and rule the people of India for their own political ends.
96:
whose habits are simpler, very few are found in the army. Following the transfer of the British Indian Armed forces to the Indian Armed forces, these communities continued to have a high representation.
661:
notes that "Elevating the 'martial races' theory to the level of an absolute truth had domestic implications for Pakistani politics and contributed to the neglect of other aspects of security.".
168:
Critics of the theory state that the Indian rebellion of 1857 may have played a role in reinforcing the British belief in it. During this event the troops from the Bengal Native Infantry led by
645:, whose rank and file had largely drawn from the martial races, contributed to an otherwise unjustified confidence that they would easily defeat India in a war, especially prior to the
2992:
1808:
1639:
Punjabi Mussalmans and Khalsa Sikhs were declared 'martial races' for recruitment to the army or the police; only one small Hindu caste, the Mohyal Brahmins, qualified as martial.
1608:
From book: "In the early twentieth century, the Marathas were identified as a "martial race" fit for the imperial army, and recruitment of Marathas increased after World War I."
125:
agitators. The doctrine of 'martial races' postulated that the qualities that make a useful soldier are inherited and that the rest of most Indians did not have the requisite
1962:
Stanley Wolpert Published: University of California Press 1990. "India's army... quickly dispelled the popular Pakistani myth that one Muslim soldier was 'worth ten Hindus.'"
219:
Some authors, such as Heather Streets, argue that the military authorities puffed up the images of the martial soldiers by writing regimental histories, and by extolling the
282:
British-declared martial races in the Indian subcontinent included some groups that were officially designated instead as "agricultural tribes" under the provisions of the
506:
despite the fact that it made up just 5% of the new country's population. Recognizing the destabilising potential of an unrepresentative armed forces, Prime Minister
2944:
101:
no longer rigidly enforced, have continued to hold considerable sway and have had major consequences for the nation's political life—the most extreme case being the
2126:
2960:
1908:"Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by 'Hindu India'."
1070:
Greenhut, Jeffrey "Sahib and Sepoy: an Inquiry into the Relationship between the British Officers and Native Soldiers of the British Indian Army". (In:
1839:
664:
In contemporary Pakistan, army recruitment still reflects the biases of "martial races" theory, with a considerable over-representation of ethnic
1183:
1920:
1736:
1055:
969:
286:. These terms were considered to be synonymous when the administration compiled a list in 1925. Among the communities listed as martial were:
2904:
1901:
565:
Explicit ethnic- or caste-based requirements have nevertheless persisted amongst some military formations. The most notable instance is the
2119:
486:
India was quick to formally disclaim the martial races theory after gaining independence. The largest single source of recruitment for the
53:. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.
3090:
2896:
602:, there was not a single Muslim member from Sindh, Balochistan or Bengal, which together comprised 70% of Pakistan's total population.
2920:
1403:
1549:
2350:
1126:
711:
3100:
2377:
2112:
1680:. Permanent Black monographs. The "Opus 1" series. Delhi : Bangalore: Permanent Black ; Distributed by Orient Longman.
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1998:
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1413:
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916:
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Book review of Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 By Heather Streets
3064:
2355:
1939:
3085:
1632:
730:
Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914".
2968:
2912:
1985:
1870:
1714:
1660:
1590:
1559:
1466:
1439:
1386:
1325:
1254:
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953:
779:
261:
84:
were described as 'the oldest martial community', in the past having two of the oldest British Indian regiments, the
2936:
283:
65:
and enacted a new recruitment policy which favoured castes whose members had remained loyal to the British Empire.
693:
rather than Sindhis, critics have alleged that such figures, in measuring provincial origin rather than ethnicity
631:
494:, with Sikhs and Punjabi Muslims particularly preferred, with the result that at independence over 90% of the new
1835:
685:
491:
3095:
2928:
2792:
2742:
2727:
2365:
2165:
1347:. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Criterion Publications : Distributed by Deep & Deep Publications.
2952:
2170:
1083:
MacMunn, G. F. (1911). The Armies of India; painted by Major A. C. Lovett. London: Adam & Charles Black.
786:
Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority
546:, increased from six to 21 battalions over the same time period. The three states that comprised the former
2852:
2517:
2068:
Chowdhry, Prem (May 2013). "Militarized Masculinities: Shaped and Reshaped in Colonial South-East Punjab".
265:
1763:"Ethnic Group Recruitment in the Indian Army: The Contrasting Cases of Sikhs, Muslims, Gurkhas and Others"
1040:"Ethnic Group Recruitment in the Indian Army: The Contrasting Cases of Sikhs, Muslims, Gurkhas and Others"
2567:
2532:
2482:
1809:"President's bodyguards: Govt defends recruitment process, says it's based on 'functional requirements'"
3115:
2984:
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2152:
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1039:
646:
635:
1180:
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1211:
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Furthermore, it has been alleged that the continued influence of the theory among the command of the
515:
511:
162:
102:
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2802:
2627:
2315:
2195:
2135:
1706:
1503:"Martial Races: the Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 (review)"
797:
Greenhut, Jeffrey (1983) The Imperial Reserve: the Indian Corps on the Western Front, 1914–15. In:
771:
Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots
566:
150:
118:
41:
2492:
1191:
599:
523:
2837:
2592:
2452:
2027:
Cohen, Stephen P. (May 1969). "The Untouchable Soldier: Caste, Politics, and the Indian Army".
595:
425:
1605:
1244:
877:
2976:
2832:
2812:
2757:
2389:
1622:
1429:
1288:
906:
812:
642:
582:
2617:
613:, who felt humiliated by the continued belief in the theory which continued to hold sway in
594:, with 25% of the new nation's population, accounted for 72% of the Army's headcount, while
3029:
2747:
2712:
2527:
8:
2692:
2642:
2587:
2467:
2203:
1134:
706:
495:
487:
176:
50:
2737:
2472:
1123:
845:
Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914
2857:
2787:
2647:
2602:
2502:
2278:
2093:
2085:
2044:
1782:
1530:
1225:
747:
626:
161:
was reportedly concerned that the theory was abandoned during the war and wrote to the
2002:
1342:
3105:
3000:
2888:
2847:
2772:
2687:
2657:
2557:
2426:
2399:
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2144:
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1981:
1886:
1866:
1710:
1681:
1656:
1628:
1586:
1555:
1534:
1522:
1462:
1435:
1409:
1382:
1321:
1294:
1250:
1215:
1100:
912:
885:
849:
818:
775:
751:
415:
158:
2572:
257:. The post card reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans"
2827:
2822:
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2542:
2253:
2077:
2036:
1977:
1947:
1774:
1514:
739:
690:
658:
650:
591:
555:
535:
507:
69:
586:
of 1857, led to an even more ethnically lopsided army corps than in India. At the
2862:
2817:
2707:
2677:
2552:
2537:
2477:
2414:
2310:
2104:
1943:
1924:
1618:
1580:
1456:
1376:
1359:
1290:
The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy
1229:
1205:
1187:
1130:
1096:
Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire
1094:
1059:
908:
The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy
843:
769:
420:
208:
68:
The concept already had a precedent in Indian culture as one of the four orders (
2807:
2767:
2717:
2702:
2682:
2632:
2597:
2582:
2562:
2547:
2419:
2360:
2213:
1813:
618:
606:
435:
325:
204:
192:
106:
62:
2081:
2040:
1936:
1737:"Why the Indian army needs to abandon the colonial concept of 'martial races'"
1146:
Bose, Mihir. The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India; p. 25.
743:
21:
3079:
3039:
2842:
2782:
2752:
2732:
2672:
2637:
2622:
2607:
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2522:
2447:
2258:
2238:
2228:
1905:
1526:
614:
610:
587:
559:
503:
250:
172:
137:
did not lead to officers being recruited from them; recruitment was based on
93:
37:
406:
Communities that were at various times classified as martial races include:
3019:
2722:
2507:
2293:
2248:
2243:
2185:
2160:
654:
365:
305:
300:
146:
138:
89:
85:
26:
2431:
1885:
Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat
1606:
Creative Pasts: Historical Memory And Identity in Western India, 1700-1960
1518:
1156:
1133:– Based on the Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the
3059:
3049:
2652:
2462:
2409:
2283:
2223:
2218:
1207:
Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat
570:
547:
499:
460:
455:
254:
142:
58:
2089:
598:, with 55% of the total population, was virtually unrepresented. In the
245:
3054:
3044:
2762:
2667:
2497:
2487:
2457:
2300:
2268:
2233:
2175:
2048:
1786:
1762:
955:
Valour Unlimited : Haryana and the Indian Armed Forces (1914-2000)
673:
395:
340:
188:
180:
154:
61:
abandoned or diminished its recruitment of soldiers who came from the
2305:
1703:
Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence
77:
1778:
534:, had gone from five to 29 battalions since independence, while the
278:
The list of Military castes cited in the 1891 census general report.
3024:
2404:
677:
669:
665:
622:
470:
445:
213:
122:
81:
2994:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
2327:
2322:
2288:
2263:
2180:
681:
551:
543:
390:
385:
350:
320:
310:
184:
126:
569:, the most senior and arguably the most prestigious unit of the
235:
2394:
2208:
531:
450:
430:
410:
380:
375:
360:
355:
345:
335:
330:
315:
274:
228:
200:
165:
that he must, "rely as much as possible on the martial races".
153:, and created serious deficiencies in troop levels during the
527:
440:
370:
295:
224:
196:
169:
73:
45:
1431:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
183:
also caused trouble with British forces. However, the loyal
2880:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
1361:
History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State
539:
465:
400:
290:
220:
617:, that they were not 'martially inclined' compared to the
605:
This imbalance created tensions, particularly amongst the
36:
was a designation which was created by army officials in
518:
to undertake "large scale reform to the armed forces”.
157:, compelling them to recruit from 'non-martial races'.
2962:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
1513:(1). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press: 146–150.
1651:Hartmann, Paul; Patil, B. R.; Dighe, Anita (1989).
1375:Snedden, Christopher (2015). "Jammu and Jammutis".
269:(Risaldar Major), c. 1909, by AC Lovett (1862–1919)
16:
British Indian colonial military recruitment theory
2134:
1650:
1364:. India: Kashmir History Publications. p. 51.
216:who had sided with the rebel army during the war.
1899:United States Library of Congress Country Studies
1730:
1728:
1726:
1575:
1573:
1571:
880:. In Boehmer, Elleke; Chaudhuri, Rosinka (eds.).
814:Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism
3077:
1653:The Mass Media and Village Life: An Indian Study
1344:India's freedom struggle and the role of Haryana
810:
799:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1551:mountain echoes a reminiscense of kumaoni women
1092:
1011:"Pakistan Army: Martial Race or National Army?"
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
1723:
1694:
1568:
1484:Historical Records of the XIII Madras Infantry
1405:Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict International Dispute
1236:
1033:
1031:
930:
928:
904:
249:French postcard depicting the arrival of 15th
117:In their attempts to assert control after the
2906:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
2120:
763:
761:
236:Tribes and groups designated as martial races
175:mutinied against the British. Similarly, the
49:considered unfit for battle because of their
1980:Published: Brookings Institution Press 2004
1754:
1037:
991:
767:
240:
2063:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1395:
1204:SHULTZ, RICHARD H.; DEW, ANDREA J. (2006).
1028:
977:Press Information Bureau of India - Archive
925:
878:"India, empire and First World War writing"
2898:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
2127:
2113:
1800:
1086:
970:"No More Class Composition in Indian Army"
882:The Indian Postcolonial: A Critical Reader
804:
758:
76:social system of Hinduism is known as the
2922:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
1734:
1700:
1611:
1203:
149:" construction, which was popularised by
2067:
1970:
1968:
1678:The Indian Army and the making of Punjab
1675:
1500:
1458:The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab
1454:
1246:The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab
1242:
898:
712:Historical definitions of races in India
273:
260:
244:
20:
1863:Military, State and Society in Pakistan
1760:
1547:
1408:, Oxford University Press, p. 62,
1402:Malik, Iffat (2002), "Jammu Province",
1374:
1269:
1008:
934:
841:
697:, mask continued biases in recruiting.
476:
3078:
2513:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1861:Rizvi, Hasan-Askari (September 2000).
1340:
1313:
774:. Three Essays Collective. p. 5.
2108:
2058:
2026:
1965:
1860:
1806:
1617:
1401:
1357:
1286:
951:
869:
835:
1074:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), p. 15.
729:
3065:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
1865:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 128.
1494:
1427:
1378:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
1287:Singh, Gajendra (16 January 2014).
875:
723:
653:that it was possible to defeat the
25:British and Indian officers of the
13:
2020:
1735:Guruswamy, Menaka (16 July 2016).
1655:. Sage Publications. p. 224.
1314:Toland, Judith D. (28 July 2017).
905:Gajendra Singh (16 January 2014).
657:based on the theory alone. Author
284:Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900
145:. One source calls this a "pseudo-
14:
3127:
3091:Military history of British India
2970:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
2890:The Outline of History of Mankind
1487:. W. Thacker. 1898. p. 191.
1270:MacMunn, George Fletcher (1979).
1009:Lakshmi, V. Vidya (1 June 2016).
935:MacMunn, George Fletcher (1979).
109:exclusion from the armed forces.
105:, following decades of continued
2938:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
1937:"End-game?" By Ardeshir Cowasjee
1842:from the original on 5 July 2019
1582:Martial races of undivided India
817:. APH Publishing. pp. 26–.
44:, in which they classified each
1991:
1953:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1879:
1854:
1828:
1669:
1644:
1599:
1585:. Gyan Publishing House. 2009.
1541:
1475:
1448:
1421:
1368:
1351:
1334:
1307:
1280:
1263:
1249:. Orient Longman. p. 105.
1197:
1174:
1149:
1140:
1117:
1077:
1064:
962:
952:YADAV, ATUL (22 January 2022).
911:. A&C Black. pp. 29–.
848:. Manchester University Press.
686:Inter-Services Public Relations
129:that would make them warriors.
92:. Now, except a clan known as
3101:Historical definitions of race
2930:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
2136:Historical definitions of race
1461:. Orient Longman. p. 99.
945:
791:
676:, and under-representation of
630:Pakistan. Thus, following the
538:, which is mainly composed of
1:
2954:The Passing of the Great Race
1836:"Library of Congress studies"
1701:Wilkinson, Steven I. (2015).
717:
3111:Military history of Pakistan
2853:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
2029:The Journal of Asian Studies
1999:"Pakistan's Defence Journal"
1807:Ahsan, Sofi (18 July 2019).
1507:Journal of Victorian Culture
1157:"Pakistan - THE BRITISH RAJ"
498:' senior officers came from
7:
2568:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
2533:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
2483:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1676:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
1455:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
1358:Kapur, Manohar Lal (1980).
1243:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
700:
576:
112:
10:
3132:
2059:Cohen, Stephen P. (1971).
1273:The Martial Races of India
938:The Martial Races of India
884:. Routledge. p. 301.
732:European Review of History
647:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
636:independence of Bangladesh
590:'s establishment in 1947,
3086:Military history of India
3012:
2871:
2663:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
2440:
2338:
2194:
2151:
2142:
2082:10.1017/S0026749X11000539
2041:10.1017/s0021911800092779
1918:Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
1212:Columbia University Press
842:Streets, Heather (2004).
811:Amiya K. Samanta (2000).
744:10.1080/13507480600586726
581:At independence, the new
512:Commander-in-Chief, India
266:14th Murray's Jat Lancers
241:In British colonial times
163:Commander-in-Chief, India
103:Bangladesh Liberation War
3035:History of anthropometry
2803:Charles Gabriel Seligman
2628:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
2316:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
1707:Harvard University Press
1548:gokhale, namita (1998).
1501:Surridge, Keith (2007).
1093:Philippa Levine (2003).
672:, particularly from the
526:, which recruits mainly
481:
151:Frederick Sleigh Roberts
119:Indian Rebellion of 1857
80:, literally "warriors".
42:Indian Rebellion of 1857
2493:Daniel Garrison Brinton
2054:(subscription required)
1942:23 October 2010 at the
1627:. Penguin. p. 98.
1381:. HarperCollins India.
1317:Ethnicity and the State
1058:20 October 2006 at the
2838:Thomas Griffith Taylor
2593:Reginald Ruggles Gates
1761:Khalidi, Omar (2001).
1341:Shukla, S. P. (1985).
1276:. Mittal Publications.
941:. Mittal Publications.
738:(1). Routledge: 1–20.
279:
271:
258:
227:-wielding Gurkhas and
30:
3096:Caste system in India
2978:Annihilation of Caste
2882:in Different Climates
2833:William Graham Sumner
2813:Samuel Stanhope Smith
2758:James Cowles Prichard
2390:Racial discrimination
1519:10.1353/jvc.2007.0017
1428:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
876:Das, Santanu (2010).
768:Omar Khalidi (2003).
643:Pakistan Armed Forces
583:Pakistan Armed Forces
567:President's Bodyguard
277:
264:
248:
24:
3030:Great chain of being
2748:Ludwig Hermann Plate
2713:Samuel George Morton
2528:Samuel A. Cartwright
2378:in the United States
2070:Modern Asian Studies
1975:The Idea of Pakistan
1434:. Orient Blackswan.
1186:4 March 2016 at the
1129:14 June 2017 at the
1099:. Psychology Press.
1044:www.defenceindia.com
958:. K.K. Publications.
655:Bengali Rebel Forces
477:Post-colonial period
51:sedentary lifestyles
2986:The Races of Europe
2914:The Races of Europe
2693:Dominick McCausland
2643:Thomas Henry Huxley
2588:Stanley Marion Garn
2468:Robert Bennett Bean
2196:Historical concepts
1135:Library of Congress
707:Criminal Tribes Act
632:coup d'Ă©tat of 1958
625:. Pakistani author
496:Indian Armed Forces
488:British Indian Army
177:Revolt of Rajab Ali
141:and loyalty to the
2858:Alexander Winchell
2788:Henric Sanielevici
2648:Calvin Ira Kephart
2618:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
2603:Arthur de Gobineau
2503:Alice Mossie Brues
2400:Racial stereotypes
1923:9 May 2017 at the
1038:Dr. Omar Khalidi.
691:Pathans (Pashtuns)
627:Hasan-Askari Rizvi
280:
272:
259:
31:
3116:Military of India
3073:
3072:
3002:The Race Question
2848:John H. Van Evrie
2773:William Z. Ripley
2743:Charles Pickering
2688:Felix von Luschan
2658:Robert E. Kuttner
2558:Charles Davenport
2427:Whiteness studies
2153:Color terminology
2145:Scientific racism
1887:Richard H. Shultz
1705:. Cambridge, MA:
1687:978-81-7824-059-6
1415:978-0-19-579622-3
1300:978-1-78093-820-2
1293:. A&C Black.
1230:10.7312/shul12982
1161:countrystudies.us
1106:978-0-415-94447-2
979:. 1 February 1949
918:978-1-78093-820-2
891:978-1-13681-957-5
855:978-0-7190-6962-8
824:978-81-7648-166-3
516:Defence Secretary
416:Bhumihar Brahmins
253:in France during
159:Winston Churchill
3123:
2881:
2828:Lothrop Stoddard
2823:Morris Steggerda
2798:Ilse Schwidetzky
2793:Heinrich Schmidt
2778:Alfred Rosenberg
2738:Isaac La Peyrère
2543:Carleton S. Coon
2518:Charles Caldwell
2473:François Bernier
2356:in Latin America
2129:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1978:Stephen P. Cohen
1972:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1946:– 18 July 1999,
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1904:19 July 2012 at
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
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1732:
1721:
1720:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1624:The End of India
1619:Singh, Khushwant
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1554:. Roli pvt ltd.
1545:
1539:
1538:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
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1195:
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1153:
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1144:
1138:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:Military Affairs
1068:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
989:
988:
986:
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974:
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959:
949:
943:
942:
932:
923:
922:
902:
896:
895:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
839:
833:
832:
808:
802:
795:
789:
788:
765:
756:
755:
727:
659:Stephen P. Cohen
651:wishful thinking
556:Himachal Pradesh
536:Rajputana Rifles
508:Jawaharlal Nehru
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3008:
2946:Castes in India
2867:
2863:Ludwig Woltmann
2818:Herbert Spencer
2708:Lewis H. Morgan
2678:Cesare Lombroso
2553:Jan Czekanowski
2538:Sonia Mary Cole
2478:Renato Biasutti
2436:
2415:Nazism and race
2334:
2311:Proto-Mongoloid
2190:
2147:
2138:
2133:
2061:The Indian Army
2053:
2023:
2021:Further reading
2018:
2008:
2006:
2005:on 7 March 2009
1997:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1944:Wayback Machine
1935:
1931:
1925:Wayback Machine
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1789:
1779:10.2307/3557805
1767:Pacific Affairs
1759:
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1188:Wayback Machine
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870:
860:
858:
856:
840:
836:
825:
809:
805:
801:, October 1983.
796:
792:
782:
766:
759:
728:
724:
720:
703:
579:
524:Punjab Regiment
510:soon urged the
484:
479:
243:
238:
115:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3129:
3119:
3118:
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3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2916:(Ripley, 1899)
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Giuseppe Sergi
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Gustaf Retzius
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Josiah C. Nott
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Ashley Montagu
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Bertil Lundman
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Earnest Hooton
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:George Gliddon
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Francis Galton
2580:
2575:
2573:Anténor Firmin
2570:
2565:
2563:Joseph Deniker
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Georges Cuvier
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:Racial hygiene
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
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2335:
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2261:
2256:
2251:
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2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
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2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:(3): 713–750.
2065:
2056:
2035:(3): 453–468.
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
1990:
1964:
1952:
1929:
1910:
1891:
1878:
1871:
1853:
1827:
1814:Indian Express
1799:
1773:(4): 529–552.
1753:
1722:
1715:
1693:
1686:
1668:
1661:
1643:
1634:978-0143029946
1633:
1610:
1598:
1591:
1567:
1560:
1540:
1493:
1474:
1467:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1350:
1333:
1326:
1306:
1299:
1279:
1262:
1255:
1235:
1220:
1214:. p. 47.
1196:
1173:
1148:
1139:
1116:
1105:
1085:
1076:
1063:
1027:
990:
961:
944:
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868:
854:
834:
823:
803:
790:
780:
757:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
702:
699:
600:Armoured Corps
578:
575:
490:had come from
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:Mohyal Brahmin
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
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404:
403:
398:
393:
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383:
378:
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333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
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242:
239:
237:
234:
114:
111:
63:catchment area
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
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3081:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Miscegenation
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2987:
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2981:
2979:
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2903:
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2899:
2895:
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2883:
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2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Paul Topinard
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Benjamin Rush
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Alfred Ploetz
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Oscar Peschel
2731:
2729:
2728:Roger Pearson
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:John Mitchell
2696:
2694:
2691:
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2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Carl Linnaeus
2671:
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2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
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2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Julian Huxley
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Ernst Haeckel
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Madison Grant
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Eugen Fischer
2576:
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2549:
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2526:
2524:
2523:Petrus Camper
2521:
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2448:Louis Agassiz
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2279:Mediterranean
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2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1986:0-8157-1502-1
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1906:archive.today
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2508:Halfdan Bryn
2373:in Singapore
2340:Sociological
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2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1993:
1988:pp. 103–104.
1974:
1959:
1955:
1932:
1913:
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90:3rd Brahmans
86:1st Brahmans
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55:
34:Martial race
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27:1st Brahmans
18:
3060:Pre-Adamite
3050:Multiracial
2653:Robert Knox
2463:John Beddoe
2410:Master race
2366:in Colombia
2254:East Baltic
2009:29 February
983:16 February
596:East Bengal
571:Indian Army
548:East Punjab
502:, and were
500:East Punjab
461:Mukkulathor
456:Naga people
255:World War I
143:British Raj
59:Bengal Army
3080:Categories
3055:Polygenism
3045:Monogenism
2763:Otto Reche
2668:Fritz Lenz
2498:Paul Broca
2488:Franz Boas
2458:Erwin Baur
2453:John Baker
2347:By region
2204:Australoid
1846:7 November
1741:The Scroll
861:20 October
718:References
674:Salt Range
181:Chittagong
155:World Wars
40:after the
2432:NĂ©gritude
2361:in Brazil
2306:Mongoloid
2214:Caucasoid
2098:145147406
1820:25 August
1792:25 August
1746:25 August
1535:162319158
1527:1355-5502
1020:25 August
752:144987021
209:Garhwalis
123:seditious
78:Kshatriya
72:) in the
3106:Warriors
3025:Eugenics
2405:Colorism
2351:in India
2259:Ethiopid
2239:Atlantid
2229:Armenoid
2090:24494165
1940:Archived
1921:Archived
1902:Archived
1840:Archived
1621:(2003).
1184:Archived
1166:22 April
1127:Archived
1056:Archived
1015:Mantraya
701:See also
678:Balochis
670:Punjabis
666:Pashtuns
623:Pashtuns
619:Punjabis
607:Bengalis
577:Pakistan
471:Vellalar
446:Marathas
421:Garhwali
386:Rowthers
311:Brahmins
229:turbaned
205:Kumaunis
193:Pashtuns
113:Criteria
82:Brahmins
3013:Related
2441:Writers
2385:Passing
2328:Negrito
2323:Negroid
2294:Turanid
2289:Semites
2264:Hamites
2249:Dinaric
2244:Caspian
2049:2943173
1787:3557805
1049:26 June
682:Sindhis
552:Haryana
544:Rajputs
436:Kumaoni
431:Gurkhas
391:Qureshi
381:Rajputs
351:Khokhar
331:Gurjars
223:Scots,
201:Gurkhas
185:Rajputs
107:Bengali
29:, 1912.
3004:(1950)
2996:(1943)
2980:(1936)
2972:(1930)
2964:(1920)
2956:(1916)
2948:(1916)
2940:(1911)
2932:(1907)
2924:(1899)
2908:(1855)
2900:(1849)
2892:(1785)
2884:(1744)
2395:Racism
2284:Nordic
2274:Iranid
2224:Arabid
2219:Alpine
2209:Capoid
2166:Bronze
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366:Mughal
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356:Labana
346:Kamboh
336:Janjua
321:Gakhar
306:Baloch
221:kilted
214:Hindus
127:traits
70:varnas
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2234:Aryan
2186:White
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2171:Brown
2161:Black
2094:S2CID
2086:JSTOR
2045:JSTOR
1960:India
1783:JSTOR
1531:S2CID
1226:JSTOR
973:(PDF)
748:S2CID
528:Sikhs
482:India
466:Nairs
441:Kurmi
371:Saini
316:Dogra
296:Arain
225:kukri
197:Sikhs
179:from
170:sepoy
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1982:ISBN
1948:Dawn
1867:ISBN
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