335:(the point furthest away from the central axis of the tooth) is closer to the mesioincisal angle on the mesial side while more apical on the distal side. The distal outline of the crown is more convex than the mesial outline, and the distoincisal angle is not as sharp as the mesoincisal angle. After the mammelons are worn away, the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor is straight mesiodistally. The center of the incisal edge curves slightly downward in the center of the tooth. The cervical line, which is seen as the border between the crown and the root of the tooth, is closer to the apex of the root in the center of the tooth. This makes the cervical line appear as a semicircle in shape.
505:
343:
403:
371:
318:
176:, a letter is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For the deciduous teeth, the left and right central incisor would have the same letter, "A", but the right one would have the symbol, "┘", underneath it, while the left one would have, "└". For the permanent teeth, the left and right central incisor would have the same number, "1", but the right one would have the symbol, "┘", underneath it, while the left one would have, "└".
463:
29:
994:
169:, the deciduous maxillary central incisors are designated by a letter written in uppercase. The right deciduous maxillary central incisor is known as "E", and the left one is known as "F". The permanent maxillary central incisors are designated by a number. The right permanent maxillary central incisor is known as "8", and the left one is known as "9".
578:, which is an extra cusp on the lingual surface. Talon cusps range from less than 1% to 6% of the population, and 33% of cases occur on the permanent maxillary central incisor. Deciduous teeth are unlikely to have talon cusps. Also, the permanent maxillary incisors are the most likely teeth to have a
491:
When the teeth are biting down, the maxillary central incisors occlude with the mandibular central and lateral incisors. The contact point of the mandibular teeth is in the lingual fossa of the maxillary central incisor about 4 mm gingivally from the incisal edge. In this position, the maxillary
394:
The crest of curvature for the palatal and labial surfaces is located directly incisally to the cervical line. The labial surface of the crown is convex from the crest of curvature to the incisal edge. The lingual surface of the crown is convex near the cingulum and near the incisal edge, but for the
386:
The mesial view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side closest to where the middle line of the face would be.the mesial axis should be parallel to the midline. The mesial side of the maxillary central incisor shows the crown of the tooth as a triangle with the point at
366:
This side of the tooth tapers in size from the labial side of the tooth. As a result, the mesial and distal sides of the tooth are further away on the labial side than on the lingual side. Furthermore, a cross-section of the tooth at the cervical line would show a general triangle appearance. One of
136:
There are some minor differences between the deciduous maxillary central incisor and that of the permanent maxillary central incisor. The deciduous tooth appears in the mouth at 8–12 months of age and shed at 6–7 years, and is replaced by the permanent tooth around 7–8 years of age. The permanent
427:
The incisal view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side where the incisal edge is located. From this angle, only the crown of the tooth is visible, and overall the tooth looks bilateral. The labial surface appears broad and flat. The lingual surface tapers toward
418:
The distal view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side furthest from where the middle line of the face would be. This side of the tooth is very similar to the mesial side. A greater portion of the tooth surface facing the lips is visible from this view compared to
449:
cingulum. At the level of the cervical line, the shape of the canal is triangular but becomes circular at the middle level of the root. Although the root is generally straight, the most common points of curvature is near the apex, and their direction is more common toward the distal and lingual.
362:
near the cervical line and has a large concavity, called the lingual fossa. Along the mesial and distal sides are slightly raised portions called marginal ridges. The lingual incisal edge is also raised slightly to the level of the marginal ridges. The lingual fossa is bordered incisally by the
297:
The permanent maxillary central incisor is the widest tooth mesiodistally in comparison to any other anterior tooth. It is larger than the neighboring lateral incisor and is usually not as convex on its labial surface. As a result, the central incisor appears to be more rectangular or square in
250:
The overall length of the deciduous maxillary central incisor is 16 mm on average, with the crown being 6 mm and the root being 10 mm. In comparison to the permanent maxillary central incisor, the ratio of the root length to the crown length is greater in the deciduous tooth. The
448:
treatment can be effective. There frequently are three pulp horns in this tooth. In nearly all maxillary central incisors, there is one canal with one apex. During root canal therapy, access into the pulp is frequently located centrally on the lingual surface between the incisal edge and the
483:
As with all max anterior teeth, the central incisors are usually located facially to the mandibular teeth when the mouth is closed. In instances when the maxillary anterior teeth are lingual to the mandibular teeth, the condition is referred to as an anterior crossbite. In some cases, this
475:. In usually preferred and healthy states, the central incisors touch in the incisal third of the teeth. On the other hand, the contact between the central incisor and the lateral incisor is nearer the gingiva at the location between the incisal and middle thirds of the tooth's crown.
241:
The permanent maxillary central incisor begins to undergo mineralization when a child is 3–4 months of age. The crown of the tooth is completed at around 4–5 years of age and erupts into the mouth at 7–8 years of age. The root completes its formation when the child is 10 years old.
183:
has a different system of numbering system from the previous two. Thus, the right deciduous maxillary central incisor is known as "51", and the left one is known as "61". For the permanent maxillary central incisor, the right one is known as "11", and the left one is known as "21".
338:
From this view, the root is blunt and cone-shaped. Although there is a large amount of variation between people, the length of the root is usually 2–3 mm longer than the length of the crown. Large curvatures of the root are usually not seen in this tooth.
492:
incisors cover nearly half of the mandibular incisors' crowns. When the maxillary and mandibular incisors do not contact even when the mouth is fully closed, an anterior open bite occurs. This misalignment of teeth may result from some habits, such as
543:
and are rotated slightly inward. It is also common to see signs of attrition, which is wear over time from other tooth contact. The lingual of maxillary incisors and the facial of mandibular incisors are the most common places for attrition to occur.
398:
More than any other tooth in the mouth, the cervical line from this view curves tremendously toward the incisal. In an average crown length of 10.5 to 11 mm, the curvature of the cervical line in a maxillary central incisor is 3 to 4 mm.
305:
Generally, there are gender differences in the appearance of this tooth. In males, the size of the maxillary central incisor is larger usually than in females. Gender differences in enamel thickness and dentin width are low. Age differences in the
330:
The labial view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side where the lips would be. The mesial outline of the tooth is straight or slightly convex, whereas the distal outline is much more convex. Consequently, the
470:
Contact with adjacent teeth in the same arch is referred to as interproximal contacts. The maxillary central incisors are one of only two types of teeth which has an interproximal contact with itself. The other type of teeth is the
363:
lingual incisal edge, mesially by the mesial marginal ridge, distally by the distal marginal ridge, and cervically by the cingulum. Developmental grooves are found on the cingulum and lying into the lingual fossa.
387:
the incisal edge and the base at the cervix. The root appears cone shaped with a blunt apex. Unlike most other teeth, a line drawn through the center of the incisal edge will also cross through the center of the
918:
Summit, James B., J. William
Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001. P. 62.
41:
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from the upper lip extending near the teeth. Treatment depends upon the cause and extent of the gap. Periodontal surgery may be required to reduce the frenum. A small space may be corrected with a
358:
The palatal view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side where the tongue would be. The palatal side of the maxillary central incisor has a small convexity, called a
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shape. The mesial incisal angle is sharper than the distal incisal angle. When this tooth is newly erupted into the mouth, the incisal edges have three rounded features called
289:
The root of this tooth is cone-shaped with a rounded apex. Most of the surfaces are smooth, but the mesial surface of the root may have a developmental groove or a concavity.
238:
into the mouth at around 10 months of age, making these teeth usually the second type of teeth to appear. The root completes its formation when the child is 1.5 years old.
539:
that derive their name from the deeper-than-normal lingual fossa and prominent marginal ridges of the teeth. When seen from lingual view, the tooth is said to resemble a
428:
the cingulum. The distance between the mesioincisal angle to the cingulum is slightly longer than the distance between the distoincisal angle to the cingulum.
61:
496:. On the other hand, when the contact of the mandibular incisors to the maxillary incisors is near or completely on the gingiva, a deep bite occurs.
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the mesial view because the labial surface tilts distally and lingually. Also, the cervical line curves less in comparison to the mesial view.
230:
The deciduous maxillary central incisor begins to undergo mineralization 14 weeks in utero, and at birth 5/6ths of the enamel is formed. The
589:, which can cause a notch to form on the incisal edges of these teeth. These teeth, sometimes described as screwdriver-shaped, are called "
367:
the triangle's sides would be the facial surface, and the other two sides would be the mesial side and the slightly shorter distal side.
727:
484:
arrangement of teeth may indicate a displacement of the mandible relative to the maxilla and is called Class III or Pseudo-Class III
803:
1128:
314:
occurring throughout life. Thus, younger individuals have a greater gingival incisal length of the teeth than older individuals.
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are the only other type of teeth to do so. The position of these teeth may determine the existence of an open bite or
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698:
Huszár G (1989). "The role of the life and works of Adolf
Zsigmondy and Ottó Zsigmondy in the history of dentistry".
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surfaces, the cervical line curves incisally, which is also seen in the permanent maxillary central incisor.
56:
547:
When space exists between the contacts of the maxillary central incisors, the condition is referred to as a
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149:. As with all teeth, variations of size, shape, and color exist among people. Systemic disease, such as
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is the location of the nerve and blood supply of a tooth. In the deciduous maxillary central incisor,
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than it is wide. The maxillary central incisors contact each other at the midline of the face. The
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a great length and is large enough to create small fossa on either side of it. Depicted by the
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The marginal ridges and the cingulum of the tooth are well-developed. The cingulum reaches
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The maxillary incisors, both the central and lateral, are the most likely teeth to have a
8:
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1092:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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ridge or incisal edge. Formation of these teeth begins at 14 weeks in utero for the
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219:. As in all cases of tooth development, the first hard tissue to begin forming is
118:
810:, hosted by the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), accessed on June 8, 2006.
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or "gap tooth." One frequent cause of the space is the presence of a large labial
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length of maxillary central incisors are seen and are attributed to normal
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treatment is less frequent. In the permanent maxillary central incisor,
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Maxillary central incisors of permanent and primary teeth marked in red.
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All incisors have the potential to be affected by a case of congenital
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204:
302:. Mammelons disappear with time as the enamel wears away by friction.
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978:, hosted on the Mayo Clinic website. Page accessed January 21, 2007.
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line is the border between the root and crown of a tooth. On the
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most part is concave along the surface between those two areas.
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259:, which makes the tooth appear wider rather than taller from a
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The five different lingual views of maxillary central incisor
866:
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751:, 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 102.
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For more information on general tooth development, see
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of the tooth is completed 1.5 months after birth and
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Oral
Histology: Development, Structure, and Function
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679:
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658:
ADA.org: Oral Health Topics: Tooth
Numbering Systems
1012:
Wheeler's Dental
Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion
769:
767:
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203:which eventually form a tooth are derived from the
1009:
391:. This also occurs in maxillary lateral incisors.
674:
1515:
762:
1122:
897:Walton, Richard E. and Mahmoud Torabinejad.
893:
891:
101:(closer to the midline of the face) to the
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1115:
1008:Ash, Major M.; Nelson, Stanley J. (2003).
796:
794:
488:. Normal occlusion is Class I occlusion.
39:
27:
1007:
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129:(baby) set and 3–4 months of age for the
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117:(chewing). There is typically a single
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899:Principles and Practice of Endodontics
741:
738:website. Page accessed April 1, 2007.
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671:website. Page accessed April 1, 2007.
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153:, may affect the appearance of teeth.
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813:
773:
582:, which is a sharp curve on a tooth.
1393:
452:
181:FDI World Dental Federation notation
597:, which also includes interstitial
515:, a genetic variation occurring in
13:
1136:
1052:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
227:appearing immediately afterwards.
14:
1540:
161:Dentistry has several systems of
992:
1054:(2nd ed.). W.B. Saunders.
1016:(8th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
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1:
901:. 3rd edition. 2002. p. 562.
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567:. Larger spaces may require
527:retained from an indigenous
499:
478:
167:universal system of notation
7:
1069:Okeson, Jeffrey P. (2003).
801:The Permanent Incisor Teeth
736:FDI World dental Federation
669:American Dental association
523:populations, is possibly a
473:mandibular central incisors
255:is greater than the length
156:
143:mandibular central incisors
93:in the front upper jaw, or
10:
1545:
1157:Universal Numbering System
1088:Scheid, Rickne C. (2012).
1035:(8th ed.). Elsevier.
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593:." They serve as part of
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165:to identify teeth. In the
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1050:Neville, Brad W. (2002).
1033:Ten Cate's oral histology
535:. Among its features are
121:on each tooth, called an
103:maxillary lateral incisor
87:maxillary central incisor
67:
55:
50:
38:
33:Maxillary central incisor
26:
22:Maxillary central incisor
21:
1090:Woelfel's dental anatomy
137:tooth is larger and is
109:, their function is for
1073:(5th ed.). Mosby.
1031:Nanci, Antonio (2013).
976:Syphilis: Complications
533:Homo Erectus Pekinensis
531:archaic human ancestor
113:or cutting food during
1463:Dental-enamel junction
1453:Cementoenamel junction
1415:Zuckerkandl's tubercle
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537:shovel-shaped incisors
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458:Interproximal contacts
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350:
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272:cementoenamel junction
251:diameter of the crown
69:Anatomical terminology
1152:Glossary of dentistry
883:Ash & Nelson 2003
871:Ash & Nelson 2003
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209:first branchial arch
1529:Human mouth anatomy
466:Close up front view
333:height of curvature
293:Permanent dentition
246:Deciduous dentition
830:2006-05-20 at the
825:Maxillary Incisors
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1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
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1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1080:0-323-01477-1
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:0-7216-9003-3
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1042:9780323096300
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1023:0-7216-9382-2
1019:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1001:
990:
977:
972:
966:, p. 86.
965:
960:
954:, p. 78.
953:
948:
942:, p. 83.
941:
936:
934:
926:
925:0-86715-382-2
922:
915:
908:
907:0-7216-9160-9
904:
900:
894:
892:
884:
879:
872:
867:
865:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
829:
826:
821:
819:
817:
809:
805:
802:
797:
795:
788:, p. 75.
787:
782:
775:
770:
768:
766:
758:
757:0-8151-2952-1
754:
750:
744:
737:
733:
729:
726:
721:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
687:
682:
680:
678:
670:
666:
662:
659:
654:
648:, p. 54.
647:
642:
640:
633:, p. 45.
632:
627:
625:
620:
612:
610:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
497:
495:
494:thumb-sucking
489:
487:
476:
474:
464:
450:
447:
443:
439:
429:
420:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
319:
315:
313:
309:
303:
301:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
253:mesiodistally
243:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
195:
185:
182:
177:
175:
170:
168:
164:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
76:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
49:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1367:Second molar
1280:Second molar
1227:
1145:Nomenclature
1089:
1070:
1051:
1032:
1011:
971:
964:Neville 2002
959:
952:Neville 2002
947:
914:
898:
878:
851:
839:
781:
748:
743:
720:
703:
699:
693:
653:
584:
580:dilaceration
573:
569:orthodontics
546:
511:
490:
486:malocclusion
482:
469:
435:
432:Pulp anatomy
426:
423:Incisal view
417:
397:
393:
385:
365:
357:
354:Palatal view
337:
329:
304:
296:
288:
265:
249:
240:
229:
217:neural crest
198:
178:
171:
160:
135:
86:
84:
1372:Third molar
1362:First molar
1285:Third molar
1275:First molar
940:Okeson 2003
686:Scheid 2012
414:Distal view
382:Mesial view
326:Labial view
321:Labial view
263:viewpoint.
188:Development
115:mastication
91:human tooth
51:Identifiers
1518:Categories
1433:Root canal
1299:Mandibular
774:Nanci 2013
615:References
576:talon cusp
529:East Asian
521:East Asian
446:root canal
442:endodontic
1212:Maxillary
1202:Deciduous
1175:Permanent
700:Fogorv Sz
599:keratitis
519:and some
513:Sinodonty
500:Variation
479:Occlusion
389:root apex
312:attrition
300:mammelons
268:incisally
131:permanent
127:deciduous
1334:Premolar
1247:Premolar
1190:premolar
828:Archived
804:Archived
728:Archived
661:Archived
609:deafness
587:syphilis
549:diastema
360:cingulum
276:cervical
211:and the
205:ectoderm
163:notation
157:Notation
151:syphilis
147:diastema
111:shearing
107:incisors
1486:Mamelon
1308:Incisor
1221:Incisor
1180:incisor
986:Sources
712:2689240
557:filling
347:Lingual
223:, with
215:of the
207:of the
172:In the
123:incisal
95:maxilla
1468:Dentin
1458:Enamel
1325:Canine
1238:Canine
1185:canine
1096:
1077:
1058:
1039:
1020:
923:
905:
755:
710:
603:eighth
561:veneer
553:frenum
541:shovel
407:Distal
375:Mesial
284:distal
280:mesial
274:, the
261:labial
236:erupts
225:enamel
221:dentin
139:longer
99:mesial
62:290180
1395:Crown
1386:Parts
1355:Molar
1301:teeth
1268:Molar
1214:teeth
1195:molar
1167:Teeth
606:nerve
565:crown
563:, or
525:trait
232:crown
201:cells
133:set.
89:is a
73:[
16:Tooth
1428:Pulp
1403:Cusp
1094:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1018:ISBN
921:ISBN
903:ISBN
753:ISBN
708:PMID
601:and
438:pulp
436:The
409:view
377:view
349:view
282:and
179:The
119:cusp
85:The
57:FMA
1520::
932:^
890:^
863:^
815:^
793:^
764:^
704:82
702:.
676:^
638:^
623:^
611:.
571:.
559:,
1130:e
1123:t
1116:v
1102:.
1083:.
1064:.
1045:.
1026:.
927:.
909:.
776:.
759:.
714:.
688:.
196:.
77:]
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