1611:
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732:
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25:
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in the 14th, 15th or 16th century, depending on country). The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works. Just as in modern literature, it is a complex and rich field of study, from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane, touching all points in between.
1525:
is so prominent in this period as to deserve special mention. Much of medieval literature relied on allegory to convey the morals the author had in mind while writingârepresentations of abstract qualities, events, and institutions are thick in much of the literature of this time. Probably the
1432:
While it is true that women in the medieval period were never accorded full equality with men, some women were able to use their skill with the written word to gain renown. Religious writing was the easiest avenue—women who would later be canonized as
1374:
Travel literature was highly popular in the Middle Ages, as fantastic accounts of far-off lands (frequently embellished or entirely false) entertained a society that supported sea voyages and trading along coasts and rivers, as well as
1472:
provide insight into a part of the medieval experience less comfortable for the institutions that ruled Europe at the time. Women wrote influential texts in the secular realm as well—reflections on courtly love and society by
1496:, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Lady Margaret Beaufort may also have completed translations as a testament to her piety, as Bishop Father John Fisher noted in a sermon dedicated to her after her death.
2805:
1845:
2773:
Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the âRise of the Westâ: Manuscripts and
Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",
1503:
explores literacy and literature in terms of women in medieval society. The book has been reviewed as "a radical reassessment of women's contribution to medieval literary culture."
997:
instead. From this point of view, the names of the individual authors seemed much less important, and therefore many important works were never attributed to any specific person.
991:
and tended to re-tell and embellish stories they had heard or read rather than invent new stories. And even when they did, they often claimed to be handing down something from an
1094:(four-line stanzas of satiric verse) was an art form used by some clerics to express dissent. The only widespread religious writing that was not produced by clerics were the
293:
2806:
Medieval and
Renaissance manuscripts, Vulgates, Books of Hours, Medicinal Texts and more, 12 - 17th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
2752:
1799:
3107:
760:
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1949:
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A recent study has concluded that only about 68 percent of all medieval works have survived to the present day, including fewer than 40 percent of
1460:
Frequently, however, the religious perspectives of women were held to be unorthodox by those in power, and the mystical visions of such authors as
1163:
literature in this period was not produced in equal quantity as religious literature. The earliest tales are based on oral traditions: the
British
1025:
and paraliturgical). The liturgy itself was not in fixed form, and numerous competing missals set out individual conceptions of the order of the
2499:
444:
3122:
844:, and since the Church was virtually the only source of education. This was the case even in some parts of Europe that were never Romanized.
3199:
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clerics were the intellectual center of society in the Middle Ages, and it is their literature that was produced in the greatest quantity.
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753:
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Some women were patrons of books and owners of significant book collections. Female book collectors in the fifteenth century included
89:
61:
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treatises, often attempting to reconcile the teachings of the Greek and Roman pagan authors with the doctrines of the Church.
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2684:
746:
2836:
2712:
68:
42:
2447:
3533:
3508:
3448:
2744:
1919:
3624:
2265:
1941:
1747:
557:
2402:
502:
3667:
3629:
3159:
3046:
1485:
1371:
rebels of 12th and 13th centuries, who were church trained clerics unable or unwilling to be employed in the church.
1102:
re-enactments of a single
Biblical scene, each mystery play became its village's expression of the key events in the
1053:, or "lives of the saints", were also frequently written, as an encouragement to the devout and a warning to others.
108:
75:
1110:, and mystery plays would be performed regularly on set feast-days, often lasting all day long and into the night.
785:
3127:
2829:
2462:
2422:
2367:
2184:
1489:
57:
3751:
3493:
3433:
3405:
3164:
2242:
1959:
1665:
908:
46:
2727:
1189:. They relate to myths or certain 6th-century events, but the surviving manuscripts date from centuries laterâ
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3579:
3410:
2442:
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tradition. The songs of courtly love often express unrequited longing for an ideal woman, but there are also
1230:
1226:(Germanic), elite professionals attached to royal or noble courts to praise the heroes of legendary history.
1010:
Theological works were the dominant form of literature typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages.
378:
3746:
1659:
1548:
396:
532:
527:
517:
3589:
2519:
2509:
1930:
1537:
1512:
343:
975:. This is not only due to the lack of documents from a period, but also due to an interpretation of the
3680:
3584:
3574:
3538:
3380:
3282:
3002:
2974:
2936:
2918:
2900:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2562:
2452:
2437:
2427:
2114:
1856:
1138:
720:
715:
696:
691:
675:
670:
665:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
547:
253:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
2372:
373:
3756:
3307:
3070:
2629:
2552:
2524:
2472:
2417:
2001:
1742:
1698:
1676:
607:
468:
151:
3558:
2852:
2397:
2303:
1438:
404:
368:
2230:
1610:
439:
434:
335:
3262:
3232:
2362:
1654:
856:
705:
655:
409:
82:
35:
3619:
3375:
3149:
2992:
2412:
2281:
2098:
2058:
1850:
1493:
1465:
1437:
frequently published their reflections, revelations, and prayers. Much of what is known about
1396:
1317:
Following the earliest epic poems, prose tales, and romances, more long poems were craftedâthe
948:
542:
244:
143:
132:
bound in wood and leather with brass plaques worked the corners and in the center, with clasps.
121:
3438:
3330:
3287:
2504:
1989:
1687:
833:
552:
487:
309:
2343:
3657:
3599:
3395:
3302:
3272:
3257:
3063:
2567:
2489:
2457:
2387:
2309:
2092:
2016:
1965:
1731:
1149:
1030:
952:
875:
852:
567:
492:
363:
353:
324:
175:
8:
3543:
3523:
3468:
3400:
3312:
3179:
2954:
2514:
2165:
2138:
1542:
1469:
1417:
1291:
1063:
984:
864:
602:
537:
512:
507:
482:
454:
383:
348:
929:) poets, there is no doubt that they are based on their peoples' older oral traditions.
3730:
3647:
3483:
3458:
3360:
3237:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3112:
3020:
3015:
2987:
2597:
2572:
2494:
2484:
2467:
2213:
2208:
2196:
1907:
1804:
1779:
1770:
1670:
1595:
1478:
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1325:
884:
597:
522:
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reached such popularity that, in its time, it was reportedly read more often than the
562:
3694:
3643:
3385:
3355:
3345:
3335:
3252:
3242:
3227:
3094:
3025:
3010:
2708:
2707:
Green, D.H. "Women
Readers of the Middle Ages". Cambridge University Press, England.
2690:
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2075:
1810:
1681:
1647:
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1238:
1071:
983:
interpretation of the term in use today. Medieval authors often deeply respected the
917:
814:
736:
592:
497:
477:
459:
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269:
203:
193:
170:
2041:
1038:
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3214:
3132:
3102:
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2821:
2577:
2407:
2332:
2314:
2259:
2247:
2219:
2153:
2133:
2069:
1994:
1884:
1871:
1793:
1753:
1736:
1579:
1405:
1400:
1358:
1330:
1319:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1091:
818:
582:
429:
424:
165:
1347:
tradition concerns adventures about marvels, love, and chivalry. They tell of the
1252:, a collection of disconnected prose tales, which does, however, include both the
3614:
3528:
3498:
3222:
3139:
2982:
2959:
2731:
2537:
2432:
2270:
2254:
1935:
1924:
1819:
1785:
1591:
1587:
1560:
1518:
1474:
1446:
1335:
1283:
1171:
938:
904:
899:
810:
806:
572:
414:
358:
1499:
For modern historical reflection, D.H. Green's (2007) historical work entitled,
3518:
3463:
3417:
3370:
3350:
3194:
3117:
2607:
2592:
2542:
2224:
2189:
2028:
1790:
1709:
1637:
1599:
1583:
1392:
1352:
1303:
1236:
about princely families, notably anti-war in theme, and the romantic adventure
1184:
1122:
1099:
1034:
1026:
988:
895:
889:
860:
848:
841:
837:
793:
Works of literature are often grouped by place of origin, language, and genre.
388:
160:
1078:
followers frequently wrote poetry themselves as an expression of their piety.
3740:
3706:
3277:
3030:
2869:
2694:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2064:
2021:
1865:
1720:
1703:
1566:
1554:
1421:
1363:
1340:
1058:
828:
In
Western Europe, Latin was the common language for medieval writing, since
2800:
776:
is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in
3725:
3443:
3340:
3144:
2949:
2944:
2587:
2327:
2142:
1878:
1825:
1640:
1626:
1528:
1323:
of the late 11th and early 12th centuries. These extolled conquests, as in
1271:
1095:
1086:
3594:
3297:
3204:
3086:
2126:
1388:
1307:
1050:
980:
922:
789:
781:
1279:
3169:
3055:
2926:
2908:
2874:
2320:
2172:
2087:
2010:
1977:
1833:
1384:
1376:
1275:
1248:
1165:
1118:
1075:
1046:
943:
934:
913:
871:
3478:
3247:
1765:
1692:
1380:
1080:
972:
926:
2810:
2292:
1117:
population of Europe also produced a number of outstanding writers.
921:, are well known to this day. Although the extant versions of these
24:
3513:
3390:
3267:
2795:
2053:
1522:
1042:
1011:
802:
3154:
2557:
2298:
2287:
2276:
2235:
2178:
2160:
2046:
2034:
1970:
1838:
1758:
1714:
1632:
1621:
1368:
1177:
1160:
1022:
960:
879:
419:
3701:
1090:
are two of the most powerful Latin poems on religious subjects.
2890:
2201:
2107:
1912:
1481:
continue to be studied for their glimpses of medieval society.
1413:
1311:
1134:
1130:
993:
976:
822:
777:
577:
2148:
2080:
1982:
1434:
1126:
1107:
1103:
1067:
829:
129:
951:. Another host of vernacular literature has survived in the
1901:
1725:
1614:
Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies
1222:
1216:
1018:
956:
930:
1137:, are two of the best-known and most influential of these
2815:
2790:
1442:
1260:.) These works were compiled from earlier oral tradition
1114:
1106:. The text of these plays was often controlled by local
2777:, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409â445 (416, table 1)
1214:
from the 13th century. The makers and performers were
925:
are generally considered the works of individual (but
801:
Outside of Europe, medieval literature was written in
3678:
1956:
Book of the
Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio
1950:
Libro de los ejemplos del conde
Lucanor y de Patronio
2851:
1229:
Prose tales first emerged in
Britain: the intricate
1605:
1424:, both of whom were also renowned religious poets.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2811:Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature
1361:threads throughout the period from the very early
1274:" became fashionable in Europe. Traveling singersâ
870:In Europe the common people used their respective
1314:(dawn farewells by lovers) and humorous ditties.
3738:
1898:The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1876:
1409:became popular at the end of the 14th century.
1526:earliest and most influential allegory is the
3071:
2837:
2796:The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies
2791:The Medieval and Classical Literature Library
2745:"How Much Medieval Literature Has Been Lost?"
2674:
1947:
754:
287:
2725:" Women Readers in the Middle Ages (review)"
2026:
1517:While medieval literature makes use of many
1209:
1182:
887:
2170:
1889:
1863:
979:'s role that differs considerably from the
971:A notable amount of medieval literature is
3078:
3064:
2844:
2830:
1860:, 12th-century work on Old Norse phonology
784:(that is, the one thousand years from the
761:
747:
294:
280:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3085:
2801:The Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project
2742:
2355:
1609:
1282:âmade a living from their love songs in
1270:At about the same time a new poetry of "
1148:
120:
1590:works, and more than three quarters of
1540:. Other important examples include the
1416:secular poetry in the Middle Ages were
3739:
2478:Latin translations of the 12th century
1892:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
3059:
2825:
1829:, the first extended work in Yiddish.
1427:
2677:Middle-aged Women in the Middle Ages
2350:
1021:survive from this time period (both
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3663:
3108:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1000:
788:ca. AD 500 to the beginning of the
13:
3200:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
2266:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
1942:The Letters of Abelard and Heloise
14:
3768:
3630:Historiography in the Middle Ages
2784:
2755:from the original on 8 March 2022
2743:Bushwick, Sophie (8 March 2022).
1486:Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk
16:Literary works of the Middle Ages
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3042:
3041:
1920:The Knight in the Panther's Skin
1846:Das flieĂende Licht der Gottheit
1606:Notable literature of the period
1501:Women Readers of the Middle Ages
933:traditions have survived in the
867:the dominant written languages.
786:fall of the Western Roman Empire
730:
263:
23:
3128:Christianity in the Middle Ages
3123:Decline of Hellenistic religion
2775:The Journal of Economic History
2423:Early English Jewish literature
2408:Old and Middle Dutch literature
2185:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1573:
1490:Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
34:needs additional citations for
3406:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
2818:at the Icelandic Saga Database
2767:
2736:
2717:
2701:
2668:
2505:Medieval Portuguese literature
1960:Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
1666:The Book of the City of Ladies
1412:The most prominent authors of
1367:(10th-century Britain) to the
1029:. Religious scholars such as
874:. A few examples, such as the
825:, among many other languages.
1:
3580:Disability in the Middle Ages
3253:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
3185:Rise of the Venetian Republic
2661:
2443:Middle High German literature
2393:Medieval Bulgarian literature
2339:Yvain: The Knight of the Lion
1261:
1202:
1197:from the early 14th century,
1074:was a prolific poet, and his
955:and more specifically in the
2623:
2515:Medieval Scottish literature
2448:Medieval Georgian literature
2403:Medieval Croatian literature
2373:Medieval Armenian literature
1582:works, around 50 percent of
1306:. Germanic culture had its
1193:from the late 13th century,
1113:During the Middle Ages, the
1005:
966:
796:
7:
2675:Niebrzydowski, Sue (2011).
2531:
2520:Medieval Spanish literature
2510:Medieval Serbian literature
2500:Medieval Persian literature
2468:Medieval Italian literature
2398:Medieval Catalan literature
2378:Medieval Bosnian literature
2368:Classical Arabic literature
2243:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2104:The Quest of the Holy Grail
1931:The Lais of Marie de France
1538:Aurelius Clemens Prudentius
1513:Allegory in the Middle Ages
1506:
1441:is known from the works of
10:
3773:
3381:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
2856:writers of the Middle Ages
2816:Medieval Nordic Literature
2679:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
2656:14th century in literature
2651:13th century in literature
2646:12th century in literature
2641:11th century in literature
2636:10th century in literature
2563:Medieval travel literature
2453:Medieval Hebrew literature
2438:Old High German literature
2428:Medieval French literature
2115:Revelations of Divine Love
1857:First Grammatical Treatise
1510:
1175:, along with the Germanic
1144:
3638:
3567:
3426:
3321:
3308:Mongol invasion of Europe
3213:
3093:
3039:
3001:
2973:
2935:
2917:
2899:
2883:
2862:
2630:Early Medieval literature
2525:Medieval Welsh literature
2473:Medieval Latin literature
2463:Medieval Irish literature
2418:Middle English literature
2007:The Travels of Marco Polo
1743:Consolation of Philosophy
1699:The Book of Margery Kempe
1677:Book of the Civilized Man
2304:Gottfried von Strassburg
1439:women in the Middle Ages
1379:to such destinations as
1343:). The rather different
1098:: growing out of simple
832:was the language of the
126:Statuta Mutine Reformata
3263:Investiture Controversy
3233:Second Bulgarian Empire
2363:Anglo-Norman literature
1655:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1246:is not the same as the
909:Tale of Igor's Campaign
857:Eastern Orthodox Church
851:, the influence of the
128:, 1420â1485; parchment
3620:Post-classical history
3376:Fall of Constantinople
3283:CapetâPlantagenet feud
3150:First Bulgarian Empire
2993:Mechthild of Magdeburg
2632:(6th to 9th centuries)
2413:Old English literature
2171:
2099:Queste del Saint Graal
2059:Wolfram von Eschenbach
2027:
1948:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:Mechthild of Magdeburg
1615:
1494:Lady Margaret Beaufort
1466:Mechthild of Magdeburg
1397:Santiago de Compostela
1210:
1183:
1157:
888:
780:and beyond during the
133:
3752:History of literature
2383:Old Breton literature
2356:By region or language
1990:Metrical Dindshenchas
1800:The Diseases of Women
1688:The Book of Good Love
1613:
1231:Four Branches of the
1152:
834:Roman Catholic Church
737:Literature portal
310:History of literature
270:Literature portal
124:
58:"Medieval literature"
3600:Medieval reenactment
3396:Renaissance Humanism
3303:Medieval Warm Period
3273:Republic of Florence
3087:European Middle Ages
2568:Arthurian literature
2490:Old Norse literature
2458:Icelandic literature
2388:Byzantine literature
2310:Troilus and Criseyde
2093:Anselm of Canterbury
1966:Ludus de Antichristo
1732:The Canterbury Tales
1220:(British/Welsh) and
1031:Anselm of Canterbury
953:Old Norse literature
853:Eastern Roman Empire
245:European Renaissance
43:improve this article
3747:Medieval literature
3313:Kingdom of Portugal
3180:Old Church Slavonic
3165:Anglo-Saxon England
2955:Hildegard of Bingen
2749:Scientific American
2282:Thomas d'Angleterre
2209:Spiritual Exercises
2166:Hildegard of Bingen
2139:Guillaume de Lorris
1543:Romance of the Rose
1470:Hildegard of Bingen
1418:Solomon ibn Gabirol
1292:Galician-Portuguese
1064:Jacobus de Voragine
865:Old Church Slavonic
774:Medieval literature
538:Old Church Slavonic
528:Maharashtri Prakrit
3494:In popular culture
3459:Crusading movement
3331:Hundred Years' War
3190:Civitas Schinesghe
3175:Carolingian Empire
3160:Kingdom of Croatia
3113:Barbarian kingdoms
3021:Christine de Pizan
3016:Catherine of Siena
2988:Gertrude the Great
2730:2016-03-05 at the
2723:McDonald, Nicola.
2598:Alliterative verse
2573:Alexander romances
2553:Medieval mysticism
2495:Pahlavi literature
2485:Occitan literature
2344:Chrétien de Troyes
2214:Gertrude the Great
2197:The Song of Roland
1908:Holy Cross Sermons
1811:La divina commedia
1805:Trotula of Salerno
1780:Catherine of Siena
1771:Giovanni Boccaccio
1671:Christine de Pizan
1616:
1479:Christine de Pizan
1455:Catherine of Siena
1428:Women's literature
1326:The Song of Roland
1158:
1153:The first page of
885:Middle High German
836:, which dominated
533:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
134:
3676:
3675:
3585:Basic topics list
3386:Swiss mercenaries
3336:Wars of the Roses
3243:Kingdom of Poland
3228:Holy Roman Empire
3095:Early Middle Ages
3053:
3052:
3026:Julian of Norwich
3011:Bridget of Sweden
2686:978-1-84615-793-6
2583:Chivalric romance
2548:Medieval allegory
2351:Specific articles
2120:Julian of Norwich
2017:Le Morte d'Arthur
1900:), the Venerable
1816:The Divine Comedy
1682:Daniel of Beccles
1462:Julian of Norwich
1451:Bridget of Sweden
1349:Matter of Britain
1345:chivalric romance
1320:chansons de geste
1258:Culhwch and Olwen
1239:Culhwch and Olwen
1072:Francis of Assisi
918:Chanson de Roland
771:
770:
684:Modern by century
425:Classical Chinese
304:
303:
171:Matter of Britain
119:
118:
111:
93:
3764:
3757:Medieval culture
3729:
3728:
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3605:Medieval studies
3449:Church and State
3323:Late Middle Ages
3215:High Middle Ages
3133:Christianization
3103:Migration Period
3080:
3073:
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2965:Trota of Salerno
2846:
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2740:
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2713:978-0-52187-9422
2705:
2699:
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2578:Chanson de geste
2333:Snorri Sturluson
2315:Geoffrey Chaucer
2260:Joanot Martorell
2231:TĂĄin BĂł CĂșailnge
2220:Summa Theologiae
2176:
2134:Roman de la Rose
2070:William Langland
2032:
1953:
1895:
1885:Snorri Sturluson
1882:
1872:Saxo Grammaticus
1869:
1754:David of Sassoun
1737:Geoffrey Chaucer
1519:literary devices
1406:Canterbury Tales
1401:Geoffrey Chaucer
1359:Political poetry
1331:Matter of France
1266:
1263:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1188:
1092:Goliardic poetry
1001:Types of writing
987:writers and the
949:Arthurian cycles
893:
763:
756:
749:
735:
734:
733:
503:Gandhari Prakrit
344:Ancient Egyptian
315:
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289:
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166:Matter of France
136:
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114:
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3689:
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3634:
3615:Neo-medievalism
3563:
3499:Itinerant court
3422:
3317:
3238:Georgian Empire
3223:Norman Conquest
3209:
3155:Frankish Empire
3089:
3084:
3054:
3049:
3035:
2997:
2983:Clare of Assisi
2969:
2960:Marie de France
2931:
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2895:
2879:
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2732:Wayback Machine
2722:
2718:
2706:
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2687:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2626:
2538:Medieval poetry
2534:
2529:
2433:Sicilian School
2358:
2353:
2348:
2271:John Mandeville
2255:Tirant lo Blanc
2076:Poem of the Cid
1997:onomastic poems
1936:Marie de France
1925:Shota Rustaveli
1820:Dante Alighieri
1786:Digenis Acritas
1608:
1576:
1561:Roman de Fauvel
1534:Battle of Souls
1515:
1509:
1475:Marie de France
1447:Clare of Assisi
1430:
1336:Digenis Acritas
1264:
1205:
1172:Preiddeu Annwfn
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1003:
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939:Marie de France
905:Old East Slavic
900:Digenis Acritas
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493:Byzantine Greek
430:Classical Latin
415:Ancient Prakrit
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1353:Matter of Rome
1211:Nibelungenlied
1195:Preiddu Annwfn
1185:Nibelungenlied
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1123:Cordoba, Spain
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1039:Pierre Abélard
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32:This article
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3439:Architecture
3411:Great Famine
3401:Universities
3341:Hussite Wars
3258:Great Schism
3145:Papal States
3003:14th century
2975:13th century
2945:Anna Komnene
2937:12th century
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2757:. Retrieved
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2588:Eddic poetry
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1855:
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1826:Dukus Horant
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3731:Middle Ages
3668:WikiProject
3595:Medievalism
3434:Agriculture
3298:Manorialism
3293:Communalism
3288:Monasticism
3205:Reconquista
3195:Kievan Rus'
2884:9th century
2863:8th century
2127:Perceforest
2042:NjĂĄl's saga
1641:Anglo-Saxon
1393:St. David's
1389:Glastonbury
1377:pilgrimages
1308:MinnesÀnger
1276:troubadours
1265: 1100
1206: 1000
1043:theological
876:Old English
872:vernaculars
790:Renaissance
782:Middle Ages
543:Old English
445:Old Persian
144:Renaissance
3741:Categories
3695:Literature
3590:Land terms
3544:Technology
3524:Philosophy
3504:Literature
3469:Demography
3170:Viking Age
2909:Hrotsvitha
2875:Sahakdukht
2662:References
2321:Waltharius
2173:Sic et Non
2088:Proslogium
2011:Marco Polo
2002:Il milione
1981:, various
1978:Mabinogion
1837:, various
1834:Elder Edda
1564:, and the
1399:in Spain.
1385:Canterbury
1249:Mabinogion
1208:, and the
1191:Y Gododdin
1166:Y Gododdin
1129:, born in
1121:, born in
1119:Maimonides
1076:Franciscan
1023:liturgical
1017:Countless
944:Mabinogion
914:Old French
912:, and the
708:by century
658:by century
619:by century
563:Old Turkic
548:Old German
336:Bronze Age
210:By century
146:literature
69:newspapers
3719:Mythology
3575:Dark Ages
3484:Household
3479:Hastilude
3248:Feudalism
2695:774293897
2624:By period
2047:Icelandic
1839:Icelandic
1791:anonymous
1766:Decameron
1693:Juan Ruiz
1638:anonymous
1596:Icelandic
1381:Jerusalem
1300:Provençal
1280:trouvĂšres
1081:Dies Irae
1006:Religious
985:classical
973:anonymous
967:Anonymity
927:anonymous
797:Languages
603:Tocharian
558:Old Malay
553:Old Khmer
450:Old Tamil
397:Classical
176:Byzantine
3658:Category
3625:Timeline
3514:Minstrel
3509:Medicine
3391:Chivalry
3346:Burgundy
3268:Crusades
3047:Category
2753:Archived
2728:Archived
2532:By genre
2054:Parzival
1759:Armenian
1748:Boethius
1660:Galician
1549:Everyman
1523:allegory
1507:Allegory
1445:such as
1351:and the
1254:Mabinogi
1244:Mabinogi
1233:Mabinogi
1100:tableaux
1012:Catholic
981:romantic
947:and the
855:and the
815:Japanese
803:Ethiopic
617:Medieval
518:Japanese
513:Georgian
488:Bactrian
483:Armenian
455:Sanskrit
440:Phrygian
435:Parthian
384:Sumerian
349:Akkadian
185:Medieval
140:Medieval
3681:Portals
3568:Related
3554:Warfare
3549:Theatre
3539:Slavery
3534:Science
3489:Hunting
3454:Cuisine
3427:Culture
3366:Castile
3361:England
2950:HĂ©loĂŻse
2759:8 March
2558:Fabliau
2299:Tristan
2288:Tristan
2277:Tristan
2248:Russian
2190:English
2179:Abelard
2161:Scivias
2154:Russian
2081:Spanish
1985:authors
1958:), Don
1841:authors
1715:Layamon
1633:Beowulf
1622:Alexiad
1602:works.
1580:English
1369:goliard
1312:aubades
1296:Catalan
1288:Spanish
1242:. (The
1199:Beowulf
1178:Beowulf
1161:Secular
1155:Beowulf
1145:Secular
961:Iceland
880:Beowulf
838:Western
819:Chinese
598:Tibetan
588:Sogdian
523:Kannada
420:Aramaic
364:Hittite
354:Elamite
325:corpora
321:Ancient
199:Persian
83:scholar
3707:Poetry
3648:Portal
3529:Poetry
3356:France
2891:Kassia
2711:
2693:
2683:
2293:BĂ©roul
2250:author
2238:author
2204:author
2202:French
2192:author
2156:author
2110:author
2108:French
2083:author
2049:author
2037:author
2035:German
2020:, Sir
1973:author
1971:German
1915:author
1913:Polish
1761:author
1643:author
1598:, and
1592:German
1588:French
1558:, the
1492:; and
1468:, and
1453:, and
1435:saints
1414:Jewish
1333:) and
1302:, and
1284:French
1135:France
1131:Troyes
1125:, and
1115:Jewish
1108:guilds
1037:, and
994:auctor
977:author
941:, the
931:Celtic
903:, the
894:, the
883:, the
823:Arabic
821:, and
811:Coptic
807:Syriac
778:Europe
593:Telugu
578:Sabaic
498:Coptic
478:Arabic
460:Syriac
389:Ugarit
379:Lydian
374:Luwian
359:Hattic
314:by era
204:Arabic
194:Hebrew
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3559:Women
3519:Music
3474:Domes
3464:Dance
3351:Milan
2853:Women
2236:Irish
2149:Sadko
1995:Irish
1983:Welsh
1600:Irish
1584:Dutch
1536:) by
1304:Greek
1223:scops
1217:bards
1201:from
1127:Rashi
1104:Bible
1068:Bible
1019:hymns
923:epics
861:Greek
859:made
830:Latin
608:Welsh
568:Norse
508:GeÊœez
130:codex
90:JSTOR
76:books
2761:2022
2709:ISBN
2691:OCLC
2681:ISBN
2141:and
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1726:Wace
1721:Brut
1710:Brut
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840:and
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716:20th
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632:11th
627:10th
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573:Pali
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