1232:
1702:
617:
1107:, arguing that it was a monopoly because it controlled over ninety percent of the American sugar refining market. Writing for an eight-justice majority, Fuller concluded Congress could not proscribe such monopolies because they only implicated manufacturing and thus did not fall under the Commerce Clause. Stating that "ommerce succeeds to manufacture and is not a part of it," he maintained that the sugar-refining trust had no direct impact on interstate commerce. Fuller feared that a broader interpretation of the Commerce Clause would impinge upon states' rights, and he thus held the Sugar Trust could only be broken up by the states in which it operated. The case displays Fuller's tendency to support a limited federal government. The legal academy generally views
1598:(1901), a fractured Court ruled 5β4 that the people living in the territories were not entitled to the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Fuller, writing for the four dissenters, argued that Congress had no power to hold the territories "like a disembodied shade" free from all constitutional limits. He contended that the Constitution could not tolerate unrestricted congressional power over the territories, writing that it rejected that proposition in a way "too plain and unambiguous to permit its meaning to be thus influenced". Fuller's opinion was in line both with his strict-constructionist views and his party's opposition to American imperialism. While the Court has never adopted Fuller's position, scholars such as
1419:
guilt. Fuller, writing for a five-justice majority, found Shipp and several other defendants guilty of contempt. In his opinion, the chief justice wrote Shipp had "not only made the work of the mob easy, but in effect aided and abetted it", acting "in utter disregard of this court's mandate and in defiance of this court's orders". While the decision did not signal a sudden benevolence toward civil rights claims, Mark
Curriden and Leroy Phillips write it constituted "the only proactive step the U.S. Supreme Court has ever taken to combat mob rule directly and demand that the public respect its authority and the authority of the rule of law".
1785:
847:
the justices' shaking hands before their private conferences. He successfully maintained more-or-less cordial relationships among the justices, many of whom had large egos and difficult tempers. His collegiality notwithstanding, Fuller presided over a divided court: the justices split 5β4 sixty-four times during his tenure, more often than in subsequent years. Fuller himself, however, wrote few dissents, disagreeing with the majority in only 2.3 percent of cases. Fuller was the first chief justice to lobby
Congress directly in support of legislation, successfully urging the adoption of the
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7109:
40:
275:
941:
709:
1434:
746:, who served on the Illinois Supreme Court. Cleveland offered the position to Scholfield, but he declined, apparently because his wife was too rustic for urban life in Washington, D.C. Fuller was considered because of the efforts of his friends, many of whom had written letters to Cleveland in support of him. At fifty-five years old, Fuller was young enough for the position, and Cleveland approved of his reputation and political views. In addition, Illinois Republican senator
1846:, himself sympathetic to the revisionists' views, noted in 1993 that "by all accounts", the Fuller Court "ranks among the worst". In a 1998 review of Ely's book, law professor John Cary Sims argued that Fuller and his fellow justices failed to fulfill their obligation to go "against the prevailing political winds" instead of simply deferring to the majority. George Skouras, writing in 2011, rejected the ideas of Ely, Ackerman, and Gillman, agreeing instead with the
6724:
1467:" distinctions were constitutional. Citing "the nature of things", the majority asserted that equal protection did not require the "commingling" of blacks and whites. Brown also argued that the Louisiana law did not suggest that blacks were inferior, stating that it was based on "the established usages, customs and traditions of the people". Justice Harlan dissented, using in the process the now-famous phrase "Our Constitution is color-blind." The
1893:
committee to identify a new home for the statue. In April 2021, the original donor offered to take the statue back, agreeing to pay the costs for removing it. County commissioners accepted the offer later that month; they agreed that the statue could remain in front of the courthouse for up to a year while the original donor attempted to find a new location where it can be displayed. In
February 2022, the statue was removed and placed in storage.
827:
6712:
1182:, in which five justices upheld a federal ban on transporting lottery tickets across state lines. In his opinion, Fuller demurred that the majority's reasoning gave Congress "the absolute and exclusive power to prohibit the transportation of anything or anybody from one state to another. He feared that the law violated the principles of federalism and states' rights protected by the
855:, which reduced the Supreme Court's substantial backlog and allowed it to decide cases in a timely manner. As chief justice, Fuller was generally responsible for assigning the authorship of the court's majority opinions. He tended to use this power modestly, often assigning major cases to other justices while retaining duller ones for himself. According to legal historian
1671:(1893), a majority held Congress had total authority over aliens and that they could be expelled on any basis. Three justices, including Fuller, dissented, arguing that aliens were at least entitled to some Constitutional protections. According to Ely, Fuller's dissent shows that he "occasionally demonstrated concern over civil liberties". But he also dissented in
542:, with greater opportunities and a more favorable political climate. In addition, a broken engagement likely encouraged him to leave his hometown. Fuller accepted a position with a local law firm, and he also became involved in politics. Although Fuller opposed slavery, he considered it an issue for the states rather than the federal government. He supported the
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1288:
understanding" that baking was not unhealthy. He maintained that bakers could protect their own health, arguing that the law was in fact a labor regulation in disguise. In a now-famous dissent, Justice Holmes accused the majority of substituting its own economic opinions for the requirements of the
Constitution. Most scholars agree that the majority in
1685:β automatic citizenship for all children born on American soil. Writing for himself and Justice Harlan, Fuller claimed Chinese aliens were not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States because they retained allegiance to the Chinese emperor. Based on that fact, he concluded their children had no claim to American citizenship. The
1564:, states could impose otherwise unconstitutional restrictions on them. Again dissenting, Justice Harlan criticized the law's infringement on the economic-freedom principles that the Court had articulated in other cases. The majority's reasoning stood in conspicuous conflict with its support for corporate rights in other contexts and
463:(1954). Fuller's historical reputation has been generally unfavorable, with many scholars arguing that he was overly deferential to corporations and the wealthy. While a resurgence of conservative legal thought has brought Fuller new defenders, an increase in racial awareness has also led to new scrutiny of his vote in
985:. (In practice, apportioning income tax by state would be impossible, so a ruling on this basis would doom federal income taxes.) When the matter reached the Supreme Court, it unexpectedly agreed with the challengers and, by a 5β4 vote, struck down the income tax. The majority opinion, written by Fuller, held that the
775:; his defenders replied he would be faithful to precedent. Vague allegations of professional improprieties were levied, but an investigation failed to substantiate them. The Judiciary Committee took no action on the nomination, and many believed that Edmunds was attempting to hold it off until after the
1559:
and other similar cases to argue the law was "an arbitrary interference with the rights of the people in the conduct of their private business and in the pursuit of their ordinary occupations". Such reasoning seemed likely to persuade the Court, given its history of striking down laws that interfered
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of the state instead of the state itself. The landmark decision aided the Fuller Court in its quest to strike down state economic regulations, but its reasoning has permitted the federal judiciary to hear challenges to state laws in a wide variety of other contexts. Although some modern scholars have
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was the first case in the Court's history in which a state law was struck down on freedom-of-contract grounds, and its implications stretched well beyond the insurance context in which it arose. According to
Semonche, the decision heralded a "new and sweeping" interpretation of the Due Process Clause
1809:β himself a chief justice β noted, Fuller's more assertive colleagues Holmes and Harlan overshadowed him in the eyes of history. Yet the Fuller Court's jurisprudence was also a key source of the legal academy's criticism. Asserting that its justices "ignored the Fundamental Law", Princeton professor
976:
that levied a two-percent tax on incomes exceeding $ 4,000 a year. Since it imposed the nation's first peacetime income tax, this provision was deeply controversial, provoking acrimonious debate along geographic, societal, and political lines. Its challengers took the tax to court, where they argued
846:
Fuller served twenty-two years as chief justice, remaining in the center chair until his death in 1910. Although he lacked legal genius, his potent administrative skills made him a capable manager of the court's business. Hoping to increase the Court's collegiality, Fuller introduced the practice of
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commissioners held a public hearing in
December; a majority of participants favored the statue's removal. In February 2021, the county commissioners voted unanimously to move the statue from county property, citing a desire to dissociate the county from racial segregation. Commissioners appointed a
1743:
switched course: it denounced his "deplorable moustaches", speculating they would distract attorneys and "detract from the dignity" of the Court. The column triggered further debate in the nation's newspapers, with much of the press coming to Fuller's defense. The commentary notwithstanding, Fuller
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to enter the jail and kill
Johnson. Shipp, his deputies, and members of the mob were charged with contempt of court on the basis that they had spurned the Court's stay order. In the only criminal trial conducted in the Supreme Court's history, the justices sat as a jury to determine the defendants'
914:
and used it to strike down state laws that, in his view, unduly encroached upon the free market. Fuller took no interest in preventing racial inequality, although his views on other civil rights issues were less definitive. Much of Fuller's jurisprudence has not stood the test of time: many of his
802:
defended Fuller's actions and character. Cullom read an anti-Lincoln speech that Phelps, Edmunds's choice for the position, had given. He accused
Edmunds of hypocrisy and insincerity, saying he was simply resentful that Phelps had not been chosen. The Democratic senators did not participate in the
658:
reversed the injunction, holding that the civil courts could not review church disciplinary proceedings. The ecclesiastical court found Cheney guilty, but he refused to leave his pulpit. The matter returned to the courts, where Fuller argued that only the local congregation had the right to remove
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system for congressional apportionment, and he joined his fellow
Democrats in supporting provisions that prohibited African-Americans from voting or settling in the state. He also advocated for court reform and for banning banks from printing of paper money. Although the convention adopted many of
1800:
decisions has been particularly responsible for his low historical reputation. Many Fuller Court decisions were later overruled; its positions on economic regulation and labor fared particularly poorly. Fuller's rulings were often favorable to corporations, and some scholars have claimed that the
763:. Edmunds was displeased that his friend Phelps had not been appointed, so he delayed committee action and endeavored to sink Fuller's nomination. The Republicans seized upon Fuller's time in the Illinois Legislature, when he had opposed many of Lincoln's wartime policies. They portrayed him as a
724:
was narrowly under
Republican control, so it was necessary for Cleveland to nominate someone who could obtain bipartisan support. Cleveland also sought to appoint a candidate who was sixty years of age or younger, since an older nominee would likely be unable to serve for very long. He considered
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and seized its property. Fuller penned a dissent, in which he maintained that Congress had no authority to order the confiscation of property. Rejecting the majority's broader interpretation of federal power, Fuller expressed fear that the decision would afford Congress "absolute power" over the
1507:
that in effect disenfranchised Mississippi's African-American population. Even though a lower court had admitted the arrangement was intended "to obstruct the exercise of suffrage by the negro race", the Supreme Court refused to strike it down, reasoning that the provisions passed constitutional
1151:(1905), which gave the Court's blessing to antitrust enforcement against meat-packing companies. Although meat-packing did not directly involve interstate commerce, the Court held that the Commerce Clause still applied because the meat products would eventually be sold across state lines. Citing
1816:
However, the growth of conservative legal thought in the late 20th century has brought Fuller new supporters. A 1993 survey of judges and legal academics found that Fuller's reputation, while still categorized as "average", had risen from the level recorded in a 1970 assessment. In a 1995 book,
886:
suggests that his "growing enfeeblement" inhibited his work. In what biographer Willard King calls "erhaps the worst year in the history of the Court" β the term from October 1909 to May 1910 β two justices died and one became fully incapacitated; Fuller's weakened state compounded the problem.
1239:
Fuller's tenure on the Supreme Court, in the words of Schiffman, "witnessed the final passing of judicial tolerance of legislative experimentation and the final acceptance of the doctrine of substantive due process". Soon after his arrival on the Court, the chief justice began joining with his
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and joined by Fuller, maintained that the liberty protected by that clause included a right to enter labor contracts without being subject to unreasonable governmental regulation. Peckham rejected the state's argument that the law was intended to protect workers' health, citing the "common
909:
Fuller's jurisprudence is generally identified as conservative. He favored states' rights over federal power, attempting to prevent the national government from asserting broad control over economic matters. Yet he was also skeptical of the states' powers: he agreed with the concept of
666:, arguing numerous cases. His legal practice involved many areas of law, and he became one of Chicago's most highly paid lawyers. He remained involved in the politics of the Democratic Party, serving as a delegate to the party convention in 1872, 1876, and 1880. Fuller supported a
1821:
argued that the traditional criticisms of the Fuller Court are flawed, maintaining that its decisions were based on principle instead of partisanship. He noted that Fuller and his fellow justices rendered rulings that generally conformed with contemporaneous public opinion. Both
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decision was distinctly unpopular. Much of the public questioned whether Fuller's constitutional analysis was truly in good faith: many felt that the Court was more committed to protecting the wealthy than to following any particular legal philosophy. Former Oregon governor
989:
intended the term "direct tax" to include property and that income was itself a form of property. Fuller thus ruled the entire act to be unconstitutional. The decision provoked withering criticism from each of the four dissenters, including a paroxysm of ire by Justice
1389:, attorney Rochelle Bobroff noted in 2009 that it "remains one of the most powerful tools to compel states to comply with federal law". Ely characterized the decision as "a milestone in the Fuller Court's transformation of federal judicial power", and legal historian
613:, believing it violated civil liberties. Yates ultimately adjourned the legislature over the vehement objections of Fuller and the Democrats. The frustrated Fuller never sought legislative office again, although he continued taking part in Democratic party politics.
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to protect the welfare of the public. It proved a historically significant step toward expanding congressional authority, and legal scholar John Semonche wrote that by resisting it, Fuller "sought to put his finger in the dike". The chief justice also dissented in
1358:. Debs challenged the conviction before the Supreme Court, but it unanimously denied him relief. Broadly construing the federal government's powers, the Court held the judicial branch had the power to enjoin anything that obstructed interstate commerce. The
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874:. He declined, saying he enjoyed his work as chief justice and contending that accepting a political appointment would harm the Supreme Court's reputation for impartiality. Remaining on the Court, he accepted a seat on an 1897 commission to arbitrate the
1165:(1908), Fuller wrote for a unanimous Court that labor unions were subject to the Sherman Act. The ruling was commonly thought to evince antipathy toward organized labor. Its broad interpretation of the antitrust laws appeared difficult to reconcile with
1282:
law that capped hours for bakery workers at sixty hours a week. In a decision widely viewed to be among the Supreme Court's worst, a five-justice majority held the law to be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause. The opinion, written by Justice
754:
Public reaction to Fuller's nomination was mixed: Some newspapers lauded his character and professional career, while others criticized his comparative obscurity and his lack of experience in the federal government. The nomination was referred to the
502:. His father practiced law in Augusta. Three months after Fuller was born, his mother sued successfully for divorce on grounds of adultery; she and her children moved into Judge Weston's home. In 1849, the sixteen-year-old Fuller enrolled at
737:
was considered, but appointing him would create a vacancy in the closely divided Senate. Cleveland eventually decided that he wanted to appoint someone from Illinois, both for political reasons and because the court had no justices from the
4455:
767:β an anti-war Northern Democrat β and published a tract claiming that "he records of the Illinois legislature of 1863 are black with Mr. Fuller's unworthy and unpatriotic conduct". Some Illinois Republicans, including Lincoln's son
1492:
The Fuller Court was no more liberal in other cases involving race: to the contrary, it curtailed even the limited progress toward equality made under Fuller's predecessors. For instance, Fuller joined the unanimous majority in
750:
expressed support, convincing Cleveland that Fuller would likely receive bipartisan support in the Senate. Cleveland thus offered Fuller the nomination, which he accepted reluctantly. Fuller was formally nominated on April 30.
514:. While he did not receive a degree from Harvard, his attendance made him the first chief justice to have received formal academic legal training. Fuller was admitted to the Maine bar in 1855 and clerked for another uncle in
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and two senators from Fuller's home state of Maine, joined the Democrats in supporting Fuller's nomination. Fuller took the judicial oath on October 8, 1888, formally becoming Chief Justice of the United States.
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Cheney. The Supreme Court of Illinois ultimately agreed, holding that the congregation's property was not under the purview of Episcopal Church leadership. Fuller's defense of Cheney garnered him national prominence.
1144:
The dissenters argued that simply holding stock in a company did not count as interstate commerce, and so they would have held that the Sherman Act did not apply to holding companies. The justices were unanimous in
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that one scholar characterized as "one of the most spectacular displays ever staged by a member of the Court". Harlan wrote that the decision "strikes at the very foundation of national authority", while Justice
771:, came to Fuller's defense, arguing that his actions were imprudent but not an indicator of disloyalty. Fuller's detractors claimed he would reverse the Supreme Court's ruling in the recent legal-tender case of
585:'s handling of the war, and he decried many of Lincoln's actions as unconstitutional. Fuller was elected as a Democratic delegate to the failed 1862 Illinois constitutional convention. He helped develop a
1929:
1625:(1904). In a unanimous opinion by Fuller, the Justices ruled that Puerto Ricans were not aliens under federal law, but they refused to decide whether the people of Puerto Rico were American citizens. In
1728:
produced what law professor Todd Peppers called "a curious national anxiety". No Chief Justice had ever before had a mustache, and numerous newspapers debated the propriety of Fuller's facial hair. The
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322:. Those rulings often faced criticism in the decades during and after Fuller's tenure, and many were later overruled or abrogated. The legal academy has generally viewed Fuller negatively, although a
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1406:, an African-American man, to death for rape. His attorneys petitioned the Supreme Court for relief, arguing that racial bias had tainted the jury pool and that the threat of mob violence made the
1805:
to remark that "f the measure of distinction is influence on the life of our own times, Fuller's score is as close to zero as any man's could be who held his high office so long". In addition, as
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decisions have been reversed by Congress or overruled by later Supreme Court majorities. Summarizing Fuller's views of the law, scholar Irving Schiffman wrote in 1969 that "he was a conservative,
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1414:, which prevented the death sentence from being carried out pending a ruling on Johnson's appeal. But John Shipp, the sheriff, removed almost all the guards from Johnson's prison, allowing a
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ideas have become influential in the scholarly academy, they have not attained universal support: many academics continue to favor more critical views of the Fuller Court. Yale professor
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522:, Maine's primary Democratic newspaper, in partnership with another uncle. Fuller was elected to Augusta's common council in March 1856, serving as the council's president and as the
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1547:(1908), a segregation case in which the Court refused to apply its freedom-of-contract principles in defense of racial equality. The decision involved the Commonwealth of Kentucky's
1324:
Because of his support for property rights, Fuller favored a broad conception of the judicial role, endorsing doctrinal developments that expanded the federal courts' power to issue
3563:
1701:
1665:. Although treaties with China allowed for immigration, the Court held that Congress was not bound by them, ruling that the Act abrogated all treaty obligations to the contrary. In
654:, arguing that Cheney possessed a property right in his position. The Superior Court agreed and entered an injunction against the ecclesiastical court's proceedings. On appeal, the
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3107:
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3000:
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1934:
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said that it "helped create a newly powerful and activist federal judiciary that emerged at the turn of the twentieth century and continued to operate into the twenty-first".
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with the business decisions of private entities. But the justices were not convinced, upholding the law on the basis that, because corporations had no right to be granted a
904:
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debate, aiming to let the Republicans squabble among themselves. When the matter came to a vote, Fuller was confirmed 41 to 20, with 15 absences. Ten Republicans, including
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365:. Fuller became a prominent attorney in Chicago and was a delegate to several Democratic national conventions. He declined three separate appointments offered by President
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6935:
6919:
6903:
7128:
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4249:
1231:
733:, opposed him. Furthermore, the sixty-six-year-old Phelps was thought to be too old for the job, and the Supreme Court already had one justice from New England. Senator
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Fuller's attempts to limit the national government's power did not always meet with the support of his fellow justices. He dissented from the Court's 1903 decision in
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1242:
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Fuller maintained a successful legal practice, arguing on behalf of many corporations and businessmen. He represented the city of Chicago in a land dispute with the
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1296:, substituting its own views for those of the democratically elected branches of government. The Fuller Court was not exclusively hostile to labor regulation: in
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argued that "he tribunal Fuller headed was a body dominated by fearβthe fear of populists, of socialists, and communists, of numbers, majorities and democracy".
1045:
1903:
1678:
739:
1535:
1020:
387:
1588:, raising knotty legal issues about their status under the Constitution. The Supreme Court addressed these disputes in a series of rulings in the so-called
921:
Justice, less reactionary than some of his brethren, more compassionate than others, but a spokesman for what now seems a far-off and bygone judicial age".
1373:
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has argued that Fuller was not opposed to federal antitrust laws per se, but only to expansive readings of the Commerce Clause. In another antitrust case,
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410:(1905), Fuller agreed with the majority that the Constitution forbade states from enforcing wage-and-hour restrictions on businesses, contending that the
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414:
prevents government infringement on one's liberty to control one's property and business affairs. Fuller joined the majority in the now-reviled case of
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1611:(1901). The Court held β again by a 5β4 vote β that Puerto Rico did not constitute a foreign country for purposes of federal tariff law. Put together,
1801:
Fuller Court was biased towards big business and against the working class. Fuller wrote few consequential majority opinions, leading Yale professor
1644:
denizens of the territories. Ultimately, Fuller's position was vindicated: Congress later passed a joint resolution restoring the church's property.
1246:(1890), for instance, Fuller and five other justices voted to strike down the railroad rates set by a Minnesota commission. The ruling held that the
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called the decision "a terrible example of judicial bad behavior" that should be "reverse in full". Jensen takes a minority position, agreeing with
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380:
Fuller's jurisprudence was conservative, focusing strongly on states' rights, limited federal power, and economic liberty. His majority opinion in
1209:
effectively allowed Congress to regulate intrastate commercial activity by simply levying taxes on it; the decision curtailed Fuller's opinion in
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of the justices in the majority. While the public outcry soon waned, support for a federal income tax grew substantially in subsequent years. The
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commissioners voted unanimously to remove a statue of Fuller from public land with the aim of dissociating the county from racial segregation.
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4199:
1350:. A Chicago federal court issued an injunction against the union's leaders, ordering them to stop facilitating the strike. Union president
3525:
1250:
contained a substantive component that subjected the states' regulatory decisions to judicial review. With Fuller's support, the Court in
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confirmation in 1888. He served as chief justice until his death in 1910, gaining a reputation for collegiality and able administration.
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449:
Many of Fuller's decisions did not stand the test of time. His views on economic liberty were squarely rejected by the Court during the
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argument that the Fuller Court favored corporations over vulnerable Americans. Fuller's legacy came under substantial scrutiny amidst
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609:, which would have prevented the federal government from outlawing slavery. Fuller opposed Lincoln's decision to suspend the writ of
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quipped that "Fuller's mustache is a good quality for a Democratic politicianβit shuts his mouth." After Fuller's confirmation, the
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Fuller's time on the Supreme Court has often been roundly criticized or overlooked altogether. His support of the widely execrated
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1402:(1909), a singular decision in which the justices insisted that the authority of the Court be heeded. A Tennessee court sentenced
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Fuller was suspicious of attempts to assert broad federal power over interstate commerce. Questions about the scope of Congress's
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1851:
4104:
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of Nevada, and Edmunds, spoke against the nomination, arguing that Fuller was a disloyal Copperhead who would misinterpret the
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1976:
1372:(1908) similarly demonstrated Fuller's support for extending the courts' ability to issue injunctions. The case involved the
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opined it "approaches the proportion of a national calamity". Each dissenter decried the majority's perceived infidelity to
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1027:
by allowing Congress to levy income taxes without apportionment; it marked only the third time in American history that a
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with the words "INCOME TAX DECISION" on President Cleveland, who had signed the tax into law. The cartoon appeared in the
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1173:
wrote that the apparent contradiction "suggests that may not have been guided exclusively by neutral legal principles".
1100:
729:, the ambassador to the United Kingdom, but the politically influential Irish-American community, which viewed him as an
6396:
Schmitt, James D. (2013). "American Jurisprudence in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". In Hadden, Sally E;
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692:, a fellow Democrat, who agreed with many of his views. Cleveland successively attempted to appoint Fuller to chair the
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61:
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said "I admired the Chief Justice as a fearless and upright judge, and I was exceedingly attached to him personally."
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4345:
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1835:
1095:
734:
671:
594:
551:
392:
358:
5508:"The Inconvenience of a "Constitution [that] follows the flag ... but doesn't quite catch up with it": From
1830:
defended the Fuller Court on similar grounds, arguing that the justices' decisions fit in with the era's zeitgeist.
1721:, Fuller was interested in poetry and other forms of literature; his personal library held over six thousand books.
1619:
meant that the territories were neither domestic nor foreign under American law. The Court was similarly unclear in
1459:
of railroad passengers. The majority opinion, penned by Justice Brown, rejected the claim that the law violated the
779:. Cullom demanded an immediate vote, fearing that delay on Fuller's nomination could harm Republicans' prospects of
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Fuller was married twice, first to Calista Reynolds, whom he wed in 1858. They had two children before she died of
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1334:(1895), for instance, Fuller and his fellow justices bolstered the judiciary's authority to enjoin deprivations of
1115:
has argued that it aligns with founding-era precedents. The Court's expansive Commerce Clause decisions during the
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639:
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1717:. The couple had an additional eight children, and they remained married until her death in 1904. A member of the
1140:, believing it to be a monopoly. Fuller dissented, joining opinions written by Justices Edward Douglass White and
290:(February 11, 1833 β July 4, 1910) was an American politician, attorney, and jurist who served as the eighth
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1445:, Fuller "preside comfortably over a Court that turned a blind eye to racial injustice". In the infamous case of
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law capping women's working hours at ten hours a day. Nonetheless, Fuller's decision to join the majority in the
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859:, Fuller's writing style was "nondescript"; his opinions were lengthy and contained numerous quotations. Justice
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20:
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wrote in 2006 that Fuller was "a model Chief Justice", favorably citing his economic jurisprudence. While these
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had struck down a law that, while neutral on its face, discriminated against a racial minority. In a 2021 book,
742:, which included Illinois. Fuller, who had become a confidant of Cleveland, encouraged the President to appoint
7154:
5647:"Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905"
3626:
2538:
Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II
1667:
879:
835:
674:. He firmly opposed the printing of paper money, and he spoke out against the Supreme Court's 1884 decision in
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The full Senate took up Fuller's nomination on July 20. Several prominent Republican senators, including
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5322:"Principle and Prejudice: The Supreme Court and Race in the Progressive Era. Part 1: The Heyday of Jim Crow"
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2580:"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President"
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1881:
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5130:"How Equal Protection Did and Did Not Come to the United States, and the Executive Branch Role Therein"
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According to legal scholar Bernard Schwartz, Fuller's most noteworthy decision was his 1895 opinion in
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opined that Fuller was "not an opinion writer whom you read for literary enjoyment", while the scholar
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350:
396:(1895) narrowly interpreted Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause, limiting the reach of the
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4341:"Book Review (reviewing James W. Ely, The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888β1910 (1995))"
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5558:"The Political Roots of Judicial Legitimacy: Explaining the Enduring Validity of the Insular Cases"
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6515:"Vote to remove Maine statue of Supreme Court justice who upheld segregation laws comes next week"
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In 2013, a statue of Fuller, donated by a cousin, was installed on the lawn in front of Augusta's
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and roll back the progress made by the Civil War. Illinois's two Republican senators, Cullom and
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decision led to debate about the appropriateness of the statue's placement. In August 2020, the
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791:
700:, and to be a United States Pacific Railway Commissioner, but Fuller declined each nomination.
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and allowed Kansas and Nebraska to determine the slavery issue themselves. Fuller opposed both
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323:
5853:"A Chinese Wall at the Nation's Borders: Justice Stephen Field and the Chinese Exclusion Case"
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case opened the door to injunctions in labor cases, and it substantially expanded the courts'
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decision has taken on additional significance as prominent Republican politicians, including
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2301:
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Schiffman, Irving (1969). "Melville W. Fuller". In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).
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as one "of the most disgraceful decisions in Supreme Court history", writing it "abandoned
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5827:
Threat of Dissent: A History of Ideological Exclusion and Deportation in the United States
3926:
2217:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789β1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions
1256:(1897) unanimously expanded that component, concluding the Due Process Clause protected a
8:
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7544:
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7476:
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Contempt of Court: The Turn-of-the-Century Lynching that Launched 100 Years of Federalism
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2485:
2297:
Our Eleven Chief Justices: A History of the Supreme Court in Terms of Their Personalities
1918:
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973:
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768:
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634:. In 1869, he took on what became his most significant case: defending Chicago clergyman
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and opposed the wartime policies of President Lincoln. Fuller spoke in opposition to the
547:
406:
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6581:"Statue of Justice Melville Fuller to be moved from front of Kennebec County Courthouse"
5719:
The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States
4899:"Race, Law & History: The Supreme Court from "Dred Scott" to "Grutter v. Bollinger""
3027:"Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court: The Historical Case for a 28th Amendment"
1380:, Fuller and seven other justices endorsed a way to sidestep that prohibition: suing an
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7190:
6324:"On the Formation of the American Corporate State: The Fuller Supreme Court, 1888β1910"
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6018:"Hail to the Chief: A Bibliographical Essay on Six Chief Justices of the United States"
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wrote the ruling "illuminated the evolving duality of Fourteenth Amendment standards".
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1376:, which proscribes the federal courts from hearing lawsuits brought against states. In
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and other union officials defied the order, and the court sentenced them to prison for
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as an unduly restrictive interpretation of the Commerce Clause, although legal scholar
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A Muted Fury: Populists, Progressives, and Labor Unions Confront the Courts, 1890β1937
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4003:"The Constitution in the Supreme Court: Full Faith and the Bill of Rights, 1889β1910"
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783:. The committee reported the nomination without recommendation on July 2, 1888.
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681:
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1962:
1628:
Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States
7598:
7432:
7054:
6862:
6654:
6618:
6483:
6290:
Western Legal History: The Journal of the Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society
6211:"Review of "Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States, 1888β1910""
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6172:
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colleagues to gradually erode the states' powers to regulate economic activity. In
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689:
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258:
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1049:. Law professor Erik M. Jensen noted in 2014 that most legal academics agree that
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as a Democrat. The majority-Democrat legislature clashed with Republican governor
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4706:
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3171:
Liberty and Union: A Constitutional History of the United States, concise edition
3169:
3130:
2966:
2910:
2821:
2771:
2721:
2536:
2143:
1802:
1753:
1713:
in 1864. Fuller remarried in 1866, wedding Mary Ellen Coolbaugh, the daughter of
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307:
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from 1888 until his death in 1910. Staunch conservatism marked his tenure on the
254:
157:
5380:
3329:
Charting the Future: The Supreme Court Responds to a Changing Society, 1890β1920
1479:
called "humiliation-by-law", which continued until the Court reversed course in
1316:(1937), is a major reason for the low estimation in which history has held him.
1265:"that would haunt the Justices and American society for the next four decades".
1126:
Fuller participated in several other major antitrust cases. In the 1904 case of
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7160:
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6894:
6882:
6850:
6748:
5461:
4751:
The Great Dissenter: The Story of John Marshall Harlan, America's Judicial Hero
4142:
3768:
2717:
2439:
1827:
1823:
1760:. Upon hearing of his death, President Taft praised Fuller as "a great judge";
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1368:
1351:
717:
586:
523:
507:
480:
370:
330:
140:
96:
5005:
3526:"The Apportionment of "Direct Taxes": Are Consumption Taxes Unconstitutional?"
1099:(1895), Fuller led the Court in limiting the federal government's powers. The
483:, the second son of Frederick Augustus Fuller and his wife, Catherine Martin (
39:
7808:
7488:
7292:
7286:
7274:
7166:
7141:
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6878:
6846:
6397:
6357:
5428:
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5376:
5347:
4917:
4898:
4854:
4271:
2341:
1958:
1831:
1589:
1565:
1552:
1523:
1504:
1472:
1339:
1335:
955:
917:
610:
515:
499:
491:
429:
425:
6650:"Kennebec County commissioners vote to return controversial statue to donor"
5965:"Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller and the Great Mustache Debate of 1888"
3574:– via Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
2309:
1930:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
720:
died, creating a Supreme Court vacancy for President Cleveland to fill. The
373:
as chief justice. Despite some objections to his political past, Fuller won
7750:
7732:
7708:
7604:
7574:
7538:
7226:
7196:
7184:
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7058:
7042:
7026:
6994:
6946:
5779:
3022:
2447:
1843:
1818:
1757:
1710:
1690:
1442:
1363:
1036:
883:
821:
808:
510:
in 1853. He studied law in an uncle's office before spending six months at
6005:– via Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
5306:– via Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
5071:– via Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
4591:"Ex Parte Young as a Tool to Enforce Safety-Net and Civil-Rights Statutes"
3806:
3725:
3103:
1268:
The era of substantive due process reached its zenith in the 1905 case of
7744:
7640:
7382:
7268:
7244:
7214:
7038:
7010:
6930:
6914:
6898:
6448:"Courthouse statue has Kennebec County officials searching for an answer"
6128:"Swimming in the Air: Melville W. Fuller and the Supreme Court 1888β1910"
2915:"The Internal Powers of the Chief Justice: The Nineteenth-Century Legacy"
1585:
1581:
1519:
1508:
muster because they did not explicitly single out African-Americans. The
1407:
1226:
397:
5673:
5621:
5603:
5575:
5557:
5013:
4987:
4926:
4629:"Ex Parte Young and the Transformation of the Federal Courts, 1890β1917"
4479:"Injunctions in Labor Disputes: The History of the NorrisβLaGuardia Act"
3832:
2940:
7652:
7550:
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6732:
6185:
6167:
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5871:
5738:
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5321:
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2506:
1541:
Fuller was among the seven justices who joined the majority opinion in
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1325:
1214:
1066:
981:
that had not been apportioned evenly among the states, in violation of
978:
730:
590:
his proposals, voters rejected the proposed constitution in June 1862.
6803:
6479:"Kennebec commissioners vote to move Augusta's Melville Fuller statue"
6100:
5251:
4366:
2996:
867:
characterized his style as "diffident and not altogether successful".
642:
was attempting to remove because he disagreed with church teaching on
7358:
6834:
5665:
5085:
The Supreme Court, Race, and Civil Rights: From Marshall to Rehnquist
4064:
3494:
3175:
2932:
2435:
Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States, 1888β1910
1452:
1000:
945:
5339:
4293:
4020:
3875:
3543:
3276:
3044:
2498:
708:
518:. Later that year, he moved back to Augusta to become the editor of
6830:
6092:
5243:
4358:
4148:
The Pursuit of Justice: Supreme Court Decisions that Shaped America
3258:
2988:
2777:
1725:
1636:
1500:
1433:
1415:
1116:
1062:
450:
302:
and to oppose broad federal power. He wrote major opinions on the
7845:
Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
5467:
A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States
1548:
1489:
has contributed significantly to his poor historical reputation.
986:
535:
436:
are entitled to constitutional rights, but he dissented when, in
334:
172:
6361:
3222:"Did the Sixteenth Amendment Ever Matter? Does it Matter Today?"
1571:
1217:
could not always garner the support of a majority of the Court.
1029:
Supreme Court decision was reversed via constitutional amendment
577:
broke out in 1861, Fuller supported military action against the
6711:
6548:"Officials hear from public on proposal to move judge's statue"
5470:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1303:
1190:
was among the first to grant the federal government a de facto
712:
Fuller's chief justice nomination as signed by Grover Cleveland
605:, arguing that it violated state sovereignty. He supported the
593:
In November 1862, Fuller was narrowly elected to a seat in the
326:
minority has taken a more favorable view of his jurisprudence.
6614:"Donor of controversial Augusta statue may take his gift back"
6246:"The Ratings Game: Factors That Influence Judicial Reputation"
1935:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
1735:
praised it as "uncommonly luxuriant and beautiful", while the
1512:
majority distanced itself from the Court's previous ruling in
826:
680:
upholding Congress's power to issue it. He was a supporter of
479:
Melville Weston Fuller was born on February 11, 1833, in
386:(1895) ruled a federal income tax to be unconstitutional; the
6682:"Statue of segregationist justice removed from court grounds"
944:
In this 1895 political cartoon, Fuller is depicted placing a
905:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court
3513:– via The University of Texas at Austin School of Law.
3454:
The Public Debate over Controversial Supreme Court Decisions
1605:
Fuller joined the majority in another of the Insular Cases:
1602:
have argued that it correctly interpreted the Constitution.
7830:
United States federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland
2723:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
1925:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1693:, have called for the reversal of birthright citizenship.
1243:
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota
1031:. However, the Supreme Court has never formally overruled
6168:"Remarks of the Chief Justice: My Life in the Law Series"
6115:– via Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository.
5266:– via Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository.
3587:"An Unapportioned Wealth Tax Has Constitutional Problems"
3487:: The Constitutionality of Federal Wealth or Sales Taxes"
1061:
and extending it to argue for the unconstitutionality of
954:
magazine; it was accompanied by a quotation from Senator
6286:"The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888β1910"
4708:
Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State
1661:'s opinion that unanimously rejected a challenge to the
1073:
opinion remains relevant in contemporary public policy.
620:
Advertisement for Fuller's law practice, printed in the
3417:
The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice
1451:(1896), he joined six of his colleagues in upholding a
1046:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
420:(1896), in which the Court articulated the doctrine of
5717:"The Tenacious Twin Relic: Republicans, Polygamy, and
4549:
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States
2145:
The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888β1910
1904:
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
1772:, conducted the funeral service. Fuller was buried at
830:
Chief Justice Fuller (left) administering the oath to
3778:
Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court
3674:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1921:, historic home in Augusta, Maine, where Fuller lived
1788:
A bust of Fuller, displayed at the U.S. Supreme Court
19:"Justice Fuller" redirects here. For other uses, see
4179:"Freedom of Contract and the "Political Economy" of
662:
Beginning in 1871, Fuller also litigated before the
562:
both in his successful 1858 Senate campaign against
558:, arguing instead for compromise. He campaigned for
16:
Chief justice of the United States from 1888 to 1910
4831:
4398:
4260:– via Washington University Open Scholarship.
3909:Bader, William D. (2020). "Theodore Roosevelt". In
1874:protests and other attention in 2020, focus on the
1631:(1890), a case involving Congress's power over the
1201:, a 1904 case that approved the use of the federal
882:. Fuller's health declined after 1900, and scholar
870:In 1893, Cleveland offered to appoint Fuller to be
566:and in his unsuccessful bid against Lincoln in the
538:, Illinois. The city presented Fuller, a steadfast
390:later superseded the decision. Fuller's opinion in
5785:Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State, 1888β1910
4060:A Constitutional History of the U.S. Supreme Court
2955:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository.
1485:(1954). Fuller's decision to join the majority in
650:to be biased against Cheney, Fuller filed suit in
345:, he became involved in politics, campaigning for
298:, exhibited by his tendency to support unfettered
7779:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
5226:"The Supreme Court and "Civil Rights," 1886β1908"
2337:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1103:had filed suit under the Sherman Act against the
7806:
5604:"Ruling America's Colonies: The "Insular Cases""
5456:
5082:Davis, Abraham L.; Graham, Barbara Luck (1995).
4778:
4670:
3767:
1235:Fuller in his Supreme Court chambers, circa 1899
314:, and he took part in important decisions about
4444:and the Constitutional Obligation of Obedience"
2773:Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies
2261:Chief Justice: Leadership and the Supreme Court
1641:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1085:authority commonly arose in the context of the
4402:The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America
4102:
3167:
1967:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC:
1310:case, which the Court ultimately abandoned in
1302:(1908), for example, it unanimously upheld an
703:
6789:
5171:
1884:requested that the statue be removed, citing
1572:Citizenship, immigration, and the territories
361:, where he opposed the policies of President
6270:– via Marquette Law Scholarly Commons.
5178:Justice Deferred: Race and the Supreme Court
3259:"Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company"
3011:– via Duke Law Scholarship Repository.
1957:
1647:Fuller was rarely amenable to the claims of
1021:Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
6362:"Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice"
5830:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5081:
4511:
4399:Schultz, David; John R. Vile, eds. (2005).
4141:
2884:. Supreme Court Historical Society: 37β51.
2823:The Supreme Court in Conference (1940β1985)
2475:
1854:, with many condemning him for his vote in
369:before accepting the nomination to succeed
6796:
6782:
5555:
5540:– via UF Law Scholarship Repository.
5416:The Supreme Court in United States History
4953:"The Strange Career of Plessy v. Ferguson"
1677:(1898), in which the Court ruled that the
1471:decision placed the Court's imprimatur on
1220:
1035:reasoning; to the contrary, Chief Justice
38:
6512:
6162:
5870:
5598:
5282:"Race and the Police Power: 1890 to 1937"
5220:
5154:– via Digital Commons@UM Carey Law.
5127:
4916:
4545:
4448:Regent Journal of Law & Public Policy
4405:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 260β261.
4226:
3168:McManus, Edgar J.; Helfman, Tara (2014).
2673:"Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice, Dead"
2578:McMillion, Barry J. (February 23, 2021).
2577:
2213:
1756:, Fuller died on July 4, 1910, of a
333:, Fuller established a legal practice in
4985:
4747:
4671:Curriden, Mark; Phillips, Leroy (1999).
4270:
3858:"The Proper Scope of the Commerce Power"
3481:Johnson, Calvin H. (December 30, 2002).
3325:
3128:
1783:
1700:
1635:, a six-justice majority upheld an anti-
1432:
1230:
1129:Northern Securities Co. v. United States
965:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
939:
825:
707:
615:
383:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
7915:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
6643:
6641:
6395:
6321:
6125:
5997:from the original on September 30, 2020
5962:
5714:
5505:
5316:
5276:
4704:
4623:
4588:
4335:
4205:from the original on September 18, 2020
3852:
3713:
3566:from the original on September 22, 2020
3480:
3447:
3413:
3356:
3321:
3003:from the original on September 22, 2019
2971:"Rhetorical Styles on the Fuller Court"
2819:
2769:
2685:from the original on September 16, 2021
2531:
2293:
2257:
1475:. It instituted a half-century of what
442:(1898), the majority ruled in favor of
232: 1866; died 1904)
211: 1858; died 1864)
74:October 8, 1888 β July 4, 1910
7807:
7127:
6647:
6611:
6593:from the original on February 16, 2021
6578:
6527:from the original on February 21, 2021
6508:
6506:
6476:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6391:
6389:
6317:
6315:
6300:from the original on September 6, 2021
6279:
6277:
6262:from the original on September 4, 2021
6065:
6063:
6048:from the original on September 6, 2021
6015:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5887:from the original on September 6, 2021
5819:
5817:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5691:from the original on December 14, 2010
5640:
5638:
5594:
5592:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5501:
5499:
5452:
5450:
5409:
5375:
5216:
5214:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5123:
5121:
5037:
5033:
5031:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4700:
4698:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4643:from the original on September 6, 2021
4605:from the original on September 6, 2021
4546:Tanenhaus, David Spinoza, ed. (2008).
4476:
4437:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4252:from the original on February 22, 2017
4222:
4220:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4105:"Pioneering the Federal Police Power:
4052:
4050:
4035:from the original on September 4, 2021
4000:
3890:from the original on December 13, 2020
3804:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3584:
3523:
3443:
3441:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3257:Jones, Francis R. (October 25, 1895).
3219:
3110:from the original on September 6, 2021
3076:
3074:
3021:
2905:
2903:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:from the original on February 25, 2021
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2667:
2665:
2650:from the original on February 28, 2020
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2166:from the original on November 30, 2018
1499:(1898), which rejected a challenge to
1076:
716:On March 23, 1888, Chief Justice
694:United States Civil Service Commission
688:. Fuller strongly supported President
7126:
6816:
6777:
6560:from the original on December 2, 2020
6477:Lowell, Jessica (February 16, 2021).
6458:from the original on January 17, 2021
6403:A Companion to American Legal History
6374:from the original on January 12, 2021
6205:
6144:from the original on November 8, 2021
6107:from the original on December 4, 2020
6069:
5850:
5823:
5802:from the original on November 8, 2021
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5753:from the original on November 8, 2021
5644:
5556:Vignarajah, Krishanti (Spring 2010).
5298:from the original on November 8, 2021
5199:from the original on November 8, 2021
4729:from the original on November 8, 2021
4570:from the original on November 8, 2021
4438:Taylor, Michael J. C. (Spring 2012).
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4151:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4098:
4096:
4056:
3982:from the original on November 8, 2021
3908:
3800:
3798:
3695:from the original on November 8, 2021
3667:(1994). "Melville Weston Fuller". In
3620:Ball, Milan N. (September 28, 2020).
3476:
3474:
3414:Tomlins, Christopher L., ed. (2005).
3256:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3135:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3059:from the original on January 28, 2021
2965:
2920:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2909:
2888:from the original on November 8, 2021
2826:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2559:from the original on January 20, 2021
2471:
2469:
2454:from the original on January 24, 2021
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1953:
1951:
1396:Fuller wrote the majority opinion in
1319:
849:Circuit Courts of Appeals Act of 1891
838:on March 4, 1897. Outgoing president
498:, and his paternal grandfather was a
484:
400:and making government prosecution of
6638:
6579:Dineen, Hannah (February 16, 2021).
6513:Schroeder, Nick (February 9, 2021).
6356:
6283:
6243:
5778:
4986:Maidment, Richard A. (August 1973).
4176:
3957:
3819:(3). Taylor & Francis: 365β383.
3732:from the original on August 18, 2021
3622:"The Federal Taxing Power: A Primer"
3619:
3395:from the original on August 11, 2021
2716:
2431:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1768:, who later served as the Episcopal
1705:Fuller's grave at Graceland Cemetery
1580:, the United States took control of
1410:unfair. The Court agreed to issue a
1053:was "obviously dead wrong"; scholar
457:opinion was unanimously reversed in
7905:20th-century American Episcopalians
7900:19th-century American Episcopalians
7825:Chief justices of the United States
6662:from the original on April 21, 2021
6605:
6572:
6503:
6446:Wolman, Jordan (December 6, 2020).
6436:
6386:
6338:from the original on April 10, 2021
6312:
6274:
6225:from the original on April 10, 2021
6060:
5947:
5935:from the original on March 18, 2020
5899:
5814:
5703:
5635:
5589:
5544:
5532:from the original on April 26, 2021
5496:
5484:from the original on April 26, 2021
5447:
5435:from the original on August 4, 2016
5258:from the original on August 5, 2021
5211:
5158:
5146:from the original on August 3, 2021
5118:
5106:from the original on April 26, 2021
5063:from the original on August 7, 2020
5028:
4967:from the original on April 26, 2021
4941:
4884:
4816:
4804:from the original on April 26, 2021
4695:
4655:
4493:from the original on April 26, 2021
4458:from the original on April 26, 2021
4419:from the original on April 26, 2021
4373:from the original on April 26, 2021
4320:
4308:from the original on August 6, 2021
4217:
4165:
4123:from the original on April 26, 2021
4103:Margulies, Herbert F. (1995β1996).
4081:from the original on April 26, 2021
4047:
3927:10.18574/nyu/9781479802098.001.0001
3915:The Presidents and the Constitution
3744:
3663:
3646:
3601:from the original on April 26, 2021
3505:from the original on April 26, 2021
3438:
3298:
3238:from the original on April 26, 2021
3192:from the original on April 26, 2021
3149:from the original on April 26, 2021
3122:
3080:
3071:
2900:
2874:"The Era of Melville Weston Fuller"
2852:
2840:from the original on April 26, 2021
2806:
2794:from the original on April 26, 2021
2756:
2697:
2662:
2590:from the original on March 18, 2021
2513:from the original on April 26, 2021
2358:from the original on April 26, 2021
2138:
851:. The act established intermediate
13:
7910:American people of English descent
7787:
7107:
6817:
6806:Supreme Court of the United States
6756:Chief Justice of the United States
6648:Lowell, Jessica (April 20, 2021).
6626:from the original on April 8, 2021
6545:
6424:from the original on July 14, 2021
6034:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1998.tb00129.x
5911:"Birthright Citizenship on Trial:
5765:
5654:Journal of American Ethnic History
4501:– via UND Scholarly Commons.
4385:
4093:
3825:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1973.tb00505.x
3795:
3634:from the original on March 2, 2021
3471:
3227:Northwestern University Law Review
3204:
2947:from the original on July 31, 2021
2644:Supreme Court of the United States
2620:from the original on July 10, 2021
2571:
2525:
2466:
2282:
2266:University of South Carolina Press
2238:
2178:
2150:University of South Carolina Press
1948:
1724:During his confirmation, Fuller's
1657:, for instance, he joined Justice
1639:law that dissolved the charter of
664:Supreme Court of the United States
292:chief justice of the United States
62:Chief Justice of the United States
14:
7926:
7865:20th-century American politicians
7860:19th-century American politicians
6704:
6612:Lowell, Jessica (April 8, 2021).
6367:Mackinac Center for Public Policy
4589:Bobroff, Rochelle (Summer 2009).
4346:American Journal of Legal History
4113:Journal of Southern Legal History
4109:and the Anti-Lottery Act of 1895"
3585:Jensen, Erik M. (November 2019).
3524:Jensen, Erik M. (December 1997).
3086:"Melville W. Fuller Reconsidered"
2976:American Journal of Legal History
2370:
2316:
2294:Umbreit, Kenneth Bernard (1938).
1985:
1836:Mackinac Center for Public Policy
1526:and Armand Derfner characterized
1155:and other cases, legal historian
1096:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
887:Fuller died that July. President
878:, and he served ten years on the
595:Illinois House of Representatives
393:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
359:Illinois House of Representatives
357:, he served a single term in the
6722:
6710:
6674:
6244:Ross, William G. (Winter 1996).
6022:Journal of Supreme Court History
5970:Journal of Supreme Court History
5858:Journal of Supreme Court History
5726:Journal of Supreme Court History
5563:University of Chicago Law Review
4988:"Plessy v. Ferguson Re-Examined"
4793:Journal of Supreme Court History
4651:– via DigitalCommons@NYLS.
4241:Washington University Law Review
4191:NYU Journal of Law & Liberty
4008:University of Chicago Law Review
3720:. New York, NY: Atherton Press.
3381:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2007.00159.x
3368:Journal of Supreme Court History
3091:Journal of Supreme Court History
3032:University of Chicago Law Review
1696:
1429:Nadir of American race relations
1338:. The case stemmed from an 1894
1148:Swift & Co. v. United States
924:
898:
815:
759:, chaired by Vermont Republican
273:
7855:Politicians from Augusta, Maine
6539:
6470:
6350:
6237:
6199:
6156:
6119:
6009:
5844:
5506:Malavet, Pedro A. (Fall 2010).
5403:
5369:
5310:
5270:
5075:
4979:
4772:
4741:
4633:University of Toledo Law Review
4617:
4595:University of Toledo Law Review
4582:
4539:
4505:
4470:
4431:
4264:
4135:
3994:
3951:
3902:
3846:
3707:
3613:
3578:
3517:
3407:
3350:
3250:
3161:
3015:
2959:
2632:
2602:
1964:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
1313:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1105:American Sugar Refining Company
983:a provision of the Constitution
936:Income tax in the United States
534:In 1856, Fuller left Maine for
229:
208:
21:Justice Fuller (disambiguation)
5943:– via OpenCommons@UConn.
3627:Congressional Research Service
3132:A History of the Supreme Court
2584:Congressional Research Service
2300:(2nd ed.). New York, NY:
1668:Fong Yue Ting v. United States
1441:In the words of legal scholar
1023:, ratified in 1913, abrogated
958:praising the Court's decision.
880:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1:
7885:20th-century American lawyers
7880:19th-century American lawyers
5917:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
5287:Washington and Lee Law Review
5128:Goldstein, Leslie F. (2013).
5052:Washington and Lee Law Review
4440:"Between Law and Conscience:
4236:: A Centennial Retrospective"
3917:. Vol. 1. New York, NY:
3359:"The Four Good Dissenters in
3220:Jensen, Erik M. (July 2014).
2481:"Chief Justices I Have Known"
2220:. Vol. 2. New York, NY:
1941:
1674:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1258:right to enter into contracts
1119:period essentially abrogated
968:In 1894, Congress passed the
929:
805:Republican National Committee
490:). His maternal grandfather,
474:
439:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
45:
7840:20th-century American judges
7835:19th-century American judges
5609:Yale Law & Policy Review
4705:Francis, Megan Ming (2014).
4552:. Vol. 2. Detroit, MI:
4381:– via Chicago Unbound.
4316:– via Chicago Unbound.
4177:Paul, Ellen Frankel (2005).
4043:– via Chicago Unbound.
3898:– via Chicago Unbound.
3781:. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
3714:Hyneman, Charles S. (1963).
3457:. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
3067:– via Chicago Unbound.
2770:Cushman, Clare, ed. (2013).
2616:. July 20, 1888. p. 1.
2614:Harrisburg Daily Independent
1882:Maine Supreme Judicial Court
1752:While at his summer home in
1463:, maintaining instead that "
891:nominated Associate Justice
684:and generally advocated for
7:
5909:Berger, Bethany R. (2016).
5788:. New York, NY: Macmillan.
5419:. Vol. 3. Boston, MA:
4993:Journal of American Studies
4748:Canellos, Peter S. (2021).
4145:; Patrick, John J. (2006).
3807:"The Knight Case Revisited"
3805:Fisher, Joe A. (May 1973).
3357:Johnson, Calvin H. (2007).
2872:Morris, Jeffrey B. (1981).
2681:. July 5, 1910. p. 5.
2258:Steamer, Robert J. (1986).
1896:
1482:Brown v. Board of Education
1213:and showed his support for
1134:Northern Securities Company
876:Venezuelan boundary dispute
704:Nomination to Supreme Court
460:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
7931:
6126:Thomson, James A. (1997).
5824:Kraut, Julia Rose (2020).
5645:Erman, Sam (Summer 2008).
5175:; Derfner, Armand (2021).
4713:Cambridge University Press
3966:Princeton University Press
3717:The Supreme Court on Trial
3326:Semonche, John E. (1978).
3129:Schwartz, Bernard (1995).
2820:Dickson, Del, ed. (2001).
2640:"Justices 1789 to Present"
1915:of Chicago, named for him.
1868:Kennebec County Courthouse
1426:
1224:
1132:, a majority broke up the
1093:. In the first such case,
933:
902:
819:
777:1888 presidential election
757:Senate Judiciary Committee
581:. However, he opposed the
568:1860 presidential election
506:, from which he graduated
351:1860 presidential election
18:
7895:Harvard Law School alumni
7785:
7135:
7122:
7105:
6825:
6812:
6762:
6753:
6745:
6740:
5715:Rothera, Evan C. (2016).
5382:The Constitution and Race
5006:10.1017/S0021875800013396
4001:Currie, David P. (1985).
3958:Ross, William G. (1994).
3919:New York University Press
2432:King, Willard L. (1950).
2334:Hall, Timothy L. (2001).
1876:
1861:
1779:
1544:Berea College v. Kentucky
1385:criticized the ruling in
1205:for regulatory purposes.
1142:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
1069:. In any event, Fuller's
796:Reconstruction Amendments
656:Supreme Court of Illinois
632:Illinois Central Railroad
603:Emancipation Proclamation
529:
404:cases more difficult. In
281:
269:
250:
242:
189:
179:
164:
147:
123:
118:
114:
102:
90:
78:
67:
59:
55:
37:
30:
6322:Skouras, George (2011).
6284:Sims, John Cary (1998).
6075:"Melville Weston Fuller"
6016:Taylor, John B. (1998).
5851:Price, Polly J. (2018).
5183:Harvard University Press
4918:10.1162/0011526053124488
4855:10.1086/scr.1998.3109701
4523:Aspen Law & Business
2543:Rowman & Littlefield
2222:Chelsea House Publishers
1747:
1437:The Fuller Court in 1899
970:WilsonβGorman Tariff Act
6346:– via HeinOnline.
6308:– via HeinOnline.
6233:– via HeinOnline.
6152:– via HeinOnline.
6056:– via HeinOnline.
5895:– via HeinOnline.
5761:– via HeinOnline.
5521:Mississippi Law Journal
4975:– via HeinOnline.
4812:– via HeinOnline.
4784:"The Virtue of Defeat:
4613:– via HeinOnline.
4554:Macmillan Reference USA
4483:North Dakota Law Review
4477:Kerian, Jon R. (1961).
4466:– via HeinOnline.
4131:– via HeinOnline.
4057:Regan, Richard (2015).
3403:– via HeinOnline.
3118:– via HeinOnline.
2896:– via HeinOnline.
2728:Oxford University Press
2521:– via HeinOnline.
1969:Congressional Quarterly
1496:Williams v. Mississippi
1461:Equal Protection Clause
1422:
1221:Substantive due process
1198:McCray v. United States
1089:, a major 1890 federal
912:substantive due process
7890:Bowdoin College alumni
7792:
7112:
5963:Peppers, Todd (2020).
5173:Burton, Orville Vernon
1961:; Witt, Elder (1997).
1789:
1706:
1683:birthright citizenship
1654:Chinese Exclusion Case
1455:law that required the
1438:
1399:United States v. Shipp
1344:American Railway Union
1236:
959:
843:
792:William Morris Stewart
713:
652:Chicago Superior Court
644:baptismal regeneration
627:
583:Lincoln Administration
496:Supreme Court of Maine
444:birthright citizenship
432:that residents of the
337:after graduating from
288:Melville Weston Fuller
128:Melville Weston Fuller
7791:
7111:
6959:Edward Douglass White
6553:Portland Press Herald
6328:Journal Jurisprudence
6215:Cornell Law Quarterly
6207:Mason, Alpheus Thomas
6164:Rehnquist, William H.
6133:Cumberland Law Review
5088:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4951:Oberst, Paul (1973).
4625:Purcell, Edward A. Jr
3104:10.1353/sch.1998.0040
2776:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
2533:Abraham, Henry Julian
2302:Harper & Brothers
1852:racial unrest in 2020
1787:
1719:Chicago Literary Club
1704:
1663:Chinese Exclusion Act
1518:(1886), in which the
1436:
1391:Edward A. Purcell Jr.
1253:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1234:
1101:Department of Justice
1039:cited it in the 2012
943:
893:Edward Douglass White
829:
711:
677:Juilliard v. Greenman
619:
546:, which repealed the
109:Edward Douglass White
7870:Lawyers from Chicago
6991:Charles Evans Hughes
6719:at Wikimedia Commons
6251:Marquette Law Review
4842:Supreme Court Review
4758:. pp. 422β423.
4521:. Gaithersburg, MD:
4518:Federal Jurisdiction
4213:– via NYU Law.
2780:. pp. 220β224.
2344:. pp. 198β201.
1770:Bishop of Washington
1715:William F. Coolbaugh
1679:Fourteenth Amendment
1622:Gonzales v. Williams
1578:SpanishβAmerican War
1169:, and law professor
1015:even called for the
997:Henry Billings Brown
992:John Marshall Harlan
972:, which contained a
842:stands to the right.
648:ecclesiastical court
6975:William Howard Taft
6688:. February 15, 2022
5327:Columbia Law Review
5278:Epstein, Richard A.
5135:Maryland Law Review
4833:Klarman, Michael J.
4337:Epstein, Richard A.
4281:Columbia Law Review
4234:Lochner v. New York
4228:Bernstein, David E.
4181:Lochner v. New York
3863:Virginia Law Review
3854:Epstein, Richard A.
3531:Columbia Law Review
2486:Virginia Law Review
1919:Fuller-Weston House
1744:kept the mustache.
1576:As a result of the
1536:Fifteenth Amendment
1364:equitable authority
1271:Lochner v. New York
1077:Interstate commerce
1041:Affordable Care Act
889:William Howard Taft
668:strict construction
548:Missouri Compromise
544:KansasβNebraska Act
428:. He argued in the
407:Lochner v. New York
388:Sixteenth Amendment
320:liberty of contract
7793:
7129:Associate justices
7113:
6727:Works by or about
6717:Melville W. Fuller
6360:(March 10, 2006).
5983:10.1111/jsch.12238
5924:Cardozo Law Review
5872:10.1111/jsch.12167
5739:10.1111/jsch.12091
5600:Torruella, Juan R.
5514:Boumediene v. Bush
5458:Urofsky, Melvin I.
5387:Praeger Publishing
5047:β 100 Years Later"
5045:Plessy v. Ferguson
5039:Wisdom, John Minor
5024:– via JSTOR.
4957:Arizona Law Review
4880:– via JSTOR.
4786:Plessy v. Ferguson
4756:Simon and Schuster
4513:Chemerinsky, Erwin
4442:Jones v. Van Zandt
4276:"Lochner's Legacy"
4063:. Washington, DC:
3773:Urofsky, Melvin I.
3679:Garland Publishing
3669:Urofsky, Melvin I.
3449:Urofsky, Melvin I.
3264:Harvard Law Review
2678:The New York Times
2610:"Fuller Confirmed"
2477:Frankfurter, Felix
1872:Black Lives Matter
1790:
1774:Graceland Cemetery
1762:Theodore Roosevelt
1707:
1649:Chinese immigrants
1534:" and "erased the
1515:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1465:separate but equal
1457:racial segregation
1448:Plessy v. Ferguson
1439:
1374:Eleventh Amendment
1320:Judicial authority
1248:Due Process Clause
1237:
1013:Sylvester Pennoyer
960:
872:secretary of state
844:
800:Charles B. Farwell
714:
686:limited government
628:
575:American Civil War
560:Stephen A. Douglas
512:Harvard Law School
422:separate but equal
417:Plessy v. Ferguson
412:Due Process Clause
347:Stephen A. Douglas
316:racial segregation
304:federal income tax
264:Harvard University
169:Graceland Cemetery
7802:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7118:
7117:
7071:William Rehnquist
6772:
6771:
6763:Succeeded by
6715:Media related to
6586:News Center Maine
6546:Lowell, Jessica.
6520:Bangor Daily News
6491:on March 18, 2021
6452:The Maine Monitor
6417:978-1-118-53376-5
6398:Brophy, Alfred L.
6358:Reed, Lawrence W.
6166:(February 2003).
5837:978-0-674-97606-1
5795:978-0-02-541360-3
5510:Downes v. Bidwell
5477:978-0-19-512635-8
5396:978-0-275-93914-4
5377:Lively, Donald E.
5318:Schmidt, Benno C.
5192:978-0-674-97564-4
5181:. Cambridge, MA:
5099:978-1-4522-6379-3
5090:SAGE Publications
4765:978-1-5011-8820-6
4722:978-1-139-99254-1
4688:978-0-571-19952-5
4563:978-0-02-866126-1
4532:978-0-7355-0037-2
4412:978-0-7656-8063-1
4272:Sunstein, Cass R.
4158:978-0-19-531189-1
4074:978-0-8132-2721-4
3975:978-1-4008-6357-0
3964:. Princeton, NJ:
3936:978-1-4798-3990-2
3856:(November 1987).
3788:978-1-56802-720-3
3688:978-0-8153-1176-8
3609:– via SSRN.
3464:978-1-56802-937-5
3431:978-0-618-32969-4
3343:978-0-313-20314-5
3246:– via SSRN.
3185:978-1-136-75716-7
3142:978-0-19-984055-7
2833:978-0-19-512632-7
2787:978-1-60871-832-0
2737:978-0-19-517661-2
2552:978-0-7425-5895-3
2479:(November 1953).
2351:978-0-8160-4194-7
2275:978-0-87249-482-4
2231:978-0-8352-0217-6
2159:978-1-57003-018-5
1978:978-1-56802-130-0
1807:William Rehnquist
1608:DeLima v. Bidwell
1600:Juan R. Torruella
1595:Downes v. Bidwell
1412:stay of execution
1328:. In the case of
1294:judicial activism
1055:Calvin H. Johnson
861:Felix Frankfurter
788:William M. Evarts
761:George F. Edmunds
698:Solicitor General
672:U.S. Constitution
636:Charles E. Cheney
285:
284:
138:February 11, 1833
7922:
7781:
7681:
7535:
7473:
7429:
7145:
7124:
7123:
7055:Warren E. Burger
6863:Oliver Ellsworth
6814:
6813:
6804:Justices of the
6798:
6791:
6784:
6775:
6774:
6746:Preceded by
6738:
6737:
6726:
6714:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6655:Kennebec Journal
6645:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6619:Kennebec Journal
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6510:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:. Archived from
6484:Kennebec Journal
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6443:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6173:Duke Law Journal
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6080:Yale Law Journal
6067:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5960:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5874:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5821:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5776:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5712:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5666:10.2307/27501851
5651:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5553:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5231:Yale Law Journal
5222:Bernstein, David
5218:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5169:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5035:
5026:
5025:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4920:
4895:Pollak, Louis H.
4891:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4837:"The Plessy Era"
4829:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4780:Thomas, Clarence
4776:
4770:
4769:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4711:. New York, NY:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4677:. New York, NY:
4668:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4248:(5): 1469β1527.
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4187:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4107:Champion v. Ames
4100:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3870:(8): 1387β1455.
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3765:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3661:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3538:(8): 2334β2419.
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3422:Houghton Mifflin
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3332:. Westport, CT:
3323:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3174:. New York, NY:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3023:Garrow, David J.
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2967:Pratt, Walter F.
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:10.2307/40041345
2927:(6): 1463β1510.
2911:White, G. Edward
2907:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2869:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2714:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2438:. New York, NY:
2429:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2340:. New York, NY:
2331:
2314:
2313:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2264:. Columbia, SC:
2255:
2236:
2235:
2211:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2148:. Columbia, SC:
2136:
1983:
1982:
1955:
1811:Alpheus T. Mason
1766:James E. Freeman
1737:Jackson Standard
1299:Muller v. Oregon
1285:Rufus W. Peckham
1186:. The ruling in
1179:Champion v. Ames
895:to replace him.
853:appellate courts
840:Grover Cleveland
832:William McKinley
781:winning Illinois
727:Edward J. Phelps
690:Grover Cleveland
646:. Believing the
640:Episcopal Church
607:Corwin Amendment
494:, served on the
489:
367:Grover Cleveland
277:
233:
231:
212:
210:
198:Calista Reynolds
175:, Illinois, U.S.
154:
137:
135:
119:Personal details
105:
93:
85:Grover Cleveland
81:
72:
50:
47:
42:
28:
27:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7850:Maine Democrats
7805:
7804:
7803:
7794:
7783:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7676:
7617:J. M. Harlan II
7530:
7468:
7424:
7140:
7131:
7114:
7103:
7102:
7007:Harlan F. Stone
6943:Melville Fuller
6911:Salmon P. Chase
6821:
6808:
6802:
6768:
6759:
6751:
6729:Melville Fuller
6707:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6646:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6577:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6511:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6444:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6418:
6408:WileyβBlackwell
6406:. Hoboken, NJ:
6394:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6320:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6282:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6161:
6157:
6147:
6145:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6068:
6061:
6051:
6049:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5961:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5907:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5822:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5796:
5777:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5713:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5649:
5643:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5597:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5554:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5504:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5478:
5462:Finkelman, Paul
5455:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5411:Warren, Charles
5408:
5404:
5397:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5340:10.2307/1122071
5315:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5294:(4): 741β761 .
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5219:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5193:
5170:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5126:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5100:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5041:(Winter 1996).
5036:
5029:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4949:
4942:
4897:(Winter 2005).
4892:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4830:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4679:Faber and Faber
4669:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4627:(Summer 2009).
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4397:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4334:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4294:10.2307/1122721
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4225:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4185:
4175:
4166:
4159:
4143:Hall, Kermit L.
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4101:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4055:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4021:10.2307/1599519
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3956:
3952:
3937:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3876:10.2307/1073233
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3769:Finkelman, Paul
3766:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3662:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3544:10.2307/1123374
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3489:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3334:Greenwood Press
3324:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3277:10.2307/1321669
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3218:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3186:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3079:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3045:10.2307/1600454
3039:(4): 995β1087.
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2908:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2870:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2818:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2788:
2768:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2718:Hall, Kermit L.
2715:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2499:10.2307/1069773
2474:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2430:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2332:
2317:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2239:
2232:
2212:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2137:
1986:
1979:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1899:
1890:Kennebec County
1864:
1782:
1754:Sorrento, Maine
1750:
1699:
1574:
1477:Louis H. Pollak
1431:
1425:
1348:Pullman Company
1322:
1229:
1223:
1184:Tenth Amendment
1171:David P. Currie
1162:Loewe v. Lawlor
1138:holding company
1113:Richard Epstein
1083:Commerce Clause
1079:
938:
932:
927:
907:
901:
865:G. Edward White
857:Walter F. Pratt
824:
818:
744:John Scholfield
740:Seventh Circuit
725:Vermont native
706:
623:Chicago Tribune
564:Abraham Lincoln
532:
504:Bowdoin College
477:
469:Kennebec County
363:Abraham Lincoln
339:Bowdoin College
312:citizenship law
308:Commerce Clause
300:free enterprise
262:
255:Bowdoin College
238:
235:
227:
223:
220:
214:
206:
202:
199:
180:Political party
158:Sorrento, Maine
156:
152:
139:
133:
131:
130:
129:
103:
91:
79:
73:
68:
51:
48:
33:
32:Melville Fuller
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7928:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7786:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7771:(2022βpresent)
7766:
7765:(2020βpresent)
7760:
7759:(2018βpresent)
7754:
7753:(2017βpresent)
7748:
7747:(2010βpresent)
7742:
7741:(2009βpresent)
7736:
7735:(2006βpresent)
7730:
7724:
7718:
7717:(1991βpresent)
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7084:
7068:
7052:
7036:
7023:Fred M. Vinson
7020:
7004:
6988:
6972:
6956:
6940:
6927:Morrison Waite
6924:
6908:
6895:Roger B. Taney
6892:
6876:
6860:
6844:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6819:Chief justices
6810:
6809:
6801:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6778:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6761:
6752:
6749:Morrison Waite
6747:
6743:
6742:
6741:Legal offices
6736:
6735:
6720:
6706:
6705:External links
6703:
6700:
6699:
6673:
6637:
6604:
6571:
6538:
6502:
6469:
6435:
6416:
6385:
6349:
6311:
6273:
6258:(2): 402β452.
6236:
6221:(3): 606β608.
6198:
6180:(4): 787β805.
6155:
6118:
6093:10.2307/793644
6071:Frank, John P.
6059:
6028:(1): 133β165.
6008:
5977:(2): 140β150.
5946:
5913:Elk v. Wilkins
5898:
5843:
5836:
5813:
5794:
5764:
5702:
5634:
5588:
5570:(2): 781β845.
5543:
5495:
5476:
5446:
5402:
5395:
5368:
5334:(3): 444β524.
5309:
5269:
5244:10.2307/796668
5238:(3): 725β744.
5210:
5191:
5157:
5117:
5098:
5074:
5027:
5000:(2): 125β32 .
4978:
4940:
4883:
4815:
4788:in Retrospect"
4771:
4764:
4740:
4721:
4694:
4687:
4654:
4639:(4): 931β970.
4616:
4601:(4): 819β842.
4581:
4562:
4538:
4531:
4504:
4469:
4430:
4411:
4384:
4359:10.2307/845465
4319:
4288:(5): 873β919.
4263:
4216:
4198:(1): 515β569.
4164:
4157:
4134:
4092:
4073:
4046:
4015:(4): 867β902.
3993:
3974:
3950:
3935:
3901:
3845:
3794:
3787:
3743:
3706:
3687:
3645:
3612:
3577:
3516:
3470:
3463:
3451:, ed. (2006).
3437:
3430:
3406:
3375:(2): 162β177.
3349:
3342:
3297:
3271:(3): 198β211.
3249:
3234:(3): 799β824.
3203:
3184:
3160:
3141:
3121:
3070:
3014:
2989:10.2307/844665
2983:(3): 189β220.
2958:
2899:
2851:
2832:
2805:
2786:
2755:
2736:
2720:, ed. (1992).
2696:
2661:
2631:
2601:
2570:
2551:
2541:. Lanham, MD:
2524:
2493:(7): 883β905.
2465:
2369:
2350:
2315:
2281:
2274:
2237:
2230:
2177:
2158:
1984:
1977:
1959:Biskupic, Joan
1946:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1913:community area
1906:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1863:
1860:
1828:Howard Gillman
1824:Bruce Ackerman
1781:
1778:
1749:
1746:
1698:
1695:
1651:. In the 1889
1633:Utah Territory
1573:
1570:
1505:literacy tests
1424:
1421:
1369:Ex parte Young
1366:. The case of
1352:Eugene V. Debs
1321:
1318:
1222:
1219:
1078:
1075:
977:that it was a
931:
928:
926:
923:
900:
897:
817:
814:
718:Morrison Waite
705:
702:
696:, to serve as
682:states' rights
531:
528:
524:city solicitor
508:Phi Beta Kappa
481:Augusta, Maine
476:
473:
371:Morrison Waite
331:Augusta, Maine
283:
282:
279:
278:
271:
267:
266:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
237:
236:
225:
221:
219:Mary Coolbaugh
218:
217:
215:
204:
200:
197:
196:
193:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
166:
162:
161:
155:(aged 77)
149:
145:
144:
141:Augusta, Maine
127:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
97:Morrison Waite
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
65:
64:
57:
56:
53:
52:
49: 1900-10
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7927:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7875:Maine lawyers
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7790:
7780:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:* (1972β1986)
7679:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:* (1925β1941)
7533:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7472:* (1910β1916)
7471:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:* (1894β1910)
7427:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:* (1790β1791)
7143:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6879:John Marshall
6877:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6847:John Rutledge
6845:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6799:
6794:
6792:
6787:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6750:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6644:
6642:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6542:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6509:
6507:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6440:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6392:
6390:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6240:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6143:
6140:(1): 139β97.
6139:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6122:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5934:
5931:: 1185β1258.
5930:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5905:
5903:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5820:
5818:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5780:Fiss, Owen M.
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5639:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5602:(Fall 2013).
5601:
5595:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5421:Little, Brown
5418:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5280:(Fall 1989).
5279:
5273:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4744:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4457:
4454:(1): 77β111.
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4051:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:The Historian
3808:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3665:Ely, James W.
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:ABA Tax Times
3588:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3501:
3498:: 1723β1734.
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3483:"Purging Out
3477:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3082:Ely, James W.
3077:
3075:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2689:September 16,
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2453:
2449:
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1829:
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1799:
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1587:
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1566:Donald Lively
1563:
1558:
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1553:Berea College
1550:
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1524:Vernon Burton
1521:
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1473:Jim Crow laws
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1136:, a railroad
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1092:
1091:antitrust law
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975:
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966:
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956:David B. Hill
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
925:Federal power
922:
920:
919:
918:laissez-faire
913:
906:
899:Jurisprudence
896:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
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868:
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862:
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854:
850:
841:
837:
833:
828:
823:
816:Chief justice
813:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
790:of New York,
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
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749:
748:Shelby Cullom
745:
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626:, May 4, 1860
625:
624:
618:
614:
612:
611:habeas corpus
608:
604:
600:
599:Richard Yates
596:
591:
588:
587:gerrymandered
584:
580:
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571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:secessionists
553:
552:abolitionists
549:
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541:
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527:
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521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:probate judge
497:
493:
492:Nathan Weston
487:
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472:
470:
466:
462:
461:
456:
453:era, and the
452:
447:
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440:
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431:
430:Insular Cases
427:
426:Jim Crow laws
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352:
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297:
296:Supreme Court
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54:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
7778:
7477:Van Devanter
7365:J. M. Harlan
7094:
7091:2005βpresent
7087:John Roberts
7078:
7062:
7046:
7030:
7014:
6998:
6982:
6966:
6950:
6942:
6934:
6918:
6902:
6886:
6870:
6854:
6838:
6766:Edward White
6754:
6692:February 24,
6690:. Retrieved
6685:
6676:
6664:. Retrieved
6653:
6628:. Retrieved
6617:
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6584:
6574:
6562:. Retrieved
6551:
6541:
6529:. Retrieved
6518:
6493:. Retrieved
6489:the original
6482:
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6451:
6426:. Retrieved
6402:
6376:. Retrieved
6365:
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6331:
6327:
6302:. Retrieved
6293:
6289:
6266:September 4,
6264:. Retrieved
6255:
6249:
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6218:
6214:
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6177:
6171:
6158:
6146:. Retrieved
6137:
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6121:
6109:. Retrieved
6084:
6078:
6050:. Retrieved
6025:
6021:
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5999:. Retrieved
5974:
5968:
5937:. Retrieved
5928:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5889:. Retrieved
5862:
5856:
5846:
5826:
5804:. Retrieved
5784:
5755:. Retrieved
5730:
5724:
5718:
5693:. Retrieved
5657:
5653:
5625:. Retrieved
5616:(1): 57β95.
5613:
5607:
5579:. Retrieved
5567:
5561:
5534:. Retrieved
5525:
5519:
5513:
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5486:. Retrieved
5466:
5437:. Retrieved
5415:
5405:
5385:. New York:
5381:
5371:
5359:. Retrieved
5331:
5325:
5312:
5300:. Retrieved
5291:
5285:
5272:
5260:. Retrieved
5235:
5229:
5201:. Retrieved
5177:
5148:. Retrieved
5139:
5133:
5108:. Retrieved
5084:
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5056:
5050:
5044:
4997:
4991:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4960:
4956:
4911:(1): 29β41.
4908:
4902:
4874:. Retrieved
4846:
4840:
4806:. Retrieved
4797:
4791:
4785:
4774:
4754:. New York:
4750:
4743:
4731:. Retrieved
4707:
4673:
4647:September 6,
4645:. Retrieved
4636:
4632:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4598:
4594:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4548:
4541:
4517:
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4489:(1): 49β65.
4486:
4482:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4451:
4447:
4441:
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4401:
4375:. Retrieved
4350:
4344:
4310:. Retrieved
4285:
4279:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4245:
4239:
4233:
4207:. Retrieved
4195:
4189:
4180:
4147:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4116:
4112:
4106:
4083:. Retrieved
4059:
4039:September 4,
4037:. Retrieved
4012:
4006:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3960:
3953:
3914:
3911:Gormley, Ken
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3867:
3861:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3816:
3810:
3777:
3734:. Retrieved
3716:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3677:. New York:
3673:
3638:February 10,
3636:. Retrieved
3625:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3594:
3590:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3535:
3529:
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3453:
3416:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3372:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3328:
3288:. Retrieved
3268:
3262:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3231:
3225:
3194:. Retrieved
3170:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3131:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3098:(1): 35β49.
3095:
3089:
3061:. Retrieved
3036:
3030:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2980:
2974:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2924:
2918:
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2877:
2842:. Retrieved
2822:
2796:. Retrieved
2772:
2746:. Retrieved
2726:. New York:
2722:
2687:. Retrieved
2676:
2652:. Retrieved
2643:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2537:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2490:
2484:
2456:. Retrieved
2434:
2360:. Retrieved
2336:
2296:
2260:
2216:
2168:. Retrieved
2144:
1963:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1844:Owen M. Fiss
1819:James W. Ely
1815:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1776:in Chicago.
1758:heart attack
1751:
1740:
1736:
1732:New York Sun
1731:
1723:
1711:tuberculosis
1708:
1691:Donald Trump
1687:Wong Kim Ark
1686:
1672:
1666:
1652:
1646:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1593:
1575:
1556:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1468:
1446:
1443:John V. Orth
1440:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1359:
1346:against the
1329:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1210:
1206:
1203:taxing power
1196:
1192:police power
1187:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1157:James W. Ely
1152:
1146:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1094:
1080:
1070:
1067:wealth taxes
1058:
1050:
1044:
1037:John Roberts
1032:
1024:
1007:
1005:
963:
961:
950:
916:
908:
884:David Garrow
869:
845:
834:(center) as
822:Fuller Court
809:Matthew Quay
785:
772:
753:
715:
675:
661:
629:
621:
592:
572:
533:
519:
488: Weston
478:
464:
458:
454:
448:
437:
415:
405:
391:
381:
379:
328:
287:
286:
153:(1910-07-04)
151:July 4, 1910
104:Succeeded by
80:Nominated by
69:
25:
7820:1910 deaths
7815:1833 births
7729:(1994β2022)
7723:(1993β2020)
7711:(1990β2009)
7705:(1988β2018)
7699:(1986β2016)
7693:(1981β2006)
7687:(1975β2010)
7673:(1972β1987)
7667:(1970β1994)
7661:(1967β1991)
7659:T. Marshall
7655:(1965β1969)
7649:(1962β1965)
7643:(1962β1993)
7637:(1958β1981)
7631:(1957β1962)
7625:(1956β1990)
7619:(1955β1971)
7613:(1949β1956)
7607:(1949β1967)
7601:(1945β1958)
7595:(1943β1949)
7593:W. Rutledge
7589:(1941β1954)
7583:(1941β1942)
7577:(1940β1949)
7571:(1939β1975)
7565:(1939β1962)
7563:Frankfurter
7559:(1938β1957)
7553:(1937β1971)
7547:(1932β1938)
7541:(1930β1945)
7527:(1923β1930)
7521:(1923β1939)
7515:(1922β1938)
7509:(1916β1922)
7503:(1916β1939)
7497:(1914β1941)
7491:(1912β1922)
7485:(1911β1916)
7479:(1911β1937)
7465:(1910β1914)
7459:(1906β1910)
7453:(1903β1922)
7447:(1902β1932)
7441:(1898β1925)
7435:(1896β1909)
7421:(1893β1895)
7415:(1892β1903)
7409:(1891β1906)
7403:(1890β1910)
7397:(1888β1893)
7391:(1882β1893)
7385:(1882β1902)
7379:(1881β1889)
7373:(1881β1887)
7367:(1877β1911)
7361:(1873β1882)
7355:(1870β1892)
7349:(1870β1880)
7343:(1863β1897)
7337:(1862β1877)
7331:(1862β1890)
7325:(1862β1881)
7319:(1858β1881)
7313:(1853β1861)
7307:(1851β1857)
7301:(1846β1870)
7295:(1845β1851)
7289:(1845β1872)
7283:(1842β1860)
7277:(1838β1852)
7271:(1837β1865)
7265:(1836β1841)
7259:(1835β1867)
7253:(1830β1844)
7247:(1829β1861)
7241:(1826β1828)
7235:(1823β1843)
7229:(1812β1845)
7223:(1811β1835)
7217:(1807β1826)
7211:(1807β1823)
7205:(1804β1834)
7199:(1800β1804)
7193:(1798β1829)
7187:(1796β1811)
7181:(1793β1806)
7175:(1792β1793)
7169:(1790β1799)
7163:(1790β1795)
7157:(1789β1798)
7151:(1790β1810)
7142:J. Rutledge
7039:Earl Warren
6304:November 8,
6148:November 8,
6087:: 202β206.
6052:November 8,
5891:November 8,
5865:(1): 7β26.
5757:November 8,
5660:(4): 5β33.
5528:: 181β257.
5142:: 190β223.
5059:(1): 9β20.
4963:: 389β418.
4849:: 303β414.
4609:November 8,
4353:: 109β110.
3399:November 8,
3114:November 8,
2892:November 8,
2654:February 9,
1909:Fuller Park
1848:Progressive
1840:revisionist
1586:Philippines
1582:Puerto Rico
1520:Waite Court
1326:injunctions
1292:engaged in
1278:involved a
1227:Lochner era
1087:Sherman Act
1017:impeachment
735:George Gray
638:, whom the
579:Confederacy
467:. In 2021,
434:territories
424:and upheld
398:Sherman Act
324:revisionist
92:Preceded by
7809:Categories
7769:K. Jackson
7587:R. Jackson
7539:O. Roberts
7513:Sutherland
7495:McReynolds
7419:H. Jackson
7389:Blatchford
7209:Livingston
7203:W. Johnson
7191:Washington
7173:T. Johnson
6760:1888β1910
6733:Wikisource
6296:: 101β03.
4733:August 16,
4574:August 16,
4312:August 28,
3986:August 16,
3736:August 18,
3699:August 16,
3420:. Boston:
1942:References
1501:poll taxes
1427:See also:
1404:Ed Johnson
1331:In re Debs
1225:See also:
1215:federalism
1063:flat taxes
979:direct tax
934:See also:
930:Income tax
903:See also:
820:See also:
765:Copperhead
731:Anglophile
475:Early life
184:Democratic
134:1833-02-11
7757:Kavanaugh
7739:Sotomayor
7678:Rehnquist
7629:Whittaker
7075:1986β2005
7059:1969β1986
7043:1953β1969
7027:1946β1953
7011:1941β1946
6995:1930β1941
6979:1921β1930
6963:1910β1921
6947:1888β1910
6931:1874β1888
6915:1864β1873
6899:1836β1864
6883:1801β1835
6867:1796β1800
6835:1789β1795
6666:April 22,
6495:August 3,
6342:April 26,
6334:: 37β58.
6229:April 26,
6042:145215355
5991:225605782
5881:148732719
5806:March 16,
5747:148549941
5733:: 21β38.
5682:130446696
5488:April 20,
5439:April 20,
5429:313219951
5361:August 5,
5348:0010-1958
5302:August 5,
5262:August 5,
5203:August 3,
5150:August 3,
5022:145390453
4971:April 26,
4871:147074451
4808:April 26,
4800:: 15β24.
4462:April 26,
4423:March 28,
4127:April 26,
4119:: 45β60.
4085:March 16,
4065:CUA Press
3945:250101451
3560:150973582
3495:Tax Notes
3389:144943526
3176:Routledge
3153:March 16,
2798:March 15,
2748:March 15,
2594:April 20,
2563:March 16,
2517:April 26,
2440:Macmillan
2362:March 28,
1453:Louisiana
1416:lynch mob
1033:Pollock's
1001:precedent
946:dunce cap
836:president
773:Juilliard
573:When the
402:antitrust
355:Civil War
270:Signature
251:Education
70:In office
7721:Ginsburg
7691:O'Connor
7665:Blackmun
7647:Goldberg
7641:B. White
7501:Brandeis
7483:J. Lamar
7426:E. White
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