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572:, resulting in blizzard warnings being issued. The system continued to weaken as it moved across western Pennsylvania, and by 0300 UTC on October 31, the storm's movement had shifted to the northwest. Blizzard conditions continued in the Appalachians, bringing more snow to the region that had already seen high amounts the day before. By 0900 UTC on October 31, the circulation degenerated into a trough of low pressure, with no discernible center of low pressure. Later that day, the remnants of Sandy spread into the
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provides fuel for the tropical storm, increases its intensity, and magnifies the rainfall by double that amount compared with normal conditions. Global climate change has contributed to the higher sea surface and ocean temperatures, and a warmer and moister atmosphere, and its effects are in the range of 5 to 10%. Natural variability and weather has provided the perhaps optimal conditions of a hurricane running into extra-tropical conditions to make for a huge intense storm, enhanced by global warming influences.
450:. At landfall, Sandy had a well-defined eye over 23 mi (37 km) in diameter, and flight-level winds reached 135 mph (217 km/h). While over land, the structure deteriorated, and the eye was no longer visible. After exiting Cuba, a combination of dry air and increasing shear restricted the outflow of Sandy and caused the structure of the storm to become disorganized. A mid-level low over Florida and approaching trough turned the hurricane toward the north-northwest.
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3001:
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2737:, a development that he believes could have a dramatic effect on weather patterns. Last spring's unseasonable warmth caused places like Rochester, Minn., to set record daytime highs. 'By midcentury, this will be the new normal,' Schrag predicted. 'How do you deal with extreme heat in the summer? It's going to be a challenge, but humans are adaptable. It's not going to be easy, just like a 13-foot storm surge will be the new norm on the Eastern seaboard.'
958:
26:
289:, causing the hurricane to weaken to a tropical storm while turning more northeastward. The southern part of the trough detached, causing the shear to decrease late on October 28 and allowing Sandy to regain strength. It attained a secondary peak of Category 2 strength the following day, and later turned toward the west. During this change in direction, Sandy began to transition into an
869:. The barometric pressure hit a record low of 945.5 mbar (27.92 inHg) over Atlantic City, New Jersey, breaking the previous record of 961 mbar (28.4 inHg) set in 1938. Sandy also broke the record for producing the lowest pressure in Philadelphia, with a minimum of 954 mbar (28.2 inHg); the previous record was 962 mbar (28.4 inHg), set during the
633:(GFS) model anticipated the hurricane would move out to sea; the remaining models were between the two scenarios. By four days before landfall, the NHC was forecasting a landfall on New Jersey, as were most of the computer models. In general, the European computer models performed better than the United States ones, due to the European models' higher resolution. MIT professor
942:. Noting that these blocking patterns are unusual in the fall but have been increasing, meteorologist Jeff Masters said that three studies in 2011 found "that the recent record decline in Arctic sea ice could be responsible, since this heats up the pole, altering the Equator-to-pole temperature difference, forcing the jet stream to slow down,
446:, with 1-minute sustained winds at 115 mph (185 km/h) winds and a central pressure at 954 millibars (28.2 inHg); operationally, Sandy was classified as a high-end Category 2 hurricane at landfall. Shortly thereafter, at 0525 UTC on October 25, the hurricane came ashore just west of
487:
of dry air and continued strong wind shear caused the inner area of convection to diminish. On
October 28, however, thunderstorms increased over the center, and Sandy's upper-level circulation was better defined when opposed to 24 hours previous. As the day progressed, wind shear decreased,
2572:
The sea surface temperatures along the
Atlantic coast have been running at over 3°C above normal for a region extending 800 km off shore all the way from Florida to Canada. Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this. With every degree C, the water holding of the atmosphere goes up 7%, and the moisture
1019:
meteorologist Martin
Hoerling attributed the "immediate cause" of Sandy to "little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm." Trenberth agrees that the storm was caused by "natural variability", but adds that it was "enhanced by global warming". One factor
889:
Climate scientists agree that climate change increases the likelihood of stronger and wetter storms, though possibly leading to fewer of them. However, researchers were unable to say just how responsible climate change was for the development and track of Sandy. Tropical cyclones derive their energy
466:
from a nearby trough; the same trough turned Sandy toward the northeast as the two began to phase and morph into what many called a "Superstorm". On
October 27, Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm, after dry air became fully ingested into the mid- and upper-level circulations. Later that
453:
By early
October 26, a majority of the convection in association with Sandy was located to the north of the center, primarily due to wind shear and dry air to the southwest of the hurricane. The size of the storm had increased greatly as well, with tropical storm-force winds extending out some
407:
increased, while moist air helped the convection organize further. The NHC noted that "remaining nearly stationary over the warm waters of southwestern
Caribbean Sea is never a good sign for this time of year." Still, the cloud pattern initially remained largely unchanged. Early on October 24,
1045:
to hold a hearing on links between climate change and
Hurricane Sandy. "Hurricane Sandy is exactly the type of extreme weather event that climate scientists have said will become more frequent and more severe if we fail to reduce our carbon pollution. That is why we are writing to request that you
1004:
is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be." He illustrates by pointing out that steroids in a baseball player's system do not cause home runs all by themselves but do make
454:
275 mi (443 km) from the center. As the day progressed, Sandy continued moving slowly to the north, and the strong wind shear caused the storm's intensity to decrease slightly. On
October 27, the NHC remarked that Sandy was "showing characteristics of a hybrid cyclone...like a large
374:
indicated the system had developed enough organized convection to be classified as
Tropical Depression Eighteen. At the time of the upgrade, the system was situated about 320 mi (510 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica The environment around the newly formed depression was characterized by an
338:
prevented further development at the time. Increased convergence, likely as a result of
Hurricane Rafael to the wave's west, hindered development as well. By October 18, numerous yet disorganized convective activity formed near the center of the disturbance despite moderate wind shear. Marked
1050:
wrote. The hearing was not presented before the senate and house prior to the emergence of the new Congress in early 2013. On April 9, 2013, however, Waxman and Rush renewed their request of a hearing, stating that, "If we rely upon representatives of electric utilities, coal companies, oil
333:
that moved off the western coast of Africa and into the eastern Atlantic Ocean on October 11. As the wave tracked westward over subsequent days, it interacted with an upper-level trough over the Eastern Atlantic, resulting in the development of widespread shower and thunderstorm activity;
416:
approaching from the northwest. At 1500 UTC on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status after the Hurricane Hunters observed flight-level winds of 99 mph (159 km/h). At the time, Sandy was located roughly 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.
568:. Because the system was non-tropical, the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) – known at the time as the Hydrometeorogical Prediction Center (HPC) – took over the responsibility of issuing advisories on the low. The remnants of Sandy brought heavy snow and high winds to the central
894:
caused by Sandy much more devastating. Since the overall sea level has risen by 8 in (20 cm) between 1902 and 2007, and is accelerating, the rise in sea level increases the risk for major floods to occur every time a storm hits. A 2012 paper in
508:
that the NHC described as "highly anomalous"; this caused Sandy to turn to the north and northwest. Maintaining an eye and deep convection, the hurricane intensified, reaching a secondary peak of 100 mph (160 km/h) and an unusually low central
1020:
contributing to the storm's strength was additional energy from abnormally warm water off the North American East Coast, where global warming was identified as contributing 1.1 °F (0.6 °C) of the 5.4 °F (3 °C) above-average
536:. In an advisory issued by the NHC late on October 29, the NHC noted that, "all of these considerations lead us to conclude that the most appropriate classification at advisory time is extratropical." The agency declared Sandy a
437:
At approximately 1900 UTC on October 24, Sandy made landfall near Kingston, with winds near 85 mph (137 km/h). After spending a short duration over the island, Sandy moved just offshore Cuba and began a period of
616:
anticipated the storm would move out to sea. By the next day, various computer models agreed that Sandy would interact with a trough over the eastern United States and turn to the west. About five days before landfall, the ECMWF,
2876:
297:, late on October 29. The extratropical remnants weakened gradually overland, and the center of circulation was declared indistinguishable over western Pennsylvania two days later. In addition to becoming the largest
2806:
838:, with peak tides of 13.31 and 10.62 ft (4.06 and 3.24 m), respectively. The tidal gauge in Sandy Hook lost power while the tide was still rising, meaning the tide crested higher than the recorded peak. A
1051:
refiners, and chemical manufacturers to explain the state of the science regarding climate change, we are unlikely to get a full and unbiased view of the challenge we must confront and the opportunities we have."
853:
Sandy was the largest Atlantic tropical cyclone in terms of gale diameter since records began in 1988, with a gale-force diameter measuring 1,150 miles (1,850 kilometers) across. In addition, at 945
928:, forming a kink in the jet stream and causing it to double back on itself off the East Coast; Sandy was caught up in this northwesterly flow. The blocking pattern over Greenland also stalled an
262:
on October 22. Performing a small loop over the central Caribbean Sea, the system intensified into a tropical storm a day later and became the final hurricane of the season before briefly
2822:
Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
540:
at about 2100 UTC that afternoon, while located just offshore southern New Jersey. About 2½ hours later, the storm made landfall approximately 5 mi (8.0 km) northeast of
3404:
2880:
3089:
513:
of 940 millibars (28 inHg), by 1200 UTC on October 29; at this time, the cyclone was moving over a small area of the Gulf Stream with waters in excess of 81
366:
in the area remained low, a trademark of development. Convection gradually increased as the day went on, while the system slowed and became nearly stationary over the western
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194:
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the coast of Jamaica on October 24. After emerging between Jamaica and Cuba, Sandy began a period of rapid intensification into a Category 3 hurricane on the
904:
In the case of Hurricane Sandy, two major factors contributing to the size and strength of the storm were unusually warm ocean surface temperatures and an increase in
846:
reached a record height when it measured a 32.5-foot (9.9 m) wave on October 30, 7.5 feet (2.3 m) taller than a 25-foot (7.6 m) wave registered by
548:. The intensity at landfall was estimated at 80 mph (130 km/h), although the strongest winds were located offshore, east and southeast of the center.
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By late October 27, Sandy was moving steadily northeastward ahead of an approaching trough. Although it maintained winds of hurricane force, the
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coast, due to it becoming involved with the low to the west. The pressure continued to drop, which indicated the system was intensifying because of
2919:
2683:
576:, and the WPC issued its last advisory. By the time the system had moved out of the region, nearly three feet of snow had fallen in some areas of
3075:
890:
from warm waters, and warmer water generally means stronger storms. Climate change has caused sea levels to rise, which made the storm surge and
1024:. As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.
3110:
2490:
2303:
2276:
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588:, with lesser amounts elsewhere in the region. During the next two days, Sandy's remnants drifted northward and then northeastward over
3197:
2556:
946:, and get stuck in large loops." Trenberth said that while a negative Arctic Oscillation and a blocking anticyclone were in place, the
3137:
2983:
622:
209:
3317:
3305:
3245:
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3360:
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projected that climate change could lead to floods that should occur only once a century to happening every three to twenty years.
199:
3378:
3281:
267:
228:
3209:
985:
calls Hurricane Sandy's 13-foot storm surge an example of what will, by mid-century, be the "new norm on the Eastern seaboard".
3161:
3050:
2978:
1027:
823:
204:
3257:
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637:
used the moment to call attention to the under-performance of US models, and to recommend a "dedicated effort" to reverse it.
618:
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216:
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and cold front were located near the storm's center, and the storm was predicted to become extratropical before landfall.
2944:
467:
day, however, data received from the Hurricane Hunters indicated that Sandy had re-intensified into a minimal hurricane.
443:
2439:
492:. The convection organized further early on October 29. Around the same time, Sandy began transitioning into an
2664:
2223:
462:, and despite strong 50 kt (60 mph) wind shear, continued to develop thunderstorms due to an abundance of
3038:
2687:
2370:
1042:
1034:
2465:
403:
well removed from the center of circulation, prompting the NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy.
2905:
2393:
792:
613:
609:
521:). Around that time, Sandy had a gale-force wind field of over 1,150 mi (1,850 km) in diameter. Both a
137:
794:
564:
After moving ashore, Sandy continued moving to the west, weakening below hurricane force by the time it reached
3099:
775:
754:
733:
712:
691:
255:
159:
2791:
233:
1106:
Eric S. Blake; Todd B. Kimberlain; Robert J. Berg; John P. Cangialosi; John L. Beven II (February 12, 2012).
1076:
1046:
hold a hearing on the storm and its relation to climate change in the lame-duck session", he and Congressmen
866:
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2006:
1983:
1479:
1433:
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939:
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3173:
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began developing, as observed on microwave imagery, and Sandy was moving steadily northward, drawn by a
270:, with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). It made landfall at this intensity near
2029:
1960:
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Kerry Emanuel stressed that no individual weather event, such as Hurricane Sandy, can be attributed to
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on record. It lasted for over a week in late October-early November 2012. Classified as the eighteenth
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870:
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484:
348:
463:
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3185:
2821:
2500:
2311:
1068:
359:
84:
80:
3293:
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1021:
912:. As they drift north, Atlantic hurricanes are typically moved to the east and out to sea by the
388:
251:
533:
3233:
1105:
831:
811:
630:
545:
294:
263:
317:
3122:
569:
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439:
404:
344:
290:
51:
459:
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413:
363:
322:
278:
8:
2877:"Ranking Members Waxman and Rush Renew Request for Hearings on Science of Climate Change"
2527:
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attributes at least one foot of the 13-foot (at least 0.3 of the 4-meter) storm surge in
934:
921:
905:
510:
376:
302:
2766:
3016:
993:
925:
626:
298:
247:
2120:
Daniel Petersen; Allison Monarski; Bruce Sullivan; Andrew Orrison (October 21, 2012).
1107:
2734:
396:
371:
340:
3329:
3032:
2770:
2253:
982:
917:
897:
891:
707:
475:
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425:
352:
271:
129:
2417:"NHC upgrades Sandy to a Cat 3 in reanalysis, affirms changes needed for warnings"
3341:
3022:
2928:
2730:
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970:
947:
858:
847:
843:
815:
770:
686:
556:
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392:
243:
145:
113:
2831:(Report). Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2523:"Sea Level Rise Mostly Caused By Melting Glaciers In Past Century, Experts Find"
2339:(Report). Mount Holly National Weather Service. October 31, 2012. Archived from
3027:
1010:
1001:
978:
909:
749:
728:
593:
455:
380:
2775:
2750:
2096:
604:
As early as October 23, while Sandy was developing in the Caribbean, the
3393:
2879:. Committee on Energy & Commerce Democrats. April 9, 2013. Archived from
2495:
1006:
634:
577:
501:
409:
330:
259:
109:
560:
Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy in the early hours of October 30, after landfall
479:
Hurricane Sandy off the east coast a few hours before landfall on October 29
442:, in which the cyclone strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane on the
3097:
3044:
1030:
929:
565:
488:
and a banded eye began redeveloping while the hurricane was still over the
865:
for the most intense storm to make landfall in the United States north of
822:
of 13 feet, during low tide, was also reported at Battery Park during the
504:
over the eastern United States, and also to the southwest of a ridge over
3000:
2440:"Hurricane Sandy breaks records: death toll and amount of damage unknown"
881:
819:
573:
489:
286:
133:
2142:
496:
after the western periphery of the circulation began interacting with a
2097:
Mary Beth Gerhardt; Jason Krekeler; Bruce Sullivan (October 30, 2012).
1047:
913:
854:
827:
529:
522:
514:
497:
384:
335:
282:
105:
2620:"Why did Hurricane Sandy take such an unusual track into New Jersey?"
997:
962:
581:
528:
The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the
367:
2852:"Rep. Waxman seeks lame-duck hearing on Sandy, climate change links"
957:
924:
by a ridge of high pressure over Greenland, resulting in a negative
814:, beating the previous record of 10.02 ft (3.05 m) set by
806:
The storm surge produced by Hurricane Sandy, which occurred at high
1431:
585:
400:
2897:
2557:"Hurricane Sandy mixes super-storm conditions with climate change"
1877:
1805:
965:
satellite on October 30, over the eastern United States and Canada
343:, conditions were expected to gradually become more favorable for
25:
2143:
Daniel Petersen; Andrew Orrison; Bruce Terry (October 31, 2012).
2073:
1958:
951:
943:
589:
518:
141:
370:. By 1500 UTC on October 22, surface observations and
996:, "The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is
2751:"Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change"
2277:"Why America Has Fallen Behind the World in Storm Forecasting"
470:
1290:
908:, both of which are expected to occur more frequently due to
2681:
1477:
2385:
2004:
1981:
1907:"Modeling Sandy: A High-Resolution Approach to Storm Surge"
1016:
839:
807:
652:
430:
2122:
Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 35...Corrected
2099:
Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 34...Corrected
1432:
Todd B. Kimberlain; James L. Franklin (October 24, 2012).
1878:
Richard J. Pasch; John P. Cangialosi (October 29, 2012).
1806:
Richard J. Pasch; John P. Cangialosi (October 28, 2012).
938:
argued that the jet stream's unusual shape was caused by
429:
Sandy near peak intensity just before making landfall in
399:
flight observed winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) in a
347:. On October 20, following modest organization, the
3405:
Meteorological histories of individual tropical cyclones
2074:
Mary Berth Gerhardt; Jason Krekeler (October 30, 2012).
1959:
Richard J. Knabb; James L. Franklin (October 29, 2012).
950:
remained that this was just the natural variability of
826:, which occurred before records were officially kept.
420:
2190:"WPC surface analysis valid for 11/02/2017 at 18 UTC"
932:, which combined with the cyclone. Mark Fischetti of
592:, before merging with another low pressure area over
293:, a process it completed before making landfall near
254:, tenth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the
2216:"U.S. forecast's late arrival stirs weather tempest"
1291:
Robert J. Berg; Lixion A. Avila (October 22, 2012).
1058:
2192:. NOAA's National Weather Service. November 2, 2011
2165:
2007:
Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update
1984:
Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update
1478:Stacy R. Stewart; Dave Roberts (October 25, 2012).
351:(NHC) assessed a high potential for it to become a
2587:"Slow-moving hurricanes such as Sandy on the rise"
2005:Daniel P. Brown; Dave Roberts (October 30, 2012).
1982:Daniel P. Brown; Dave Roberts (October 29, 2012).
1621:
1598:
1552:
1526:
1448:
1408:
606:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
2246:"British meteorologists predicted Sandy's course"
1901:
1899:
1897:
810:, pushed water to 13.88 ft (4.23 m) at
625:(NOGAPS) models predicted Sandy would strike the
3391:
2688:"Sandy a galvanizing moment for climate change?"
2662:
2584:
1935:
1828:
1644:
1503:
1454:
1336:
1313:
1293:Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1
1261:
1131:
2748:
2466:"How Sandy stacked up: the storm in statistics"
2394:"Will Global Warming Create Larger Hurricanes?"
2301:
2170:(Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
2147:(Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
2124:(Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
2101:(Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
2078:(Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
2055:(Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
2050:
2027:
1759:
1736:
1359:
355:within 48 hours, tagging it "Invest 99L".
329:The origins of Hurricane Sandy trace back to a
2644:
2463:
2437:
2182:
2076:Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 33
2053:Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 32
1912:. Risk Management Solutions, Inc. October 2013
1894:
1235:
391:were conducive for strengthening, and perhaps
3083:
2913:
2274:
1851:
1782:
1713:
1690:
1667:
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1382:
1206:
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608:(ECMWF) predicted the storm would strike the
2819:
2711:
2617:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2499:. Vol. 180, no. 20. Archived from
2414:
281:over the central United States induced high
2804:
2647:"Did Climate Change Cause Hurricane Sandy?"
2554:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2213:
2209:
2207:
1183:
876:
471:Post-tropical transition and final landfall
3090:
3076:
2920:
2906:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
1013:, or any specific cause, for that matter.
375:area of weak steering currents south of a
24:
2849:
2774:
2658:
2656:
2638:
2543:
2252:. MSNBC. October 31, 2012. Archived from
1931:
1929:
1927:
1873:
1871:
1716:Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 20
1624:Hurricane Sandy Public Advisory Number 16
1548:
1546:
1499:
1497:
1457:"Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update"
818:in 1960 at the same location. However, a
623:Navy Operational Global Prediction System
2792:"Steroids, baseball, and climate change"
2578:
2479:
2331:
2329:
2204:
2166:Mary Beth Gerhardth (October 31, 2012).
1404:
1402:
1385:Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 7
1362:Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 4
1339:Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 3
1316:Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 2
1186:"Great Start to Week...Watching Tropics"
1108:Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy
990:National Center for Atmospheric Research
956:
880:
555:
474:
424:
316:
305:ever observed in many cities across the
2789:
2729:He pointed out that since 2007, melted
2604:
1622:Michael J. Brennan (October 26, 2012).
1599:Michael J. Brennan (October 26, 2012).
1553:Michael J. Brennan (October 25, 2012).
1527:Michael J. Brennan (October 25, 2012).
1480:Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update
1434:Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update
1409:Michael J. Brennan (October 24, 2012).
1286:
1284:
458:low." However, the system maintained a
3392:
3051:12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief
2665:"The #Frankenstorm in Climate Context"
2653:
1924:
1868:
1543:
1494:
824:1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane
3196:
3191:
3071:
2901:
2663:Andrew C. Revkin (October 28, 2012).
2622:. Weather Underground. Archived from
2585:Michael Marhsall (October 29, 2012).
2531:. Associated Press. November 14, 2012
2326:
1936:Stacy R. Stewart (October 29, 2012).
1829:Stacy R. Stewart (October 29, 2012).
1645:Richard J. Pasch (October 26, 2012).
1504:Stacy R. Stewart (October 25, 2012).
1455:Stacy R. Stewart (October 25, 2012).
1399:
1337:Stacy R. Stewart (October 23, 2012).
1314:Richard J. Pasch (October 22, 2012).
1262:Stacy R. Stewart (October 22, 2012).
1132:Stacy R. Stewart (October 19, 2012).
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
619:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
301:, Sandy broke records for the lowest
3136:
3131:
2168:Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 37
2145:Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 36
2051:Daniel Petersen (October 30, 2012).
2030:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 31
2028:Daniel P. Brown (October 30, 2012).
1961:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 30
1938:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 29
1880:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 28
1854:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 27
1831:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 25
1808:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 24
1785:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 23
1762:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 22
1760:Daniel P. Brown (October 27, 2012).
1739:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 21
1737:Daniel P. Brown (October 27, 2012).
1693:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19
1670:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19
1647:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 18
1601:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 16
1578:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 15
1555:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 14
1529:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 13
1506:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 12
1360:Daniel P. Brown (October 23, 2012).
1281:
885:Evening photo of Sandy on October 28
3280:
3275:
3220:
3215:
3184:
3179:
2927:
2645:Mark Fischetti (October 30, 2012).
2464:Harry J. Enten (October 30, 2012).
2438:Carter Collins (October 30, 2012).
2391:
2032:(Report). National Hurricane Center
2009:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1986:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1963:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1940:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1882:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1856:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1833:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1810:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1787:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1764:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1741:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1718:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1695:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1672:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1649:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1626:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1603:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1580:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1557:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1531:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1508:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1482:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1436:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1413:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1411:Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 9
1387:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1364:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1341:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1318:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1295:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1269:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1243:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1236:Robert J. Berg (October 21, 2012).
1165:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1139:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1113:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1039:House Energy and Commerce Committee
444:Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale
421:Caribbean landfalls and The Bahamas
268:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
13:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3268:
3263:
3244:
3239:
3208:
3203:
3172:
3167:
3148:
3143:
2369:. October 30, 2012. Archived from
2363:"Hurricane Sandy a record-breaker"
2275:Kerry Emanual (October 28, 2012).
1852:Jack L. Beven (October 29, 2012).
1783:Jack L. Beven (October 28, 2012).
1714:Jack L. Beven (October 27, 2012).
1691:Jack L. Beven (October 27, 2012).
1668:Jack L. Beven (October 26, 2012).
1576:Jack L. Beven (October 26, 2012).
1383:Jack L. Beven (October 24, 2012).
1207:Jack L. Beven (October 21, 2012).
1158:Eric S. Blake (October 20, 2012).
1088:
14:
3416:
3359:
3354:
3340:
3335:
3232:
3227:
3160:
3155:
2712:Edward Mason (November 6, 2012).
2618:Jeff Masters (October 31, 2012).
2489:Bryan Walsh (November 12, 2012).
2415:Jeff Masters (January 13, 2012).
2302:Aaron Naparstek (July 20, 2005).
3374:
3373:
3256:
3251:
3121:
3039:Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together
2999:
2805:Lisa Palmer (October 29, 2012).
2214:Dan Vergano (October 30, 2012).
1184:Deitra Tate (October 21, 2012).
1061:
614:tropical cyclone forecast models
2869:
2843:
2813:
2798:
2783:
2742:
2705:
2675:
2515:
2457:
2431:
2408:
2355:
2304:"The Big One for New York City"
2295:
2268:
2238:
2159:
2136:
2113:
2090:
2067:
2044:
2021:
1998:
1975:
1952:
1845:
1822:
1799:
1776:
1753:
1730:
1707:
1684:
1661:
1638:
1615:
1592:
1569:
1520:
1471:
1425:
1376:
1353:
1330:
610:East Coast of the United States
500:. The storm revolved around an
138:East Coast of the United States
3100:2012 Atlantic hurricane season
2850:Ben Geman (October 31, 2012).
2820:Alley B. Richard; et al.
2749:Kevin Trenberth (March 2012).
1307:
1255:
1229:
1200:
1177:
1151:
1125:
644:
599:
551:
160:2012 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
2969:Maryland and Washington, D.C.
2714:"Hello again, climate change"
1082:
1077:List of New Jersey hurricanes
867:Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
395:. Late on October 22, a
195:Maryland and Washington, D.C.
2337:Public Information Statement
992:(NCAR) senior climatologist
861:), Sandy was second only to
830:records were also broken in
379:extending eastward from the
95:115 mph (185 km/h)
7:
3057:14th Street Tunnel shutdown
1459:. National Hurricane Center
1054:
920:. This typical pattern was
648:Largest Atlantic hurricanes
285:over Sandy as it traversed
10:
3421:
2829:Cambridge University Press
2794:. NCAR & UCAR Science.
863:1938 New England hurricane
836:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
640:
312:
307:Northeastern United States
258:, Sandy originated from a
70:Category 3 major hurricane
3369:
3128:
3119:
3106:
3098:Tropical cyclones of the
3008:
2997:
2953:
2935:
2776:10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5
1216:National Hurricane Center
940:the melting of Arctic ice
871:1993 Storm of the Century
787:
669:
666:
663:
660:
647:
349:National Hurricane Center
166:
155:
151:
125:
120:
99:
91:
75:
68:
60:
50:
42:
35:
23:
1264:Tropical Weather Outlook
1238:Tropical Weather Outlook
1209:Tropical Weather Outlook
1160:Tropical Weather Outlook
1134:Tropical Weather Outlook
1069:Tropical cyclones portal
1022:sea surface temperatures
877:Effect of climate change
389:sea surface temperatures
362:had decreased, although
246:was the sixth-costliest
30:Track of Hurricane Sandy
2491:"Outsmarting the Surge"
1005:home runs more likely.
256:annual hurricane season
234:Wikinews: Sandy stories
2940:Meteorological history
966:
961:Sandy, as seen by the
886:
832:Sandy Hook, New Jersey
812:Battery Park, New York
631:Global Forecast System
561:
534:baroclinic instability
480:
434:
326:
295:Brigantine, New Jersey
173:Meteorological history
37:Meteorological history
2419:. Weather Underground
2396:. Weather Underground
2283:. Wall Street Journal
960:
884:
629:, while the American
570:Appalachian Mountains
559:
538:post-tropical cyclone
478:
440:rapid intensification
428:
358:By the next day, the
320:
291:extratropical cyclone
229:Commons: Sandy images
2883:on February 20, 2014
2686:(November 4, 2012).
2314:on December 30, 2007
981:. Harvard geologist
364:barometric pressures
323:tropical disturbance
274:on October 25.
100:Lowest pressure
2767:2012ClCh..115..283T
2626:on November 3, 2012
2528:The Huffington Post
2503:on November 1, 2012
2373:on December 4, 2012
2343:on November 2, 2012
2256:on November 2, 2012
2226:on November 1, 2012
935:Scientific American
612:, while most other
511:barometric pressure
494:extratropical storm
20:
2669:The New York Times
2308:The New York Press
994:Kevin E. Trenberth
967:
926:Arctic oscillation
887:
627:Delmarva Peninsula
562:
481:
435:
327:
299:Atlantic hurricane
248:Atlantic hurricane
92:Highest winds
77:1-minute sustained
18:
3387:
3386:
3065:
3064:
2954:Effects by region
2735:Northwest Passage
2692:Los Angeles Times
2555:Kevin Trenberth.
1028:US Representative
906:blocking patterns
804:
803:
800:
656:
596:, on November 2.
460:warm thermal core
397:Hurricane Hunters
372:satellite imagery
341:low pressure area
339:with an extended
241:
240:
3412:
3377:
3376:
3357:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3125:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3033:Lorenzo Langford
3003:
2961:Greater Antilles
2945:Political impact
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2682:Bettina Boxall;
2679:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:The Conversation
2552:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2444:Iowa State Daily
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2310:. Archived from
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2222:. Archived from
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1665:
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1658:
1656:
1654:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1550:
1541:
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1518:
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1515:
1513:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
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1420:
1418:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
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1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
983:Daniel P. Schrag
918:prevailing winds
892:coastal flooding
788:
650:
645:
456:occluded frontal
448:Santiago de Cuba
353:tropical cyclone
334:however, strong
272:Santiago de Cuba
185:Greater Antilles
130:Greater Antilles
116:
71:
64:November 2, 2012
56:October 29, 2012
46:October 22, 2012
38:
28:
21:
17:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3400:Hurricane Sandy
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3102:
3096:
3066:
3061:
3023:John B. Caddell
3004:
2995:
2949:
2931:
2929:Hurricane Sandy
2926:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2755:Climatic Change
2747:
2743:
2722:
2720:
2718:Harvard Gazette
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2680:
2676:
2661:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2616:
2605:
2595:
2593:
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2579:
2565:
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2544:
2534:
2532:
2521:
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2516:
2506:
2504:
2487:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2392:Masters, Jeff.
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2296:
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2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
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2205:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
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2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1859:
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1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
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1800:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1735:
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1712:
1708:
1698:
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1689:
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1666:
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1597:
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1574:
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1560:
1558:
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1525:
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1511:
1509:
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1495:
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1476:
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1390:
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1256:
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1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1089:
1085:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1057:
975:Lower Manhattan
971:Michael E. Mann
948:null hypothesis
879:
848:Hurricane Irene
844:New York Harbor
816:Hurricane Donna
651:By diameter of
649:
643:
602:
554:
506:Atlantic Canada
502:upper-level low
473:
423:
393:rapid deepening
315:
277:An approaching
244:Hurricane Sandy
156:
146:Atlantic Canada
121:Overall effects
103:
69:
36:
31:
19:Hurricane Sandy
12:
11:
5:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3353:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3028:Chris Christie
3025:
3020:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:United States
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2868:
2842:
2812:
2797:
2782:
2761:(2): 283–290.
2741:
2704:
2684:Neela Banerjee
2674:
2652:
2637:
2603:
2577:
2542:
2514:
2478:
2456:
2430:
2407:
2384:
2354:
2325:
2294:
2281:Speakeasy blog
2267:
2237:
2203:
2181:
2158:
2135:
2112:
2089:
2066:
2043:
2020:
1997:
1974:
1951:
1923:
1893:
1867:
1844:
1821:
1798:
1775:
1752:
1729:
1706:
1683:
1660:
1637:
1614:
1591:
1568:
1542:
1519:
1493:
1470:
1447:
1424:
1398:
1375:
1352:
1329:
1306:
1280:
1254:
1228:
1199:
1176:
1150:
1124:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1056:
1053:
1011:climate change
1002:climate change
979:sea level rise
969:Climatologist
910:global warming
878:
875:
802:
801:
785:
784:
781:
778:
773:
768:
764:
763:
760:
757:
752:
747:
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739:
736:
731:
726:
722:
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381:Gulf of Mexico
314:
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126:Areas affected
123:
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2808:
2807:"Hybrid Hell"
2801:
2793:
2790:Noah Besser.
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2196:September 29,
2191:
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2146:
2139:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2070:
2054:
2047:
2031:
2024:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1978:
1962:
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1939:
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635:Kerry Emanuel
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331:tropical wave
325:on October 20
324:
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52:Post-tropical
49:
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27:
22:
16:
3346:
3049:
3045:Occupy Sandy
3037:
3015:
2939:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:the original
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
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2691:
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2624:the original
2594:. Retrieved
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2560:
2535:November 15,
2533:. Retrieved
2526:
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2501:the original
2494:
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2459:
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2410:
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2387:
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2371:the original
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2254:the original
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2224:the original
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2011:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
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1245:. Retrieved
1231:
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1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:February 14,
1115:. Retrieved
1031:Henry Waxman
1026:
1015:
987:
968:
933:
930:arctic front
903:
896:
888:
852:
805:
621:(GFDL), and
603:
566:Pennsylvania
563:
527:
482:
452:
436:
357:
328:
276:
242:
222:
221:
189:
178:
177:
172:
167:
158:
157:Part of the
76:
15:
2984:New England
2861:November 4,
2733:opened the
2723:November 7,
2697:November 5,
2630:November 6,
2596:October 29,
2566:October 29,
2507:November 4,
2471:January 16,
2449:October 31,
2423:January 13,
2367:AM New York
2347:November 1,
2318:October 31,
2287:November 1,
2230:November 1,
2174:October 31,
2151:October 31,
2128:November 1,
2105:November 1,
2059:October 30,
2036:October 31,
2013:October 31,
1990:October 31,
1967:October 31,
1944:October 31,
1916:October 10,
1886:October 31,
1860:October 31,
1837:October 31,
1814:November 1,
1791:October 31,
1768:October 31,
1745:October 27,
1722:October 27,
1699:October 27,
1653:November 1,
1630:October 26,
1607:October 26,
1584:October 26,
1561:October 26,
1535:October 26,
1512:October 26,
1486:October 26,
1463:October 25,
1440:October 24,
1417:October 24,
1391:October 24,
1368:October 24,
1345:October 23,
1322:October 23,
1299:October 23,
1273:October 23,
1247:October 23,
1221:October 23,
1192:November 1,
1188:. Local15TV
1169:October 23,
1143:October 23,
1043:Republicans
857:(27.9
820:storm surge
600:Predictions
574:Great Lakes
552:Dissipation
490:Gulf Stream
485:entrainment
345:development
321:Sandy as a
287:the Bahamas
252:named storm
223:Other wikis
210:New England
134:The Bahamas
3394:Categories
2974:New Jersey
2731:Arctic ice
1214:(Report).
1083:References
1048:Bobby Rush
1033:, the top
977:to global
914:jet stream
828:Storm tide
653:gale-force
546:Brigantine
530:New Jersey
498:cold front
464:divergence
385:wind shear
360:convection
336:wind shear
283:wind shear
200:New Jersey
61:Dissipated
2887:April 22,
2835:April 22,
2377:April 22,
2260:April 22,
2082:April 22,
1676:April 22,
1041:, wanted
963:Suomi NPP
855:millibars
850:in 2011.
789:Sources:
670:Diameter
582:Tennessee
517:(27
387:and warm
368:Caribbean
303:pressures
3379:Category
3198:Florence
3111:Timeline
2979:New York
2856:The Hill
2220:USAToday
1055:See also
1035:Democrat
586:Maryland
401:rainband
205:New York
3347:history
3282:Michael
3186:Ernesto
3138:Alberto
2763:Bibcode
1037:on the
952:weather
944:meander
922:blocked
667:Season
664:System
641:Records
590:Ontario
405:Outflow
313:Origins
179:Effects
168:History
142:Bermuda
3330:Rafael
3294:Nadine
3270:Leslie
3222:Helene
3210:Gordon
3017:Bounty
2991:Canada
998:caused
898:Nature
783:1,370
762:1,390
741:1,480
720:1,670
717:1,040
708:Martin
699:1,850
696:1,150
584:, and
414:trough
383:. Low
279:trough
217:Canada
43:Formed
3342:Sandy
3318:Patty
3306:Oscar
3246:Joyce
3234:Isaac
3174:Debby
3162:Chris
3150:Beryl
3009:Other
2825:(PDF)
2400:7 May
2250:TODAY
1910:(PDF)
1267:(TXT)
1241:(TXT)
1212:(TXT)
1163:(TXT)
1137:(TXT)
1111:(PDF)
771:Teddy
687:Sandy
661:Rank
655:winds
544:near
377:ridge
81:SSHWS
3361:Tony
3258:Kirk
2889:2013
2863:2012
2837:2013
2725:2012
2699:2012
2632:2012
2598:2012
2568:2012
2537:2012
2509:2012
2473:2013
2451:2012
2425:2013
2402:2018
2379:2012
2349:2013
2320:2012
2289:2012
2262:2012
2232:2012
2198:2017
2176:2012
2153:2012
2130:2012
2107:2012
2084:2013
2061:2012
2038:2012
2015:2012
1992:2012
1969:2012
1946:2012
1918:2020
1888:2012
1862:2012
1839:2012
1816:2012
1793:2012
1770:2012
1747:2012
1724:2012
1701:2012
1678:2013
1655:2012
1632:2012
1609:2012
1586:2012
1563:2012
1537:2012
1514:2012
1488:2012
1465:2012
1442:2012
1419:2012
1393:2012
1370:2012
1347:2012
1324:2012
1301:2012
1275:2012
1249:2012
1223:2012
1194:2012
1171:2012
1145:2012
1119:2012
1017:NOAA
859:inHg
840:buoy
834:and
808:tide
780:850
776:2020
759:865
755:2001
750:Olga
738:920
734:2010
729:Igor
713:2022
692:2012
523:warm
431:Cuba
114:inHg
106:mbar
104:940
2771:doi
2759:115
1000:by
916:'s
842:in
678:km
675:mi
410:eye
408:an
110:hPa
85:NWS
3396::
3356:TS
3313:TS
3301:TS
3241:TS
3217:TS
3193:TS
3169:TS
3145:TS
3133:TS
2854:.
2827:.
2769:.
2757:.
2753:.
2727:.
2716:.
2690:.
2667:.
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2606:^
2589:.
2570:.
2559:.
2545:^
2525:.
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2481:^
2442:.
2365:.
2328:^
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2279:.
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2218:.
2206:^
1926:^
1896:^
1870:^
1545:^
1496:^
1401:^
1283:^
1090:^
954:.
873:.
767:5
746:4
725:3
704:2
683:1
580:,
519:°C
515:°F
309:.
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
3349:)
3345:(
3337:3
3325:1
3289:1
3277:3
3265:1
3253:2
3229:1
3205:2
3181:2
3157:1
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2200:.
2178:.
2155:.
2132:.
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2063:.
2040:.
2017:.
1994:.
1971:.
1948:.
1920:.
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1588:.
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1196:.
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108:(
87:)
83:/
79:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
