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According to
Polanyi, a free society that strives to be value-neutral undermines its own justification. But it is not enough for the members of a free society to believe that ideals such as truth, justice, and beauty, are not simply subjective, they also have to accept that they transcend our ability
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grounds undermined the practice of science. He extends this into a general claim about free societies. Polanyi defends a free society not on the negative grounds that we ought to respect "private liberties", but on the positive grounds that "public liberties" facilitate our pursuit of spiritual ends.
1050:. He claims that Copernicus arrived at the Earth's true relation to the Sun not as a consequence of following a method, but via "the greater intellectual satisfaction he derived from the celestial panorama as seen from the Sun instead of the Earth." His writings on the practice of science influenced
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to describe among other things the ability to do something without necessarily being able to articulate it: for example, being able to ride a bicycle or play a musical instrument without being able to fully explain the details of how it happens. He claims that not only do practical skills rely upon
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A knower does not stand apart from the universe, but participates personally within it. Our intellectual skills are driven by passionate commitments that motivate discovery and validation. According to
Polanyi, a great scientist not only identifies patterns, but also significant questions likely to
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their surname to Polányi. His father built much of the
Hungarian railway system, but lost most of his fortune in 1899 when bad weather caused a railway building project to go over budget. He died in 1905. Cecília Polányi established a salon that was well known among Budapest's intellectuals, and
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tacit awareness, all perception and meaning is rendered possible by agents relying upon their tacit awareness. Every consciousness has a subsidiary and a focal awareness, and this distinction also has an ontological dimension, because a lower and a higher dimension is how emergence takes place.
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In 1940, he produced a film, "Unemployment and money. The principles involved", perhaps the first film about economics. The film defended a version of
Keynesianism, neutral Keynesianism, that advised the State to use budget deficit and tax reductions to increase the amount of money in the
924:
Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co-operation.
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that, instead of being random, are determined by higher-level realities, whose properties are dependent on but distinct from the lower level from which they emerge. An example of a higher-level reality functioning as a downward causal force is consciousness –
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für
Faserstoffchemie (fiber chemistry) in Berlin. A Christian since 1913, in a Roman Catholic ceremony he married Magda Elizabeth Kemeny. In 1926 he became the professorial head of department of the Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (now the
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attempt to reduce higher-level realities into lower-level realities generates what
Polanyi calls a moral inversion, in which the higher is rejected with moral passion. Polanyi identifies it as a pathology of the modern mind and traces its origins to a false
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The contributions which
Polanyi made to the social sciences include the concept of a polycentric spontaneous order and his rejection of a value neutral conception of liberty. They were developed in the context of his opposition to
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that arises as a consequence of open debate amongst specialists. Science (contrary to the claims of
Bukharin) flourishes when scientists have the liberty to pursue truth as an end in itself:
1112:". He viewed it as his most important discovery. He claimed that we experience the world by integrating our subsidiary awareness into a focal awareness. In his later work, for example his
1069:, but he also rejects the notion that "indwelling" within (sometimes incompatible) interpretative frameworks traps us within them. Our tacit awareness connects us, albeit fallibly, with
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cientists, freely making their own choice of problems and pursuing them in the light of their own personal judgment, are in fact co-operating as members of a closely knit organization.
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is not reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry. Although a DNA molecule cannot exist without physical properties, these properties are constrained by higher-level
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an example of moral inversion. The State, on the grounds of an appeal to the logic of history, uses its coercive powers in ways that disregard any appeals to
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1627:"From Red Spirit to Underperforming Pyramids and Coercive Institutions: Michael Polanyi Against Economic Planning," History of European Ideas, 2022"
1015:(1958). In this book Polanyi claims that all knowledge claims (including those that derive from rules) rely on personal judgments. He denies that a
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can yield truth mechanically. All knowing, no matter how formalised, relies upon commitments. Polanyi argued that the assumptions that underlie
949:. Polanyi unlike Hayek argued that there are higher and lower forms of spontaneous order, and he asserted that defending scientific inquiry on
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account of science, noting that among other things it ignores the role personal commitments play in the practice of science. Polanyi gave the
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690:, and Polanyi became Secretary to the Minister of Health. When the Communists seized power in March 1919, he returned to medicine. When the
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711:, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1986. Their other son, George Polanyi, who predeceased him, became a well-known economist.
734:, went on to win the Nobel Prize. Because of his increasing interest in the social sciences, Manchester University created a new chair in
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1839:""Michael Polanyi's Neutral Keynesianism and the First Economics Film, 1933 to 1945," Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 2020"
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Such self-co-ordination of independent initiatives leads to a joint result which is unpremeditated by any of those who bring it about.
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1073:. It supplies us with the context within which our articulations have meaning. Contrary to the views of his colleague and friend
608:. He then studied medicine at the University of Budapest, obtaining his medical diploma in 1914. He was an active member of the
2126:"Possible Relationships Between Polanyi's Insights and Modern Findings in Psychology, Brain Research, and Theories of Science."
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1996:
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Torrance, Thomas F. (2002). "Mihály Polányi and the
Christian faith: personal report" (pdf). Polanyiana (1–2), pp. 167–176.
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to wholly capture them. The non-subjectivity of values must be combined with acceptance that all knowing is fallible.
863:, who told him that in socialist societies all scientific research is directed to accord with the needs of the latest
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A Classified and
Partially Annotated Bibliography of Michael Polanyi, the Anglo-Hungarian Philosopher of Science
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are not only false, they undermine the commitments that motivate our highest achievements. He advocates a
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1201:. Our pursuit of self-set ideals such as truth and justice transform our understanding of the world. The
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aspects of tacit knowing, as discussed (but not necessarily identified as such) in his previous writing.
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Polanyi, born Mihály Pollacsek in Budapest, was the fifth child of Mihály and Cecília Pollacsek (born as
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circulation in times of economic hardship but did not seek direct investment or engage in public works.
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Emotion, Reason and Tradition: Essays on the Social, Political and Economic Thought of Michael Polanyi
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approach, in which we recognise that we believe more than we can know, and know more than we can say.
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In 1936, as a consequence of an invitation to give lectures for the Ministry of Heavy Industry in the
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The SPCPS and its journal, "Appraisal", takes a special interest in Michael Polanyi. Archived on the
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party, he accepted a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Manchester. Two of his pupils,
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2319:. Volume 22 (December 1970): 123–31. Links to Responses by Stanford Materials Science Professor
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In "Life's irreducible structure" (1968), Polanyi argues that the information contained in the
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led Polanyi to become interested in economics. With the coming to power in 1933 of the
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Beyond Liberalism: A Study in the Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Michael Polanyi
1233:, as distinct from explicit knowledge, is an influential term developed by Polanyi in
1210:; although it is relatively harmless in the formal sciences, that pathology generates
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in 1951–52 at Aberdeen, and a revised version of his lectures were later published as
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principles. In "Transcendence and Self-transcendence" (1970), Polanyi criticises the
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898:(1951), Polanyi claimed that co-operation amongst scientists is analogous to the way
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1456:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press and (UK) Routledge and Kegan Paul.
1426:. London and New York: Routledge and Doubleday and Company. 14 May 1967 – via
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should attempt to moderate economic booms/busts via a strict/loose monetary policy.
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had gained the backing of the State. Demands in Britain, for example by the Marxist
530:, becoming first a chemistry professor, and then a social sciences professor at the
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906:. Just as consumers in a free market determine the value of products, science is a
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Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science
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was overthrown, Polanyi emigrated to Karlsruhe in Germany, and was invited by
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2217:"Michael Polanyi—pupils and crossroads—on the 125th anniversary of his birth"
2006:
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969:(1948) Polanyi analyses the way money circulates around an economy, and in a
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Mind is a higher-level expression of the capacity of living organisms for
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Polanyi's scientific interests were extremely diverse, including work in
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The Way of Discovery: An Introduction to the Thought of Michael Polanyi
1346:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press and Routledge. 1951.
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1400:. London and Chicago: Routledge and University of Chicago Press. 1959.
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1696:. Oxford New York Auckland: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–21.
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Society, Economics and Philosophy: Selected Papers of Michael Polanyi
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Polanyi was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the
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In 1908 Polanyi graduated the teacher-training secondary school, the
538:, as well as one of his children. In 1944 Polanyi was elected to the
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2079:
Michael Polanyi: The Art of Knowing (Library Modern Thinkers Series)
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779:, Oxford. In 1962 he was elected a foreign honorary member of the
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From June 1944 to 1947, Polanyi participated in the activities of
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1307:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14 May 2024 – via
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of Budapest, he obtained a scholarship to study chemistry at the
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592:, the political economist and anthropologist, and his niece was
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i.e. the claim that there are several levels of reality and of
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which continued until her death in 1939. His older brother was
523:
2048:. "Belief in thinking: Owen Barfield and Michael Polanyi", in
1897:
Michael Polanyi (June 1968). "Life's Irreducible Structure".
1514:
Includes an annotated bibliography of Polanyi's publications.
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to collections of rules. His work influenced the critique by
843:
in 1905. The insight was critical in developing the field of
572:
1787:"The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory"
459:; 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976) was a Hungarian-British
220:
Graduated in medicine, 1913; PhD in physical chemistry, 1919
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Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
2114:
Tradition & Discovery: The Polanyi Society Periodical
1274:
The Contempt of Freedom. The Russian Experiment and After
1145:
431:
425:
2196:"Time, Chaos Theory and the Thought of Michael Polanyi."
651:. While on sick-leave in 1916, he wrote a PhD thesis on
1034:
lead to a successful resolution. Innovators risk their
835:
materials could be explained in terms of the theory of
2179:
Scott, William Taussig, and Moleski, Martin X., 2005.
1369:
Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy
945:, although the concept can be traced back to at least
816:
analysis. In 1934, Polanyi, at about the same time as
808:
of gases at solid surfaces. He is also well known for
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2166:
Everyman Revived: The Common Sense of Michael Polanyi
1334:. Reprinted by the University of Chicago Press, 1964.
443:
428:
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2271:
The Society for Personalist and Postcritical Studies
1578:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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rabbinic seminary. The family moved to Budapest and
422:
413:
1573:"Michael Polanyi. 12 March 1891 – 22 February 1976"
1373:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 1962.
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68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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867:. Polanyi noted what had happened to the study of
463:, who made important theoretical contributions to
1255:. London: Williams and Norgate. 1932 – via
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1444:
518:, in 1926 becoming a chemistry professor at the
2062:Jacobs, Struan, and Allen, R. T. (eds.), 2005.
1939:
1896:
647:army as a medical officer, and was sent to the
3318:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1690:Scott, William T.; Moleski, Martin X. (2005).
1413:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1960.
4176:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
3301:
2426:
2369:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
2340:Guide to the Michael Polanyi Papers 1900–1975
2104:
1732:
1567:
514:and other materials in 1934. He emigrated to
1689:
1536:List of Christians in science and technology
1498:. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers.
1003:(1946), Polanyi set out his opposition to a
771:In 1944 Polanyi was elected a member of the
2206:"The Biblical Insights of Michael Polanyi."
1546:George Holmes Howison's "Personal Idealism"
1489:
1139:
4106:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
4036:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
3308:
3294:
2433:
2419:
2181:Michael Polanyi, Scientist and Philosopher
1843:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
1693:Michael Polanyi: scientist and philosopher
988:
871:in the Soviet Union once the doctrines of
707:). In 1929, Magda gave birth to their son
157:
4001:Academics of the University of Manchester
3089:
3052:Relationship between religion and science
2440:
2299:" The encyclopaedia of informal education
2232:
2214:
2050:Six Modern Authors and Problems of Belief
1590:
890:In a series of articles, re-published in
571:(then in Hungary but now in Ukraine) and
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1991:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1474:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
850:
655:. His research, which was encouraged by
2353:Professional and academic associations
1986:
1784:
1766:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1761:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"
1749:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 499.
3953:
2105:Mullins, Phil; Jacobs, Struan (2005),
2035:, Rutgers, NJ, Transaction Publishers.
1942:"Transcendence and Self-transcendence"
1744:
1214:in the humanities. Polanyi considered
16:Hungarian-British polymath (1891–1976)
3658:Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster
3289:
2414:
2153:. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
1977:Personal Knowledge, Ch. 7, section 11
1810:
1605:
1563:
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1120:(1966), he distinguishes between the
1108:that he identified the "structure of
791:
781:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
502:of gases. He pioneered the theory of
3746:Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell
2297:Michael Polanyi and tacit knowledge.
2215:Hargittai, Istvan (1 October 2016).
1836:
1738:
1671:. Government Online. 15 January 2012
1624:
1065:that experience can be reduced into
66:adding citations to reliable sources
37:
3996:20th-century Hungarian philosophers
3991:20th-century Hungarian male writers
2107:"Michael Polanyi and Karl Mannheim"
1753:
1177:. He relies on the assumption that
1162:that modern science inherited from
13:
4181:Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
4171:Writers about religion and science
2017:
1606:Lévay, Júlia (20 September 2016).
1558:
1225:
14:
4197:
4041:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
3981:20th-century Hungarian economists
3976:20th-century British philosophers
3971:20th-century British male writers
3072:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3067:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3020:History and philosophy of science
2331:Works by or about Michael Polanyi
2251:
2083:Intercollegiate Studies Institute
1747:Merton College Register 1900–1964
1079:Victoria University of Manchester
510:theory of plastic deformation of
3938:
3926:
3899:
3898:
3619:Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg
3269:
3257:
1278:. London: Watts & Co. 1940.
902:co-ordinate themselves within a
627:, professor of chemistry at the
409:
42:
3886:Who's Who of Greater Manchester
3595:Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers
2379:Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster
2316:American Scientific Affiliation
2138:. University of Chicago Press.
1980:
1971:
1933:
1890:
1881:
1869:
1830:
1804:
1778:
1241:
1042:. Polanyi cites the example of
810:his potential adsorption theory
53:needs additional citations for
4186:Max Planck Institute directors
4146:Philosophers of social science
4061:Hungarian emigrants to England
3986:20th-century British essayists
3675:Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables
3590:Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
3555:Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins
2461:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2395:Manchester Statistical Society
2323:and another member of the ASA
2303:"Life's Irreducible Structure"
2168:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
1717:
1683:
1657:
1618:
1608:"A holográfia és a hologramok"
1599:
1571:; Hodgkin, R. A. (1977).
1432:(University of Chicago Press.
1303:Full Employment and Free Trade
1061:Polanyi rejected the claim by
967:Full Employment and Free Trade
885:Society for Freedom in Science
1:
3611:Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie
1919:10.1126/science.160.3834.1308
1643:10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359
1048:Earth revolves around the Sun
883:, he founded the influential
688:Hungarian Democratic Republic
596:, a world-renowned ceramist.
558:
486:His wide-ranging research in
4051:Fellows of the Royal Society
3713:Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty
3671:Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson
3643:Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree
3635:Prof. Reginald William James
3574:Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss
3489:Robert Dukinfield Darbishire
2211:33 (September 1981): 129–38.
1745:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
1322:. Oxford Univ. Press. 1964.
973:analysis that, according to
937:, and it was adopted by the
599:
534:. Two of his pupils won the
294:Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle
33:when mentioning individuals.
7:
3484:William Crawford Williamson
2794:Hypothetico-deductive model
2769:Deductive-nomological model
2754:Constructivist epistemology
2201:44 (December 1992): 220–27.
2183:. Oxford University Press.
1519:
1319:Science, Faith, and Society
389:Fellow of the Royal Society
290:Potential theory of Polanyi
10:
4202:
3794:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
3790:Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman
3734:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
3717:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
3685:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
3663:Dr Eric John Francis James
2042:. Oxford University Press.
1987:Polanyi, Michael (2009) .
1001:Science, Faith and Society
992:
506:analysis in 1921, and the
20:
4116:Philosophers of economics
4086:Hungarian Roman Catholics
4006:British physical chemists
3894:
3871:
3835:
3816:
3765:
3755:Prof. Alexander Donnachie
3648:Prof. Herbert John Fleure
3627:Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones
3582:Prof. Sydney John Hickson
3539:
3510:Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster
3355:
3332:
3325:
3248:
3080:
2982:
2912:
2855:Semantic view of theories
2774:Epistemological anarchism
2726:
2711:dependent and independent
2448:
2401:
2391:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2234:10.1007/s11224-016-0816-8
2052:. London: MacMillan 1979.
2028:. London, Claridge Press.
1855:10.1017/S1053837219000476
1785:Polanyi, Michael (1962).
1733:Mullins & Jacobs 2005
1631:History of European Ideas
1490:Allen, R.T., ed. (1997).
1081:prepared the way for the
718:and high unemployment in
692:Hungarian Soviet Republic
677:
674:awarded him a doctorate.
377:
342:
331:
323:
277:
259:
244:
224:
216:
197:
168:
156:
142:
4161:Scientists from Budapest
4136:Philosophers of religion
4071:Hungarian film producers
3623:Charles Edmond Stromeyer
3605:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
3565:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
3560:Sir William Henry Bailey
3479:Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe
2597:Intertheoretic reduction
2586:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2563:Functional contextualism
2149:Poirier, Maben W. 2002.
2081:. Wilmington, Delaware:
2038:Gelwick, Richard, 1987.
1940:Michael Polanyi (1970).
1551:
1190:– generating meanings –
1140:Critique of reductionism
1046:, who declared that the
672:Royal University of Pest
532:University of Manchester
520:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
268:University of Manchester
264:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
229:Eötvös Loránd University
163:Polanyi in England, 1933
29:. This article uses
21:The native form of this
4141:Philosophers of science
4121:Philosophers of history
4111:Philosophers of culture
4026:British Roman Catholics
3880:Memoirs and Proceedings
3751:Dr Edward Fletcher Cass
3710:Dr Edward Noah Abrahart
3520:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
3504:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
3455:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
3431:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
3082:Philosophers of science
2860:Scientific essentialism
2809:Model-dependent realism
2744:Constructive empiricism
2637:Evidence-based practice
2164:Scott, Drusilla, 1995.
2131:31 (March 1979): 61–62.
1887:Personal Knowledge p. 3
1811:Beira, Eduardo (2019).
1208:conception of knowledge
1099:artificial intelligence
989:All knowing is personal
892:The Contempt of Freedom
786:
700:Kaiser Wilhelm Institut
629:Royal Joseph University
553:
306:Transition state theory
298:Eyring–Polanyi equation
4021:British male essayists
4011:British film producers
3730:Dr Lionel J. R. Postle
3704:Dr George N. Burkhardt
3165:Alfred North Whitehead
3155:Charles Sanders Peirce
2077:Mitchell, Mark, 2006.
2066:, Guildford, Ashgate.
1592:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0016
1541:Michael Polanyi Center
1097:of "First Generation"
929:He derived the phrase
927:
921:
916:
612:. With the support of
526:, and then in 1933 to
479:is a false account of
456:
302:Flow plasticity theory
272:Merton College, Oxford
239:University of Budapest
4126:Philosophers of logic
4031:Catholic philosophers
3739:Dr Brian S. H. Rarity
3707:Dr George James Kynch
3653:Prof. Michael Polanyi
3547:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
3531:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
3473:Edward William Binney
3461:Edward William Binney
3443:Edward William Binney
3426:Dr Robert Angus Smith
3420:Edward William Binney
3405:Sir William Fairbairn
3264:Philosophy portal
3015:Hard and soft science
3010:Faith and rationality
2879:Scientific skepticism
2659:Scientific Revolution
2442:Philosophy of science
2308:4 August 2019 at the
2295:Smith, M. K., 2003, "
1669:government-online.net
1665:"Eva Zeisel obituary"
1116:, later published as
1104:It was while writing
1083:first modern computer
922:
917:
912:
851:Freedom and community
705:Fritz Haber Institute
633:Technische Hochschule
567:), secular Jews from
234:Technische Hochschule
4131:Philosophers of mind
3698:Horace Hayhurst (II)
3639:Robert Henry Clayton
3600:Thomas Alfred Coward
3467:James Prescott Joule
3449:James Prescott Joule
3437:James Prescott Joule
3414:James Prescott Joule
2990:Criticism of science
2865:Scientific formalism
2749:Constructive realism
2654:Scientific pluralism
2627:Problem of induction
2283:at erraticimpact.com
2221:Structural Chemistry
2204:Thorson, Walter R.:
2134:Nye, Mary Jo, 2011.
2031:Allen, R. T., 1998.
2024:Allen, R. T., 1991.
1837:Biro, Gabor (2020).
1735:, p. 28–29, 37.
1625:Biro, Gabor (2022).
1531:Knowledge management
1342:The Logic of Liberty
1077:, whose work at the
896:The Logic of Liberty
824:, realised that the
659:, and supervised by
62:improve this article
4166:Social philosophers
4091:Jewish philosophers
4081:Hungarian logicians
4066:Hungarian essayists
3823:Honorary Membership
3694:Margaret Pilkington
3667:Horace Hayhurst (I)
3526:James Cosmo Melvill
3057:Rhetoric of science
2995:Descriptive science
2739:Confirmation holism
2632:Scientific evidence
2592:Inductive reasoning
2521:Demarcation problem
2388:Godfrey W. Armitage
2361:Herbert John Fleure
2312:. Michael Polanyi.
2124:Neidhardt, W. Jim:
1989:The tacit dimension
1911:1968Sci...160.1308P
1526:Credo ut intelligam
1422:The Tacit Dimension
1235:The Tacit Dimension
1179:boundary conditions
1118:The Tacit Dimension
1063:British Empiricists
1038:by committing to a
1021:critical philosophy
877:John Desmond Bernal
747:Special Search List
738:(1948–58) for him.
643:, he served in the
356:Kari Polanyi Levitt
4151:Philosophy writers
4056:Hungarian chemists
3802:Dr Susan R. Hilton
3799:Dr Diana M. Leitch
3787:David J. Higginson
3784:Mary, Lady Mallick
3781:Vivienne Blackburn
3775:Angus G. D. Yeaman
3723:Harry M. Fairhurst
3615:Herbert Levinstein
3363:Dr Thomas Percival
3346:Dr Thomas Percival
3276:Science portal
3205:Carl Gustav Hempel
3160:Wilhelm Windelband
3047:Questionable cause
2870:Scientific realism
2691:Underdetermination
2526:Empirical evidence
2516:Creative synthesis
2292:Vol. 8, Number 1–2
1876:Personal Knowledge
1569:Wigner, E. P.
1462:Polanyi, Michael;
1265:U.S.S.R. Economics
1183:degrees of freedom
1169:Polanyi advocates
1106:Personal Knowledge
1013:Personal Knowledge
975:Paul Craig Roberts
935:Gestalt psychology
792:Physical chemistry
714:His experience of
670:, and in 1919 the
639:, Germany. In the
465:physical chemistry
250:physical chemistry
31:Western name order
4016:British logicians
3914:
3913:
3812:
3811:
3772:Iain E. Gillespie
3742:Philip G. Livesey
3578:Francis Nicholson
3283:
3282:
3125:
3124:
3037:Normative science
2894:Uniformitarianism
2649:Scientific method
2543:Explanatory power
2409:
2408:
2402:Succeeded by
2393:President of the
2376:Succeeded by
2367:President of the
2281:Polanyi resources
2144:978-0-226-61063-4
2099:978-1-932236-90-3
1998:978-0-226-67298-4
1905:(3834): 1308–12.
1505:978-1-56000-278-9
1452:Knowing and Being
1438:978-0-226-67298-4
1285:978-0-405-06643-6
1085:, he denied that
1017:scientific method
939:classical liberal
931:spontaneous order
908:spontaneous order
814:fibre diffraction
802:x-ray diffraction
798:chemical kinetics
716:runaway inflation
682:In October 1918,
504:fibre diffraction
496:x-ray diffraction
492:chemical kinetics
475:. He argued that
397:
396:
282:Polanyi's paradox
138:
137:
130:
112:
77:"Michael Polanyi"
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3397:Eaton Hodgkinson
3339:Peter Mainwaring
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3287:
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3274:
3273:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3235:Bas van Fraassen
3190:Hans Reichenbach
3170:Bertrand Russell
3087:
3086:
2913:Philosophy of...
2696:Unity of science
2489:Commensurability
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2386:Preceded by
2358:Preceded by
2350:
2349:
2335:Internet Archive
2277:on 19 March 2019
2246:
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1813:"pol1b – ebeira"
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1455:
1446:Greene, Marjorie
1431:
1428:Internet Archive
1425:
1414:
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1396:The Study of Man
1388:
1385:Internet Archive
1372:
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1358:Internet Archive
1345:
1333:
1312:
1309:Internet Archive
1306:
1289:
1277:
1260:
1257:Internet Archive
1252:Atomic Reactions
1122:phenomenological
1009:Gifford Lectures
943:Friederich Hayek
686:established the
669:
661:Gusztáv Buchböck
645:Austro-Hungarian
626:
548:central planning
488:physical science
447:
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382:Gifford Lectures
310:Harpoon reaction
286:Polanyi's sphere
204:
201:22 February 1976
182:
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173:Pollacsek Mihály
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4096:Jewish chemists
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3904:
3890:
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3727:David G. Wilson
3586:William Thomson
3535:
3494:Balfour Stewart
3392:Dr Edward Holme
3351:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3284:
3279:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3244:
3225:Paul Feyerabend
3185:Michael Polanyi
3121:
3107:Galileo Galilei
3076:
3062:Science studies
2978:
2908:
2899:Verificationism
2804:Instrumentalism
2789:Foundationalism
2764:Conventionalism
2722:
2558:Feminist method
2444:
2439:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2348:
2321:Richard H. Bube
2314:Journal of the
2310:Wayback Machine
2275:Wayback Machine
2265:Polanyi Society
2254:
2249:
2194:Stines, J. W.:
2109:
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2018:Further reading
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1440:. 2009 reprint)
1418:
1409:Beyond Nihilism
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1231:Tacit knowledge
1228:
1226:Tacit knowledge
1142:
1056:Paul Feyerabend
997:
991:
853:
845:solid mechanics
794:
789:
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663:
657:Albert Einstein
641:First World War
616:
606:Minta Gymnasium
602:
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412:
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400:Michael Polanyi
391:
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370:(sister-in-law)
368:Ilona Duczynska
316:
314:Tacit knowledge
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859:, Polanyi met
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736:Social Science
720:Weimar Germany
684:Mihály Károlyi
679:
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3030:Pseudoscience
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1614:. Mi Micsoda.
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1029:
1028:post-critical
1026:
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995:Post-critical
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839:developed by
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830:
827:
823:
819:
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811:
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784:
782:
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773:Royal Society
769:
767:
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762:Karl Mannheim
759:
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748:
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739:
737:
733:
732:Melvin Calvin
729:
728:Eugene Wigner
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649:Serbian front
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614:Ignác Pfeifer
611:
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335:2, including
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318:Post-critical
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248:Professor of
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245:Occupation(s)
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183:11 March 1891
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79: –
78:
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73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:personal name
19:
3885:
3879:
3872:Publications
3827:Dalton Medal
3766:21st Century
3678:Dr F. C. Toy
3652:
3540:20th Century
3381:Thomas Henry
3377:Dr John Hull
3372:Thomas Henry
3356:19th Century
3342:James Massey
3333:18th Century
3240:Larry Laudan
3220:Imre Lakatos
3184:
3175:Otto Neurath
3150:Karl Pearson
3140:Pierre Duhem
3112:Isaac Newton
3042:Protoscience
3000:Epistemology
2874:Anti-realism
2872: /
2853: /
2844: /
2830: /
2828:Reductionism
2826: /
2799:Inductionism
2779:Evolutionism
2584:
2471:a posteriori
2470:
2466:
2404:Dr F. C. Toy
2392:
2366:
2313:
2286:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2198:
2180:
2165:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2078:
2063:
2049:
2039:
2032:
2025:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1952:(1): 88–94.
1949:
1945:
1935:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1740:
1728:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1692:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1612:mimicsoda.hu
1611:
1601:
1582:
1576:
1508:– via
1493:
1469:
1451:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1383:– via
1368:
1356:– via
1341:
1318:
1302:
1293:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1242:Bibliography
1234:
1229:
1196:
1168:
1143:
1126:instrumental
1117:
1105:
1103:
1060:
1032:
1012:
1000:
999:In his book
998:
983:
979:central bank
966:
964:
960:
928:
923:
918:
913:
895:
891:
889:
854:
837:dislocations
818:G. I. Taylor
795:
770:
766:J. H. Oldham
755:
740:
713:
698:to join the
681:
603:
590:Karl Polanyi
565:Cecília Wohl
562:
544:
485:
399:
398:
350:Karl Polanyi
327:Magda Kemeny
203:(1976-02-22)
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
35:
26:
18:
3966:1976 deaths
3961:1891 births
3805:Ian Cameron
3681:C. E. Young
3515:Henry Wilde
3387:John Dalton
3230:Ian Hacking
3215:Thomas Kuhn
3200:Karl Popper
3180:C. D. Broad
3097:Roger Bacon
3025:Non-science
2967:Linguistics
2947:Archaeology
2842:Rationalism
2832:Determinism
2819:Physicalism
2784:Fallibilism
2734:Coherentism
2664:Testability
2617:Observation
2612:Objectivity
2573:alternative
2504:Correlation
2494:Consilience
2325:Cohn Duricz
1157:mechanistic
1134:ontological
1075:Alan Turing
1052:Thomas Kuhn
951:utilitarian
904:free market
894:(1940) and
829:deformation
822:Egon Orowan
696:Fritz Haber
664: [
617: [
536:Nobel Prize
508:dislocation
385:(1951–1952)
260:Employer(s)
236:, Karlsruhe
209:Northampton
3955:Categories
3863:Manchester
3631:John Allan
3401:John Moore
3326:Presidents
3117:David Hume
3090:Precursors
2972:Psychology
2952:Economics
2846:Empiricism
2837:Pragmatism
2824:Positivism
2814:Naturalism
2684:scientific
2568:Hypothesis
2531:Experiment
2288:Polanyiana
2120:(1): 20–43
1160:world view
1067:sense data
1044:Copernicus
1040:hypothesis
1036:reputation
1005:positivist
971:monetarist
947:Adam Smith
941:economist
881:John Baker
806:adsorption
804:, and the
653:adsorption
594:Eva Zeisel
585:Magyarized
559:Early life
500:adsorption
477:positivism
473:philosophy
362:Eva Zeisel
231:, Budapest
179:1891-03-11
118:April 2011
88:newspapers
3945:Biography
2957:Geography
2925:Chemistry
2884:Scientism
2679:ladenness
2499:Construct
2477:Causality
2267:home page
2259:Biography
2243:1572-9001
2007:262429494
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1946:Soundings
1863:225260656
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1651:225260656
1175:causality
1171:emergence
1091:reducible
1025:fiduciary
955:sceptical
637:Karlsruhe
600:Education
490:included
469:economics
453:Hungarian
352:(brother)
343:Relatives
217:Education
211:, England
3905:Category
3858:Percival
3836:Lectures
3252:Category
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2701:Variable
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2509:function
2467:A priori
2456:Analysis
2449:Concepts
2399:1950–51
2373:1944–46
2306:Archived
1958:41177772
1800:: 54-74.
1770:19 April
1520:See also
1466:(1975).
1220:morality
1212:nihilism
1153:ordering
1149:molecule
1130:semantic
869:genetics
861:Bukharin
758:The Moot
461:polymath
332:Children
187:Budapest
3919:Portals
2962:History
2930:Physics
2920:Biology
2718:more...
2706:control
2602:Inquiry
2342:at the
2333:at the
2026:Polanyi
1927:5651890
1907:Bibcode
1899:Science
1878:, p. 18
1794:Minerva
1675:6 April
1585:: 413.
1470:Meaning
1216:Marxism
1181:supply
1164:Galileo
1071:reality
833:ductile
826:plastic
751:Gestapo
575:, then
528:England
516:Germany
481:knowing
364:(niece)
358:(niece)
102:scholar
3853:Dalton
3817:Awards
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392:(1944)
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3843:Wilde
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2110:(PDF)
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1859:S2CID
1790:(PDF)
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1647:S2CID
1552:Notes
1460:1975
1087:minds
933:from
743:Nazis
668:]
625:]
581:Vilna
573:Wilno
109:JSTOR
95:books
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1923:PMID
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1772:2011
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1698:ISBN
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1089:are
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764:and
730:and
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709:John
554:Life
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337:John
198:Died
169:Born
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