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guidance system, they are usually subdivided into four groups: A particular type of command guidance and navigation where the missile is always commanded to lie on the line of sight (LOS) between the tracking unit and the aircraft is known as command to line of sight (CLOS) or three-point guidance. That is, the missile is controlled to stay as close as possible on the LOS to the target after missile capture is used to transmit guidance signals from a ground controller to the missile. More specifically, if the beam acceleration is taken into account and added to the nominal acceleration generated by the beam-rider equations, then CLOS guidance results. Thus, the beam rider acceleration command is modified to include an extra term. The beam-riding performance described above can thus be significantly improved by taking the beam motion into account. CLOS guidance is used mostly in shortrange air defense and antitank systems.
908:
428:
both in space. This means that they will not rely on the angular coordinates like in CLOS systems. They will need another coordinate which is distance. To make it possible, both target and missile trackers have to be active. They are always automatic and the radar has been used as the only sensor in these systems. The SM-2MR Standard is inertially guided during its mid-course phase, but it is assisted by a COLOS system via radar link provided by the AN/SPY-1 radar installed in the launching platform.
686:
201:(GOLIS) guidance systems. A GOT missile can target either a moving or fixed target, whereas a GOLIS weapon is limited to a stationary or near-stationary target. The trajectory that a missile takes while attacking a moving target is dependent upon the movement of the target. A moving target can be an immediate threat to the missile launcher. The target must be promptly eliminated in order to preserve the launcher. In GOLIS systems, the problem is simpler because the target is not moving.
215:
32:
613:, typically black and white, to image a field of view in front of the missile, which is presented to the operator. When launched, the electronics in the missile look for the spot on the image where the contrast changes the fastest, both vertically and horizontally, and then attempts to keep that spot at a constant location in its view. Contrast seekers have been used for air-to-ground missiles, including the
1417:
578:
of view and the system's ability to maintain a lock-on while maneuvering. As most air-launched, laser-guided munitions are employed against surface targets the designator providing the guidance to the missile need not be the launching aircraft; designation can be provided by another aircraft or by a completely separate source (frequently troops on the ground equipped with the appropriate laser designator).
129:
571:
consideration now that "all aspect" IR missiles are capable of "kills" from head on, something which did not prevail in the early days of guided missiles. For ships and mobile or fixed ground-based systems, this is irrelevant as the speed (and often size) of the launch platform precludes "running away" from the target or opening the range so as to make the enemy attack fail.
928:
accurate fix on location (when most airliners such as Boeing's 707 and 747 were designed, GPS was not the widely commercially available means of tracking that it is today). Today guided weapons can use a combination of INS, GPS and radar terrain mapping to achieve extremely high levels of accuracy such as that found in modern cruise missiles.
880:
Preset guidance is the simplest type of missile guidance. From the distance and direction of the target, the trajectory of the flight path is determined. Before firing, this information is programmed into the missile's guidance system, which, during flight, maneuvers the missile to follow that path.
713:
Whatever the mechanism used in a go-onto-location-in-space guidance system is, it must contain preset information about the target. These systems' main characteristic is the lack of a target tracker. The guidance computer and the missile tracker are located in the missile. The lack of target tracking
364:
The CLOS system uses only the angular coordinates between the missile and the target to ensure the collision. The missile is made to be in the line of sight between the launcher and the target (LOS), and any deviation of the missile from this line is corrected. Since so many types of missile use this
915:
Inertial guidance uses sensitive measurement devices to calculate the location of the missile due to the acceleration put on it after leaving a known position. Early mechanical systems were not very accurate, and required some sort of external adjustment to allow them to hit targets even the size of
577:
is similar to SARH but uses a laser as a signal. Another difference is that most laser-guided weapons employ turret-mounted laser designators which increase the launching aircraft's ability to maneuver after launch. How much maneuvering can be done by the guiding aircraft depends on the turret field
150:
These guidance technologies can generally be divided up into a number of categories, with the broadest categories being "active", "passive", and "preset" guidance. Missiles and guided bombs generally use similar types of guidance system, the difference between the two being that missiles are powered
1050:
this was achieved by a single camera that was trained to spot just one star in its expected position (it is believed that the missiles from Soviet submarines would track two separate stars to achieve this), if it was not quite aligned to where it should be then this would indicate that the inertial
927:
found on the MX missile, allowing for an accuracy of less than 100 m at intercontinental ranges. Many civilian aircraft use inertial guidance using a ring laser gyroscope, which is less accurate than the mechanical systems found in ICBMs, but which provide an inexpensive means of attaining a fairly
467:
homing being used at the last moment for the actual strike. This gave the enemy pilot the least possible warning that his aircraft was being illuminated by missile guidance radar, as opposed to search radar. This is an important distinction, as the nature of the signal differs, and is used as a cue
410:
Target tracking is manual, but missile tracking and control is automatic. It is similar to MCLOS but some automatic systems position the missile in the line of sight while the operator simply tracks the target. SACLOS has the advantage of allowing the missile to start in a position invisible to the
427:
This guidance system was one of the first to be used and still is in service, mainly in anti-aircraft missiles. In this system, the target tracker and the missile tracker can be oriented in different directions. The guidance system ensures the interception of the target by the missile by locating
379:
Both target tracking and missile tracking and control are performed manually. The operator watches the missile flight, and uses a signaling system to command the missile back into the straight line between operator and target (the "line of sight"). This is typically useful only for slower targets,
471:
LOSBR suffers from the inherent weakness of inaccuracy with increasing range as the beam spreads out. Laser beam riders are more accurate in this regard, but they are all short-range, and even the laser can be degraded by bad weather. On the other hand, SARH becomes more accurate with decreasing
717:
Navigational guidance is any type of guidance executed by a system without a target tracker. The other two units are on board the missile. These systems are also known as self-contained guidance systems; however, they are not always entirely autonomous due to the missile trackers used. They are
570:
It has the disadvantage for air-launched systems that the launch aircraft must keep moving towards the target in order to maintain radar and guidance lock. This has the potential to bring the aircraft within range of shorter-ranged IR-guided (infrared-guided) missile systems. It is an important
562:
that "illuminates" the target. Since the missile is typically being launched after the target was detected using a powerful radar system, it makes sense to use that same radar system to track the target, thereby avoiding problems with resolution or power, and reducing the weight of the missile.
1038:
It uses star positioning to fine-tune the accuracy of the inertial guidance system after launch. As the accuracy of a missile is dependent upon the guidance system knowing the exact position of the missile at any given moment during its flight, the fact that stars are a fixed
996:. Stellar-inertial guidance is used to correct small position and velocity errors that result from launch condition uncertainties due to errors in the submarine navigation system and errors that may have accumulated in the guidance system during the flight due to imperfect
526:
Active homing uses a radar system on the missile to provide a guidance signal. Typically, electronics in the missile keep the radar pointed directly at the target, and the missile then looks at this "angle" of its own centerline to guide itself. Radar
353:(LOSBR) – The target tracker is on board the missile. The missile already has some orientation capability meant for flying inside the beam that the launching platform is using to illuminate the target. It can be manual or automatic.
531:
is based on the size of the antenna, so in a smaller missile these systems are useful for attacking only large targets, ships or large bombers for instance. Active radar systems remain in widespread use in anti-shipping missiles, and in
311:
These guidance systems usually need the use of radars and a radio or wired link between the control point and the missile; in other words, the trajectory is controlled with the information transmitted via radio or wire (see
1341:
462:
missile as used in
Vietnam – the radar beam was used to take the missile on a high arcing flight and then gradually brought down in the vertical plane of the target aircraft, the more accurate
1088:, digital scene-matching area correlator, which employs a camera to view an area of land, digitizes the view, and compares it to stored scenes in an onboard computer to guide the missile to its target.
507:
does not change. PN dictates that the missile velocity vector should rotate at a rate proportional to the rotation rate of the line of sight (line-Of-sight rate or LOS-rate) and in the same direction.
327: – The missile tracker is on the launching platform. These missiles are fully controlled by the launching platform that sends all control orders to the missile. The two variants are
1091:
DSMAC is reputed to be so lacking in robustness that destruction of prominent buildings marked in the system's internal map (such as by a preceding cruise missile) upsets its navigation.
147:
to its intended target. The missile's target accuracy is a critical factor for its effectiveness. Guidance systems improve missile accuracy by improving its
Probability of Guidance (Pg).
193:
Guidance systems are divided into different categories according to whether they are designed to attack fixed or moving targets. The weapons can be divided into two broad categories:
159:
The concept of unmanned guidance originated at least as early as World War I, with the idea of remotely guiding an airplane bomb onto a target, such as the systems developed for the
1076:
on board. More sophisticated TERCOM systems allow the missile to fly a complex route over a full 3D map, instead of flying directly to the target. TERCOM is the typical system for
1244:
603:
role to track the heat of jet engines, it has also been used in the anti-vehicle role with some success. This means of guidance is sometimes also referred to as "heat seeking".
651:. The missile picks up radiation broadcast by the tracking radar which bounces off the target and relays it to the tracking station, which relays commands back to the missile.
617:, because most ground targets can be distinguished only by visual means. However they rely on there being strong contrast changes to track, and even traditional
380:
where significant "lead" is not required. MCLOS is a subtype of command guided systems. In the case of glide bombs or missiles against ships or the supersonic
889:) are contained within the missile, and no outside information (such as radio instructions) is used. An example of a missile using preset guidance is the
411:
user, as well as generally being considerably easier to operate. It is the most common form of guidance against ground targets such as tanks and bunkers.
1072:, for "terrain contour matching", uses altitude maps of the strip of land from the launch site to the target, and compares them with information from a
923:
that are accurate to within metres over ranges of 10,000 km, and no longer require additional inputs. Gyroscope development has culminated in the
458:, but do not have to be; in other systems the beam is part of an automated radar tracking system. A case in point is the later versions of the
820:
Dependent on artificial sources – Navigational guidance systems where the missile tracker depends on an artificial external source:
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Entirely autonomous – Systems where the missile tracker does not depend on any external navigation source, and can be divided into:
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1004:
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Dependent on natural sources – Navigational guidance systems where the missile tracker depends on a natural external source:
454:, which is pointed at the target and detectors on the rear of the missile keep it centered in the beam. Beam riding systems are often
907:
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567:(SARH) is by far the most common "all weather" guidance solution for anti-aircraft systems, both ground- and air-launched.
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The way these three subsystems are distributed between the missile and the launcher result in two different categories:
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The USAF sought a precision navigation system for maintaining route accuracy and target tracking at very high speeds.
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992:, SLBMs are launched from moving submarines, which complicates the necessary navigational calculations and increases
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by an onboard engine, whereas guided bombs rely on the speed and height of the launch aircraft for propulsion.
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from which to calculate that position makes this a potentially very effective means of improving accuracy.
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503:. It is based on the fact that two objects are on a collision course when the direction of their direct
294:: The guidance computer is on the launcher. The target tracker is also placed on the launching platform.
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bombers this system worked, but as speeds increased MCLOS was quickly rendered useless for most roles.
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The first U.S. ballistic missile with a highly accurate inertial guidance system was the short-range
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is a passive system that homes in on the heat generated by the target. Typically used in the
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Semi-active homing systems combine a passive radar receiver on the missile with a separate
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Inertial guidance is most favored for the initial guidance and reentry vehicles of
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1219:(6th ed.). Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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In World War II, guided missiles were first developed, as part of the German
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Target tracking is automatic, while missile tracking and control is manual.
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to divert their course and line up exactly with the target's flight path.
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144:
890:
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618:
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239: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
300:: The guidance computers are in the missile and in the target tracker.
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167:
1290:"Russia is building an AI-powered missile that can think for itself"
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1316:"The US Army is developing AI missiles that find their own targets"
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system was not precisely on target and a correction would be made.
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Proportional navigation (also known as "PN" or "Pro-Nav") is a
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Fundamentals of
Strategic Weapons: Offense and Defense Systems
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distance to the target, so the two systems are complementary.
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Target tracking, missile tracking and control are automatic.
988:, whose launch point does not move and thus can serve as a
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subdivided by their missile tracker's function as follows:
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In every go-onto-target system there are three subsystems:
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All of the guidance components (including sensors such as
399:
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announced that it was developing missiles that would use
499:) used in some form or another by most homing air target
391:
1011:'s electronics development division, had developed an
1377:
Morrison, Bill, SR-71 contributors, Feedback column,
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in GOLIS necessarily implies navigational guidance.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
935:, because it has no external signal and cannot be
677:announced it was developing a similar technology.
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1031:missile, the latter of which was adapted for the
1027:missile, and a separate system for the ill-fated
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163:by Archibald Low (the father of radio guidance).
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911:Inspection of MM III missile guidance system
442:LOSBR uses a "beam" of some sort, typically
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178:'s attempt to develop a pigeon-guided bomb.
139:refers to a variety of methods of guiding a
705:relative to the vehicle's motion, they use
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673:to choose their own targets. In 2019, the
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536:" air-to-air missile systems such as the
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1392:"Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile"
1313:
1165:Constant, James N. (27 September 1981).
1164:
906:
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127:
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1712:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
1342:"Israel upgrades its antimissile plans"
1217:Tactical and Strategic Missile Guidance
1214:
1054:
744:fluid-suspended gyrostabilized platform
406:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
400:Semi-automatic command to line-of-sight
132:A guided bomb strikes a practice target
16:Variety of methods of guiding a missile
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665:In 2017, Russian weapons manufacturer
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1196:Missile Guidance and Control Systems.
1080:guidance, but is being supplanted by
982:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
621:can render them unable to "lock on".
547:
1536:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
1514:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
1457:
1347:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1277:. Federation of American Scientists.
896:
841:Global navigation satellite system (
701:coverage. By measuring the seeker's
635:Retransmission homing, also called "
392:Semi-manual command to line-of-sight
237:adding citations to reliable sources
208:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1201:
986:intercontinental ballistic missiles
13:
1718:Automatic command to line of sight
1508:Intercontinental ballistic missile
1379:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1275:"Chapter 15. Guidance and Control"
875:
475:
432:Line-of-sight beam riding guidance
415:Automatic command to line-of-sight
351:Line-of-sight beam riding guidance
14:
1930:
1542:Submarine-launched cruise missile
1409:
796:Photographic reconnaissance (Ex:
740:gimballed gyrostabilized platform
661:Artificial intelligence arms race
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1415:
1013:astro-inertial navigation system
789:Topographic reconnaissance (Ex:
680:
639:" or "TVM", is a hybrid between
515:
213:
30:
1866:List of surface-to-air missiles
1706:Manual command to line of sight
1619:Man-portable air-defense system
1384:
1371:
1367:Chapter 15 Guidance and Control
1360:
1171:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
510:
375:Manual command to line of sight
369:Manual command to line-of-sight
224:needs additional citations for
41:needs additional citations for
1474:Air-launched ballistic missile
1314:Hambling, David (2019-08-14).
1307:
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654:
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189:Categories of guidance systems
1:
1520:Short-range ballistic missile
1151:
667:Tactical Missiles Corporation
1793:Automatic target recognition
980:. It is usually employed on
7:
1846:List of missiles by country
1589:Anti-ship ballistic missile
1480:Air-launched cruise missile
1340:Eshel, David (2010-02-12).
1094:
1015:(ANS), which could correct
916:a city. Modern systems use
834:Global positioning system (
750:strapdown inertial guidance
10:
1935:
1856:List of anti-tank missiles
1851:List of anti-ship missiles
1554:Surface-to-surface missile
1288:Galeon, Dom (2017-07-26).
1058:
949:Inertial navigation system
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316:). These systems include:
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1755:Global Positioning System
1700:Command off line of sight
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1131:Precision-guided munition
962:stellar-inertial guidance
703:line-of-sight propagation
423:Command off line-of-sight
341:Command off line-of-sight
199:go-onto-location-in-space
174:was American behaviorist
1836:List of military rockets
1694:Command to line-of-sight
1660:Semi-active radar homing
1247:January 9, 2007, at the
645:semi-active radar homing
565:Semi-active radar homing
554:Semi-active radar homing
360:Command to line-of-sight
335:Command to line-of-sight
1819:Predicted line of sight
1773:Astro-inertial guidance
1381:, 9 December 2013, p.10
1121:Magnetic proximity fuze
994:circular error probable
958:Astro-inertial guidance
943:Astro-inertial guidance
779:Astro-inertial guidance
707:proportional navigation
671:artificial intelligence
487:Proportional navigation
481:Proportional navigation
307:Remote control guidance
292:Remote control guidance
1601:Anti-submarine missile
1577:Anti-radiation missile
1571:Anti-ballistic missile
1548:Surface-to-air missile
1526:Shoulder-fired missile
1492:Air-to-surface missile
1048:Trident missile system
1021:celestial observations
998:instrument calibration
912:
710:
592:anti-radiation missile
133:
1777:Terrestrial guidance
1583:Anti-satellite weapon
910:
852:Hyperbolic navigation
688:
625:Retransmission homing
131:
1424:at Wikimedia Commons
1259:Yanushevsky, page 3.
1215:Zarchan, P. (2012).
1055:Terrestrial guidance
984:. Unlike silo-based
978:celestial navigation
953:Celestial navigation
827:Satellite navigation
782:Terrestrial guidance
497:proportional control
468:for evasive action.
386:B-17 Flying Fortress
384:against slow-moving
233:improve this article
161:first powered drones
50:improve this article
1919:Targeting (warfare)
1654:Active radar homing
1613:Land-attack missile
1065:TERCOM § DSMAC
1017:inertial navigation
649:active radar homing
522:active radar homing
314:Wire-guided missile
1909:Missile technology
1750:Satellite guidance
1486:Air-to-air missile
1111:Electronic warfare
970:information fusion
933:strategic missiles
913:
776:Celestial guidance
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675:United States Army
548:Semi-active homing
493:guidance principle
134:
65:"Missile guidance"
1904:Missile operation
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1768:Inertial guidance
1735:Infrared guidance
1678:Track-via-missile
1607:Anti-tank missile
1595:Anti-ship missile
1498:Ballistic missile
1420:Media related to
1226:978-1-60086-894-8
1194:Siouris, George.
1146:Terminal guidance
1126:Precision bombing
974:inertial guidance
903:Inertial guidance
897:Inertial guidance
808:Magnetic guidance
731:Inertial guidance
637:track-via-missile
631:Track-via-missile
279:Guidance computer
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1899:Missile guidance
1841:List of missiles
1724:Pursuit guidance
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1116:List of missiles
921:ring laser gyros
641:command guidance
607:Contrast seekers
324:Command guidance
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1059:Main articles:
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876:Preset guidance
758:Preset guidance
693:missiles use a
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597:Infrared homing
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245:December 2016
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222:This section
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106:November 2007
98:
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67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1876:
1630:
1395:. Retrieved
1386:
1373:
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1351:. Retrieved
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1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
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1019:errors with
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611:video camera
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511:Radar homing
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231:Please help
226:verification
223:
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176:B.F. Skinner
165:
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136:
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93:
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1804:TV guidance
1729:Beam riding
1467:By platform
1025:SM-62 Snark
918:solid state
699:hemispheric
697:seeker for
655:AI guidance
460:RIM-8 Talos
438:Beam riding
205:GOT systems
145:guided bomb
1893:Categories
1353:2010-02-13
1178:9024725453
1152:References
1023:, for the
1005:Nortronics
947:See also:
891:V-2 rocket
887:gyroscopes
619:camouflage
586:See also:
529:resolution
382:Wasserfall
197:(GOT) and
76:newspapers
1877:See also:
1621:(MANPADS)
1458:Types of
990:reference
689:Israel's
170:program.
168:V-weapons
1914:Tracking
1714:(SACLOS)
1639:Unguided
1631:guidance
1397:June 23,
1325:2 August
1299:2 August
1245:Archived
1095:See also
1009:Northrop
695:gimbaled
501:missiles
1814:Compass
1761:GLONASS
1731:(LOSBR)
1720:(ACLOS)
1708:(MCLOS)
1702:(COLOS)
1460:missile
1046:In the
964:, is a
843:GLONASS
738:With a
691:Arrow 3
343:(COLOS)
155:History
141:missile
90:scholar
1821:(PLOS)
1781:TERCOM
1696:(CLOS)
1662:(SARH)
1609:(ATGM)
1603:(ASuM)
1597:(AShM)
1591:(ASBM)
1585:(ASAT)
1544:(SLCM)
1538:(SLBM)
1522:(SRBM)
1516:(IRBM)
1510:(ICBM)
1482:(ALCM)
1476:(ALBM)
1223:
1175:
1070:TERCOM
1061:TERCOM
937:jammed
791:TERCOM
609:use a
456:SACLOS
337:(CLOS)
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1829:Lists
1795:(ATR)
1786:DSMAC
1757:(GPS)
1680:(TVM)
1656:(ARH)
1615:(LAM)
1579:(ARM)
1573:(ABM)
1556:(SSM)
1550:(SAM)
1494:(ASM)
1488:(AAM)
1086:DSMAC
1033:SR-71
960:, or
863:LORAN
859:DECCA
798:DSMAC
748:With
452:laser
448:radar
444:radio
143:or a
97:JSTOR
83:books
1399:2014
1327:2022
1301:2022
1221:ISBN
1198:2004
1173:ISBN
1063:and
976:and
951:and
925:AIRS
647:and
590:and
575:SALH
542:R-77
540:and
465:SARH
69:news
1629:By
1082:GPS
972:of
885:or
836:GPS
742:or
450:or
235:by
52:by
1895::
1344:.
1318:.
1292:.
1264:^
1235:^
1203:^
1187:^
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1007:,
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185:.
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252:(
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113:(
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104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
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23:.
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