455:
were removed in a forced eviction in the middle of the night on
September 30, 2015. Since development of the mine, human rights groups have denounced the project for forcibly evicting more than 30 Shuar families from their homes. A study of documents related to the displacement of local people concluded that ECSA did not follow its own program approved by the government for buying land in the project area, and incurred no fine or penalty for this fault. The study also found that ECSA was not transparent about prices paid for land purchased in the area: some residents accepted offers from the company below market value without receiving any information or support from the government; and people who rejected these offers were forcibly evicted or criminalised.
435:
found that some local residents expressed faith in responsible mining and had hopes for jobs and economic development. The study found that perceptions of the mining project were not homogenous among Shuar communities: some Shuar representatives and organisations supported the mine while others were opposed. Locals who expressed scepticism about responsible mining had concerns about medium and long term environmental degradation. They also cited concerns about increased crime and violence caused by an influx of mine workers and capital. An inter-ethnic coalition representing Shuar communities, local farmers, and ranchers opposed the mine as a threat to their traditional lifestyles.
315:
controls mining interests on 62,000 hectares (150,000 acres). Ecuador has been reliant on oil exports for international financing, and has sought foreign investment to develop copper reserves in the Amazon as a source of funding for national infrastructure projects. Government estimates indicate that expansion of
Ecuador's mining industry could generate at least $ 40 billion in export revenue between 2020 and 2030. China has invested approximately $ 1.4 billion into the Mirador project as of 2019, including $ 85 million in royalties to the Ecuadorian government. By 2020, Canadian and Chinese corporations had invested $ 7 billion in five major projects in the Corriente Copper Belt.
43:
36:
418:
million tonnes with a 22 to 39 year mine life, and resources grading 0.62% Cu, 0.196 g/t gold, and 1.57 g/t silver. A 2008 report with a 30,000 TPD milling rate predicted annual production of 11 MT of concentrate, containing 137 million lbs of copper, 34,000 oz gold, and 394,000 oz silver for the first 10 years of the mine life and a total productive mine life of 17 years.
474:, the displaced people receive some financial compensation, but have no choice to remain on their land. Many Indigenous and mestizo families were vulnerable because they did not have official title to their land. Indigenous laws in which title is held in community (rather than individually) made it difficult for some people to participate in company buy-outs.
421:
The 2008 feasibility study estimated the initial capital cost of the project at $ 418 million and a life of mine operating cost of $ 474 million. Total operating costs were estimated at $ 1.2 billion. Net smelter return was estimated at $ 3.2 billion, with significant potential for expansion, both at
417:
Several feasibility studies were completed for the mine with different mill rates and mine life. A 2005 study proposed a plan based on 111 million tonnes of in-pit resources grading 0.67% Cu and 0.22 grams per tonne of gold, and a 12-year mine life. Another study in 2006 increased the pit size to 347
434:
the
Mirador project. The mining company stated that positive impacts from the mine could include improvements to the local road network and water systems and that the project would generate up to 1,200 jobs during construction, 415 jobs during operation, and additional 'indirect jobs'. A 2016 study
454:
The mining company began pressuring locals in the town of San Marcos to sell their land in 2006 after completion of the EIA. Some families who refused to sell were forcibly removed; ECSA's private security and local police destroyed the school and church in San Marcos in 2014, and sixteen families
314:
China is the world's largest consumer of copper, and the country has increasingly prioritised investment in non-ferrous metals as part of its foreign policy, especially in Latin
America where there are many untapped reserves. Mirador mine lies in the Corriente Copper Belt, where Ecuacorriente S.A.
413:
Mirador mine covers approximately 2,995 hectares (7,400 acres) in the
Cordillera del Condor mountain range in southern Ecuador. Its proven and probable reserves are estimated at 3.2 million tonnes (Mt) of copper, between 3.4 and 4.09 million ounces (Moz) of gold, and between 27.1 and 32.3 Moz of
528:) concluded that numerous Indigenous archaeological sites were destroyed by the mine, that protocols of consultancy were ignored, and that archaeological rescue operations were carried out without informing either local Indigenous communities or official Indigenous agencies.
536:
Development of
Mirador was challenged by at least six lawsuits between 2012 and 2019 brought by local officials, Indigenous community groups, individuals, environmental groups and scientists. Some of these lawsuits challenged the project on the basis of infringements of the
362:
Some local residents were forcibly evicted from their homes in or near the project area. These evictions are part of a pattern of forced evictions of
Indigenous people in Ecuador and around the world for resource extraction. The
404:
Chinese companies began construction of
Mirador mine in 2012, investing approximately $ 1.4 billion into the project and producing the first copper in 2019. The first copper from the mine was exported to China in January 2020.
286:
The project is owned and operated by
Ecuacorriente S.A. (ECSA), a subsidiary of the state-owned Chinese company CRCC-Tongguan Investment Co. Ltd, which comprises Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings Co. Ltd. and
541:, which are protected by the constitution of Ecuador. Other lawsuits were brought on the basis of the murder of Indigenous leaders; infringement of community housing rights; Indigenous right to
442:
demanding protection of water and increased consultation about extractive projects with
Indigenous people. Production at the mine was halted in June 2022 when access roads were blocked during
481:
reports that mining companies employed divide and conquer tactics to crush local resistance to the mine by enlisting local elites in side deals with "perverse social and political effects".
326:. Involvement of Shuar communities shapes how conflict in the region is perceived and the valuation language of conflicting parties: values such as economic benefits and development may be
1334:
1247:
302:. The first shipment of copper from the mine was exported to China in January 2020. Production at the mine was halted in June 2022 when access roads were blocked during
334:: resistance to the project has been affected by Shuar laws restricting individual land ownership in favour of community land titles; lawsuits have been brought citing
1042:
1339:
322:
people for one-thousand years. Mining in the region has been opposed by some Shuar communities and by national Indigenous organizations such as CONAIE, resulting in
1017:
342:. Although the conflict concerns tangible territorial transformations, it is also a struggle over meaning and the human-nature relationship, including the idea of
508:
Residents also say that the mine has contaminated their water supply, and that people bathing in the local river, "emerge with rashes and lesions on their skin."
414:
silver. Ore from the open-pit mine is trucked to a nearby processing plant where it is crushed and refined; then it is shipped to China for further processing.
1240:
1204:
1319:
295:
1233:
1166:
EXPULSIONS: forced displacements and archaeological destruction in the mega-mining project Mirador in the Cordillera del CĂłndor, Ecuadorian Amazonia
725:
777:
1420:
330:
with sacredness of the land and Indigenous rights. Resistance to the mine has been related to the Shuar indigenous cosmology as an expression of
931:
1183:
83:
753:
1085:
1184:"The case for Rights of Nature in face of the Mirador Open Pit Copper Mining Project - Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature (GARN)"
478:
367:
estimates that the number of people displaced for development projects may exceed the 25 million displaced by armed conflicts in 2008.
382:, who stress that their assessments of biodiversity are incomplete. Mining in the area has been a source of debate for this reason.
364:
1164:
398:
288:
1380:
1425:
621:
397:
in 2006 and 2008 respectively. The mine was purchased by the Chinese companies Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group (TNMG) and
359:
was stalled by conflict in 2018, and there was continued resistance in 2020, when a mining camp was burned and ransacked.
1329:
971:"Desplazamientos en virtud del desarrollo: un estudio de caso del proyecto minero Mirador en Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador"
1268:
1415:
542:
339:
992:
35:
1138:
653:
1430:
1435:
1273:
498:
279:, and the first industrial-scale copper project to be developed in the country. The project has generated an
493:, and that the EIA contained, "no plans to mitigate the risk of acid formation and potential rupture of the
489:
Independent evaluation of the EIA concluded that mine waste posed serious threats to water quality through
422:
the Mirador deposit and a nearby deposit a few kilometres to the northeast outside the scope of the study.
349:
331:
327:
446:
that made several demands of the Ecuadorian government including a moratorium on oil and mining projects.
306:
that made several demands of the Ecuadorian government including a moratorium on oil and mining projects.
863:"PERCEPTION OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS IN MINING AREAS: THE CASE OF THE MIRADOR PROJECT IN ECUADOR"
701:
393:
Environmental impact assessments and feasibility studies for the mine were completed by Canadian company
1063:
355:
Regional conflicts have also erupted over development of other projects in the area: development of the
375:
862:
796:
379:
272:
61:
1360:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
443:
439:
356:
303:
299:
240:
230:
821:
371:
1396:
497:". ECSA found that the tailings dam posed a "very high risk", and analysts are concerned that a
323:
280:
390:
Contracts for development of Mirador mine were signed with the Ecuadorian government in 2012.
1089:
559:
1375:
1365:
1225:
502:
1110:
8:
1278:
394:
879:
906:
490:
431:
176:
1385:
884:
771:
670:
554:
752:
Vasco, Cintia Quiliconi, Pablo Rodriguez; Vasco, Cintia Quiliconi, Pablo Rodriguez.
458:
Many families were removed through the government's use of a legal mechanism called
874:
662:
538:
335:
250:
861:
Sánchez-Vázquez, Luis; Espinosa, MarĂa Gabriela; Eguiguren, MarĂa Beatriz (2016).
797:"Strife with indigenous groups could derail Ecuador's drive to be a mining power"
584:
1205:"Few options left for local communities opposing Ecuador's largest copper mine"
1018:"Corriente accepts $ 379M takeover offer by Tongling, China Railway | SaltWire"
465:
907:"Exploring China's Footprint in the Andes Mountains: Copper Mining in Ecuador"
644:
1409:
888:
674:
666:
98:
85:
468:), which allows land seizure for projects in the “national interest”. Under
1139:"FEATURE-Indigenous Ecuadorans fight back as metal mining eats into Amazon"
494:
344:
1043:"Ecuador natives begin two-week march to protest Chinese mining companies"
932:"Large-scale copper mine project in Ecuador mired in allegations of abuse"
133:
137 Million lbs of copper; 34,000 oz gold; and 394,000 oz silver per year.
970:
430:
The mining company and the government have emphasised the possibility of
1324:
726:"Ecuador government, indigenous leaders hold first talks amid protests"
1370:
545:
protected by Ecuador's constitution; and environmental regulations.
318:
The Corriente Copper Belt has been the territory of the Indigenous
159:
Ecuacorriente S.A. (subsidiary of CRCC-Tongguan Investment Co. Ltd)
525:
Comunidad AmazĂłnica de AcciĂłn Social Cordillera del CĂłndor Mirador
702:"Mirador Copper-Gold Project, Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador"
276:
275:
in southern Ecuador. It is one of the largest copper reserves in
71:
860:
1111:"BBC News – Ecuador indigenous protesters march against mining"
283:
that is emblematic in the national political debate on mining.
268:
219:
123:
822:"Ecuador begins large-scale mining at Mirador copper project"
319:
187:
1255:
374:
and hosts exceptional biodiversity that has been studied by
1086:"Indigenous Ecuadorians March Against Canadian Copper Mine"
645:"Debating Alternative Development at the Mining Frontier:
623:
MIRADOR COPPER-GOLD PROJECT 30,000 TPD FEASIBILITY STUDY
642:
754:"Chinese Mining and Indigenous Resistance in Ecuador"
643:
van Teijlingen, Karolien; Hogenboom, Barbara (2016).
1064:"Native Ecuadorans protest Amazon mining – Americas"
993:"Canada miners jump after Chinese bid for Corriente"
296:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
649:
and the Conflict around El Mirador Mine in Ecuador"
294:Development of the Mirador mine was opposed by the
519:FundaciĂłn Regional de AsesorĂa en Derechos Humanos
370:The project area includes protected areas in the
1407:
399:China Railway Construction Corporation Limited
1241:
523:
517:
469:
459:
776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1248:
1234:
758:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
579:
577:
575:
501:could result in a disaster similar to the
479:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
878:
440:widespread protests led by CONAIE in 2012
425:
1256:Contemporary Ecuadorian protest movement
968:
723:
585:"Mirador Project: Corriente Copper Belt"
1162:
572:
511:
365:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
1421:Indigenous peoples and the environment
1408:
1077:
751:
1229:
1133:
1131:
1056:
1035:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
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926:
924:
922:
920:
904:
900:
898:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
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684:
271:located in the Amazonian province of
1066:. Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
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787:
747:
745:
719:
717:
638:
636:
616:
614:
612:
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608:
606:
604:
289:China Railway Construction Corp. Ltd
42:
1103:
880:10.1590/1809-4422ASOC129708V1922016
13:
1128:
1088:. Ens-newswire.com. Archived from
1045:. Globalpost.com. 29 November 2009
949:
917:
895:
724:Valencia, Alexandra (2022-06-26).
681:
444:widespread Indigenous-led protests
304:widespread Indigenous-led protests
222:and other Indigenous organisations
14:
1447:
1083:
839:
784:
742:
714:
633:
601:
543:free, prior, and informed consent
438:Opposition to the mine generated
198:1,200 construction; 415 operation
516:A study commissioned by INREDH (
340:free, prior and informed consent
41:
34:
1197:
1176:
1156:
1010:
985:
969:Figueroa, Isabela (June 2018).
654:Journal of Developing Societies
449:
357:San Carlos Panantza copper mine
16:Copper mine in southern Ecuador
814:
385:
1:
565:
309:
629:. Corriente Resources. 2008.
332:environmentalism of the poor
7:
1426:Environmental controversies
936:Mongabay Environmental News
590:. Corriente Resources. 2002
548:
531:
10:
1452:
408:
376:Conservation International
1394:
1348:
1312:
1261:
380:Missouri Botanical Garden
298:(CONAIE), leading to the
257:
253:lawsuits filed in Ecuador
246:
236:
226:
215:
210:
202:
194:
182:
172:
167:
163:
155:
150:
142:
137:
129:
119:
114:
77:
67:
62:Zamora-Chinchipe Province
60:
29:
24:
1361:San Carlos Panantza mine
1172:. Forensic Architecture.
905:Morin, Caroline (2022).
867:Ambiente & Sociedade
667:10.1177/0169796x16667190
495:tailings impoundment dam
484:
395:Corriente Resources, Inc
300:2012 Ecuadorian protests
241:2022 Ecuadorian protests
231:2012 Ecuadorian protests
1416:Copper mines in Ecuador
1397:Constitution of Ecuador
1381:1998-99 economic crisis
1163:Tavares, Paulo (2019).
350:Constitution of Ecuador
524:
518:
470:
460:
426:Environmental conflict
324:environmental conflict
281:environmental conflict
206:road and water systems
1431:Environmental justice
560:Environmental justice
372:Cordillera del CĂłndor
348:which is part of the
338:and requirements for
1436:Environmental racism
1376:Fruta del Norte mine
1366:Lago Agrio oil field
512:Archaeological sites
503:Samarco dam disaster
499:tailings dam failure
99:3.57806°S 78.43556°W
1349:Sources of conflict
104:-3.57806; -78.43556
95: /
21:
491:acid mine drainage
432:responsibly mining
177:Acid mine drainage
19:
1403:
1402:
1386:Mining in Ecuador
555:Mining in Ecuador
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1101:
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1098:
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1092:on 21 March 2012
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1053:
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1033:
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1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
989:
983:
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975:Opinion JurĂdica
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631:
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628:
618:
599:
598:
596:
595:
589:
581:
539:rights of nature
527:
521:
473:
463:
401:(CRCC) in 2010.
336:rights of nature
273:Zamora-Chinchipe
251:Rights of nature
110:
109:
107:
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96:
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45:
44:
38:
22:
18:
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1157:
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1129:
1120:
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1041:
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1027:
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1016:
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991:
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986:
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941:
939:
930:
929:
918:
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831:
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820:
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743:
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641:
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626:
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619:
602:
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:
573:
568:
551:
534:
522:) and CASCOMI (
514:
487:
452:
428:
411:
388:
328:incommensurable
312:
103:
101:
97:
94:
89:
86:
84:
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81:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
1449:
1439:
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1433:
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1400:
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1271:
1265:
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1245:
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1230:
1222:
1221:
1209:China Dialogue
1196:
1175:
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1127:
1117:. 9 March 2012
1102:
1076:
1055:
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1009:
984:
981:(33): 173–198.
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916:
894:
838:
813:
783:
741:
713:
680:
661:(4): 382–420.
632:
600:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
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550:
547:
533:
530:
513:
510:
486:
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466:eminent domain
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410:
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387:
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311:
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237:Contributed to
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40:
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27:
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15:
9:
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2:
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1313:Organisations
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998:
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1356:Mirador mine
1355:
1213:. Retrieved
1211:. 2019-07-08
1208:
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1188:. Retrieved
1186:. 2013-02-26
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1145:. 2022-06-24
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1024:. 2019-02-20
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49:Mirador mine
20:Mirador mine
471:servidumbre
461:servidumbre
386:Development
269:copper mine
267:is a large
227:Resulted in
203:Development
102: /
78:Coordinates
1410:Categories
1340:Pachakutik
1325:ECUARUNARI
1215:2022-07-05
1190:2022-07-05
1149:2022-07-01
1121:2012-03-11
1096:2012-03-11
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1028:2022-07-02
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647:Buen Vivir
594:2013-07-06
566:References
310:Background
247:Lawsuit(s)
130:Production
115:Production
1335:CONFENIAE
889:1414-753X
873:: 23–44.
675:0169-796X
183:Displaced
173:Pollution
90:78°26′8″W
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1262:Protests
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1022:saltwire
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549:See also
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378:and the
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186:over 30
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409:Details
277:Ecuador
156:Company
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1320:CONAIE
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220:CONAIE
143:Opened
124:Copper
1371:Intag
1170:(PDF)
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485:Water
320:Shuar
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151:Owner
1304:2022
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