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579:-based diagnostic test can genetically determine the breed composition of mixed-breed dogs. These tests are still limited in scope because only a small number of the hundreds of dog breeds have been validated against the tests, and because the same breed in different geographical areas may have different genetic profiles. The tests do not test for breed purity, but for genetic sequences that are common to certain breeds. With a mixed-breed dog, the test is not proof of purebred ancestry, but rather an indication that those dogs share common ancestry with certain purebreds. The
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the line continues, over hundreds of years diversity increases due to mutations and occasional out-breeding. This is why some of the very old breeds are more stable. One issue is when certain traits found in the breed standard are associated with genetic disorders. The artificial selective force favors the duplication of the genetic disorder because it comes with a desired physical trait. The genetic health of hybrids tends to be higher. Healthy traits have been lost in many purebred dog lines because many breeders of
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955:(MBDCA), which created obedience venues in which mixed-breed dogs could compete, more opportunities have opened up for all dogs in all dog sports. Most dog agility and fly ball organizations have always allowed mixed-breed dogs to compete. Today, mixed-breeds have proven their worth in many performance sports.
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When humans select certain dogs for new breeds, they artificially isolate that group of genes and cause more copies of that gene to be made than might have otherwise occurred in nature. The population is initially more fragile because of the lack of genetic diversity. If the dog breed is popular, and
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Studies that have been done in the area of health show that mixed-breeds on average are both healthier and longer-lived than their purebred relations. This is because current accepted breeding practices within the pedigreed dog community result in a reduction in genetic diversity, and can result in
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In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than purebreds, and that increasing body weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan). Another study published in 2019 confirmed this 1.2 year difference in lifespan for
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In one study, the effect of breed on longevity in the pet dog was analyzed using mortality data from 23,535 pet dogs. The data were obtained from North
American veterinary teaching hospitals. The median age at death was determined for purebred and mixed-breed dogs of different body weights. Within
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Several studies have shown that mixed-breed dogs have a health advantage over purebred dogs. A German study finds that "mongrels require less veterinary treatment". Studies in Sweden have found that "Mongrel dogs are less prone to many diseases than the average purebred dog" and, when referring to
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is an example of a recognized breed with pariah ancestry. Pariah dogs tend to be between yellow and light brown in color and of medium height and weight. This may represent the appearance of the modern dog's ancestor. DNA analysis has shown pariah dogs to have a more ancient gene pool than modern
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associated with the latter term. The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds. Purebred dogs have been, for the most part, artificially created from random-bred populations by human selective breeding with the
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Purebred dogs are known by breed names given to groups of dogs that are visibly similar in most characteristics and have reliable documented descent. In recent years many owners and breeders of crossbreed dogs identify them — often facetiously — by invented names constructed from parts of the
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Studies have shown that crossbreed dogs have a number of desirable reproductive traits. Scott and Fuller found that crossbreed dogs were superior mothers compared to purebred mothers, producing more milk and giving better care. These advantages led to a decreased mortality in the offspring of
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Mixes that show characteristics of two or more breeds. A mix might have some purebred ancestors, or might come from a long line of mixed-breeds. These dogs are usually identified by the breed they most resemble, such as a "Lab mix" or "Collie-Shepherd", even if their ancestry is
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recessives occur across many seemingly unrelated breeds, and therefore merely mixing breeds is no guarantee of genetic health. When two poor specimens are bred, the offspring could inherit the worst traits of both parents. This is commonly seen in dogs that came from
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suggests that as a group, dogs of varied ancestry will be generally healthier than their purebred counterparts. In purebred dogs, intentionally breeding dogs of very similar appearance over several generations produces animals that carry many of the same
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death rates, that "mongrels were consistently in the low risk category". Data from
Denmark also suggest that mixed breeds have greater longevity on average compared to purebreds. A British study showed similar results, but a few breeds (notably
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among purebreds has exposed various genetic health problems not always readily apparent in less uniform populations. Mixed-breed dogs are more genetically diverse due to the more haphazard nature of their parents' mating. The offspring of such
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is evaluated, mixed-breed dogs normally cannot compete. For purebred dogs, their physical characteristics are judged against a single breed standard. This is different in the case of mixed-breed dogs because they are difficult to
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each body weight category, the median age at death was lower for purebred dogs compared with mixed-breed dogs. The median age at death was "8.5 years for all mixed breed dogs, and 6.7 years for all pure breed dogs" in the study.
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804:, where non-selective breeding has occurred over many generations. The term originally referred to the wild dogs of India, but now refers to dogs belonging to or descended from a population of wild or feral dogs. The
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award, mixed-breed dogs are not permitted to enter AKC "all breed" events, though through their "Canine
Partners" program, mixed-breed dogs can be registered to compete in AKC Agility, Obedience, and Rally events.
1803:
Tierarten- und
Hunderassenverteilung, Erkrankungshäufigkeit und prophylaktische Maßnahmen bei den häufigsten Hunderassen am Beispiel einer Tierarztpraxis in Bielefeld in den Jahren 1983–1985 und 1990–1992
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are more interested in conformation – the physical attributes of the dogs in relation to the breed standard – than in the health and working temperament for which the dog was originally bred.
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Egenvall, A; Bonnett, B. N.; Olson, P; Hedhammar, A (2000). "Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996".
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might be less likely to express certain genetic disorders because there might be a decreased chance that both parents carry the same detrimental recessive alleles, but some
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Functional breeds, which are purpose-bred dogs whose ancestors are not purebred, but rather are selected by their performance at particular tasks. Examples of this are the
643:, some of which are detrimental. If the founding population for the breed was small, then the genetic diversity of that particular breed may be small for quite some time.
2062:
Yordy, Jennifer; Kraus, Cornelia; Hayward, Jessica J.; White, Michelle E.; Shannon, Laura M.; Creevy, Kate E.; Promislow, Daniel E. L.; Boyko, Adam R. (5 December 2019).
216:
Although mongrels are viewed as of less commercial value than intentionally bred dogs, they are thought to be less susceptible to genetic health problems associated with
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There are also names for mixed-breeds based on geography, behavior, or food. In Hawaii, mixes are referred to as poi dogs, although they are not related to the extinct
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Hybrids have a far lower chance of exhibiting the disorders that are common with the parental breeds. Their genetic health will be substantially higher. (p. 338)
1646:
Dlugosch, K. M.; Parker, I. M. (2008). "Founding events in species invasions: Genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions".
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The mongrel is not a true breed, but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog. It has been estimated that, worldwide, there are 150 million of them.
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mixed-breed dogs, and further demonstrated negative impacts of recent inbreeding and benefits of occasional outcrossing for lifespan in individual dogs.
1858:
Bonnett, B. N.; Egenvall, A.; Olson, P.; Hedhammar, A. (1997). "Mortality in insured
Swedish dogs: Rates and causes of death in various breeds".
1458:
1429:
1203:
1936:
Michell, A. R. (1999). "Longevity of
British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease".
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Many newer dog breeds can be traced back to a common foundational breed, making them difficult to separate genetically. For example,
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Guessing a mixed-breed's ancestry can be difficult even for knowledgeable dog observers, because mixed-breeds have much more
1375:
The Truth About Dogs; an
Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris
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107:
2256:
1901:
Proschowsky, H. F.; Rugbjerg, H.; Ersbøll, A. K. R. (2003). "Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in
Denmark".
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Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels—how demeaning! Over time, the term 'mixed breed' was preferred.
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126:
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races, particularly in Europe. Occasionally, a functional breed such as this becomes accepted as a breed over time.
500:, Heinz, or Heinz Hound is often used for dogs of uncertain ancestry, in a playful reference to the "57 Varieties"
275:, also are not members of a single recognized breed. Unlike mixed-breeds, crossbreed dogs are often the product of
1130:
17:
1732:
McGreevy, P.D.; Nicholas, W.F. (1999). "Some
Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Pedigree Dog Breeding".
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1237:
896:
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86:
64:
989:, whose purpose is to promote purebred dogs, still exclude mixed-breeds from their performance events. The
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are used, sometimes in a derogatory manner. There are also regional terms for mixed-breed dogs. In the
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purpose of enhancing desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not
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show) open only to mixed-breeds in which dogs are judged on character, health, and temperament. Some
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competitions. However, starting with the
American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry (AMBOR) and the
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Starting in 2007, genetic analysis has become available to the public. The companies claim their
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are two such prominent organizations. While the AKC does allow mixed-breed dogs to earn their
372:(referring to the table scraps they are fed). In South Africa, the tongue-in-cheek expression
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is the unique technical word for a mixed-breed dog. North Americans generally prefer the term
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2738:
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2021:
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816:, the Eurohound, and the Pointer/Greyhound mixes referred to as Greysters, which compete at
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that produce a blond coat and, therefore, produce offspring looking unlike their parents.
8:
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505:
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2204:
2020:
O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013).
1702:
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1452:
1423:
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1031:
968:
944:
627:
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540:, hence the colloquial expression "saucy as a cracky" for someone with a sharp tongue.
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2002:
1981:"Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: Implications for gerontology research"
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1965:
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Slatkin, M (1987). "Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations".
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are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds. Therefore, among some experts and
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names and the resulting crosses as "designer dogs". For example, a cross between a
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347:. Some American registries and dog clubs that accept mixed-breed dogs use the term
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variation than purebreds. For example, two black mixed-breed dogs might each have
224:), and have enthusiasts and defenders who prefer them to intentionally bred dogs.
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532:) because of homeless dogs who knock over trash cans to reach discarded food. In
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1980:
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may be referred to as a Pekeapoo. Other similarly named crossbreeds include the
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2582:
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1985:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
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Estimates place the prevalence of mongrels at 150 million animals worldwide.
205:, differ from mongrels in being intentionally bred. At other times, the word
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mother, they look quite different and neither exactly resembles that breed.
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184:
2006:
1949:
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1320:(First Paperback ed.). Vermont: Tralfalgar Square. pp. 696–697.
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A two-year-old dog of unknown parentage, possibly Australian Shepherd and
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484:. In the rural southern United States, a small hunting dog is known as a
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is sometimes preferred, many mongrels have no known purebred ancestors.
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452:(literally, street creole, as street dogs are usually mongrels); and in
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805:
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mix dog has more average mongrel traits than of either parents' breed.
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834:
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221:
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870:
845:, a cross between a Standard Poodle and a Golden Retriever, and the
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42:
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2808:
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Until the early 1980s, mixed-breed dogs were usually excluded from
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Populations are vulnerable when the dogs bred are closely related.
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685:
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1213:
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401:
389:
344:
2121:"Some practical solutions to welfare problems in dog breeding"
516:) is sometimes used, meaning "bits o' this, bits o' that". In
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2412:
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1814:
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is sometimes used as a description for a mixed-breed dog. In
2019:
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583:
does not recognize the use of DNA tests to determine breed.
139:
2205:"The International Dog | Latitudes and Attitudes Magazine"
1900:
787:
A small mongrel displaying characteristics of three breeds
2363:
2293:
800:
576:
210:
209:
has been applied to informally purpose-bred dogs such as
176:
1979:
Patronek, G. J.; Waters, D. J.; Glickman, L. T. (1997).
2262:
2064:"Body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs"
2061:
1978:
1318:
Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds
700:
physical characteristics that lead to health issues.
279:– intentionally created by humans, whereas the term
1416:
Intelligent and Loyal, a Celebration of the Mongrel
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2022:"Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England"
179:that does not belong to one officially recognized
1530:"Mongrel | Define Mongrel at Dictionary.com"
3078:
2118:
778:Mongrel dogs can be divided roughly into types:
1782:
294:A mutt with a heavy, counter-shaded winter coat
183:, including those that result from intentional
1645:
1305:
610:dog landrace from the island of Newfoundland.
448:, the latter being a contraction of the words
2278:
1194:is a street dog that is commonly seen in the
408:(yard-dweller) is used most commonly. In the
287:, without the planned intervention of humans.
248:among individuals who wish to avoid negative
2112:
283:specifically refers to dogs that develop by
2225:"Designer Dog Breeds | VCA Animal Hospital"
2179:Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog
1551:"Mutt | Define Mutt at Dictionary.com"
1509:"Tyke | Define Tyke at Dictionary.com"
899:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
746:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
412:, mixed-breed street dogs are often called
298:
2285:
2271:
2176:Scott, John Paul; Fuller, John L. (1998).
1457:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1428:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1136:Mongrel of visually indeterminable lineage
536:, a smaller mixed-breed dog is known as a
2095:
1996:
1771:Best of Breed? Pedigree Dogs Face Disease
1488:"Cur | Define Cur at Dictionary.com"
1371:
1348:. Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 11.
919:Learn how and when to remove this message
829:parents' breed names. These are known as
766:Learn how and when to remove this message
235:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1776:
1378:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 35.
1365:
930:
782:
617:
547:
508:. In some countries, such as Australia,
289:
138:
1935:
1805:, Diss., Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover
1688:
1442:
1030:showed this mongrel dog to be a mix of
543:
14:
3079:
1413:
1398:
1343:
1311:
380:, these mixed dogs are referred to as
2266:
2169:
2119:McGreevy, P D; Nicholas, F W (1999).
1471:
981:(a name derived from its prestigious
2202:
1783:Hamilton, Anita (December 4, 2005).
1572:"AKC Celebrates All-American Breeds"
897:adding citations to reliable sources
864:
744:adding citations to reliable sources
711:
480:, that refers to the disease called
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1608:
524:, the name for mixed-breed dogs is
24:
1596:"Results Revealed in Dog DNA Test"
1346:True Confessions of a Veterinarian
1148:Mid-size Brazilian mixed-breed dog
688:) lived longer than mixed breeds.
25:
3103:
2244:
602:share a common ancestry with the
3060:
3051:
3050:
2250:
1660:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03538.x
1616:"DNA Frequently Asked Questions"
1221:
1202:
1180:
1168:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1097:
1078:
1059:
1020:
962:, where dogs' conformation to a
953:Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America
869:
860:
716:
468:, it is common to hear the word
41:
2217:
2196:
2182:. University of Chicago Press.
2055:
2013:
1972:
1929:
1894:
1851:
1808:
1795:
1763:
1725:
1682:
1639:
1621:
1588:
1564:
1543:
1522:
935:A mixed-breed dog demonstrates
240:In the United States, the term
52:needs additional citations for
1903:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1629:"DNA Conditional Registration"
1501:
1480:
1465:
1436:
1407:
1392:
1337:
1238:American Staffordshire Terrier
351:to describe mixed-breed dogs.
230:
13:
1:
1915:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2
1299:
339:is also commonly used in the
265:is still the preferred term.
1769:Watt, Nick (March 11, 2009)
1104:Although these mongrels are
472:, a term originating from a
7:
2913:List of longest-living dogs
1372:Budiansky, Stephen (2000).
1252:
398:over-the-fence yard-dweller
10:
3108:
2886:Origin of the domestic dog
2784:Breed-specific legislation
2625:Psychiatric assistance dog
2080:10.1007/s10592-019-01240-x
2041:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020
1553:. Dictionary.reference.com
1532:. Dictionary.reference.com
1511:. Dictionary.reference.com
1490:. Dictionary.reference.com
1005:
392:, a similar expression is
244:is a favored synonym over
29:
3046:
3015:
2982:
2899:
2764:
2719:
2575:
2532:
2300:
2140:10.1017/S0962728600021965
1998:10.1093/gerona/52A.3.B171
1785:"Curbing the Puppy Trade"
1746:10.1017/S0962728600021965
1344:Witiak, Dr. Gene (2004).
1175:Ukrainian mixed-breed dog
624:American Pit Bull Terrier
613:
596:Chesapeake Bay Retrievers
2292:
1443:Patmore, Angela (1985).
1399:Riddle, Maxwell (1954).
1312:Morris, Desmond (2008).
707:
422:-derived contraction of
364:Turks and Caicos Islands
299:Regional and slang terms
220:(based on the theory of
32:Mongrel (disambiguation)
3028:List of individual dogs
3023:Domesticated silver fox
2615:Mobility assistance dog
1711:10.1126/science.3576198
1618:. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
977:operates a show called
494:terms are also common.
201:", while also a mix of
3033:List of fictional dogs
2347:Livestock guardian dog
2029:The Veterinary Journal
1614:American Kennel Club,
1414:Cooper, Jilly (1981).
975:The Kennel Club (U.K.)
940:
801:Canis lupus familiaris
788:
631:
592:Flat-coated Retrievers
561:
394:prekoplotski avlijaner
295:
236:Crossbreed vs. mongrel
160:
2701:Search and rescue dog
2068:Conservation Genetics
1950:10.1136/vr.145.22.625
1938:The Veterinary Record
1829:10.1136/vr.146.18.519
1817:The Veterinary Record
1124:A Mexican street mutt
1044:Australian Cattle Dog
934:
786:
678:Jack Russell Terriers
621:
551:
366:, the common term is
293:
142:
27:Dog with mixed breeds
2756:Dog–cat relationship
2603:Medical response dog
2259:at Wikimedia Commons
1801:Beythien, R. (1998)
1633:American Kennel Club
1576:American Kennel Club
1012:Examples of mongrels
893:improve this section
849:, a cross between a
740:improve this section
622:Six-year old female
604:St. John's water dog
581:American Kennel Club
544:Determining ancestry
430:, they are known as
404:, a colloquial term
277:artificial selection
187:. Although the term
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2547:List of crossbreeds
2310:African village dog
1872:10.1136/vr.141.2.40
1703:1987Sci...236..787S
1474:Book of the Mongrel
1472:White, Kay (1997).
1244:heritage and others
1228:A mongrel dog with
1110:Australian Shepherd
1086:Australian Shepherd
999:Canine Good Citizen
608:naturally occurring
588:Labrador Retrievers
506:H. J. Heinz Company
426:(”street dog"). In
378:Trinidad and Tobago
271:, sometimes called
1264:List of dog breeds
1032:Labrador Retriever
960:conformation shows
941:
789:
632:
562:
522:Dominican Republic
460:, they are called
296:
161:
147:shows heritage of
3074:
3073:
2954:Rabies in animals
2881:Human–canine bond
2459:Bull-type terrier
2255:Media related to
2203:Levesque, David.
1860:Veterinary Record
1648:Molecular Ecology
1385:978-0-670-89272-3
1355:978-0-944435-54-0
1327:978-1-57076-410-3
1289:Indian pariah dog
1234:Shetland Sheepdog
929:
928:
921:
776:
775:
768:
704:crossbreed dogs.
682:Miniature Poodles
600:Newfoundland dogs
450:callejero criollo
285:natural selection
153:American Pit Bull
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3099:
3092:Mixed-breed dogs
3064:
3054:
3053:
2831:Dogs in religion
2694:usage by country
2315:Free-ranging dog
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2257:Mixed-breed dogs
2254:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:on 27 March 2009
2156:
2150:. Archived from
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1697:(4803): 787–92.
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1476:. HarperCollins.
1469:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1309:
1269:Free-ranging dog
1225:
1206:
1184:
1172:
1162:Golden Retriever
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1101:
1082:
1067:Spinone Italiano
1063:
1024:
924:
917:
913:
910:
904:
873:
865:
771:
764:
760:
757:
751:
720:
712:
606:– a now-extinct
554:Golden Retriever
530:trash-can tipper
440:they are called
374:pavement special
356:Hawaiian Poi Dog
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3042:
3011:
2978:
2895:
2766:
2760:
2715:
2571:
2552:Mixed-breed dog
2528:
2296:
2291:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2060:
2056:
2024:
2018:
2014:
1977:
1973:
1934:
1930:
1899:
1895:
1856:
1852:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1730:
1726:
1687:
1683:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1401:Lovable Mongrel
1397:
1393:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1230:German Shepherd
1226:
1217:
1216:mixed-breed dog
1207:
1198:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1102:
1093:
1092:mixed-breed dog
1083:
1074:
1073:mixed-breed dog
1071:German Shepherd
1064:
1055:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1008:
925:
914:
908:
905:
890:
874:
863:
772:
761:
755:
752:
737:
721:
710:
616:
570:recessive genes
558:German Shepherd
546:
301:
269:Dog crossbreeds
238:
233:
189:mixed-breed dog
173:mixed-breed dog
143:A mongrel dog.
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mixed breed dog
15:
12:
11:
5:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Crate training
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2969:Skin disorders
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Animal testing
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2583:Assistance dog
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2562:Extinct breeds
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:List of breeds
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2245:External links
2243:
2241:
2240:
2216:
2195:
2189:978-0226743387
2188:
2168:
2134:(4): 329–341.
2128:Animal Welfare
2111:
2074:(1): 137–148.
2054:
2012:
1971:
1928:
1909:(1–2): 63–74.
1893:
1850:
1823:(18): 519–25.
1807:
1794:
1775:
1762:
1734:Animal Welfare
1724:
1681:
1638:
1620:
1607:
1587:
1563:
1542:
1521:
1500:
1479:
1464:
1435:
1406:
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1384:
1364:
1354:
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1326:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1190:also known as
1186:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1028:DNA sequencing
1026:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
964:breed standard
927:
926:
877:
875:
868:
862:
859:
826:
825:
810:
792:
774:
773:
724:
722:
715:
709:
706:
634:The theory of
615:
612:
545:
542:
321:United Kingdom
300:
297:
261:of such dogs,
237:
234:
232:
229:
145:DNA sequencing
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3038:Lists of dogs
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3007:Socialization
3005:
3003:
3002:Housebreaking
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Rage syndrome
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Dogs in space
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Body language
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:Communication
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Detection dog
2657:
2655:
2654:Companion dog
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:(3): 638–43.
2034:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1991:(3): B171–8.
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:(22): 625–9.
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:(1): 431–49.
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1604:. 2007-12-17.
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:Border Collie
1087:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
938:
933:
923:
920:
912:
902:
898:
894:
888:
887:
883:
878:This section
876:
872:
867:
866:
861:In dog sports
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
823:
819:
815:
814:Alaskan husky
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
785:
781:
780:
779:
770:
767:
759:
749:
745:
741:
735:
734:
730:
725:This section
723:
719:
714:
713:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
673:
671:
666:
662:
657:
652:
650:
644:
642:
637:
629:
625:
620:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
559:
555:
550:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
341:United States
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:designer dogs
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
228:
225:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:designer dogs
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2964:Reproduction
2934:Conformation
2876:Fear of dogs
2826:Dog grooming
2819:2007 recalls
2804:Dog fighting
2751:Intelligence
2664:Fighting dog
2644:Carriage dog
2567:Most popular
2551:
2524:Turnspit dog
2332:Hairless dog
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2198:
2178:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2131:
2127:
2114:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2032:
2028:
2015:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1797:
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2841:Dog licence
2814:dog biscuit
2799:Dog daycare
2789:Cynanthropy
2767:interaction
2620:Therapy dog
2608:Seizure dog
2598:Hearing dog
2359:Hunting dog
2337:Herding dog
1866:(2): 40–4.
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1445:The Mongrel
1403:. All-Pets.
1259:Dogs portal
1196:Philippines
1106:littermates
937:dog agility
855:Welsh Corgi
831:portmanteau
798:, or feral
670:puppy mills
665:deleterious
428:Puerto Rico
424:asong kalye
410:Philippines
333:mixed-breed
242:mixed-breed
231:Terminology
197:dogs, and "
117:August 2019
3081:Categories
2866:Dog sports
2689:Police dog
2634:Attack dog
2588:Autism dog
2557:Crossbreed
2440:Sighthound
2418:Scenthound
2325:Street dog
2234:2022-11-04
2210:2022-11-03
1773:. ABC News
1581:2024-08-26
1557:2012-05-06
1536:2012-05-06
1515:2012-05-06
1494:2012-05-06
1300:References
1274:Street dog
947:and other
909:April 2016
806:Canaan Dog
796:pariah dog
756:April 2016
656:Inbreeding
466:Costa Rica
382:pot hounds
303:The words
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195:Crossbreed
157:Great Dane
87:newspapers
3087:Dog types
2861:Dog theft
2765:Human–dog
2684:Mercy dog
2669:Guard dog
2649:Catch dog
2593:Guide dog
2469:Schnauzer
2428:Coonhound
2406:Water dog
2391:Retriever
2352:Sheep dog
2148:255889459
2088:1572-9737
1754:255889459
1453:cite book
1447:. London.
1424:cite book
1418:. London.
1242:Chow Chow
1214:Brazilian
949:dog sport
945:obedience
880:does not
851:Dachshund
835:Pekingese
818:skijoring
727:does not
526:vira-lata
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358:. In the
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3056:Category
2984:Training
2944:Dog food
2939:Diseases
2924:Breeding
2856:Dog show
2851:Dog park
2846:Dog meat
2809:Dog food
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2721:Behavior
2706:Sled dog
2679:Meat dog
2464:Pinscher
2433:Foxhound
2106:32607099
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1966:34557345
1958:10619607
1923:12628771
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1676:15359463
1668:17908213
1601:ABC News
1253:See also
1210:Caramelo
1052:Pit Bull
993:and the
979:Scruffts
969:classify
791:unknown.
686:Whippets
649:showdogs
628:Labrador
520:and the
497:Heinz 57
462:quiltros
406:дворняга
362:and the
255:purebred
185:breeding
3016:Related
2992:Clicker
2919:Anatomy
2891:Therapy
2779:Baiting
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2734:Barking
2711:War dog
2674:Lap dog
2639:Bay dog
2512:Toy dog
2483:Bulldog
2478:Mastiff
2454:Terrier
2445:Longdog
2401:Spaniel
2386:Pointer
2381:Gun dog
2374:Lurcher
2320:Pye-dog
2161:28 June
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1888:9721674
1880:9253830
1719:3576198
1699:Bibcode
1691:Science
1284:Rez dog
1279:Pye-dog
1006:Gallery
901:removed
886:sources
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748:removed
733:sources
661:matings
641:alleles
566:genetic
504:of the
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478:zahuatl
474:Nahuatl
470:zaguate
458:Bolivia
420:Tagalog
386:pothong
360:Bahamas
325:mongrel
317:mongrel
281:mongrel
263:mongrel
246:mongrel
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2302:Types
2155:(PDF)
2144:S2CID
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2294:Dogs
2184:ISBN
2163:2012
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