579:, his doctor, decided his patient had to give up philosophy, at least temporarily. After a short and restless sleep one evening, Mendelssohn found himself incapable of moving and had the feeling of something lashing his neck with fiery rods, his heart was palpitating and he was in an extreme anxiety, yet fully conscious. This spell was then broken suddenly by some external stimulation. Attacks of this kind recurred. The cause of his disease was ascribed to the mental stress due to his theological controversy with Lavater. However, this sort of attack, in milder form, had presumably occurred many years earlier. Bloch diagnosed the disease as due to 'congestion of blood in the brain' (a meaningless diagnosis in modern medical practice as such congestion is anatomically impossible), and after some controversy this diagnosis was also accepted by the famous Hanoverian court physician,
665:
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540:, then a young theology-student from Zurich, made a trip to Berlin, where he visited the already famous Jewish philosopher with some companions. They insisted on Mendelssohn telling them his views on Jesus and managed to get from him the statement, that, provided the historical Jesus had kept himself and his theology strictly within limits of orthodox Judaism, Mendelssohn "respected the morality of Jesus' character." Six years later, in October 1769, Lavater sent Mendelssohn his German translation of
33:
676:
567:âa man of keen insight, exquisite taste and wide erudition frank and open-hearted"âending his public praise with the wish of Mendelssohn recognizing, "together with Plato and Moses... the crucified glory of Christ." When, in 1775 the Swiss-German Jews, faced with the threat of expulsion, turned to Mendelssohn and asked him to intervene on their behalf with "his friend" Lavater, Lavater, after receiving Mendelssohn's letter, promptly and effectively secured their stay.
195:
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328:, and a few months later Moses followed him. Moses, age 14, "entered Berlin at the Rosenthaler Tor, the only gate in the city wall through which Jews (and cattle) were allowed to pass." "Mendelssohn enrolled in Frankel's exacting seminary, where the program consisted of unending rote repetitions of early medieval texts, interpretations thereof, elaborations of Talmudic law, and copious commentary accumulated over the centuries."
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544:'s essay on Christian Evidences, with a preface where he publicly challenged Mendelssohn to refute Bonnet or if he could not then to "do what wisdom, the love of truth and honesty must bid him, what a Socrates would have done if he had read the book and found it unanswerable." Mendelssohn answered in an open letter in December 1769: "Suppose there were living among my contemporaries a
390:, generally ridiculed as untrue. Lessing found in Mendelssohn the realization of his dream. Within a few months, the two became closely intellectually allied. Lessing also brought Mendelssohn to public attention for the first time: Mendelssohn had written an essay attacking Germans' neglect of their native philosophers (principally
292:
wrote in 1829 (to Felix), "My father felt that the name Moses Ben Mendel Dessau would handicap him in gaining the needed access to those who had the better education at their disposal. Without any fear that his own father would take offense, my father assumed the name
Mendelssohn. The change, though
772:
Kant called this "the proclamation of a great reform, which, however, will be slow in manifestation and in progress, and which will affect not only your people but others as well." Mendelssohn asserted the pragmatic principle of the possible plurality of truths: that just as various nations need
687:
It was after the breakdown of his health that
Mendelssohn decided to "dedicate the remains of my strength for the benefit of my children or a goodly portion of my nation"âwhich he did by trying to bring the Jews closer to "culture, from which my nation, alas! is kept in such a distance, that one
1814:
438:, and ran some risk by criticizing the poems of Frederick II, King of Prussia; Frederickâs good nature kept him out of trouble. In 1762 he married Fromet Guggenheim, who survived him by twenty-six years. In the year following his marriage Mendelssohn won the prize offered by the
802:
and traditions was associated with a firm adhesion to the older Jewish mode of living. Reason was applied to beliefs, the historic consciousness to life. Modern reform in
Judaism has parted to some extent from this conception. In the view of the German writer
505:. The author was hailed as the "German Plato", or the "German Socrates"; royal and other aristocratic friends showered attentions on him, and it was said that "no stranger who came to Berlin failed to pay his personal respects to the German Socrates."
870:, stating publicly that Lessing was a self-confessed "pantheist" in the sense of "atheist". Mendelssohn was thus drawn into a poisonous literary controversy, and found himself attacked from all sides, including former friends or acquaintances such as
552:, I could, according to the principles of my faith, love and admire the great man without falling into the ridiculous idea that I must convert a Solon or a Confucius." The ongoing public controversy cost Mendelssohn much time, energy and strength.
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Brothers, if you care for true piety, let us not feign agreement, where diversity is evidently the plan and purpose of
Providence. None of us thinks and feels exactly like his fellow man: why do we wish to deceive each other with delusive words?
862:), seemingly a series of lectures to his oldest son, his son-in-law and a young friend, usually held "in the morning hours", in which he explained his personal philosophical world-view, his own understanding of Spinoza and Lessing's "purified" (
239:
thought and literature. Through his writings on philosophy and religion he came to be regarded as a leading cultural figure of his time by both
Christian and Jewish inhabitants of German-speaking Europe and beyond. His involvement in the Berlin
756:
Its basic thrust is that the state has no right to interfere with the religion of its citizens, Jews included. While it proclaims the mandatory character of Jewish law for all Jews (including, based on
Mendelssohn's understanding of the
955:), was born and educated as a Jew, but died very young, together with his parents, apparently from an epidemic. Joseph Mendelssohn's son Alexander (d. 1871) was the last male descendant of Moses Mendelssohn to practice Judaism.
688:
might well despair of ever overcoming it". One of the means of doing this was by "giving them a better translation of the holy books than they previously had". To this end
Mendelssohn undertook his German translation of the
614:
and mainly vegetarian food. âNo mental stress whatsoeverâ was ordered. However, although he remained subject to periods of setback, he eventually recovered sufficiently to write the major works of his later career.
1603:
Sammlung derer Briefe, welche bey
Gelegenheit der Bonnetschen philosophischen Untersuchung der Beweise fĂŒr das Christenthum zwischen Hrn. Lavater, Moses Mendelssohn, und Hrn Dr. Kölbele gewechselt worden
708:
and many were literate in Hebrew (the language of Jewish scripture, liturgy, and scholarship). The commentary was also thoroughly rabbinic, quoting mainly from medieval exegetes but also from Talmud-era
1463:
761:, those converted to Christianity), it does not grant the rabbinate the right to punish Jews for deviating from it. He maintained that Judaism was less a "divine need, than a revealed life".
704:
having been written by
Mendelssohn himself. The translation was in an elegant High German, designed to allow Jews to learn the language faster. Most of the German Jews in that period spoke
715:. Mendelssohn is also believed to be behind the foundation of the first modern public school for Jewish boys, "Freyschule fĂŒr Knaben", in Berlin in 1778 by one of his most ardent pupils,
2433:
1823:
365:-merchant, Isaac Bernhard, appointed him to teach his children. Mendelssohn soon won the confidence of Bernhard, who made the young student successively his bookkeeper and his partner.
741:
The interest caused by these actions led
Mendelssohn to publish his most important contribution to the problems connected with the position of Judaism in a Gentile world. This was
2429:
781:, may be the most congenial to the national geniusâso individuals may need different religions. The test of religion is its effect on conduct. This is the moral of Lessing's
635:) to his publishers on New Year's Eve; Jacobi was held by some to have been responsible for his death. He was buried in the Jewish Cemetery of Berlin. The translation of the
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Mendelssohn grew ever more famous, and counted among his friends many of the great figures of his time. But his final years were overshadowed and saddened by the so-called
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https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/striptekenaar-typex-maakte-een-boek-over-moses-mendelssohn-ik-was-gelijk-verkocht~bcb1defa/?referrer=https://www.google.com/
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Mendelssohn died on 4 January 1786 as the result (it was thought at the time) of a cold contracted while carrying a manuscript (his reply to Jacobi, titled
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to be the source of religion, and by translating the most important part of it. By these means he shattered Judaic, as Luther had shattered Christian,
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1746:
a work unpublished in his lifetime dealing with questions related to theodicy, including Mendelssohn's denial of the doctrine of eternal punishment
747:(1783; Eng. trans. 1838 and 1852). It is a forcible plea for freedom of conscience, described by Kant as "an irrefutable book". Mendelssohn wrote:
5619:
854:
This led to an exchange of letters between Jacobi and Mendelssohn which showed they had hardly any common ground. Mendelssohn then published his
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866:) pantheism. But almost simultaneously with the publication of this book in 1785, Jacobi published extracts of his and Mendelssohn's letters as
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493:, Mendelssohn's work possessed some of the charm of its Greek exemplar and impressed the German world with its beauty and lucidity of style.
288:. His father's name was Mendel, but Moses and his brother Saul were the first to adopt the surname Mendelssohn ("Mendel's son"). Moses's son
885:
Mendelssohn's complete works have been published in 19 volumes (in the original languages) (Stuttgart, 1971 ff., ed. A. Altmann and others)
647:/ and buried the next morning on Thursday 6th/ 5546 / M H S B B L". Although the cemetery was largely destroyed during the Nazi era, after
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To Mendelssohn his theory represented a strengthening bond to Judaism. But in the first part of the 19th century, the criticism of Jewish
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843:, an acquaintance of both men, heard of Mendelssohn's project, he stated that he had confidential information about Lessing being a "
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1110:, ed. Peter Mercer-Taylor, p. 34, Cambridge University Press, 2004); translation by Eric Werner, corrected by Michael Steinberg
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views were at the time rampant and fashionable, and faith in immortality was at a low ebb. At this favourable juncture appeared
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343:. He was, however, mainly self-taught. He learned to spell and to philosophize at the same time (according to the historian
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911:, of whom only his second-oldest daughter, Recha, and his eldest son, Joseph, retained the Jewish faith. His sons were:
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inscription on his gravestone (see picture to the right) reads: "H r / the wise R Moses of Dessau / born on the 12th of
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217:. His writings and ideas on Jews and the Jewish religion and identity were a central element in the development of the
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Mendelssohn also tried to better the Jews' situation in general by furthering their rights and acceptance. He induced
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in 1754, who became one of his greatest friends. It is said that the first time Mendelssohn met Lessing, they played
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458:, who came second. In October 1763 the king granted Mendelssohn, but not his wife or children, the privilege of
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951:), Recha and Henriette, all gifted women. Recha's only grandson (son of Heinrich Beer, brother of the composer
386:, whose moral was that a Jew can possess nobility of character. This notion was, in the contemporary Berlin of
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583:, an admirer of Mendelssohn. In retrospect, his illness might be diagnosed as a heart-rhythm-problem (such as
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Works by and about Moses Mendelssohn in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica
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Nathan and the character Saladin first meet during a game of chess. Lessing had recently produced the drama
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As a result of his correspondence with Abbt, Mendelssohn resolved to write on the immortality of the soul.
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223:, or 'Jewish Enlightenment' of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Born to a poor Jewish family in
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Tree (2007), p. 69, n.143, medical analysis by Dr. Channa Maayan, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Moses Mendelssohn, private letter to August Hennings, 29 July 1779. Cited in Schoeps (2009), pp. 60-61
394:), and lent the manuscript to Lessing. Without consulting the author, Lessing published Mendelssohn's
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591:, a hereditary disease of Ashkenazi Jews, which often brings with it a curvature of the spine and
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was an immediate success, and besides being one of the most widely read books of its time in
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532:; now, however, an incident turned the current of his life in the direction of the cause of
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Shoenberg, D. (1983). "Kurt Alfred Georg Mendelssohn. 7 January 1906-18 September 1980".
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Moses Mendelssohn, sein Leben und seine Werke. Nebst einem Anhange ungedruckter Briefe
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563:(1775â1778), as "a companionable, brilliant soul, with piercing eyes, the body of an
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935:), and Nathan (a mechanical engineer of considerable repute). His daughters were
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Physiognomische Fragmente zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe
517:
Mendelssohn, Lavater and Lessing, in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist
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847:", which, in these years, was regarded as being more or less synonymous with "
839:
had died, he had wanted to write an essay or a book about his character. When
679:
Mendelssohnâs Ritual Laws of the Jews, 1826 edition, in the collection of the
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1524:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 120â121.
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207:
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851:"âsomething which Lessing was accused of being anyway by religious circles.
308:. Moses' early education was provided by his father and by the local rabbi,
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Medicinische Bemerkungen. Nebst einer Abhandlung vom Pyrmonter-Augenbrunnen
1282:
Moses Mendelssohn, Public Letter to Lavater, 12 December 1769 (Berlin 1770)
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1979:
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drew a 2022 biographical graphic novel about Moses Mendelssohn, titled
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Contains Mendelssohn's Jerusalem, slightly modified for easier reading
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418:), which turned out to be the joint work of Lessing and Mendelssohn.
361:, who taught him basic French and English. In 1750, a wealthy Jewish
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The Pity of It All: A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933
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The Pity of It All: A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933
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scrollsâand his son Moses in his boyhood developed curvature of the
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was speedily translated into several European languages, including
219:
1761:
1501:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
882:(1786), was his last work, completed a few days before his death.
791:), the hero of which is undoubtedly Mendelssohn, and in which the
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concludes with the cry "Love truth, love peace!"âin a quote from
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468:), which assured his right to undisturbed residence in Berlin.
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60:
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In March 1771 Mendelssohn's health deteriorated so badly that
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So far, Mendelssohn had devoted his talents to philosophy and
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421:
373:
340:
313:
301:
232:
823:; for the Talmud is, in fact, the catholicism of the Jews."
5572:
4106:
1581:
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition)
1476:"Moishe: Zes Anekdotes uit het Leven van Moses Mendelssohn"
1264:
1230:
The Pity of it All: A History of Jews in Germany, 1743-1933
1025:
640:
362:
1777:
stream (original broadcast 22 March 2012) discussion with
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
442:
for an essay on the application of mathematical proofs to
402:) anonymously in 1755. In the same year there appeared in
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
719:, where both religious and worldly subjects were taught.
1801:
Video Lecture on Moses Mendelssohn by Dr. Henry Abramson
811:
had overthrown the Papacy, so Mendelssohn overthrew the
1294:
700:) (1783) and also contained a commentary, only that on
692:
and other parts of the Bible. This work was called the
1120:
728:
On the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews
659:
368:
It was possibly Gumperz who introduced Mendelssohn to
347:). With his scanty earnings he bought a Latin copy of
1806:
Guide to the Material on Moses Mendelssohn Collection
1628:
Mendelssohn, Moses, tr., intr., comm. B. Rosenstock:
1613:
Mendelssohn, Moses, tr. A. Arkush, intr. A. Altmann:
856:
Morgenstunden oder Vorlesungen ĂŒber das Dasein Gottes
1104:
Michael P. Steinberg, "Mendelssohn and Judaism," in
1056:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
627:
Moses Mendelssohn's (reconstructed) grave in Berlin
555:Lavater later described Mendelssohn in his book on
1227:
1767:Emancipation, Mendelssohn, and the Rise of Reform
5757:
1634:Morning Hours: Lectures on the Existence of God
1185:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
947:, subsequently the mistress, and then wife, of
860:Morning hours or lectures about God's existence
206:(6 September 1729 â 4 January 1786) was a
1403:Religion and Philosophy in Germany: A Fragment
1335:
1333:
1331:
880:To Lessing's Friends (An die Freunde Lessings)
633:To Lessing's Friends (An die Freunde Lessings)
478:PhĂ€don oder ĂŒber die Unsterblichkeit der Seele
244:formed the foundation of his family's wealth.
4091:
2856:
2065:
1861:
1615:Jerusalem, or, on religious power and Judaism
878:. Mendelssohn's contribution to this debate,
335:, taught him mathematics, and a young Jewish
16:German philosopher and theologian (1729â1786)
2985:
2956:
2942:
1875:
5580:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3051:
1833:Newspaper clippings about Moses Mendelssohn
1797:, and including a list of further readings.
1756:Ohr Le-Netivah (introduction to the 'Biur')
1328:
1257:
1255:
1209:
1207:
4098:
4084:
2863:
2849:
2072:
2058:
1868:
1854:
795:is the epitome of the pragmatic position.
422:Early prominence as philosopher and critic
31:
1751:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1734:Moses Mendelssohn's books at Google Books
1053:
826:
426:Mendelssohn became the leading spirit of
4127:Index of Jewish history-related articles
2870:
1506:
1313:
1270:
1252:
1234:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p.
1204:
1133:
1047:
898:
674:
663:
622:
512:
448:On Evidence in the Metaphysical Sciences
430:'s important literary undertakings, the
235:career, Mendelssohn educated himself in
5626:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4263:
1542:Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study
354:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
5758:
1107:The Cambridge Companion to Mendelssohn
320:, introduced to him the philosophy of
247:His descendants include the composers
4079:
3101:
2882:
2844:
2079:
2053:
1849:
1181:"ZamoĆÄ, Yisraâel ben Mosheh ha-Levi"
1162:(New York: Picador, 2002), pp. 33-34.
958:
654:
643:5489 / died on Wednesday the 5th of
483:Phaedo or On the Immortality of Souls
324:. In 1743 FrÀnkel received a call to
5831:Translators of the Bible into German
4105:
2790:Fanny & Felix Mendelssohn Museum
1815:Digitized works by Moses Mendelssohn
1222:
668:Moses Mendelssohn's glasses, in the
1739:Translation of Moses Mendelssohn's
1725:Works by or about Moses Mendelssohn
660:Works on religion and civil society
595:-like symptoms in times of stress.
13:
5573:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5553:American Jewish Historical Society
2198:Denn er hat seinen Engeln befohlen
1666:, Wesleyan University Press, 1987
1392:cited in Momigliano (1987), p. 158
581:Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann
14:
5867:
1713:
1700:. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek, 2007.
773:different constitutionsâto one a
5841:18th-century German male writers
5737:
5724:
5723:
4059:
4058:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2040:(descendant of Saul Mendelssohn)
1570:The Illness of Moses Mendelssohn
1494:
1149:(New York: Picador, 2002), p. 1.
931:and was the father of Fanny and
312:, who, besides teaching him the
231:, and originally destined for a
193:
5851:Jewish translators of the Bible
5801:German male non-fiction writers
5791:18th-century Jewish theologians
5786:18th-century German theologians
1664:On Pagans, Jews, and Christians
1468:
1457:
1443:
1417:
1408:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1365:
1351:
1342:
1319:
1285:
1276:
1216:
919:and a friend and benefactor of
410:, Poland) an anonymous satire,
108:
5645:Relations with other religions
2540:Four pieces for string quartet
2457:Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage
1939:Abraham Mendelssohn's children
1824:Resources on Moses Mendelssohn
1190:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1098:
1015:
868:Briefe ĂŒber die Lehre Spinozas
602:, blood lettings on the foot,
284:Moses Mendelssohn was born in
1:
5632:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2272:Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt
1927:Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy
1923:Henriette (Maria) Mendelssohn
1819:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
1810:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
1035:
939:(later Dorothea; the wife of
726:to publish in 1781 his work,
598:Mendelssohn was treated with
450:; among the competitors were
5563:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5558:American Sephardi Federation
3102:
2988:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
2785:MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin
2005:Alexander Carl Otto Westphal
1904:Moses Mendelssohn's children
1405:(1959), Beacon Press, p. 94.
1040:
681:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
293:a small one, was decisive."
7:
5836:18th-century German writers
4386:Constantinopolitan Karaites
2957:
2726:(motherâs side grandmother}
2682:Preludes and Fugues, Op. 35
2205:Wer bis an das Ende beharrt
2158:Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde
2092:Mendelssohn-Werkverzeichnis
1837:20th Century Press Archives
1572:, "Koroth" 6, 421-426, 1974
1414:Altmann (1973), pp. 733 ff.
1187:, accessed 31 October 2017.
976:
872:Johann Gottfried von Herder
396:Philosophical Conversations
296:Mendel was an impoverished
10:
5872:
5776:Enlightenment philosophers
5614:National Library of Israel
4255:Zionism, race and genetics
2883:
2801:Mendelssohn is on the Roof
2795:Mendelssohn House, Leipzig
2732:(motherâs side great aunt)
2319:Festgesang an die KĂŒnstler
1995:Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy
1968:Other descendants of Moses
1893:(married Fromet Gugenheim)
1681:Das Erbe der Mendelssohhns
1530:
903:Medal honoring Mendelssohn
892:
793:parable of the three rings
724:Christian Wilhelm von Dohm
570:
521:(1856). Collection of the
508:
267:; and the founders of the
257:Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy
5846:18th-century philosophers
5821:People from Dessau-RoĂlau
5796:German Jewish theologians
5712:
5568:Yeshiva University Museum
5548:Center for Jewish History
5538:
5403:
5275:
5149:
5043:
4574:
4193:
4135:
4117:
4045:
3999:
3901:
3858:
3837:
3784:
3753:
3737:
3684:
3618:
3570:
3534:
3501:
3420:
3379:
3223:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3002:Methodological skepticism
2893:
2889:
2878:
2810:
2767:
2742:Lea Mendelssohn Bartholdy
2696:
2653:
2548:
2491:
2484:
2448:
2414:Piano, Violin and Strings
2396:
2339:
2332:
2289:
2174:
2121:A Midsummer Night's Dream
2112:
2105:
2087:
2018:
1967:
1938:
1903:
1883:
1775:In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)
1642:To the Friends of Lessing
917:Mendelssohn banking house
888:
841:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
192:
187:
183:
167:
157:
153:
118:
95:
72:
46:
30:
23:
5781:18th-century German Jews
4160:Ancient Israel and Judah
2357:No. 2 (symphony-cantata
2298:Die erste Walpurgisnacht
2280:Mitten wir im Leben sind
2265:Lord, have mercy upon us
2165:Die Hochzeit des Camacho
1877:Moses Mendelssohn family
1606:Frankfurt am Main 1774 (
1401:Heine, Heinrich (1959).
1008:
835:. Ever since his friend
618:
587:) and/or a mild form of
400:Philosophische GesprÀche
370:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
279:
5826:Philosophers of Judaism
4536:North African Sephardim
4509:Jewish tribes of Arabia
2780:Mendelssohn Scholarship
1783:University of Cambridge
1646:An die Freunde Lessings
1583:, Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
1521:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1325:Bloch (1774), pp. 60-71
519:Moritz Daniel Oppenheim
274:
255:; Felix's son, chemist
162:18th-century philosophy
5856:People of the Haskalah
5639:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5609:Jewish Virtual Library
3052:
2986:
2952:Enlightened absolutism
2943:
2775:Mendelssohn Foundation
1068:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0015
949:Friedrich von Schlegel
921:Alexander von Humboldt
904:
827:Later years and legacy
754:
684:
672:
628:
525:
523:Judah L. Magnes Museum
331:A refugee Polish Jew,
229:Principality of Anhalt
178:Philosophy of religion
5586:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5368:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4553:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4303:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
2918:Counter-Enlightenment
2730:Sara Levy (née Itzig)
2668:(Songs Without Words)
2034:(related by marriage)
2026:Mendelssohn & Co.
1884:Sons of Mendel Dessau
1791:King's College London
1291:Lavater(1774), p. 2 .
902:
833:pantheism controversy
749:
678:
670:Jewish Museum, Berlin
667:
626:
606:applied to the ears,
589:familial dysautonomia
538:Johann Kaspar Lavater
516:
485:; 1767). Modelled on
416:Pope ein Metaphysiker
359:Aaron Solomon Gumperz
269:Mendelssohn & Co.
259:; Fanny's grandsons,
4165:Second Temple period
2872:Age of Enlightenment
2673:Variations sérieuses
2611:Piano Quartet:
2347:13 String Symphonies
2097:List of compositions
1911:Dorothea Mendelssohn
1828:Berlin State Library
1787:University of Oxford
649:German reunification
577:Marcus Elieser Bloch
412:Pope a Metaphysician
376:. In Lessing's play
5811:Jewish philosophers
5603:Jewish Encyclopedia
5348:Hekhalot literature
5159:Religious movements
4694:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3878:FeijĂło y Montenegro
3829:Vorontsova-Dashkova
2588:for cello and piano
2499:String Quartet in E
2471:Die schöne Melusine
2251:Verleih uns Frieden
1956:Rebecka Mendelssohn
1789:), Adam Sutcliffe (
1679:Schoeps, Julius H.
1660:Momigliano, Arnaldo
1575:Dahlstrom, Daniel,
1478:. 22 February 2022.
1273:, pp. 120â121.
1261:Elon (2002), p. 40.
1003:The Jewish question
964:Dutch comic artist
876:Johann Georg Hamann
736:Menasseh Ben Israel
732:Vindiciae Judaeorum
585:atrial fibrillation
489:'s dialogue of the
388:Frederick the Great
290:Abraham Mendelssohn
90:, Holy Roman Empire
67:, Holy Roman Empire
5816:Mendelssohn family
5744:Judaism portal
5680:Jews and Halloween
5675:Jews and Christmas
5065:Rabbinic authority
4817:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4250:Xueta Christianity
4155:Origins of Judaism
4122:Outline of Judaism
3017:Natural philosophy
2710:great-grandfather)
2404:Violin and Strings
2144:Oedipus at Colonus
1990:Arnold Mendelssohn
1931:Nathan Mendelssohn
1919:Joseph Mendelssohn
1785:), Abigail Green (
1758:on HebrewBooks.org
1683:, Frankfurt 2009.
1589:Kayserling, Meyer
1538:Altmann, Alexander
1512:Mendelssohn, Moses
1427:The Jerusalem Post
1173:"Jehudah Halevi's
998:Heinrich Josefsohn
988:Fridolin Friedmann
959:In popular culture
905:
895:Mendelssohn family
685:
673:
655:Philosophical work
629:
526:
88:Kingdom of Prussia
5753:
5752:
5719:extinct languages
5620:YIVO Encyclopedia
5395:Hebrew literature
5363:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
5203:Reconstructionist
4881:Judaeo-Portuguese
4570:
4569:
4526:Eastern Sephardim
4170:Synagogal Judaism
4073:
4072:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3066:Scientific method
2923:Critical thinking
2838:
2837:
2688:Six Organ Sonatas
2666:Lieder ohne Worte
2649:
2648:
2480:
2479:
2328:
2327:
2231:(chorale cantata)
2184:St. Paul / Paulus
2151:Die beiden Neffen
2081:Felix Mendelssohn
2047:
2046:
1951:Felix Mendelssohn
1946:Fanny Mendelssohn
1915:Recha Mendelssohn
1891:Moses Mendelssohn
1779:Christopher Clark
1772:Moses Mendelssohn
1744:The Case for God,
1698:Moses Mendelssohn
1689:978-3-10-073606-2
1654:978-0-252-03687-3
1632:, 2012. Includes
1577:Moses Mendelssohn
953:Giacomo Meyerbeer
933:Felix Mendelssohn
717:David FriedlÀnder
536:. In April 1763,
428:Friedrich Nicolai
392:Gottfried Leibniz
253:Felix Mendelssohn
204:Moses Mendelssohn
201:
200:
101:Fromet Guggenheim
25:Moses Mendelssohn
5863:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5727:
5726:
4859:Judeo-Golpaygani
4460:Palestinian Jews
4435:Alexandrian Jews
4391:Crimean Karaites
4308:Unterlander Jews
4261:
4260:
4175:Rabbinic Judaism
4100:
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2818:
2817:
2678:Fantasie, Op. 28
2625:String Quintet:
2586:Assai tranquillo
2504:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2439:
2438:
2337:
2336:
2305:On Wings of Song
2245:(Symphony No. 2)
2110:
2109:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2038:Kurt Mendelssohn
2019:Related articles
1985:Sebastian Hensel
1960:Paul Mendelssohn
1896:Saul Mendelssohn
1870:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1729:Internet Archive
1695:
1678:
1601:Lavater, J. K.,
1600:
1595:. Leipzig, 1862.
1588:
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1508:Abrahams, Israel
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1213:Dahlstrom (2008)
1211:
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1177:in the Haskalah"
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1150:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1118:
1102:
1096:
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1029:
1019:
915:(founder of the
907:Mendelssohn had
789:Nathan der Weise
242:textile industry
197:
112:
110:
79:
57:6 September 1729
56:
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35:
21:
20:
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4854:Judeo-Borujerdi
4829:Judeo-Malayalam
4775:Judeo-Aragonese
4746:Lishanid Noshan
4578:
4566:
4298:Oberlander Jews
4259:
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3071:Spanish America
2945:Encyclopédistes
2908:Civil liberties
2885:
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2599:in C minor
2593:Clarinet Sonata
2555:Violin Sonata:
2544:
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2476:
2444:
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2430:in E major
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2228:Vom Himmel hoch
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891:
829:
784:Nathan the Wise
777:, to another a
698:the explanation
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573:
511:
436:Literaturbriefe
424:
379:Nathan the Wise
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271:banking house.
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111: 1762)
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5373:Sefer Yetzirah
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5353:Pardes Rimonim
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5343:Kabbalah texts
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5188:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5155:
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5147:
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5138:
5136:Land of Israel
5133:
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5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
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5038:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5012:Judeo-Alsatian
5004:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
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4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Judeo-Hamedani
4861:
4856:
4851:
4841:
4839:Judaeo-Occitan
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4780:Jewish English
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4711:Judaeo-Aramaic
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4699:Judeo-Tunisian
4696:
4691:
4689:Judeo-Moroccan
4686:
4685:
4684:
4682:Judeo-Baghdadi
4669:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
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4627:
4622:
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4531:Livornese Jews
4528:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
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4487:
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4317:
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4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Afrikaner-Jode
4269:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
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4235:
4230:
4225:
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3253:
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3215:Wollstonecraft
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
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2574:Cello Sonata:
2572:
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2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
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2507:
2495:
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2492:String quartet
2486:
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2268:
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2258:Hear my prayer
2254:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2191:Elijah / Elias
2187:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
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2054:
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2042:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
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1715:
1714:External links
1712:
1710:
1709:
1691:
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1657:
1626:
1611:
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1584:
1573:
1563:
1553:
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1516:Chisholm, Hugh
1490:
1482:
1481:
1467:
1456:
1442:
1431:. 31 July 2017
1416:
1407:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1359:"Visit Berlin"
1350:
1341:
1327:
1318:
1316:, p. 121.
1293:
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1251:
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1215:
1203:
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1164:
1151:
1138:
1136:, p. 120.
1119:
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1000:
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993:Sara Grotthuis
990:
985:
978:
975:
974:
973:
960:
957:
943:and mother of
890:
887:
828:
825:
805:Heinrich Heine
661:
658:
656:
653:
620:
617:
610:, foot baths,
572:
569:
542:Charles Bonnet
510:
507:
440:Berlin Academy
423:
420:
281:
278:
276:
273:
199:
198:
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169:Main interests
168:
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136:
133:
128:
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82:
80:(aged 56)
76:4 January 1786
74:
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59:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
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5685:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Protestantism
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
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5379:
5376:
5374:
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5369:
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5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:Sefer HaBahir
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
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5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Sifrei Kodesh
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
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5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5141:Who is a Jew?
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Chosen people
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5026:Scots-Yiddish
5024:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4999:Klezmer-loshn
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Judeo-Shirazi
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:Judeo-Persian
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Judeo-Marathi
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:Judeo-Italian
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Judeo-Amazigh
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Hadhrami Jews
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Mountain Jews
4453:
4451:
4450:Egyptian Jews
4448:
4446:
4445:Bukharan Jews
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Lists of Jews
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
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4001:United States
3998:
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3761:Budai-Deleanu
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3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
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3128:
3126:
3125:Ashley-Cooper
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
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3082:
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3055:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
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3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Progressivism
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Individualism
2974:
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2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:Bella Salomon
2722:
2719:
2718:father's side
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:mother's side
2705:
2702:
2701:
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2523:
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2518:
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2262:
2259:
2255:
2253:
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2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:Drei Motetten
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
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2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:Wedding March
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
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2075:
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2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
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1902:
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1871:
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1834:
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1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:), hosted by
1792:
1788:
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1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:Sache Gottes,
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1706:3-499-50671-8
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1672:0-8195-6218-1
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:Morgenstunden
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:0-87451-263-8
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:. Berlin 1774
1561:
1554:
1551:
1550:0-8173-6860-4
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1503:public domain
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1430:
1428:
1420:
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1398:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1315:
1314:Abrahams 1911
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1271:Abrahams 1911
1267:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1245:9780805059649
1241:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1134:Abrahams 1911
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1116:0 521 82603 9
1113:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
971:
967:
963:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:(who married
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
901:
896:
886:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
770:
768:
764:
760:
759:New Testament
753:
748:
746:
745:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
713:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
682:
677:
671:
666:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
625:
616:
613:
609:
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596:
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590:
586:
582:
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568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
520:
515:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:Materialistic
469:
467:
466:
461:
460:Protected Jew
457:
456:Immanuel Kant
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Israel Zamosz
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:David FrÀnkel
307:
303:
300:âa writer of
299:
294:
291:
287:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
209:
208:German-Jewish
205:
196:
191:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
166:
163:
160:
156:
152:
145:
142:
140:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
117:
98:
94:
89:
85:
75:
71:
66:
65:Anhalt-Dessau
62:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
5735:
5728:
5714:
5637:
5630:
5618:
5601:
5584:
5418:perspectives
5252:Samaritanism
5213:Neo-Hasidism
5193:Conservative
5107:Names of God
5016:
4997:
4807:Judaeo-Greek
4802:Judeo-Gascon
4741:LishĂĄn DidĂĄn
4736:Lishana Deni
4704:Judeo-Yemeni
4672:Judeo-Arabic
4546:Meshuchrarim
4465:Persian Jews
4398:Kurdish Jews
4376:Kaifeng Jews
4325:Beta Abraham
4288:Galitzianers
4243:Antisemitism
4218:Israeli Jews
4203:Assimilation
4049:
3794:Catherine II
3462:
3246:Beaumarchais
3076:Universality
3047:Reductionism
2994:
2971:Human rights
2799:
2720:grandfather)
2713:
2704:Daniel Itzig
2671:
2665:
2641:String Octet
2636:Piano Sextet
2597:Piano Trio:
2585:
2570:Viola Sonata
2469:
2464:The Hebrides
2462:
2455:
2428:Two Pianos:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2317:
2310:
2296:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2032:Itzig family
2010:Joachim Wach
2000:Philipp Veit
1890:
1795:Melvyn Bragg
1743:
1740:
1697:
1680:
1663:
1645:
1641:
1640:, 1785) and
1637:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1608:Google Books
1602:
1590:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1541:
1519:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1459:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:, Jpost.com"
1426:
1419:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1353:
1344:
1321:
1287:
1278:
1266:
1229:
1218:
1192:
1184:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1158:Elon, Amos,
1154:
1146:
1145:Elon, Amos,
1141:
1105:
1100:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1017:
969:
945:Philipp Veit
909:six children
906:
884:
879:
867:
863:
859:
855:
853:
830:
797:
788:
782:
771:
762:
755:
750:
742:
740:
731:
727:
721:
710:
697:
693:
686:
632:
630:
597:
574:
560:
554:
527:
494:
482:
476:
470:
463:
447:
435:
431:
425:
415:
411:
399:
395:
383:
377:
367:
352:
330:
295:
283:
246:
218:
203:
202:
78:(1786-01-04)
37:Portrait by
18:
5771:1786 deaths
5766:1729 births
5660:Catholicism
5242:Hellenistic
5080:Eschatology
5018:Lachoudisch
4943:Lotegorisch
4921:Lachoudisch
4911:Koiné Greek
4824:Judeo-Latin
4761:Palestinian
4655:Palestinian
4504:MustaÊżravim
4430:Afghan Jews
4418:Berber Jews
4342:Bene Israel
4330:Falash Mura
4320:Beta Israel
4238:Persecution
4180:Middle Ages
4051:Romanticism
3873:Charles III
3714:Poniatowski
3651:Leeuwenhoek
3631:de la Court
3619:Netherlands
3463:Mendelssohn
3458:Lichtenberg
3336:Montesquieu
3054:Sapere aude
3037:Rationalism
3032:Rationality
3022:Objectivity
2386:Reformation
2275:(Psalm 100)
1980:Kurt Hensel
1975:Paul Hensel
1694:(in German)
1677:(in German)
1599:(in German)
1587:(in German)
1566:Brand, Aron
1556:(in German)
1487:Attribution
1339:Brand, 1974
1171:Adam Shear,
1062:: 361â398.
929:Lea Salomon
821:catholicism
557:physiognomy
452:Thomas Abbt
444:metaphysics
339:taught him
265:Kurt Hensel
211:philosopher
174:Metaphysics
39:Anton Graff
5760:Categories
5655:Anabaptism
5597:Jew (word)
5464:Leadership
5277:Literature
5262:Secularism
5208:Humanistic
5075:Conversion
5045:Philosophy
4886:Judeo-Urdu
4650:Babylonian
4495:Saada Jews
4480:Adeni Jews
4273:Ashkenazim
4228:Samaritans
4195:Population
4150:Israelites
3893:Villarroel
3888:Jovellanos
3824:Radishchev
3771:Micu-Klein
3709:Niemcewicz
3676:Swammerdam
3666:Nieuwentyt
3656:Mandeville
3511:Farmakidis
3397:Burlamaqui
3306:La Mettrie
3281:Fontenelle
3236:d'Argenson
3231:d'Alembert
3155:Harrington
3081:Utopianism
2981:Liberalism
2938:Empiricism
2913:Classicism
2903:Capitalism
2535:No. 6
2530:No. 5
2525:No. 4
2520:No. 3
2515:No. 2
2510:No. 1
2333:Orchestral
2312:Festgesang
2181:Oratorio:
1630:Last Works
1224:Elon, Amos
1198:"Textiles"
1036:References
941:Simon Veit
893:See also:
690:Pentateuch
600:China bark
465:Schutzjude
432:Bibliothek
349:John Locke
322:Maimonides
233:rabbinical
215:theologian
53:1729-09-06
5717:indicate
5665:Mormonism
5650:Christian
5530:Symbolism
5518:Synagogue
5498:Mythology
5459:Education
5430:Astronomy
5413:Astrology
5230:relations
5035:Zarphatic
4983:Galitzish
4785:Yeshivish
4662:Catalanic
4625:Samaritan
4600:Ashkenazi
4581:Diasporic
4576:Languages
4521:Sephardim
4516:Romaniote
4403:Krymchaks
4337:Desi Jews
4213:Buddhists
4014:Jefferson
3956:Hutcheson
3845:ObradoviÄ
3814:Lomonosov
3809:Kheraskov
3719:Ćniadecki
3483:Weishaupt
3478:Thomasius
3468:Pufendorf
3311:Lavoisier
3296:d'Holbach
3291:Helvétius
3271:Descartes
3266:Condorcet
3261:Condillac
3195:Priestley
3012:Modernity
2933:Democracy
2754:(sisters)
2359:Lobgesang
2243:Lobgesang
1648:, 1786).
1510:(1911). "
1179:, p. 79;
1076:0080-4606
1041:Citations
864:gelÀutert
845:Spinozist
767:Zacharias
763:Jerusalem
744:Jerusalem
712:midrashim
546:Confucius
530:criticism
491:same name
384:Die Juden
337:physician
188:Signature
146:Henriette
5806:Haskalah
5730:Category
5700:Hinduism
5690:Buddhism
5592:Genetics
5508:Politics
5481:Marriage
5440:Holidays
5435:Calendar
5316:Rabbinic
5292:/Hebrew
5237:Haymanot
5164:Orthodox
5151:Branches
5124:Kabbalah
5119:Haskalah
5097:Holiness
4973:dialects
4953:Shassagh
4916:Krymchak
4896:Kayliñña
4790:Yinglish
4766:Galilean
4756:Talmudic
4751:Biblical
4726:Betanure
4645:Biblical
4640:Mishnaic
4635:Medieval
4620:Tiberian
4615:Yemenite
4605:Sephardi
4541:Paradesi
4485:កabbanim
4475:Teimanim
4440:Baghdadi
4413:Maghrebi
4381:Karaites
4359:GruzĂnim
4347:Kochinim
4265:Diaspora
4223:Karaites
4208:Atheists
4145:Timeline
4064:Category
4009:Franklin
3976:Playfair
3946:Ferguson
3903:Scotland
3850:MrazoviÄ
3804:Kantemir
3799:Fonvizin
3738:Portugal
3704:Krasicki
3699:Konarski
3694:KoĆĆÄ
taj
3646:Koerbagh
3595:Genovesi
3580:Beccaria
3542:Berkeley
3473:Schiller
3438:Humboldt
3412:Saussure
3407:Rousseau
3371:Voltaire
3326:Maréchal
3301:Jaucourt
3256:ChĂątelet
3251:Chamfort
3200:Reynolds
3103:Thinkers
3007:Midlands
2996:LumiĂšres
2966:Humanism
2959:Haskalah
2820:Category
2744:(mother)
2738:(father)
2502:♭
2437:♭
2397:Concerto
2368:Scottish
2340:Symphony
2221:Psalm 42
2219:Other: "
2214:Christus
2137:Antigone
1617:, 1983.
1544:, 1973.
1435:2 August
1372:1 Samuel
1226:(2002).
1092:71750767
983:Biurists
977:See also
779:republic
775:monarchy
612:lemonade
593:epilepsy
434:and the
220:Haskalah
119:Children
5715:Italics
5540:Studies
5486:Divorce
5452:Kashrut
5447:Cuisine
5405:Culture
5336:Midrash
5331:Tosefta
5321:Mishnah
5309:Ketuvim
5304:Nevi'im
5267:Schisms
5257:Science
5247:Karaite
5218:Renewal
5179:Litvaks
5174:Hasidic
5129:Sefirot
5114:Halakha
5085:Messiah
5058:Mitzvah
5053:Beliefs
5007:Western
4993:Poylish
4988:Litvish
4978:Eastern
4968:Yiddish
4963:Shuadit
4948:Qwareña
4936:Tetuani
4931:Haketia
4906:Knaanic
4901:Kivruli
4849:Bukhori
4795:Heblish
4731:HulaulĂĄ
4721:Barzani
4677:Yahudic
4610:Mizrahi
4470:Urfalim
4425:Mizrahi
4369:Neofiti
4364:Italkim
4293:Lita'im
4185:Zionism
4137:History
4111:Judaism
4019:Madison
3991:Stewart
3931:Burnett
3926:Boswell
3911:Beattie
3883:MoratĂn
3868:Cadalso
3819:Novikov
3754:Romania
3729:Wybicki
3724:Staszic
3671:Spinoza
3641:Huygens
3636:Grotius
3590:Galvani
3585:Galiani
3535:Ireland
3516:Feraios
3488:Wieland
3453:Lessing
3448:Leibniz
3421:Germany
3402:Prévost
3387:Abauzit
3351:Quesnay
3341:Morelly
3331:Meslier
3316:Leclerc
3276:Diderot
3165:Johnson
3140:Collins
3135:Bentham
3120:Addison
3113:England
3061:Science
2898:Atheism
2752:Rebecka
2736:Abraham
2686:Organ:
2485:Chamber
2418:Piano:
2384:No. 5 (
2377:Italian
2375:No. 4 (
2366:No. 3 (
1839:of the
1835:in the
1826:at the
1817:at the
1808:at the
1727:at the
1531:Sources
1518:(ed.).
1505::
1451:"Typex"
1374:, 25:29
937:Brendel
925:Abraham
849:atheist
837:Lessing
706:Yiddish
604:leeches
571:Illness
534:Judaism
509:Lavater
503:English
139:Brendel
131:Abraham
113:
105:
5523:Hazzan
5513:Prayer
5390:Siddur
5326:Talmud
5290:Tanakh
5225:Neolog
5198:Reform
5186:Modern
5169:Haredi
5092:Ethics
4958:Shassi
4926:Ladino
4891:Karaim
4874:Juhuri
4716:Targum
4630:Signed
4595:Modern
4590:Hebrew
4558:Xuetes
4354:Dönmeh
4313:Yekkes
3971:Newton
3961:Hutton
3941:Cullen
3838:Serbia
3786:Russia
3776:Èincai
3686:Poland
3626:Bekker
3600:Pagano
3562:Toland
3526:Korais
3521:Kairis
3503:Greece
3433:Herder
3428:Goethe
3392:Bonnet
3380:Geneva
3366:Turgot
3356:Raynal
3346:Pascal
3286:Gouges
3224:France
3210:Tindal
3205:Sidney
3180:Newton
3175:Milton
3150:Godwin
3145:Gibbon
3042:Reason
2884:Topics
2697:People
2409:Violin
2175:Sacred
2028:(bank)
1704:
1687:
1670:
1652:
1621:
1548:
1514:". In
1499:
1242:
1175:Kuzari
1114:
1090:
1084:769808
1082:
1074:
970:Moishe
913:Joseph
889:Family
813:Talmud
809:Luther
807:, "as
800:dogmas
769:8:19.
702:Exodus
645:Shevat
637:Hebrew
608:enemas
499:German
495:Phaedo
408:GdaĆsk
404:Danzig
345:Graetz
326:Berlin
318:Talmud
298:scribe
286:Dessau
237:German
225:Dessau
135:Nathan
126:Joseph
96:Spouse
84:Berlin
61:Dessau
41:(1773)
5695:Islam
5503:Names
5493:Music
5474:Rebbe
5469:Rabbi
5423:Monen
5378:Zohar
5299:Torah
5294:Bible
4408:Lemba
4283:Chuts
4029:Paine
4024:Mason
3986:Smith
3936:Burns
3921:Blair
3916:Black
3860:Spain
3766:Maior
3661:Meyer
3605:Verri
3572:Italy
3557:Swift
3552:Burke
3547:Boyle
3493:Wolff
3321:Mably
3241:Bayle
3190:Price
3170:Locke
3160:Hooke
3130:Bacon
2928:Deism
2830:Audio
2768:Other
2760:(son)
2748:Fanny
2714:Moses
2661:Piano
2631:No. 2
2627:No. 1
2621:No. 3
2617:No. 2
2613:No. 1
2607:No. 2
2603:No. 1
2580:No. 2
2576:No. 1
2565:No. 3
2561:No. 2
2557:No. 1
2549:Other
2505:major
2449:Other
2440:major
2424:No. 2
2420:No. 1
2352:No. 1
2290:Other
2113:Stage
2106:Vocal
1088:S2CID
1080:JSTOR
1009:Notes
966:Typex
817:Bible
694:Bi'ur
619:Death
565:Aesop
550:Solon
548:or a
487:Plato
406:(now
374:chess
341:Latin
314:Bible
306:spine
302:Torah
280:Youth
249:Fanny
143:Recha
107:(
103:
4109:and
4107:Jews
3981:Reid
3966:Mill
3951:Hume
3610:Vico
3443:Kant
3361:Sade
3185:Pope
2758:Paul
2750:and
2654:Solo
2434:in A
1702:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1437:2021
1240:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1072:ISSN
1028:5489
1026:Elul
874:and
641:Elul
454:and
363:silk
316:and
275:Life
263:and
261:Paul
251:and
213:and
73:Died
47:Born
5102:God
1841:ZBW
1183:in
1064:doi
1024:12
923:),
734:by
351:'s
158:Era
5762::
2680:â
2676:â
2670:â
2663::
2629:â
2619:â
2615:â
2605:â
2601:â
2578:â
2563:â
2559:â
2432:â
2422:â
1662:,
1610:).
1579:,
1568:,
1540:.
1330:^
1296:^
1254:^
1238:.
1236:45
1206:^
1122:^
1086:.
1078:.
1070:.
1060:29
1058:.
972:.
738:.
559:,
446:,
227:,
176:·
109:m.
86:,
63:,
4583:)
4579:(
4099:e
4092:t
4085:v
4053:â
2864:e
2857:t
2850:v
2716:(
2706:(
2388:)
2379:)
2370:)
2361:)
2307:"
2303:"
2260:"
2256:"
2223:"
2130:"
2126:"
2073:e
2066:t
2059:v
1869:e
1862:t
1855:v
1781:(
1708:.
1656:.
1644:(
1636:(
1625:.
1604:,
1552:.
1453:.
1439:.
1425:"
1361:.
1248:.
1200:.
1094:.
1066::
858:(
787:(
696:(
683:.
481:(
462:(
414:(
398:(
55:)
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