2767:
2752:
71:
2550:
2210:
20:
2173:, the Carthaginian army commander Hannibal marched troops, cavalry and African elephants across the Alps in an effort to conquer Rome by approaching it from north of the Italian Peninsula. The Roman government was complacent because the Alps were viewed as a secure natural obstacle to would-be invaders. In December 218 BC, the Carthaginian forces defeated Roman troops, in the north, with the use of elephants. Many elephants did not survive the cold weather and disease typical of the European climate. Hannibal's army fought Roman troops in Italy for 15 years but failed to conquer Rome. Carthage was ultimately
2688:
2194:
2739:
Counterinsurgency doctrine has proved difficult to implement in Kunar and
Nuristan. In the sparsely-populated mountain regions of eastern Afghanistan, strategists have argued for holding the high ground, a tenet of classical mountain warfare. The argument suggests that if the counterinsurgent does not deny the enemy the high ground, the insurgents can attack at will. In Kunar and Nuristan, US forces continued to pursue a hybrid style of counterinsurgency warfare, with its focus on
2330:
2457:
2628:
2680:
2407:
2613:(1999), Indian forces sought to flush out opponents who had captured high mountain posts. That proxy war was the only modern war that was fought exclusively in the mountains. After the Kargil War, the Indian Army implemented specialist training on artillery use in the mountains, where ballistic projectiles have different characteristics than at sea level.
2606:(along Saltoro Mustgah) has been witness to battles, operations and skirmishes where many posts higher than 5000m have been captured or fought over. The fighting here has been concentrated on the peaks, ridges and passes of Saltoro with India occupying most of the ridge line whilst Pakistan army to the west along the bases.
2534:. Defenders would position themselves above them and open fire when attackers reached a certain point below, parallel to themselves. This would force the attackers to retreat, to continue under fire, or to attempt to climb the mountain another way. The tactic could be planned in advance, or employed by a retreating force.
2738:
In counterinsurgency, seizing and holding territory are less important than avoiding civilian casualties. The primary goals of counterinsurgency are to secure the backing of the populace and thereby to legitimize the government, rather than to focus on militarily defeating the insurgents.
2766:
2106:. Attacking a prepared enemy position in mountain terrain generally requires a greater ratio of attacking soldiers to defending soldiers than a war conducted on level ground. Mountains present natural hazards such as
2718:
Kunar and eastern
Nuristan are strategic terrain since the area constitutes a major infiltration route into Afghanistan, and insurgents can enter the provinces from any number of places along the border with
2784:
of most armies except those that reasonably expect to fight in such terrain. Mountain warfare training is arduous and in many countries the exclusive preserve of elite units such as
3083:
3330:
2236:
in the Alps. The Swiss fought in smaller units and took vantage points against a huge unmaneuverable army. Similar styles of attack and defence were later employed by
2537:
Another tactic utilised was the 'ascending platoon attack'. Attackers would scout higher enemy positions from the ground, aided by bad weather or poor visibility. A
3006:
2855:
2393:. Insisting on a frontal attack against Russian positions in the mountains in the heart of winter, the result was devastating, and Enver lost 86% of his forces.
2751:
3248:
2467: with: details on these operations; this is presently just a list that does not delve into mountain warfare during World War II. You can help by
2142:. The generally uneven terrain and the slow pace of troop and material movements are additional threats to combatants. Movement, reinforcements, and
3342:
3295:. SAMS Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from
2602:
between India and
Pakistan was mainly fought in Kashmir's valleys, rather than the mountains themselves, but several mountain battles took place.
2651:, and the conflict took place during the southern winter and so Alpine conditions prevailed almost down to sea level. The operation (codenamed
3347:
2935:
2087:
affected by the terrain, hazards, and factors of combat and movement through rough terrain, as well as the strategies and tactics used by
3114:
2541:
team would open fire towards the high enemy position from a distance, offering cover for the remaining soldiers to gradually advance.
1014:
3090:
1446:
2244:
and irregulars, who hid in the mountains after an attack, which made it challenging for an army of regulars to fight back. In
2704:
2576:. They have fought two wars and numerous additional skirmishes or border conflicts in the region. Kashmir is located in the
2916:
3141:
2587:, showed that both were ill-equipped to fight in biting cold, let alone at the highest altitudes in the world. During the
2830:
1802:
70:
3014:
2724:
2218:
2164:
1997:
1775:
385:
2987:
1451:
3290:
3226:
3318:
2303:
1529:
3336:
2805:
2774:
1874:
1512:
1299:
119:
2370:
1638:
2345:, when some of the nations that were involved in the war had mountain divisions that had not been tested. The
2643:. However, during the opening stage of the war, there was military action on the bleak mountainous island of
2055:
1502:
2699:
Throughout history but especially since 1979, many mountain warfare operations have taken place throughout
2253:
1992:
691:
451:
35:
2549:
2002:
1189:
986:
857:
395:
2599:
2584:
2468:
1466:
3046:
3366:
1576:
1084:
428:
302:
136:
3028:
2740:
2516:
2027:
1894:
1441:
1134:
947:
795:
2873:
2209:
19:
2792:, which as part of their remit should have the ability to fight in difficult terrain such as the
2314:
2299:
2284:
2222:
1980:
1962:
1718:
1277:
1199:
1144:
1024:
737:
400:
279:
2496:
2310:
1847:
1822:
1544:
1456:
1329:
1204:
800:
777:
203:
102:
2500:
2334:
2268:
2233:
1436:
1369:
1322:
971:
934:
897:
815:
767:
651:
461:
254:
158:
2647:, where a British expedition sought to eject occupying Argentine forces. South Georgia is a
2810:
2648:
2644:
2374:
2366:
2139:
1827:
1729:
1586:
1581:
1399:
1364:
1099:
914:
772:
708:
562:
532:
109:
2735:(COIN) theory in which the population is paramount as the center of gravity in the fight.
2428:
8:
2520:
2373:
and was fought at the highest elevation of any during the war. In
December 1914, another
2241:
1678:
1663:
1539:
1426:
1404:
1379:
1339:
1249:
1059:
959:
909:
676:
666:
631:
423:
413:
163:
87:
3371:
3186:
2687:
2656:
2652:
2622:
2561:
2512:
2287:
in 1817. One of the divisions climbed mountains surpassing 5000 meters in height.
2257:
2245:
2193:
2143:
2084:
2012:
1867:
1787:
1708:
1653:
1628:
1549:
1495:
1461:
1392:
1309:
1219:
1124:
1069:
954:
919:
872:
747:
718:
671:
609:
584:
418:
212:
131:
23:
2953:
3271:
3263:
3190:
3108:
2983:
2979:
2732:
2538:
2527:
2508:
2492:
2272:
2249:
2237:
2202:
2198:
2048:
1957:
1904:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1762:
1745:
1740:
1713:
1658:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1214:
1184:
1074:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
924:
877:
847:
686:
479:
456:
390:
2891:
2017:
3207:
3178:
2692:
2640:
2346:
2313:
ended in 1842, when 16,000 British soldiers and camp followers were killed as they
2276:
2178:
2022:
1987:
1919:
1812:
1750:
1643:
1571:
1564:
1421:
1354:
1304:
1294:
1169:
1089:
1049:
1034:
996:
981:
852:
837:
790:
698:
656:
599:
594:
375:
352:
244:
168:
97:
80:
2781:
2588:
2261:
1832:
1817:
1735:
1691:
1633:
1289:
1284:
1174:
1164:
1079:
1054:
991:
832:
762:
752:
604:
589:
512:
484:
274:
269:
249:
92:
27:
2936:"The Most Treacherous Battle of World War I Took Place in the Italian Mountains"
2743:, and mountain warfare, with the US forces seizing and holding the high ground.
2723:
to gain access to a vast network of river valleys. In that part of
Afghanistan (
3317:
Official page of documentary film GLOBAL WARNING on the
Mountain War 1915–1918
3292:
Mountain and cold weather warfighting: critical capability for the 21st century
2785:
2770:
2708:
2664:
2660:
2573:
2504:
2378:
2295:
2174:
2095:
2007:
1755:
1179:
1139:
1117:
1104:
1094:
1064:
976:
929:
732:
723:
614:
567:
547:
537:
507:
474:
362:
319:
284:
259:
126:
59:
3182:
3360:
3267:
3231:. AGF Study, no. 23. : Historical Section, Army Ground Forces. Archived from
2793:
2755:
2636:
2291:
2103:
1854:
1842:
1698:
1618:
1534:
1517:
1374:
1229:
1209:
887:
882:
862:
842:
757:
728:
703:
579:
557:
542:
517:
357:
264:
222:
217:
114:
2365:
and avalanches proved deadlier than bullets. During the summer of 1918, the
2232:
after the
European monarchies found it difficult to fight the armies of the
3275:
2531:
2488:
2432:
2182:
2099:
2041:
1967:
1947:
1942:
1837:
1782:
1416:
1411:
1234:
1149:
892:
626:
527:
324:
208:
2329:
3296:
3232:
2796:. Regular units may also occasionally undertake training of this nature.
2780:
The expense of training mountain troops precludes them from being on the
2728:
2700:
2668:
2627:
2382:
2354:
2342:
2229:
2147:
1952:
1703:
1668:
1507:
1194:
1159:
867:
810:
713:
497:
198:
193:
2456:
2610:
2318:
2214:
1909:
1879:
1601:
965:
3065:
2094:
Mountain ranges are of strategic importance since they often act as a
2759:
2577:
2421:
2362:
2358:
2115:
2107:
1899:
1723:
1673:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1473:
1264:
1259:
1224:
661:
347:
314:
183:
2789:
2720:
2712:
2569:
2417:
2390:
2135:
2119:
2111:
2088:
2080:
1914:
1889:
1522:
1154:
1129:
742:
297:
239:
151:
3169:
Marks, Thomas A. (2005). "Counterinsurgency and
Operational Art".
3324:
2679:
2131:
2076:
1924:
1884:
1648:
1482:
1478:
820:
805:
681:
342:
337:
307:
226:
188:
31:
3210:, (January 27, 1857) "Mountain Warfare in the Past and Present"
3352:
2554:
2386:
2350:
2170:
1431:
827:
644:
380:
2707:
in 2001, they have been primarily in the eastern provinces of
2337:
and Asiago offensive. In blue are initial
Italian occupations.
2592:
2565:
902:
438:
433:
3346:
Official
Italian Army website page on Alpine Troops Command
2228:
The term mountain warfare is said to have come about in the
2127:
178:
173:
3351:
Official page of 11th Mountain Infantry Battalion (Brazil)
3329:
Historic films showing Mountain Warfare in World War I at
3066:"When Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir in 1999"
2583:
The first hostilities between the two nations, during the
2731:
adopted a hybrid style of mountain warfare incorporating
2123:
51:
2655:) was unusual in that it combined aspects of long-range
3131:", Mike Rossiter, 2007, Transworld, London, pp 189–233
2526:
One ambush tactic used against the Germans during the
2150:
cannot reach involves an enormous exertion of energy.
3249:"Mountain warfare: the need for specialized training"
2639:
took place on hills in semi-Arctic conditions on the
2341:
Mountain warfare came to the fore once again during
2856:"The truth about Hannibal's route across the Alps"
16:Military operations in mountains and rough terrain
2663:and mountain warfare. It involved several ships,
2591:of 1962, hostilities broke out between India and
2294:was a 19th century military conflict between the
2146:up and down steep slopes and areas in which even
2083:or similarly rough terrain. The term encompasses
3358:
3341:High Altitude Warfare School of the Indian Army
2976:World War II Winter and Mountain Warfare Tactics
2933:
2934:Mockenhaupt, Brian; Chow, Stefen (June 2016).
2091:forces in these situations and environments.
2049:
3171:Low Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement
2267:Another example of mountain warfare was the
2691:Australians patrolling in the mountains of
2580:, the highest mountain range in the world.
2271:, which was carried out by the Argentinean
3325:The war in the Italian Dolomites (Italian)
2353:by taking advantage of the terrain in the
2056:
2042:
3007:"The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?"
2487:Examples of mountain warfare used during
3228:Training for mountain and winter warfare
3121:
2765:
2750:
2686:
2678:
2626:
2548:
2328:
2264:, mountain warfare played a large role.
2208:
2192:
1015:List of military strategies and concepts
18:
2385:with 95,000–190,000 troops against the
2188:
3359:
3288:
3113:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3001:
2999:
2138:; in these ways, it can be similar to
3246:
3224:
3168:
3063:
2674:
3047:"Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1947-48"
2973:
2969:
2967:
2853:
2544:
2451:
2400:
2302:who resisted subjugation during the
3247:Malik, Muhammad Asim (2004-09-10).
2996:
2954:"Siachen Glacier: Mountain Warfare"
2917:"Britain's Retreat from Kabul 1842"
2914:
2333:Italian Front in 1915–1917: eleven
2158:
13:
3218:
14:
3383:
3311:
2964:
2874:"PBS - Napoleon: Napoleon at War"
2705:coalition invasion of Afghanistan
2519:, and the British defence at the
2862:– via www.theguardian.com.
2616:
2455:
2405:
2304:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2098:and may also be the origin of a
69:
3289:Pierce, Scott W. (2008-05-22).
3225:Govan, Thomas P. (1946-09-01).
3162:
3134:
3076:
3064:Abbas, Zaffar (July 30, 2016).
3057:
3039:
3021:
3013:. March 2, 2019. Archived from
2806:List of mountain warfare forces
2775:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
2572:have been in conflict over the
2396:
2311:British invasion of Afghanistan
2165:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
3142:"On the ground in Afghanistan"
2946:
2927:
2908:
2884:
2866:
2854:Ball, Philip (April 3, 2016).
2847:
2823:
2553:Indian military checkpoint in
2420:format but may read better as
2324:
1:
3335:Mountain Combat World War II
2816:
2300:peoples of the North Caucasus
3323:Mountain War in World War I
2254:Italian and Swiss expedition
36:Army Mountain Warfare School
7:
2799:
2746:
1513:Military–industrial complex
987:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3388:
3201:
2631:Landscape of South Georgia
2620:
2600:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
2585:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
2162:
2153:
3337:Militaria: Combat Lessons
3183:10.1080/09662840600560527
1577:Loss-of-strength gradient
429:Combat information center
2741:winning hearts and minds
2283:), commanded by General
2110:, strong gusts of wind,
1895:Military science fiction
1380:Technology and equipment
796:List of military tactics
2429:converting this section
2223:1842 retreat from Kabul
1963:Wartime sexual violence
1719:Full-spectrum dominance
1530:Supply-chain management
3331:europeanfilmgateway.eu
3212:New York Daily Tribune
3051:www.globalsecurity.org
2974:Bull, Stephen (2013).
2958:www.siachenglacier.com
2777:
2763:
2696:
2684:
2683:Afghanistan topography
2632:
2557:
2497:Battle of the Caucasus
2375:offensive was launched
2338:
2280:
2225:
2206:
1875:Awards and decorations
1848:Peace through strength
1823:Low-intensity conflict
1457:Conscientious objector
1330:Area of responsibility
39:
3214:MECW Volume 15, p 164
2769:
2754:
2725:Regional Command East
2690:
2682:
2630:
2552:
2501:Kokoda Track campaign
2335:Battles of the Isonzo
2332:
2281:Ejército de los Andes
2269:Crossing of the Andes
2248:'s Italian campaign,
2234:Old Swiss Confederacy
2212:
2196:
462:Torpedo data computer
452:Ship gun fire-control
26:soldiers scaling the
22:
2940:Smithsonian Magazine
2811:Cold-weather warfare
2649:periantarctic island
2367:Battle of San Matteo
2315:retreated from Kabul
2189:Early modern history
2140:cold-weather warfare
1993:Military occupations
1828:Military engineering
1730:Unrestricted Warfare
1587:Force multiplication
480:Military manoeuvrers
3033:www.its.caltech.edu
2521:Battle of Hong Kong
2205:in the Alps in 1799
2085:military operations
1679:Penal military unit
1664:Rules of engagement
1340:Command and control
960:Operations research
424:Director (military)
414:Fire-control system
164:Command and control
45:Part of a series on
2982:. pp. 20–21.
2778:
2764:
2697:
2685:
2675:War in Afghanistan
2657:amphibious warfare
2653:Operation Paraquet
2633:
2623:Operation Paraquet
2595:in the same area.
2562:Partition of India
2558:
2513:Operation Gauntlet
2431:, if appropriate.
2381:supreme commander
2369:took place on the
2339:
2285:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
2246:Napoleon Bonaparte
2226:
2207:
2144:medical evacuation
1788:Counter-insurgency
1709:Command of the sea
1654:Jewish laws on war
1629:Geneva Conventions
1165:Divide and conquer
955:Military operation
920:Tactical objective
419:Fire-control radar
396:Electronic-warfare
40:
24:United States Army
3129:Sink the Belgrano
3029:"Himalayan Peaks"
3017:on March 5, 2019.
2978:. Great Britain:
2831:"Research report"
2733:counterinsurgency
2545:Kashmir conflicts
2539:light machine gun
2528:Battles of Narvik
2509:Operation Rentier
2493:Battles of Narvik
2485:
2484:
2450:
2449:
2349:defence repelled
2273:Army of the Andes
2250:Alexander Suvorov
2203:St. Gotthard Pass
2177:by Roman general
2066:
2065:
1958:Horses in warfare
1905:Anti-war movement
1808:Gunboat diplomacy
1798:Disaster response
1746:Philosophy of war
1741:Principles of war
1714:Deterrence theory
1659:Right of conquest
1582:Lanchester's laws
1350:Principles of war
1040:Counter-offensive
1020:Military campaign
925:Target saturation
848:Counterinsurgency
457:Gun data computer
391:Close air support
353:Aircraft carriers
30:mountain pass in
3379:
3367:Mountain warfare
3307:
3305:
3304:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3208:Frederick Engels
3195:
3194:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3089:. Archived from
3088:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2915:Stewart, Terry.
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2773:training of the
2758:training in the
2693:Oruzgan Province
2641:Falkland Islands
2517:Operation Encore
2480:
2477:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2427:You can help by
2409:
2408:
2401:
2347:Austro-Hungarian
2179:Scipio Africanus
2159:Second Punic War
2069:Mountain warfare
2058:
2051:
2044:
1813:Humanitarian aid
1751:Security dilemma
1572:Power projection
1355:Economy of force
1335:Chain of command
1050:Defence in depth
1035:Commerce raiding
853:Defeat in detail
169:Defense ministry
73:
64:
63:
54:
42:
41:
38:training in 2016
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3357:
3356:
3314:
3302:
3300:
3299:on May 27, 2012
3280:
3278:
3256:Military Review
3251:
3238:
3236:
3235:on May 27, 2012
3221:
3219:Further reading
3204:
3199:
3198:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3149:www.marines.mil
3144:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3084:"Archived copy"
3082:
3081:
3077:
3070:Herald Magazine
3062:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2972:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2802:
2782:order of battle
2749:
2677:
2625:
2619:
2605:
2598:The subsequent
2589:Sino-Indian War
2547:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2465:needs expansion
2446:
2440:
2437:
2426:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2351:Italian attacks
2327:
2321:back to India.
2191:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2062:
2033:
2032:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1833:Multilateralism
1818:Law enforcement
1778:
1768:
1767:
1736:Just war theory
1694:
1684:
1683:
1634:Geneva Protocol
1604:
1594:
1593:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1200:Network-centric
1120:
1110:
1109:
1012:
1002:
1001:
950:
940:
939:
888:Rapid dominance
793:
783:
782:
738:Electromagnetic
647:
637:
636:
623:
576:
524:
500:
490:
489:
485:Combat training
466:
443:
409:Combat systems:
405:
367:
363:Auxiliary ships
329:
289:
231:
154:
144:
143:
83:
57:
56:
55:
50:
28:Smugglers Notch
17:
12:
11:
5:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3319:Global Warning
3313:
3312:External links
3310:
3309:
3308:
3286:
3244:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3177:(3): 168–211.
3161:
3133:
3120:
3075:
3056:
3038:
3020:
2995:
2988:
2963:
2945:
2926:
2907:
2883:
2865:
2846:
2836:. www.rand.org
2821:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2786:special forces
2771:"Alpen Ranger"
2748:
2745:
2676:
2673:
2665:special forces
2661:arctic warfare
2621:Main article:
2618:
2615:
2574:Kashmir region
2546:
2543:
2505:Battle of Attu
2483:
2482:
2462:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2441:September 2019
2413:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2326:
2323:
2296:Russian Empire
2258:1809 rebellion
2190:
2187:
2163:Main article:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2096:natural border
2073:alpine warfare
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Military terms
1995:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:Tripwire force
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1278:Administrative
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:New generation
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Fleet in being
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1118:Grand strategy
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:Scorched earth
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
977:Deep operation
974:
969:
962:
957:
951:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
906:
905:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
803:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
778:Unconventional
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
726:
724:Disinformation
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
695:
694:
689:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
570:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
501:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
477:
475:Basic training
472:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
404:
403:
401:Reconnaissance
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
328:
327:
322:
320:Special forces
317:
312:
311:
310:
300:
295:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
230:
229:
220:
215:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
134:
124:
123:
122:
117:
107:
106:
105:
98:Post-classical
95:
90:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3384:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:(5): 94–102.
3261:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3096:on 2018-04-13
3092:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2989:9781849087131
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2897:. www.loc.gov
2893:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2794:Royal Marines
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2756:Royal Marines
2753:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:, Afghanistan
2694:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:South Georgia
2642:
2638:
2637:Falklands War
2629:
2624:
2617:Falklands War
2614:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2532:hairpin bends
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2463:This section
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2435:is available.
2434:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2414:This section
2412:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:Italian front
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Caucasian War
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:, during the
2220:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2201:crossing the
2200:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:Golan Heights
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Warrior caste
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:Show of force
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Peacebuilding
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Air supremacy
1697:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Islamic rules
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Court-martial
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Arms industry
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Broken-backed
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:Expeditionary
970:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
944:
943:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:Counterattack
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
786:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Psychological
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Combined arms
702:
700:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
641:
640:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
577:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Fortification
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
526:
525:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
503:
502:
499:
494:
493:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
359:
358:Landing craft
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:Standing army
221:
219:
216:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
153:
148:
147:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
115:pike and shot
113:
112:
111:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
94:
91:
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2860:The Observer
2859:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2825:
2779:
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2635:Most of the
2634:
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2597:
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2536:
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2491:include the
2489:World War II
2486:
2473:
2469:adding to it
2464:
2438:
2433:Editing help
2415:
2397:World War II
2340:
2317:through the
2308:
2298:and various
2289:
2266:
2227:
2183:North Africa
2168:
2148:pack animals
2102:such as the
2100:water source
2093:
2072:
2068:
2067:
1968:Fifth column
1948:War resister
1943:Women in war
1838:Peacekeeping
1783:Arms control
1728:
1417:Mobilization
1412:Conscription
1370:Intelligence
1323:Organization
964:
893:Encirclement
773:Radiological
709:Conventional
563:Subterranean
552:
470:Development:
469:
446:
408:
370:
333:Naval units:
332:
325:Signal corps
292:
255:Intelligence
235:Specialties:
234:
159:Organization
110:Early modern
2921:Historic UK
2878:www.pbs.org
2729:US military
2701:Afghanistan
2669:helicopters
2667:troops and
2609:During the
2383:Enver Pasha
2355:Julian Alps
2343:World War I
2325:World War I
2230:Middle Ages
2185:in 202 BC.
2181:at Zama in
2134:with their
1953:War studies
1776:Non-warfare
1704:Appeasement
1669:Martial law
1508:War economy
1447:Transgender
1400:Recruitment
1160:Containment
1045:Culminating
1025:Anti-access
948:Operational
868:Envelopment
811:Air assault
692:Air cavalry
652:Air defence
632:Information
533:Cold-region
498:Battlespace
447:Historical:
293:Land units:
199:Space force
194:Coast guard
127:Late modern
88:Prehistoric
3361:Categories
3303:2011-01-28
3281:2011-01-28
3239:2011-01-28
3155:2021-03-20
3100:2020-01-07
2901:2020-01-26
2840:2020-01-26
2817:References
2611:Kargil War
2560:Since the
2476:March 2020
2319:Hindu Kush
2309:The first
2238:guerrillas
2215:last stand
2126:, extreme
2116:avalanches
2013:War crimes
2003:Operations
1910:Foot drill
1880:Battle cry
1793:deterrence
1452:Harassment
1427:Specialism
1250:Technology
1245:Succession
1190:Liberation
1125:Asymmetric
1060:Empty fort
966:Blitzkrieg
935:Withdrawal
898:Investment
677:Camouflage
672:Biological
610:Underwater
585:Amphibious
504:Aerospace
371:Air units:
348:Submarines
137:fourth-gen
132:industrial
120:napoleonic
3372:Mountains
3268:0026-4148
3191:144725353
2790:commandos
2760:Himalayas
2578:Himalayas
2564:in 1947,
2530:utilised
2363:frostbite
2359:Dolomites
2242:partisans
2219:44th Foot
2136:crevasses
2120:snowpacks
2112:rockfalls
2108:lightning
2081:mountains
1900:War novel
1803:Grey-zone
1763:War games
1724:Overmatch
1674:War crime
1624:Desertion
1614:Ceasefire
1609:Armistice
1496:Logistics
1474:Mercenary
1462:Volunteer
1393:Personnel
1365:Engineers
1310:Sociology
1265:World war
1260:Total war
1240:Strategic
1230:Religious
1215:Political
1210:Perpetual
1185:Irregular
1100:Offensive
1075:Defensive
1070:Deception
1030:Attrition
878:Guerrilla
873:Formation
816:Airbridge
748:Loitering
662:Artillery
315:Artillery
250:Engineers
213:Irregular
184:Air force
3109:cite web
2800:See also
2747:Training
2721:Pakistan
2713:Nuristan
2570:Pakistan
2391:Caucasus
2387:Russians
2361:, where
2357:and the
2256:and the
2197:General
2175:defeated
2132:glaciers
2089:military
1915:War song
1890:War film
1523:Materiel
1442:Children
1422:Training
1360:Medicine
1345:Doctrine
1300:Training
1235:Resource
1220:Princely
1170:Economic
1155:Conquest
1150:Colonial
1145:Cold war
1130:Blockade
1010:Strategy
982:Maneuver
743:Infantry
699:Chemical
553:Mountain
513:Airborne
376:Fighters
343:Warships
298:Infantry
240:Rifleman
204:Reserves
152:Military
3276:2558412
3202:Sources
3011:Culture
2727:), the
2389:in the
2379:Ottoman
2377:by the
2277:Spanish
2217:of the
2199:Suvorov
2154:History
2077:warfare
2028:Writers
2023:Weapons
1988:Battles
1937:Related
1925:Wargame
1920:Uniform
1868:Culture
1649:Perfidy
1644:Justice
1565:Science
1550:Outpost
1503:History
1483:Warrior
1479:Soldier
1467:foreign
1405:counter
1305:Service
1255:Theater
1195:Limited
1175:Endemic
1090:Nuclear
858:Foxhole
833:Cavalry
821:Airdrop
806:Airlift
791:Tactics
763:Nuclear
753:Missile
682:Cavalry
667:Barrage
645:Weapons
605:Surface
386:Command
381:Bombers
338:Frogman
308:Cavalry
265:Medical
227:Militia
209:Regular
189:Marines
103:castles
93:Ancient
81:History
60:outline
34:during
32:Vermont
3274:
3266:
3189:
3151:. 2012
2986:
2980:Osprey
2892:"Data"
2762:, 2007
2555:Ladakh
2416:is in
2171:218 BC
2130:, and
2008:Sieges
1692:Theory
1432:Morale
1290:Policy
1285:Branch
1065:Mosaic
1055:Fabian
997:Covert
930:Trench
915:Screen
838:Charge
828:Battle
801:Aerial
719:Denial
687:Horses
615:Seabed
568:Tunnel
548:Jungle
538:Desert
508:Aerial
275:Diving
270:Police
3252:(PDF)
3187:S2CID
3145:(PDF)
3094:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2834:(PDF)
2709:Kunar
2593:China
2566:India
2422:prose
2262:Tyrol
1981:Lists
1437:Women
1375:Ranks
1295:Staff
1225:Proxy
1140:Class
1095:Naval
1080:Depth
910:Swarm
903:Siege
883:Naval
863:Drone
758:Music
733:Robot
729:Drone
714:Cyber
657:Armor
627:Cyber
600:Green
595:Brown
558:Urban
518:Space
439:Radar
434:Sonar
303:Armor
285:Pilot
280:Comms
260:Recon
245:Staff
218:Ranks
3272:OCLC
3264:ISSN
3115:link
2984:ISBN
2711:and
2568:and
2418:list
2290:The
2213:The
2128:cold
2018:Wars
1535:Base
1085:Goal
992:Raid
590:Blue
528:Land
179:Navy
174:Army
3179:doi
2788:or
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2260:in
2252:'s
2169:In
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