Nanorobotics - Knowledge

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focal point of the laser beam is guided through the resin by movable mirrors and leaves behind a hardened line of solid polymer, just a few hundred nanometers wide. This fine resolution enables the creation of intricately structured sculptures as tiny as a grain of sand. This process takes place by using photoactive resins, which are hardened by the laser at an extremely small scale to create the structure. This process is quick by nanoscale 3D printing standards. Ultra-small features can be made with the 3D micro-fabrication technique used in multiphoton photopolymerisation. This approach uses a focused laser to trace the desired 3D object into a block of gel. Due to the nonlinear nature of photo excitation, the gel is cured to a solid only in the places where the laser was focused while the remaining gel is then washed away. Feature sizes of under 100 nm are easily produced, as well as complex structures with moving and interlocked parts.

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doxorubicin (DOX), a common anticancer drug that was designed to deliver its payload to a desired location. Using 3.4 × 10 W/cm intensity UV light radiation, when the swimmer approached the target location, a dose of 60% of the total DOX was released within 5 minutes. However, it was seen that the dosage release rate slowed down after the initial 5 minutes that were reported. This was theorized to be caused by a decreasing diffusion rate of DOX molecules coming from the center of the swimmer. Another group’s spirulina-based helical micro/nanoswimmer also carrying DOX used a different method for controlled drug release. Once the swimmer had reached its destination, near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation was used to heat up the location to dissolve the swimmer into individual particles, releasing the drug in the process. Through multiple tests, it was found that weak acidic external environments led to an increase in the dosage release rate.

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will have both forces and torques exerted on them.The helical swimmers can rotate due the magnetic field received by the magnetic head and the forces acting upon it. Once the whole structure feels the field then the helical shape of its body converts this rotational movement into a propulsive force. Magnetic forces (fm) are proportional to the gradient of the magnetic field (∇B) on the magnetized object, and act to move the object to local maxima. Also, magnetic torques (τ) are proportional to the magnetic field (B) and act to align the internal magnetization of an object (M) with the field. The equations that express the interactions are as follows where V is the volume of the magnetized object.

2416:"artificial self replicating systems will only function in carefully controlled artificial environments ... While self replicating systems are the key to low cost, there is no need (and little desire) to have such systems function in the outside world. Instead, in an artificial and controlled environment, they can manufacture simpler and more rugged systems that can then be transferred to their final destination. ... The resulting medical device will be simpler, smaller, more efficient and more precisely designed for the task at hand than a device designed to perform the same function and self replicate. ... A single device able to do would be harder to design and less efficient." 1581:

operational device. Less evident challenge is related to peculiarities of adhesion and friction on nanoscale. It is impossible to take existing design of macroscopic device with movable parts and just reduce it to the nanoscale. Such approach will not work due to high surface energy of nanostructures, which means that all contacting parts will stick together following the energy minimization principle. The adhesion and static friction between parts can easily exceed the strength of materials, so the parts will break before they start to move relative to each other. This leads to the need to design movable structures with minimal contact area .

903:(nubot) is an organic molecular machine at the nanoscale. DNA structure can provide means to assemble 2D and 3D nanomechanical devices. DNA based machines can be activated using small molecules, proteins and other molecules of DNA. Biological circuit gates based on DNA materials have been engineered as molecular machines to allow in-vitro drug delivery for targeted health problems. Such material based systems would work most closely to smart biomaterial drug system delivery, while not allowing precise in vivo teleoperation of such engineered prototypes. 2435:"Autonomous self-replicating assemblers are not necessary to achieve significant manufacturing capabilities." "The simplest, most efficient, and safest approach to productive nanosystems is to make specialized nanoscale tools and put them together in factories big enough to make what is needed. ... The machines in this would work like the conveyor belts and assembly robots in a factory, doing similar jobs. If you pulled one of these machines out of the system, it would pose no risk, and be as inert as a light bulb pulled from its socket." 837:

developing nanodevices for medicine; bankers are also strategically investing with the intent to acquire beforehand rights and royalties on future nanorobots commercialisation. Some aspects of nanorobot litigation and related issues linked to monopoly have already arisen. A large number of patents have been granted recently on nanorobots, mostly by patent agents, companies specializing solely on building patent portfolios, and lawyers. After a long series of patents and eventually litigations, see for example the

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motion deficiencies. The helix device would approach the sperm cell’s tail and confine it with the body of the micro-/nanomotor. It would then use the holding ring to loosely capture the head of the sperm cell to prevent escape. After reaching the target location, the sperm cell would be released into the membrane of the oocyte by reversing the rotation of the helix device. This strategy was considered to be an efficient strategy while also reducing risk of damage to the sperm cells.

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printing machine needs to be improved greatly. A two-step process of 3D printing, using a 3D printing and laser etched plates method was incorporated as an improvement technique. To be more precise at a nanoscale, the 3D printing process uses a laser etching machine, which etches the details needed for the segments of nanorobots into each plate. The plate is then transferred to the 3D printer, which fills the etched regions with the desired

443: 103: 6601: 7050: 1668:. When the nanoparticle encounters a cancer cell, it adheres to it, and releases the drug into the cancer cell. This directed method of drug delivery has great potential for treating cancer patients while avoiding negative effects (commonly associated with improper drug delivery). The first demonstration of nanomotors operating in living organisms was carried out in 2014 at University of California, San Diego. MRI-guided 1765: 1076: 1246:

To use the rotation magnetic field, a permanent magnet can be planted in the helical swimmer’s head, whose magnetization direction would be perpendicular to the swimmer body. When a rotating magnetic field is applied, the swimmer’s head experiences a magnetic torque, causing it to rotate. The helical

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A magnetic helical nanorobot consists of at least two components - one being a helical body, and the other being a magnetic material. The helical body provides a structure to the nanorobot capable of translation along the helical axis. The magnetic material, on the other hand, allows the structure to

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have been recently working in the development and research of nanorobots; surgeons are getting involved and starting to propose ways to apply nanorobots for common medical procedures; universities and research institutes were granted funds by government agencies exceeding $ 2 billion towards research

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Equation one indicates that, increasing the volume of the magnetic material will increase the force experienced by the material proportionally. If the volume is doubled, the force will also double, assuming the magnetization (M) and the gradient of the magnetic field (∇B) remain constant. This would

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In short, magnetic helical nanorobots translate a rotational motion into translational movement through a fluid in low Reynolds number environments. These nanorobots have been inspired by naturally occurring microorganisms such as flagella, cilia, and Escheric coli (otherwise known as E. coli) which

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There are number of challenges and problems that should be addressed when designing and building nanoscale machines with movable parts. The most obvious one is the need of developing very fine tools and manipulation techniques capable of assembling individual nanostructures with high precision into

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3D printing is the process by which a three-dimensional structure is built through the various processes of additive manufacturing. Nanoscale 3D printing involves many of the same process, incorporated at a much smaller scale. To print a structure in the 5-400 μm scale, the precision of the 3D

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Due to its small scale and helical shape providing propulsion, helical swimmers can be used in some biomedical applications such as; targeted drug delivery and targeted cell delivery. In 2018, there was a proposed biocompatible and biodegradable chistosan-based helical micro/nanoswimmer loaded with

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One approach to the wireless manipulation of helical swimmers is through externally applied gradient rotation magnetic field. This can be done through Helmholtz coil as the helical swimmers are actuated by a rotating magnetic field. All magnetized objects within an externally imposed magnetic field

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Manufacturing nanomachines assembled from molecular components is a very challenging task. Because of the level of difficulty, many engineers and scientists continue working cooperatively across multidisciplinary approaches to achieve breakthroughs in this new area of development. Thus, it is quite

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This 3D printing process has many benefits. First, it increases the overall accuracy of the printing process. Second, it has the potential to create functional segments of a nanorobot. The 3D printer uses a liquid resin, which is hardened at precisely the correct spots by a focused laser beam. The

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provides a possible approach to manufacturing nanorobots for common medical uses, such as surgical instrumentation, diagnosis, and drug delivery. This method for manufacturing on nanotechnology scale is in use in the electronics industry since 2008. So, practical nanorobots should be integrated as

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scenarios that they earlier helped to propagate, hold the view that nano-robots able to replicate outside of a restricted factory environment do not form a necessary part of a purported productive nanotechnology, and that the process of self-replication, were it ever to be developed, could be made

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Using magnetic helical micro/nanorobots for cell transport can also lead to opportunities in solving male infertility, repairing damaged tissue, and cell assembly. In 2015, a helical micro-/nanomotor with a holding ring on the head was used to successfully capture and transport sperm cells with

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at a resolution of a few microns. This technology promises creation of viscosity map inside cells and the extracellular milieu. Such nanorobots have been demonstrated to move in blood. Researchers have managed to controllably move such nanorobots inside cancer cells allowing them to trace out

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The emerging field of bio-hybrid systems combines biological and synthetic structural elements for biomedical or robotic applications. The constituting elements of bio-nanoelectromechanical systems (BioNEMS) are of nanoscale size, for example DNA, proteins or nanostructured mechanical parts.

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Thiol-ene e-beams resist allow the direct writing of nanoscale features, followed by the functionalization of the natively reactive resist surface with biomolecules. Other approaches use a biodegradable material attached to magnetic particles that allow them to be guided around the body.

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to surfaces. These primitive nanomachines have been shown to undergo machine-like motions when confined to the surface of a macroscopic material. The surface anchored motors could potentially be used to move and position nanoscale materials on a surface in the manner of a conveyor belt.

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is expected to employ nanorobots injected into the patient to perform work at a cellular level. Such nanorobots intended for use in medicine should be non-replicating, as replication would needlessly increase device complexity, reduce reliability, and interfere with the medical mission.

984:. Thus the model uses a flagellum for propulsion purposes. Electromagnetic fields normally control the motion of this kind of biological integrated device. Chemists at the University of Nebraska have created a humidity gauge by fusing a bacterium to a silicon computer chip. 1528: 2249:

Amrute-Nayak, M.; Diensthuber, R. P.; Steffen, W.; Kathmann, D.; Hartmann, F. K.; Fedorov, R.; Urbanke, C.; Manstein, D. J.; Brenner, B.; Tsiavaliaris, G. (2010). "Targeted Optimization of a Protein Nanomachine for Operation in Biohybrid Devices".

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This increase in magnetic dipoles enhances the overall magnetic response of the material to an external magnetic field, resulting in greater force and torque. Hence when the magnetic material gets bigger than the helical swimmer can move faster.

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shape converts this rotational movement into a propulsive force. As the swimmer’s head rotates, its helical tail generates a force against the surrounding fluid, propelling it forward. According to equation 2, the magnetic torque around the

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perform the function of maintaining the Borg cybernetic systems, as well as repairing damage to the organic parts of a Borg. They generate new technology inside a Borg when needed, as well as protecting them from many forms of disease.

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Since nano-robots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. These nano-robot swarms, both those unable to

1695:) to the affected area is the first response of tissues to injury. Because of their small size, nanorobots could attach themselves to the surface of recruited white cells, to squeeze their way out through the walls of 4221:

Pooyath, Lekshmy; Sai, Ranajit; Chandorkar, Yashoda; Basu, Bikramjit; Shivashankar, S; Ghosh, Ambarish (2014). "Conformal cytocompatible ferrite coatings facilitate the realization of a nanovoyager in human blood".

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can be considered a nanorobotic instrument when configured to perform nanomanipulation. For this viewpoint, macroscale robots or microrobots that can move with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots.

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Leary, S. P.; Liu, C. Y.; Apuzzo, M. L. J. (2006). "Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part III???Nanomedicine: Targeted Nanotherapy, Nanosurgery, and Progress Toward the Realization of Nanoneurosurgery".

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have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5 nanometers across, able to count specific molecules in the chemical sample. The first useful applications of nanomachines may be in

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rotate by following an externally applied rotating magnetic field. Not only do magnetic helical nanorobots take advantage of magnetic actuation, but they also take advantage of helical propulsion methods.

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in 2000 and involving 23 researchers from 10 organizations and 4 countries, focuses on developing a practical research agenda specifically aimed at developing positionally-controlled diamond

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could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment.

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Yan, Xiaohui; Zhou, Qi; Vincent, Melissa; Deng, Yan; Yu, Jiangfan; Xu, Jianbin; Xu, Tiantian; Tang, Tao; Bian, Liming; Wang, Yi-Xiang J.; Kostarelos, Kostas; Zhang, Li (2017-11-22).

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Thus, the helical swimmer will follow the magnetic field. If the magnet manipulator rotates one turn, the magnetic field near the head position of the swimmer projected on the plane

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Das, S.; Gates, A. J.; Abdu, H. A.; Rose, G. S.; Picconatto, C. A.; Ellenbogen, J. C. (2007). "Designs for Ultra-Tiny, Special-Purpose Nanoelectronic Circuits".

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inherently safe. They further assert that their current plans for developing and using molecular manufacturing do not in fact include free-foraging replicators.

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Ghosh, Arijit; Dasgupta, Debayan; Pal, Malay; Morozov, Konstantin; Lehshansky, Alexander; Ghosh, Ambarish (2018). "Helical Nanomachines as Mobile Viscometers".

1126: 3803:"Flagellated Magnetotactic Bacteria as Controlled MRI-trackable Propulsion and Steering Systems for Medical Nanorobots Operating in the Human Microvasculature" 5330: 1310:

at the initial position. After the magnet manipulator turns 45°, the magnetic field near the head position of the square magnet turns at an angle around the

664:). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) " 3175:

Cale, T. S.; Lu, J. Q.; Gutmann, R. J. (2008). "Three-Dimensional Integration in Microelectronics: Motivation, Processing, and Thermomechanical Modeling".

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Cerofolini, G.; Amato, P.; Asserini, M.; Mauri, G. (2010). "A Surveillance System for Early-Stage Diagnosis of Endogenous Diseases by Swarms of Nanobots".

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Vaughn JR (2006). "Over the Horizon: Potential Impact of Emerging Trends in Information and Communication Technology on Disability Policy and Practice".

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and arrive at the injury site, where they can assist in the tissue repair process. Certain substances could possibly be used to accelerate the recovery.

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Balasubramanian, S.; Kagan, D.; Jack Hu, C. M.; Campuzano, S.; Lobo-Castañon, M. J.; Lim, N.; Kang, D. Y.; Zimmerman, M.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J. (2011).

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Research has led to the creation of helical silica particles coated with magnetic materials that can be maneuvered using a rotating magnetic field.

1706:, a process known as transmigration, is a mechanism involving engagement of cell surface receptors to adhesion molecules, active force exertion and 1095:

patterns inside a cell. Nanorobots moving through the tumor microenvironment have demonstrated the presence of sialic acid in the cancer-secreted

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cells, the robots can in effect "hitch a ride" across the blood vessels, bypassing the need for a complex transmigration mechanism of their own.

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Douglas, Shawn M.; Bachelet, Ido; Church, George M. (17 February 2012). "A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads".

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strands, measuring nearly 10 nm in diameter, to nanoparticles, filling them with a chemotherapy drug. These RNA strands are attracted to

3617:"Adhesion of Photon-Driven Molecular Motors to Surfacesvia1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions: Effect of Interfacial Interactions on Molecular Motion" 2775:"Method for forming an interventional aid with the aid of self-organizing nanorobots consisting of catoms and associated system unit", 2011. 5584: 4539:"Facile Fabrication of Magnetic Microrobots Based on Spirulina Templates for Targeted Delivery and Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy" 5031: 4991: 2924: 2961: 1871: 242: 1532:

This propulsion helps the helical structure to rotate with the angle of the force. As a result, the magnetic robot rotates around the

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Murday, J. S.; Siegel, R. W.; Stein, J.; Wright, J. F. (2009). "Translational nanomedicine: Status assessment and opportunities".

5535: 739:. Some of these discussions remain at the level of unbuildable generality and do not approach the level of detailed engineering. 672: 4956: 6904: 5751: 2859:

Scheufele, D. A.; Lewenstein, B. V. (2005). "The Public and Nanotechnology: How Citizens Make Sense of Emerging Technologies".

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Considering Whether an FDA-Regulated Product Involves the Application of Nanotechnology, Guidance for Industry, Draft Guidance

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Park, Sung Jun; Park, Seung-Hwan; Cho, S.; Kim, D.; Lee, Y.; Ko, S.; Hong, Y.; Choy, H.; Min, J.; Park, J.; Park, S. (2013).

2989: 2656: 2623: 2389: 4450:"The rotational propulsion characteristics of scaled-up helical microswimmers with different heads and magnetic positioning" 2981:

Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It

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Elder, J. B.; Hoh, D. J.; Oh, B. C.; Heller, A. C.; Liu, C. Y.; Apuzzo, M. L. J. (2008). "The Future of Cerebral Surgery".

1523:{\displaystyle i_{push}=\sin {\varphi _{in}}\sin {\theta _{in}}\cos {\varphi _{in}}\cos {\theta _{in}}\cos {\varphi _{in}}} 346: 195: 3987: 1894:

video game series, being the basis of the nano-augmentation technology which gives augmented people superhuman abilities.

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are commonly a result of drug delivery methods that don't pinpoint their intended target cells accurately. Researchers at

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A detailed theoretical discussion of nanorobotics, including specific design issues such as sensing, power communication,

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Patel, G. M.; Patel, G. C.; Patel, R. B.; Patel, J. K.; Patel, M. (2006). "Nanorobot: A versatile tool in nanomedicine".

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Magnetic nanorobots have demonstrated capabilities to prevent and treat antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Application of

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the figure below. If the square magnet stays in its initial position, it will be subject to a magnetic torque around the

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rotates a whole turn around the x-axis. This results in the helical shape to move, resulting in propulsion as follows:

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Wang, Xu; Cai, Jun; Sun, Lili; Zhang, Shuo; Gong, De; Li, Xinghao; Yue, Shuhua; Feng, Lin; Zhang, Deyuan (2019-02-06).

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understandable the importance of the following distinct techniques currently applied towards manufacturing nanorobots:

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purposes, there is "still a long way to go before their commercialization and clinical applications can be achieved."

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Nanotechnology provides a wide range of new technologies for developing customized means to optimize the delivery of

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systems, a similar approach should benefit the society at large and accelerate nanorobotics development. The use of

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can provide directed rotating field in space. It was shown how such nanomotors can be used to measure viscosity of

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should be established as a human heritage for the coming generations, and developed as an open technology based on

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Medina-Sánchez, Mariana; Schwarz, Lukas; Meyer, Anne K.; Hebenstreit, Franziska; Schmidt, Oliver G. (2016-01-13).

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Ghosh, Ambarish; Fischer, Peer (2009). "Controlled Propulsion of Artificial Magnetic Nanostructured Propellers".

2448: 765: 5305:"Smallest medical robot for the Guinness World Records: Nanorobots to tackle drug delivery for cancer treatment" 885:

nanoelectronics devices, which will allow tele-operation and advanced capabilities for medical instrumentation.

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Hill, C.; Amodeo, A.; Joseph, J. V.; Patel, H. R. (2008). "Nano- and microrobotics: How far is the reality?".

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Another definition is a robot that allows precise interactions with nanoscale objects, or can manipulate with

7054: 7020: 6250: 5694: 1958: 1798: 1064: 812:, a race for nanorobots is occurring. There is plenty of ground allowing nanorobots to be included among the 597: 369: 2084:

Tarakanov, A. O.; Goncharova, L. B.; Tarakanov Y. A. (2009). "Carbon nanotubes towards medicinal biochips".

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Vlassov, Sergei; Oras, Sven; Antsov, Mikk; Butikova, Jelena; Lõhmus, Rünno; Polyakov, Boris (2018-03-16).

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Montemagno, C.; Bachand, G. (1999). "Constructing nanomechanical devices powered by biomolecular motors".

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Method and apparatus for using entropy in ant colony optimization circuit design from high level synthesis

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of the vessel walls and physical deformation of the migrating cells. By attaching themselves to migrating

596:(buckyballs) for wheels. It is actuated by controlling the environmental temperature and by positioning a 6400: 6344: 5746: 5689: 5528: 5508: 5004:

Donnelly, R. (2007). "Wellness engineering and health management: A video interview with Harold H. Szu".

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Ghosh, A.; Fischer, P. (2009). "Controlled Propulsion of Artificial Magnetic Nanostructured Propellers".

379: 321: 1833:. They be programmed and injected into injured people to perform repairs, and first appear in season 1. 1223:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=V\cdot ({\boldsymbol {M}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\boldsymbol {B}})} 525:

engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots with devices ranging in size from 0.1 to 10

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Shafagh, Reza; Vastesson, Alexander; Guo, Weijin; van der Wijngaart, Wouter; Haraldsson, Tommy (2018).

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Hess, Henry; Bachand, George D.; Vogel, Viola (2004). "Powering Nanodevices with Biomolecular Motors".

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Gilbert, R. J.; Newbery, D. M. G. (June 1982). "Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly".

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Li, Jinhua; Dekanovsky, Lukas; Khezri, Bahareh; Wu, Bing; Zhou, Huaijuan; Sofer, Zdenek (2022-02-10).

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Bozuyuk, Ugur; Yasa, Oncay; Yasa, I. Ceren; Ceylan, Hakan; Kizilel, Seda; Sitti, Metin (2018-09-25).

2480:"Nanorobot Invention and Linux: The Open Technology Factor – An Open Letter to UNO General Secretary" 1905:

and are used to heal all nonfatal injuries, regulate bodily functions, and considerably lessen pain.

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R.A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Vol. IIA: Biocompatibility, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown TX, 2003;

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R.A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Vol. I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown TX, 1999;

1371:{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {M}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\boldsymbol {B}})*{\boldsymbol {ux}}\neq 0} 6799: 6784: 6762: 5780: 5725: 5652: 5454: 4453: 1790: 801: 681: 564: 393: 293: 214: 34: 5254: 731:, manipulation, locomotion, and onboard computation, has been presented in the medical context of 7081: 6973: 6946: 6201: 6196: 5647: 5562: 5304: 5090: 5071: 4320: 3432: 620: 459: 364: 298: 284: 173: 4350:

Chesnitskiy, Anton V.; Gayduk, Alexey E.; Seleznev, Vladimir A.; Prinz, Victor Ya (2022-11-04).

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be the same for the torque of the magnetic material too since it is proportional to the volume.

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Lavan, D. A.; McGuire, T.; Langer, R. (2003). "Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery".

3680: 3303: 1733: 1680: 1637: 980: 949: 65: 5331:"You can't even see the world's smallest medical robot, but your body's cells know it's there" 5046: 3616: 2785:

Cuschieri, A. (2005). "Laparoscopic surgery: current status, issues and future developments".

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Another useful application of nanorobots is assisting in the repair of tissue cells alongside

7076: 6909: 6772: 6648: 6506: 6360: 5970: 5873: 4411:"3-D Path Following of Helical Microswimmers With an Adaptive Orientation Compensation Model" 3937:"Self-assembly of nanoparticles on live bacterium: An avenue to fabricate electronic devices" 2939: 1837: 1829: 1729: 1004: 813: 700: 417: 2183:"Nanofibers, nanofluidics, nanoparticles and nanobots for drug and protein delivery systems" 6956: 6919: 6899: 6456: 6380: 6145: 6105: 5955: 5858: 5102: 4693: 4231: 4149: 3863: 3495: 3444: 3397: 3086: 2956: 2902:

Smith, D. M.; Goldstein, D. S.; Heideman, J. (2007). "Reverse Mergers and Nanotechnology".

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Such nanorobots are not dependent on chemical reactions to fuel the propulsion. A triaxial

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delivery systems. These gene therapy vectors have been used in cats to send genes into the

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Wong, P. C.; Wong, K. K.; Foote, H. (2003). "Organic data memory using the DNA approach".

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Cepko, Constance; Pear, Warren (2001). "Overview of the Retrovirus Transduction System".

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U.S. Department of Energy – Office of Scientific and Technical Information Oak Ridge, TN

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Dasgupta, Debayan; Peddi, Shanmukh; Saini, Deepak Kumar; Ghosh, Ambarish (2022-05-04).

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Shanthi, Vadali; Musunuri, Sravani (13 November 2007). "Prospects for Medical Robots".

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Dasgupta, Debayan; Pally, Dharma; Saini, Deepak; Bhat, Ramray; Ghosh, Ambarish (2020).

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Carroll, G. T.; London, G. B.; Landaluce, T. F. N.; Rudolf, P.; Feringa, B. L. (2011).

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have also been used to describe such devices currently under research and development.

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Ignatyev, M. B. (2010). "Necessary and sufficient conditions of nanorobot synthesis".

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The science behind this mechanism is quite complex. Passage of cells across the blood

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nanofactory that would have the capability of building diamondoid medical nanorobots.

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In spite of the fast development of nanorobots, most of the nanorobots designed for

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Gao, W.; Dong, R.; Thamphiwatana, S.; Li, J.; Gao, W.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J. (2015).

5110: 5009: 4973: 4923: 4883: 4863: 4789: 4781: 4729: 4701: 4597: 4550: 4503: 4491: 4462: 4422: 4381: 4363: 4332: 4291: 4281: 4270:"Nanomotors Sense Local Physicochemical Heterogeneities in Tumor Microenvironments" 4239: 4195: 4157: 4079: 4026: 3948: 3879: 3871: 3822: 3814: 3787: 3757: 3710: 3631: 3589: 3566: 3546: 3523: 3503: 3472: 3452: 3405: 3360: 3352: 3313: 3268: 3245: 3223: 3184: 3141: 3104: 3094: 3045: 2876: 2833: 2794: 2716: 2681: 2644: 2611: 2554: 2517: 2360: 2352: 2305: 2267: 2223: 2194: 2163: 2128: 2093: 2058: 2020: 1676: 1626: 974: 933: 877: 829: 817: 697: 604: 530: 412: 158: 45: 20: 4538: 3699:"E-Beam Nanostructuring and Direct Click Biofunctionalization of Thiol–Ene Resist" 3050: 3033: 2771: 2393: 6849: 6794: 6737: 6722: 6451: 6436: 6339: 6329: 6321: 6186: 6059: 6037: 6027: 5775: 5619: 4601: 4083: 4030: 3991: 2965: 2728: 2452: 2432: 2199: 2182: 1902: 1898: 873: 842: 821: 649: 585: 331: 312: 270: 3852:"New paradigm for tumor theranostic methodology using bacteria-based microrobot" 3762: 3745: 3664: 3537:

Jin, S.; Ye, K. (2007). "Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy".

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Tiantian Xu; Gilgueng Hwang; Andreff, Nicolas; Regnier, Stephane (2013-08-23).

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Cepko, C.; Pear, W. (2001) . "Overview of the Retrovirus Transduction System".

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Scientia Pharmaceutica Central European Symposium on Pharmaceutical Technology

2132: 688:) and those able to replicate unconstrained in the natural environment (as in 7070: 7035: 6804: 6757: 6679: 6521: 6476: 6160: 6155: 6130: 6125: 5828: 5813: 5494: 5472: 5422: 4744:"Overview about intelligent drug delivery by Biohybrid Micro- and Nanorobots" 4713: 4609: 4562: 4515: 4466: 4434: 4377: 4091: 3818: 3771: 2639:

Challacombe, B.; Althoefer, K.; Stoianovici, D. (2010). "Emerging Robotics".

2558: 2413: 2341:"Micromachine-Enabled Capture and Isolation of Cancer Cells in Complex Media" 2214:

Wang, J. (2009). "Can Man-Made Nanomachines Compete with Nature Biomotors?".

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implants have been proposed to achieve thorough disinfection of the dentine.

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2013 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics

3746:"Multifunctional biohybrid magnetite microrobots for imaging-guided therapy" 3714: 3507: 2522: 2505: 2153: 6939: 6767: 6285: 6260: 6245: 6208: 6069: 5980: 5808: 5606: 5544: 5440: 5414: 5225: 5183: 5122: 5013: 4935: 4875: 4803: 4721: 4681: 4617: 4570: 4554: 4523: 4409:

Wu, Xinyu; Liu, Jia; Huang, Chenyang; Su, Meng; Xu, Tiantian (2019-11-07).

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was also developed. This series of nanorobots that are now enlisted in the

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purposes. Open technology is stated as a fundamental key for such an aim.

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franchise TV shows nanites play an important plot device. Starting with "

1861:

series, being used to enhance and regulate abilities and body functions.

1851:

Nanites (referred to more often as nanomachines) are often referenced in

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in which SIVA, a self-replicating nanotechnology is used as a weapon.

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This approach proposes the use of biological microorganisms, like the

632: 430: 90: 6924: 6742: 6471: 6365: 6064: 5196: 5146:"Artificial Micromotors in the Mouse's Stomach: A Step towardin Vivo 4838:"Virtual 3D nanorobots could lead to real cancer-fighting technology" 4583: 3099: 2070: 1866: 1748: 1692: 970: 705: 619:. Using the microscopy definition, even a large apparatus such as an 572: 534: 514: 265: 5197:

Vartholomeos, P.; Fruchard, M.; Ferreira, A.; Mavroidis, C. (2011).

3696: 2821: 2338: 2097: 2045: 1679:. Recruiting inflammatory cells or white blood cells (which include 1075: 6841: 6826: 6747: 6511: 6461: 5936: 5843: 4867: 4258: 2605: 2086:

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

2062: 1921: 1688: 1630: 1614: 846: 825: 777: 720: 689: 637: 19:"Nanobots" redirects here. For the They Might Be Giants album, see 3756:(12). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 3073:

Cavalcanti, A.; Shirinzadeh, B.; Zhang, M.; Kretly, L. C. (2008).

1827:

Nanites are used in a number of episodes in the television series

670:". The idea was incorporated into Feynman's case study 1959 essay 442: 146: 102: 6717: 6441: 6022: 5579: 5574: 5477:

Synergetic Agents: From Multi-Robot Systems to Molecular Robotics

2858: 2479: 2426:"Foresight Guidelines for Responsible Nanotechnology Development" 1890: 1653: 1622: 867: 833: 785: 589: 150: 5399:"Mobile Nanobots for Prevention of Root Canal Treatment Failure" 4636:

Nano Robot by 3D Printing (Seoul National University, Korea).wmv

3072: 6496: 6047: 6042: 4770:"Biohybrid Micro- and Nanorobots for Intelligent Drug Delivery" 4352:"Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field" 3431:

Yin, P.; Choi, H. M. T.; Calvert, C. R.; Pierce, N. A. (2008).

3004: 1852: 1741: 1618: 1024: 4349: 2925:"The Unmanned Voyage: An Examination of Nanorobotic Liability" 2822:"Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine" 6466: 6014: 5255:"Nanorobots As Cellular Assistants in Inflammatory Responses" 4123:"Glow cat: fluorescent green felines could help study of HIV" 3800: 3737: 3212:"Nanotechnology: Intelligent Design to Treat Complex Disease" 1042: 1020: 789: 502: 3614: 752:

A document with a proposal on nanobiotech development using

517:(10 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to 6501: 5905: 2547:

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers

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Nanocomposite particles that are controlled remotely by an

1060: 1016: 1008: 816:. Some of the reasons are that large corporations, such as 656:

who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a

1115: 696:), are found in many science fiction stories, such as the 4679: 3387: 1661: 1657: 1079:

Scanning Electron Microscope image of a Helical nanomotor

1038: 1000: 4220: 3209: 719:". Some proponents of nano-robotics, in reaction to the 5543: 5396: 5190: 4967: 4415:

IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering

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include early diagnosis and targeted drug-delivery for

1242:

Movement of a helical swimmer with square magnetic head

5268:

ImmunoBiology, the Immune System in Health and Disease

5245: 5243: 5143: 5032:"Role of Nanotechnology in novel Drug Delivery system" 4267: 2977: 2594:

Systems and Methods for Generating Biological Material

652:, it was his former graduate student and collaborator 4489: 3934: 3485: 3131: 3075:"Nanorobot Hardware Architecture for Medical Defense" 1575: 1536:-axis by the action of the rotating magnetic field. 1392: 1329: 1259: 1184: 1129: 849:, which normally is dominated by large corporations. 4767: 3430: 3341:"From genes to machines: DNA nanomechanical devices" 2295: 2002: 1648:. Today, harmful side effects of treatments such as 911:

Several reports have demonstrated the attachment of

5240: 2048:"A review of research in the field of nanorobotics" 776:has in recent years accelerated the development of 5509:A Review in Nanorobotics – US Department of Energy 5380:"Nanomotors as probes to sense cancer environment" 4853: 3743: 2674:Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 1539: 1522: 1370: 1300: 1222: 1168: 660:use for Feynman's theoretical micro-machines (see 3433:"Programming biomolecular self-assembly pathways" 2046:Sierra, D. P.; Weir, N. A.; Jones, J. F. (2005). 845:, emerging fields of technology tend to become a 742: 513:, whose components are at or near the scale of a 7068: 5039:Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 3579: 3258: 2544: 1102: 5029: 4536: 2118: 4997: 4912: 3849: 3807:The International Journal of Robotics Research 2932:Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology 2477: 1070: 852: 615:, instead of the description of nanorobots as 592:developed by a chemical process and including 6633: 5921: 5529: 5355:"Smallest medical robot to help treat cancer" 5091:"Synthetic micro/nanomotors in drug delivery" 4950: 4319:Qiu, Famin; Nelson, Bradley J. (2015-03-16). 4063: 3536: 3338: 3293: 3174: 2784: 2754:Ball, H. H., Lucas, M. R., Goutzoulis, A. P. 1990:National Council on Disability, Washington DC 607:resolution. Such devices are more related to 467: 127: 5585:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications 4629: 4627: 4408: 4139: 2922: 2414:Zyvex: "Self replication and nanotechnology" 2180: 1927:Nanomachines are central to the plot of the 1660:, however, have been able to attach special 1048:. This approach has appeared in the form of 1027:and Delivery system. This process is called 5705:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV) 4181: 4179: 3910:MicroBioRobots for Single Cell Manipulation 2819: 2510:Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 2503: 1672:are one potential precursor to nanorobots. 7049: 6640: 6626: 5928: 5914: 5536: 5522: 3267:(6 Suppl 3): 1555–79, discussion 1579–82. 3031: 1818:The Nanites are characters on the TV show 919: 474: 460: 134: 120: 6647: 5471: 5430: 5173: 5025: 5023: 4793: 4624: 4385: 4367: 4318: 4295: 4285: 4069: 4020: 3952: 3883: 3826: 3761: 3364: 3307: 3227: 3108: 3098: 3049: 2709:Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 2521: 2364: 2198: 1987: 5003: 4176: 2958:Patent Pirates Search For Texas Treasure 2706: 2291: 2289: 2213: 1074: 1067:(GMO), causing it to display the trait. 906: 768:. According to the document sent to the 631: 145: 5088: 4984: 4961: 4830: 3941:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2387: 2345:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 1358: 1355: 1344: 1334: 1288: 1285: 1274: 1264: 1213: 1203: 1186: 1159: 1148: 1131: 1116:Movement of magnetic helical nanorobots 1015:. Usually, these devices are Pol – Gag 7069: 6905:Differential technological development 5328: 5069: 5020: 4543:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4072:Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 4023:Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 2390:"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" 1754: 924:Nanofactory Collaboration, founded by 627: 6621: 6335:Simultaneous localization and mapping 5909: 5517: 5455:"Tiny bots that can deep clean teeth" 5299: 5297: 3906: 2466:http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMIIA.htm 2388:Feynman, Richard P. (December 1959). 2286: 1908:Nanites are also an integral part of 5218:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124724 4847: 1758: 1034:, having the ability to re-engineer 673:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom 6994:Future-oriented technology analysis 5695:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) 4990:Melki, Benjamin (January 31, 2007) 4890: 4818: 4120: 3210:Couvreur, P.; Vauthier, C. (2006). 3177:Chemical Engineering Communications 3134:Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 2596:, WIPO Patent WO/2007/001962, 2007. 2583:, WIPO Patent WO/2008/063473, 2008. 2506:""Nano": The new nemesis of cancer" 2446:http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI.htm 1736:, can be used to interact with the 1613:Potential uses for nanorobotics in 1003:. They go through a process called 13: 6753:High-temperature superconductivity 5568:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) 5465: 5294: 4928:10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16 4682:"Low-friction nanojoint prototype" 3907:Sakar, Mahmud (22 November 2010). 3681:"Nanofactory Technical Challenges" 3273:10.1227/01.neu.0000333820.33143.0d 2968:, Texas Lawyer, September 20, 2004 1897:Nanites are also mentioned in the 1842:2016 expansion for the video game 1789:by removing the content or adding 1717:As of 2016, in the United States, 1576:Challenges in designing nanorobots 1155: 747: 14: 7098: 5690:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) 5502: 2978:Jaffe, A. B.; Lerner, J. (2004). 2905:Nanotechnology Law & Business 1591: 958: 800:In the same ways that technology 795: 7048: 6865:Self-reconfiguring modular robot 6599: 6588: 6587: 6004: 5479:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. 5447: 5390: 5372: 5070:Bullis, Kevin (April 29, 2008). 4657:"Nanotechnology and 3D-printing" 3935:Berry, V.; Saraf, R. F. 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IEEE. pp. 1114–1120. 4084:10.1002/0471142727.mb0909s36 4031:10.1002/0471142727.mb0909s36 4009:Viral Mediated Gene Delivery 2200:10.3797/scipharm.cespt.8.L02 1836:Nanites also feature in the 1821:Mystery Science Theater 3000 1719:Food and Drug Administration 764:, has been addressed to the 347:Semiconductor scale examples 7: 6345:Vision-guided robot systems 3763:10.1126/scirobotics.aaq1155 3665:"Nanofactory Collaboration" 2649:10.1007/978-1-84882-178-1_7 2641:New Technologies in Urology 2616:10.1007/978-88-470-1658-3_4 1937: 1888:Nanites play a role in the 1112:rotate in a helical wave. 1071:Magnetic helical nanorobots 853:Approaches to manufacturing 501:field creating machines or 380:Super resolution microscopy 322:Molecular scale electronics 10: 7103: 7026:Technology readiness level 6962:Technological unemployment 6565:Technological unemployment 5361:. Houston. August 29, 2018 5089:Gao, W.; Wang, J. (2014). 5045:(1): 20–35. Archived from 3410:10.1088/0957-4484/10/3/301 3357:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.01.007 3146:10.1586/14737140.8.12.1891 2772:U.S. patent 20,110,048,433 2686:10.1016/j.nano.2009.06.001 1606: 1595: 1556: 962: 947: 913:synthetic molecular motors 892: 865: 861: 756:technology methods, as in 567:phase, but some primitive 18: 7044: 7009:Technological singularity 6969:Technological convergence 6887: 6840: 6785:Multi-function structures 6708: 6662: 6655: 6583: 6553:Workplace robotics safety 6535: 6429: 6353: 6316: 6271: 6169: 6013: 6002: 5943: 5882: 5791: 5734: 5718: 5682: 5640: 5605: 5598: 5555: 4992:Nanorobotics for Diabetes 4774:Cyborg and Bionic Systems 4427:10.1109/tase.2019.2947071 3296:Communications of the ACM 3229:10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8 3189:10.1080/00986440801930302 2881:10.1007/s11051-005-7526-2 2721:10.1007/s10458-006-9004-3 2310:10.1080/10611860600612862 2298:Journal of Drug Targeting 2133:10.1134/S1064562410040435 1924:scenarios are portrayed. 1874:" in the third season of 1785:Please help Knowledge to 888: 613:scanning probe microscopy 16:Emerging technology field 6800:Molecular nanotechnology 6763:Linear acetylenic carbon 5700:Intervention AUV (I-AUV) 5266:C. Janeway (ed.) (2001) 5030:Bhowmik, Debjit (2009). 4825:Nanotechnology in Cancer 4706:10.1088/1361-6528/aab163 4467:10.1109/aim.2013.6584243 3983:RCSB Protein Data Bank. 3819:10.1177/0278364908100924 3007:American Economic Review 2828:(Submitted manuscript). 2608:Biotechnology in Surgery 2559:10.1109/TCSI.2007.907864 2156:Advanced Science Letters 802:research and development 565:research and development 394:Molecular nanotechnology 294:Self-assembled monolayer 6974:Technological evolution 6947:Exploratory engineering 6401:Human–robot interaction 5769:spaceflights to the ISS 5270:. Garland Pub; 5th ed. 4508:10.1021/acsnano.8b05997 3715:10.1021/acsnano.8b03709 3508:10.1126/science.1214081 3216:Pharmaceutical Research 2523:10.4103/0973-1482.29829 2478:Cavalcanti, A. (2009). 2057:. SAND2005-6808: 1–50. 1787:improve this subsection 1681:neutrophil granulocytes 920:Positional nanoassembly 772:, in the same way that 621:atomic force microscope 365:Atomic force microscopy 299:Supramolecular assembly 285:Molecular self-assembly 155:protein domain dynamics 6984:Technology forecasting 6979:Technological paradigm 6952:Proactionary principle 5869:Remote control vehicle 5864:Radio-controlled model 5415:10.1002/adhm.202200232 5014:10.1117/2.3200708.0002 4555:10.1021/acsami.8b15586 4337:10.15302/J-ENG-2015005 4287:10.1002/anie.202008681 4200:10.1002/adfm.201705687 4025:. Chapter 9. Unit9.9. 3954:10.1002/anie.200501711 3685:molecularassembler.com 3669:molecularassembler.com 3594:10.1002/chem.200305712 3539:Biotechnology Progress 3339:Seeman. N. C. 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(2010). 2168:10.1166/asl.2010.1138 1730:electromagnetic field 1525: 1373: 1303: 1225: 1171: 1078: 1005:reverse transcription 907:Surface-bound systems 814:emerging technologies 635: 594:Buckminsterfullerenes 448:Technology portal 418:Molecular engineering 149: 108:Technology portal 6957:Technological change 6900:Collingridge dilemma 6457:Energid Technologies 5859:Autonomous logistics 5150:of Synthetic Motors" 4856:Nature Biotechnology 4007:Perkel, Jeffrey M. 2820:Roco, M. C. (2003). 1646:pharmaceutical drugs 1390: 1327: 1257: 1182: 1127: 1097:extracellular matrix 1092:non-newtonian fluids 762:open-source software 758:open-source hardware 327:Molecular logic gate 238:Green nanotechnology 7014:Technology scouting 6989:Accelerating change 6860:Powered exoskeleton 6817:Programmable matter 6695:Smart manufacturing 6690:Molecular assembler 6670:3D microfabrication 6548:Powered exoskeleton 5742:Uncrewed spacecraft 5206:Annu Rev Biomed Eng 5107:2014Nanos...610486G 5072:"Nano RNA Delivery" 4978:10.2240/azojono0119 4901:nanorobotdesign.com 4698:2018Nanot..29s5707V 4280:(52): 23690–23696. 4236:2014NanoL..14.1968V 4154:2009NanoL...9.2243G 3868:2013NatSR...3E3394P 3500:2012Sci...335..831D 3457:10.1038/nature06451 3449:2008Natur.451..318Y 3402:1999Nanot..10..225M 3091:2008Senso...8.2932C 3044:(24): 10007–10020. 3032:Fisher, B. (2008). 2873:2005JNR.....7..659S 2581:Nanorobotics System 2264:2010AngCh.122..322A 2121:Doklady Mathematics 2017:2009NanoL...9.2243G 1969:Programmable matter 1877:The Next Generation 1799:independent sources 1755:Cultural references 1633:, and health care. 1314:-axis, as shown in 667:swallow the surgeon 628:Nanorobotics theory 590:single-molecule car 588:has demonstrated a 582:biological machines 563:are largely in the 529:and constructed of 505:, which are called 499:emerging technology 403:Molecular assembler 375:Electron microscope 77:Engines of Creation 51:Molecular assembler 7031:Technology roadmap 6733:Conductive polymer 6517:Universal Robotics 6492:Intuitive Surgical 6482:Harvest Automation 6447:Barrett Technology 6229:Robotic spacecraft 6075:Audio-Animatronics 5359:The Times of India 5115:10.1039/C4NR03124E 4369:10.3390/ma15217781 3990:2015-10-19 at the 3856:Scientific Reports 2964:2017-07-02 at the 2610:. pp. 61–73. 2451:2015-08-14 at the 2431:2019-06-06 at the 1520: 1368: 1298: 1220: 1166: 1081: 965:Bacterial motility 901:nucleic acid robot 839:invention of radio 662:biological machine 646: 642:biological machine 617:molecular machines 569:molecular machines 436:Science portal 304:DNA nanotechnology 167: 96:Science portal 7064: 7063: 6883: 6882: 6832:Synthetic diamond 6728:Artificial muscle 6710:Materials science 6615: 6614: 6558:Robotic tech vest 6487:Honeybee Robotics 6303:Electric unicycle 6256:remotely-operated 5903: 5902: 5895:Unmanned vehicles 5710:Underwater glider 5678: 5677: 5549:uncrewed vehicles 5311:. August 28, 2018 5166:10.1021/nn507097k 4827:. nano.cancer.gov 4476:978-1-4673-5320-5 4274:Angewandte Chemie 4244:10.1021/nl404815q 4162:10.1021/nl900186w 4011:. sciencemag.org 3947:(41): 6668–6673. 3876:10.1038/srep03394 3709:(10): 9940–9946. 3636:10.1021/nn102876j 3551:10.1021/bp060348j 3494:(6070): 831–834. 3443:(7176): 318–322. 3140:(12): 1891–1897. 2991:978-0-691-11725-6 2658:978-1-84882-177-4 2625:978-88-470-1657-6 2553:(11): 2528–2540. 2351:(18): 4161–4164. 2252:Angewandte Chemie 2228:10.1021/nn800829k 2025:10.1021/nl900186w 1954:Molecular machine 1917:Stargate Atlantis 1816: 1815: 1677:white blood cells 872:The joint use of 810:nuclear arms race 782:nanobiotechnology 694:synthetic biology 484: 483: 144: 143: 56:Molecular machine 7094: 7052: 7051: 6999:Horizon scanning 6915:Ephemeralization 6875:Uncrewed vehicle 6795:Carbon nanotubes 6660: 6659: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6618: 6603: 6602: 6591: 6590: 6575:Fictional robots 6543:Critique of work 6192:Unmanned vehicle 6008: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5854:Autonomous robot 5849:Robot locomotion 5764:Cargo spacecraft 5757:list of orbiters 5658:Self-driving car 5603: 5602: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5498: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5301: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5264: 5258: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5203: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5101:(18): 10486–94. 5086: 5080: 5079: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4965: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4922:(6): 1009–1026. 4910: 4904: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4851: 4845: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4797: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4661:www.nanowerk.com 4653: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4549:(5): 4745–4756. 4534: 4528: 4527: 4502:(9): 9617–9625. 4487: 4481: 4480: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4371: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4289: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4230:(4): 1968–1975. 4218: 4212: 4211: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4148:(6): 2243–2245. 4137: 4131: 4130: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4078:: 9.9.1–9.9.16. 4067: 4061: 4060: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3887: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3765: 3750:Science Robotics 3741: 3735: 3734: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3621: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3588:(9): 2110–2116. 3577: 3571: 3570: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3311: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3231: 3222:(7): 1417–1450. 3207: 3201: 3200: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3102: 3100:10.3390/s8052932 3085:(5): 2932–2958. 3070: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2975: 2969: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2442: 2436: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2392:. Archived from 2385: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2052: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2011:(6): 2243–2245. 2000: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1772:This subsection 1767: 1766: 1759: 1738:biological cells 1721:(FDA) regulates 1629:, monitoring of 1627:pharmacokinetics 1529: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1411: 1410: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1361: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1189: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1151: 1134: 975:Escherichia coli 934:mechanosynthesis 878:photolithography 830:Northrop Grumman 818:General Electric 712:The Outer Limits 580:. For example, 521:) refers to the 489:, or for short, 476: 469: 462: 446: 445: 434: 433: 413:Mechanosynthesis 271:Carbon nanotubes 169: 168: 161:to walk along a 136: 129: 122: 106: 105: 94: 93: 46:Mechanosynthesis 26: 25: 21:Nanobots (album) 7102: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7040: 6879: 6836: 6738:Femtotechnology 6723:Amorphous metal 6704: 6651: 6646: 6616: 6611: 6579: 6531: 6452:Boston Dynamics 6437:Amazon Robotics 6425: 6349: 6340:Visual odometry 6330:Motion planning 6312: 6267: 6187:Continuum robot 6170:Classifications 6165: 6028:Anthropomorphic 6009: 6000: 5996:AI competitions 5939: 5934: 5904: 5899: 5878: 5787: 5776:Space telescope 5752:list by program 5730: 5714: 5674: 5636: 5594: 5551: 5542: 5505: 5487: 5468: 5466:Further reading 5463: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5409:(14): 2200232. 5395: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5286: 5282: 5265: 5261: 5249:Casal, Arancha 5248: 5241: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5142: 5138: 5087: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4951: 4911: 4907: 4895: 4891: 4862:(10): 1184–91. 4852: 4848: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4582: 4578: 4535: 4531: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4458: 4446: 4442: 4407: 4403: 4348: 4344: 4317: 4313: 4266: 4259: 4219: 4215: 4194:(25): 1705687. 4184: 4177: 4138: 4134: 4119: 4115: 4068: 4064: 4041: 4019: 4015: 4006: 4002: 3992:Wayback Machine 3982: 3978: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3848: 3844: 3799: 3795: 3742: 3738: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3663: 3659: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3578: 3574: 3535: 3531: 3484: 3480: 3429: 3425: 3386: 3382: 3337: 3333: 3309:10.1.1.302.6363 3292: 3288: 3257: 3253: 3208: 3204: 3173: 3169: 3130: 3126: 3071: 3067: 3038:Cancer Research 3030: 3026: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2976: 2972: 2966:Wayback Machine 2954: 2950: 2942: 2927: 2921: 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1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1105: 1073: 1011:packaging in a 990: 967: 961: 952: 946: 922: 909: 897: 891: 874:nanoelectronics 870: 864: 855: 843:war of currents 822:Hewlett-Packard 798: 750: 748:Open technology 745: 650:Richard Feynman 630: 586:Rice University 487:Nanoid robotics 480: 440: 428: 332:Nanolithography 313:Nanoelectronics 201:Popular culture 140: 100: 88: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7082:Nanotechnology 7079: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6870:Swarm robotics 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6812:Picotechnology 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6790:Nanotechnology 6787: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6597: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6570:Terrainability 6567: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6189: 6184: 6182:Cloud robotics 6179: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5747:list of probes 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5503:External links 5501: 5500: 5499: 5485: 5473:Haken, Hermann 5467: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5446: 5389: 5371: 5346: 5321: 5293: 5280: 5259: 5239: 5189: 5136: 5081: 5062: 5019: 4996: 4983: 4960: 4949: 4905: 4889: 4868:10.1038/nbt876 4846: 4829: 4817: 4760: 4735: 4692:(19): 195707. 4686:Nanotechnology 4672: 4648: 4623: 4596:(1): 555–561. 4576: 4529: 4482: 4475: 4440: 4421:(2): 823–832. 4401: 4342: 4331:(1): 021–026. 4311: 4257: 4213: 4175: 4132: 4113: 4062: 4040:978-0471142720 4039: 4013: 4000: 3985:"RCSB PDB-101" 3976: 3927: 3899: 3842: 3813:(4): 571–582. 3793: 3736: 3689: 3673: 3657: 3630:(1): 622–630. 3607: 3572: 3529: 3478: 3423: 3396:(3): 225–231. 3390:Nanotechnology 3380: 3351:(3): 119–125. 3331: 3286: 3251: 3202: 3183:(8): 847–888. 3167: 3124: 3065: 3024: 3013:(3): 514–526. 2997: 2990: 2970: 2948: 2945:on 2010-12-05. 2915: 2894: 2867:(6): 659–667. 2851: 2832:(3): 337–346. 2812: 2793:(3): 125–138. 2777: 2762: 2747: 2734: 2715:(3): 271–305. 2699: 2680:(3): 251–273. 2664: 2657: 2631: 2624: 2598: 2592:Kurzweil, R., 2585: 2572: 2537: 2496: 2487:CANNXS Project 2470: 2457: 2437: 2418: 2406: 2380: 2331: 2285: 2258:(2): 322–326. 2241: 2206: 2173: 2162:(4): 345–352. 2146: 2127:(1): 671–675. 2111: 2076: 2063:10.2172/875622 2038: 1995: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1936: 1814: 1813: 1807:September 2020 1778:references to 1771: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1723:nanotechnology 1607:Main article: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1592:Potential uses 1590: 1577: 1574: 1557:Main article: 1554: 1551: 1541: 1538: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1243: 1240: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1117: 1114: 1104: 1101: 1088:Helmholtz coil 1072: 1069: 989: 986: 960: 959:Bacteria-based 957: 945: 942: 926:Robert Freitas 921: 918: 908: 905: 893:Main article: 890: 887: 866:Main article: 863: 860: 854: 851: 797: 796:Nanorobot race 794: 788:practices for 770:United Nations 749: 746: 744: 741: 737:Robert Freitas 629: 626: 523:nanotechnology 482: 481: 479: 478: 471: 464: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 438: 423: 422: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 397: 396: 390: 389: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 359: 358: 352: 351: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 316: 315: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 288: 287: 281: 280: 279: 278: 273: 268: 260: 259: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 233:Nanotoxicology 230: 222: 221: 211: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 185: 184: 182:Nanotechnology 178: 177: 176:of articles on 142: 141: 139: 138: 131: 124: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 98: 83: 82: 81: 80: 73: 68: 63: 61:Brownian motor 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 37:nanotechnology 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7099: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7057: 7056: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7037: 7036:Transhumanism 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 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6555: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522:Wolf Robotics 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477:Foster-Miller 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396:Developmental 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6161:Soft robotics 6159: 6157: 6156:BEAM robotics 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Entertainment 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944:Main articles 5942: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Radio control 5888: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:BEAM robotics 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 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5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5052:on 2015-09-24 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5024: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5006:SPIE Newsroom 5000: 4994:. nanovip.com 4993: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4303: 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2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2579:Solomon, N., 2576: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2516:(4): 186–95. 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2396:on 2010-02-11 2395: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1886: 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6136:Disability 6084:Industrial 5886:Categories 5819:Disability 5683:Underwater 5365:2018-08-29 5340:2018-08-29 5315:2018-08-29 5212:: 157–84. 5056:2015-03-08 4754:2022-06-22 4666:2015-12-04 4643:2015-12-04 2400:2016-04-14 2222:(1): 4–9. 2193:(3): 542. 1975:References 1964:Nanomotors 1944:Diamondoid 1858:Metal Gear 1776:irrelevant 1693:mast cells 1596:See also: 1058:lentiviral 1054:adenoviral 1050:retroviral 1029:retroviral 963:See also: 948:See also: 944:Biohybrids 938:diamondoid 880:, and new 806:space race 804:drove the 729:navigation 609:microscopy 573:nanomotors 509:or simply 507:nanorobots 495:nanobotics 266:Fullerenes 248:Regulation 159:nanoscales 6925:Bioethics 6743:Fullerene 6472:Figure AI 6430:Companies 6406:Paradigms 6391:Adaptable 6371:Simulator 6065:Automaton 6060:Companion 5971:Geography 5495:812066392 5423:2192-2640 5095:Nanoscale 4812:246772726 4714:0957-4484 4610:1530-6984 4563:1944-8244 4516:1936-0851 4435:1545-5955 4378:1996-1944 4356:Materials 4208:102562560 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