1295:). CARCAH's mission is to provide a point-of-contact and to coordinate all tropical cyclone operational reconnaissance requirements at NHC and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center for the North Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and the North Pacific basin east of the International Date Line in accordance with the National Hurricane Operations Plan (NHOP). During the winter, CARCAH coordinates the Atlantic and Pacific winter storm requirements in support of the National Winter Storms Operations Plan (NWSOP). Missions are flown in advance of the high-impact weather events forecast to affect the U.S., such as heavy snowfall, and at times when there is significant uncertainty within/between
640:
Backup responsibility for their northeast
Pacific area resides at the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC), and vice versa if CPHC were to have communication issues. North Atlantic responsibilities are backed up by the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics, and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future. Outside of the hurricane season, the specialists concentrate on public education efforts.
333:
348:. On July 1, 1956, a National Hurricane Information Center was established in Miami, Florida, which became a warehouse for all hurricane-related information from one United States Weather Bureau office. The Miami Hurricane Warning Office (HWO) moved from Lindsey Hopkins Hotel to the Aviation Building 4 miles (6.4 km) to the northwest on July 1, 1958. Forecasts within the hurricane advisories were issued one day into the future in 1954 before being extended to two days into the future in 1961, three days into the future in 1964, and five days into the future in 2001. The Miami HWO moved to the campus of the
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1364:(NOAA) and United States Weather Research Program to speed up the transfer of tropical cyclone-related research into forecast operations. Since 2001, with its annual budget of between $ 1.0 and $ 1.5 million, the JHT has funded 62 initiatives, with most of them being implemented operationally. The projects have had varied success, ranging from minor to significant advances in the way the NHC operates. The Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program's (HFIP) five-year goal is to lead to a 20 percent improvement within the
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594:, capable of withstanding 130 mph (210 km/h) winds. Its name was changed to the Tropical Prediction Center in 1995. After the name change to TPC, the hurricane specialists were grouped as a separate NHC unit under the Tropical Prediction Center, separating themselves from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch. On October 1, 2010, the Tropical Prediction Center was renamed the NHC, and the group formerly known as the NHC became known as the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU).
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Atlantic and
Eastern Pacific oceans. Whenever a tropical or subtropical cyclone forms, they issue advisories every six hours until the storm is over. Public advisories are issued more often when the storm expected to be of tropical storm or hurricane intensity threatens land. The specialists coordinate with officials in each country likely to be affected. They forecast and recommend watches and warnings.
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progress and threat level of the storm with appropriate
Federal, state, and local officials. The team establishes and facilitates video and/or teleconferences with the NHC, FEMA and other Federal agencies, state Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs), Weather Prediction Center (WPC), Storm Prediction Center (SPC), and River Forecast Centers (RFCs). During significant landfalling hurricanes, the
1541:." National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on July 10, 2015. "The National Hurricane Center is co-located with the Miami National Weather Service Forecast Office on the main campus of Florida International University at 11691 S.W. 17th Street, Miami, Florida. This location is about 12 miles west of downtown Miami and 8 miles southwest of Miami International Airport."
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The central office in
Washington, which evolved into the National Meteorological Center and Weather Prediction Center (formerly known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center), assumed hurricane warning/advisory responsibility at that time. This responsibility passed to regional hurricane offices
227:
having backup responsibility for this unit. The
Technology and Science Branch (TSB) provides technical support for the center, which includes new infusions of technology from abroad. The Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) unit tasks planes, for research and operational
601:
where computers use mathematical equations of motion to determine their movement. The World
Meteorological Organization continues to create and maintain the annual hurricane naming lists. Naming lists use a six-year rotation, with the deadliest or most infamous storm names retired from the rotation.
1348:
Ocean basins, which are available since 1958 and 1988, respectively. The report summarizes the synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track of a storm. The reports were formally known as
Preliminary Reports up until 1999. The agency maintains
647:
retired after working at the NHC since 1987. On
January 3, 2022, it was announced that senior hurricane specialist Stacy Stewart, who also served in the U.S. Navy reserves, retired after working at the NHC since 1999. He retired due to surgeries and post-surgical effects after being injured in
2922:
Edward N. Rappaport; James L. Franklin; Lixion A. Avila; Stephen R. Baig; John L. Beven II; Eric S. Blake; Christopher A. Burr; Jiann-Gwo Jiing; Christopher A. Juckins; Richard D. Knabb; Christopher W. Landsea; Michelle
Mainelli; Max Mayfield; Colin J. McAdie; Richard J. Pasch; Christopher Sisko;
639:
During the hurricane season, the HSU routinely issues their
Tropical Weather Outlook product, which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones. If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season, the HSU issues special Tropical Weather Outlooks.
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through information exchange between the NHC, the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS), and the emergency management community. The HLT is composed of federal, state, and local emergency managers, as well as NWS meteorologists and hydrologists, who maintain open lines of communication about the
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In 1984, the NHC was separated from the Miami Weather Service Forecast Office, which meant the meteorologist in charge at Miami was no longer in a supervisory position over the hurricane center director. By 1988, the NHC gained responsibility for eastern Pacific tropical cyclones as the former
635:
Known as the NHC from 1995 through 2010, the hurricane specialists within the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) are the chief meteorologists that predict the actions of tropical storms. The specialists work rotating eight-hour shifts from May through November, monitoring weather patterns in the
1275:, and to generate tropical cyclone forecasts. The TSB provides support for NHC computer and communications systems including its website. TSB maintains a number of statistical and dynamical models used in predicting both tropical cyclone behavior and associated weather conditions. The
890:
and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Unlike the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU), TAFB is staffed full-time around the year. Other responsibilities of the TAFB include
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archives and climatological statistics on Atlantic and Pacific hurricane history, including annual reports on every tropical cyclone, a complete set of tropical cyclone advisories, digitized copies of related materials on older storms, season summaries published as the
314:
in 1935, and the concept of the Atlantic hurricane season was established to keep a vigilant lookout for tropical cyclones during certain times of the year. Hurricane advisories issued every six hours by the regional hurricane offices began at this time.
1266:
The Technology & Science Branch (TSB) develops and transitions new tools and techniques into operations for tropical weather prediction in conjunction with other government and academic entities. TSB created and continues development of the
550:
Beginning in 1973, the National Meteorological Center duties (renamed the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center; renamed for a second time in 2013) gained advisory responsibility for tracking and publicizing inland tropical depressions. The
881:
The Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB, formerly the Tropical Satellite Analysis and Forecast unit and the Tropical Analysis Center) is a part of the National Hurricane Center and was created in 1967. The TAFB is responsible for
232:
and significant weather events, including snow storms, during winter and spring. Research to improve operational forecasts is done through the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project (HFIP) and Joint Hurricane Test Bed (JHT) initiatives.
2241:
3144:
614:
of 2008, the budget for the NHC was $ 6.8 million. The NHC staff has 66 members including 12 managers. The NHC is one of nine national centers which compose the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).
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903:
fixes for tropical cyclones, tropical cyclone forecast support, media support, and general operational support. The Ocean Prediction Center backs up TAFB in the event of a communications outage, and vice versa.
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259:
for the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific, making it the clearinghouse for tropical cyclone forecasts and observations occurring in these areas. If the NHC loses power or becomes incapacitated, the
2209:
3737:
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Unit, which develops and maintains software to forecast the storm surge of tropical cyclones, is part of this branch. The Techniques Development and Applications Unit (TDAU) is part of TSB.
1555:
2584:
2389:
3178:"National Weather Service Instruction 10-602 June 7, 2002 Operations and Services Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program, NWSPD 10-6 Coordination, Backup, and Emergency Operations"
3151:
2186:
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and northeast Pacific hurricane seasons, the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) issues routine tropical weather outlooks for the northeast Pacific and northern Atlantic oceans. When
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Programs are dedicated to improving the accuracy of tropical cyclone forecasts from the center. The Joint Hurricane Testbed (JHT) is a joint operation between the
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4307:
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223:
The NHC's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) routinely issues marine forecasts, in the form of graphics and high seas forecasts year round, with the
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4322:
3875:
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2615:
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2213:
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in 1964, and was referred to as the NHC in 1965. The Miami HWO tropical cyclone reports were done regularly and took on their modern format in 1964.
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3014:
2861:
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1965:
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assumed control of the Atlantic hurricane naming list in 1977. In 1978, the NHC's offices moved off the campus of the University of Miami across
134:
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85:
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2003:
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1808:
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weather radar and the anemometer off the roof of NHC's/the Miami State Weather Forecast offices. The radar was replaced with a WSR-88D
256:
4114:
3646:
3258:
1510:
Rhome served as acting director following the promotion of Kenneth Graham to the position of director of the National Weather Service.
4297:
3811:
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1961:
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64:
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Colin J. McAdie; Christopher W. Landsea; Charles J. Neumann; Joan E. David; Eric S. Blake; Gregory R. Hammer (August 20, 2009).
2510:
2271:
2268:"Commerce Secretary and NOAA Administrator announce new National Hurricane Center Director Bill Proenza to Succeed Max Mayfield"
1935:
2801:
289:
4129:
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models provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction to NHC by 2015 and a 50 percent improvement within
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1534:
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by 1947. In 1950, the Miami Hurricane Warning Office began to prepare the annual hurricane season summary articles. In the
3353:
344:, begun in the 1950s, used aircraft to study tropical cyclones and carry out experiments on mature hurricanes through its
3951:
3140:
1288:
341:
3049:
4019:
3604:
Rappaport, Edward N.; Jiing, Jiann-Gwo; Landsea, Christopher W.; Murillo, Shirley T.; Franklin, James L. (March 2012).
3405:
1369:
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Rappaport served as acting director following the retirements of Proenza and Knabb until a new director was appointed.
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over the next decade, first based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C., in 1902.
244:
or hurricane conditions are expected within 48 hours, the center issues watches and warnings via the news media and
4014:
3834:
3578:
1422:
597:
Tropical cyclone forecasting uses statistical methods based on tropical cyclone climatology, as well as methods of
591:
568:
260:
205:
4235:
3782:
3673:"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program Five-Year Strategic Plan"
2751:
2735:
1427:
3145:"CSP Pacific Island Operational Coastal Inundation Modeling Guidance Workshop Workshop Summary and Action Items"
2797:
2663:
2638:
2088:
2063:
1598:
1573:
4225:
3606:"The Joint Hurricane Test Bed: Its First Decade of Tropical Cyclone Research-To-Operations Activities Reviewed"
2887:
1317:
1313:
560:
326:
329:, the United States Weather Bureau began naming storms which reach tropical storm intensity with human names.
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3767:
2607:
4292:
4029:
1901:
1625:
1437:
1365:
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307:
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backs tropical cyclone advisories and tropical weather outlooks for the northeast Pacific Ocean while the
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4317:
2498:
1957:
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78:
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4124:
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2710:
2611:
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1707:
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1321:
209:
173:
74:
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3787:
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3401:
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1992:
1905:
1868:
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backs up tropical cyclone advisories and tropical weather outlooks for the North Atlantic Ocean.
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332:
3628:
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to the IRE Financial Building. Male names were added into the hurricane list beginning in the
298:
The first hurricane warning service was set up in the 1870s from Cuba with the work of Father
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1411:
1325:
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2441:
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3620:
3605:
3254:
2938:
2785:
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2075:
1752:
1585:
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The Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) is a subunit of the
3488:
3216:
2029:
1969:
8:
4187:
1472:
349:
193:
185:
181:
3624:
2942:
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2079:
1756:
1589:
1223:
4197:
4156:
3946:
3936:
3671:
Toepfer, Frederick; Gall, Robert; Marks, Frank; Rappaport, Edward (December 13, 2010).
2964:
1559:
1308:
336:
Building which housed NHC from 1964 to 1978 at the University of Miami (Ungar Building)
245:
1838:
944:
2891:
2574:
2502:
2267:
1931:
1292:
886:
analyses and forecasts for tropical portions of the Atlantic and Pacific between the
623:
345:
2968:
2768:
2210:"Jerry Jarrell to Deliver Keynote Address at UNCW Hurricane Preparedness Conference"
4210:
3803:
3638:
3238:
The National Hurricane Center: Max Mayfield, Director Ed Rappaport, Deputy Director
2956:
2793:
2769:"Improvements in Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting in the Atlantic Basin, 1970–98"
2658:
2083:
1760:
1667:
1593:
971:
896:
892:
572:
505:
469:
3529:
1671:
1478:
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika: Pusat Peringatan Dini Siklon Tropis
953:
720:
321:, in 1943. Tropical cyclone naming began for Atlantic tropical cyclones using the
3474:
3224:
2747:
2739:
1876:
1538:
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1345:
816:
825:
702:
590:
In 1995, the NHC moved into a new hurricane-resistant facility on the campus of
4240:
4079:
4074:
3581:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 10, 2011. Archived from
3349:
2541:(Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18.
1196:
1088:
1079:
684:
556:
318:
241:
197:
3642:
1457:
Météo-France: Centre météorologique régional spécialisé cyclones de La Réunion
711:
4281:
3041:
3008:
2960:
2386:"Kenneth Graham selected as next director of NOAA's National Weather Service"
2324:"Hurricane center's director leaving after five seasons of storm predictions"
1764:
780:
693:
493:
189:
176:
responsible for tracking and predicting tropical weather systems between the
100:
87:
3413:
284:
Location of Miami Hurricane Warning Office, depicted by the arrow, 1958–1964
28:
4004:
3987:
3956:
3079:
2987:
2857:
2355:"National Hurricane Center gets new chief just in time for upcoming season"
1052:
644:
457:
445:
299:
3552:
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2927:(April 2009). "Advances and Challenges at the National Hurricane Center".
2827:
2679:
1160:
1070:
962:
807:
798:
789:
729:
4057:
3465:
3436:
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1276:
611:
3582:
1271:, used to incorporate various data and model outputs, create and update
1097:
4163:
4084:
2412:"Mike Brennan selected as director of NOAA's National Hurricane Center"
2207:
1336:
As part of their annual tropical cyclone activity, the agency issues a
517:
413:
401:
2442:"A Brief History of the Weather Prediction Center International Desks"
2270:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 6, 2006.
883:
584:
481:
2707:"History of National Weather Service Forecast Office Miami, Florida"
2608:"History of National Weather Service Forecast Office Miami, Florida"
246:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio
3486:
3257:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 30, 2020.
1341:
3352:. National Center for Environmental Prediction. October 12, 2011.
2473:"Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary: October 2007 First Installment"
1061:
989:
980:
302:. After his death, hurricane warning services were assumed by the
3745:
3528:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
3009:
National Centers for Environmental Prediction (August 28, 2012).
2986:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
1574:"Stepping Stones in the Evolution of a National Hurricane Policy"
1205:
1187:
869:
217:
2766:
1477:
1169:
2535:
Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006
1354:
1272:
1178:
900:
861:
580:
576:
280:
3139:
1214:
2636:
2208:
University of North Carolina-Wilmington (February 16, 2000).
213:
3603:
3489:"The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned"
3011:"National Centers for Environmental Prediction main webpage"
3010:
4170:
3708:
2798:
10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0989:IITCTF>2.3.CO;2
2664:
10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2266:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2
2497:
2089:
10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0185:tnhcpa>2.0.co;2
2064:"The National Hurricane Center – Past, Present, and Future"
1956:
1833:
1599:
10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0617:SSITEO>2.0.CO;2
563:. The hurricane warning offices remained active past 1983.
169:
145:
2294:"Weather Channel Expert to Lead National Hurricane Center"
3670:
3550:
3434:
3217:
Service Assessment: Hurricane Katrina, August 23–31, 2005
3108:
3077:
3039:
2981:
2855:
2027:
3523:
1710:
Southern Region Headquarters. p. 36. Archived from
865:
A panoramic view of TAFB's operations at the NHC in 2018
856:
251:
Although the NHC is an agency of the United States, the
33:
Front view of the National Hurricane Center headquarters
4303:
Meteorological organizations based in the United States
3919:
Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
3400:
2103:
Robert Simpson (1963). "The Disaster Potential Scale".
1552:
2010 CENSUS – CENSUS BLOCK MAP: University Park CDP, FL
2242:"National Hurricane Center hunting for a new director"
3487:
George W. Bush White House Archives (February 2006).
3323:. Environmental Science Services Administration: 15.
2637:
Harold P. Gerrish & Max Mayfield (October 1989).
3833:
2767:
Colin J. McAdie & Miles B. Lawrence (May 2000).
2129:. Associated Press. February 21, 1987. p. 11A.
1379:
1269:
Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting (ATCF) system
643:
On April 30, 2020, senior hurricane specialist
2448:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1809:"Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2007"
1357:, which is the official tropical cyclone database.
1324:join the daily briefing call, which occurs at noon
355:
317:The Jacksonville hurricane warning office moved to
3150:. University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant. Archived from
2892:"National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification"
2639:"Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1988"
2566:
2352:
2185:. Associated Press. August 30, 1997. p. 5B.
2151:
1932:"National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification"
1879:. Weather Bureau Topics. Retrieved on 2012-04-21.
1792:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
4279:
3040:National Hurricane Center (September 27, 2011).
2677:
2061:
1656:"Hurricane Warnings of the U. S. Weather Bureau"
1448:Réunion Meteorological Centre (CMRS Saint-Denis)
1261:
3613:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
3441:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3410:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3281:"Stacy R. Stewart retires from federal service"
3242:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3115:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3084:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3046:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3015:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2862:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2777:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2507:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2416:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2321:
2034:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2028:National Hurricane Center (December 17, 2002).
1966:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1843:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1362:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3896:School of Hospitality & Tourism Management
3286:. National Hurricane Center. January 3, 2022.
2886:
2317:
2315:
2102:
1929:
1469:Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC Jakarta)
571:in San Francisco was decommissioned. In 1992,
4308:National Centers for Environmental Prediction
3819:
3747:National Centers for Environmental Prediction
3731:
3111:"Atlantic Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook"
3078:National Hurricane Center (October 6, 2011).
2154:"Storms expert exhorts hurricane preparation"
1767:(inactive September 12, 2024). Archived from
1696:
1571:
1464:Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited
627:The HSU operations area comprises four desks
587:, near where Hurricane Andrew made landfall.
3496:National Archives and Records Administration
2982:National Hurricane Center (April 16, 2012).
2470:
1806:
1735:
1497:
1495:
618:
202:Miami branch of the National Weather Service
4323:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres
4216:History of Florida International University
3915:School of Journalism and Mass Communication
3435:National Hurricane Center (April 3, 2012).
3175:
2704:
2605:
2312:
2179:"Hurricane Center Boss Steps Down From Job"
1811:. Australian Severe Weather. Archived from
200:. The agency, which is co-located with the
3826:
3812:
3738:
3724:
3678:. Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program.
2917:
2915:
2913:
2856:National Hurricane Center (June 5, 2012).
2729:
2434:
1307:The Hurricane Liaison Team (HLT) supports
257:Regional Specialized Meteorological Center
228:purposes, to tropical cyclones during the
3632:
3236:Tropical Prediction Center (2007-07-03).
2950:
2830:. National Weather Service Headquarters.
2825:
2662:
2573:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 18–19.
2087:
2057:
2055:
1950:
1827:
1597:
1492:
3459:
3428:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
2894:. National Hurricane Center. p. 6.
2851:
2849:
2819:
2383:
2239:
1934:. National Hurricane Center. p. 2.
868:
860:
622:
331:
279:
168:) is the division of the United States'
4333:Government agencies established in 1965
3467:National Hurricane Operations Plan 2012
3376:"Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch"
3194:from the original on September 16, 2023
2910:
2686:from the original on September 16, 2012
2587:from the original on September 16, 2023
2479:from the original on September 28, 2011
1678:from the original on September 16, 2023
4280:
3911:College of Nursing and Health Sciences
2762:
2760:
2678:Edward Rappaport (December 10, 1993).
2346:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2189:from the original on December 16, 2021
2133:from the original on December 20, 2021
2052:
1923:
1891:"Miami Hurricane Warning Center Moved"
1565:
873:The National Weather Service areas of
290:History of Atlantic hurricane warnings
3807:
3719:
3505:from the original on October 12, 2012
3311:
3080:"About the National Hurricane Center"
3064:
2846:
2680:"Hurricane Andrew Preliminary Report"
2296:. The Weather Channel. May 18, 2012.
2274:from the original on December 9, 2006
2009:from the original on October 20, 2011
1990:
1888:
1839:"Hurricane Research Division History"
1653:
1635:from the original on October 20, 2011
1612:
1504:
911:Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch
857:Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch
3886:College of Engineering and Computing
3685:from the original on August 31, 2012
3652:from the original on October 7, 2012
3382:from the original on August 20, 2007
3293:from the original on January 3, 2022
3213:United States Department of Commerce
3021:from the original on October 7, 2012
2834:from the original on October 2, 2012
2452:from the original on January 7, 2014
2353:Jenny Staletovich (March 22, 2018).
1869:Hurricane Warning Service Activities
631:from which the tropics are monitored
583:system in April 1993 installed near
361:National Hurricane Center directors
3952:Southern Cross Astronomical Society
3559:from the original on August 9, 2011
3356:from the original on April 10, 2013
3261:from the original on August 4, 2020
2757:
2671:
2422:from the original on April 10, 2023
2365:from the original on March 29, 2018
2228:
1606:
1289:53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
754:Warning Coordination Meteorologist
342:National Hurricane Research Project
13:
4120:South Beach Wine and Food Festival
3579:"NHC Archive of Hurricane Seasons"
3551:National Hurricane Center (2008).
3330:from the original on June 10, 2015
3121:from the original on June 23, 2011
3109:National Hurricane Center (2011).
3052:from the original on June 23, 2016
2868:from the original on June 15, 2006
2807:from the original on July 30, 2012
2560:
2548:from the original on June 28, 2011
2322:Linda Robertson (March 21, 2017).
2152:Jessie-Lynne Kerr (May 22, 2002).
2123:"Neil Frank Takes Post in Houston"
2040:from the original on June 21, 2012
1697:David M. Roth (January 13, 2010).
1615:"WB Hurricane Forecasting Service"
1370:tropical cyclone track forecasting
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
372:
14:
4349:
3700:
3447:from the original on May 10, 2012
3437:"Technology & Science Branch"
3350:"North American Surface Analysis"
2898:from the original on May 10, 2012
2858:"National Hurricane Center Staff"
2717:from the original on May 30, 2010
2618:from the original on May 30, 2010
2513:from the original on May 12, 2012
2418:(Press release). April 10, 2023.
2392:from the original on June 7, 2022
2334:from the original on May 16, 2017
2300:from the original on May 19, 2012
1938:from the original on May 10, 2012
1849:from the original on May 12, 2012
1340:on every tropical cyclone in the
553:World Meteorological Organization
323:Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
253:World Meteorological Organization
4298:Florida International University
3836:Florida International University
3553:"2008 Atlantic hurricane season"
3090:from the original on May 1, 2012
2384:Buchanan, Susan (June 7, 2022).
1930:James Franklin (March 1, 2012).
1572:R. H. Simpson (September 1998).
1423:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
1396:
1382:
1372:and intensity guidance by 2020.
592:Florida International University
569:Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center
356:As the National Hurricane Center
275:
261:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
206:Florida International University
27:
4236:Wertheim Performing Arts Center
3783:Space Weather Prediction Center
3664:
3597:
3571:
3544:
3517:
3480:
3394:
3368:
3342:
3305:
3273:
3247:
3230:
3206:
3169:
3133:
3102:
3042:"NHC Text Product Descriptions"
3033:
3002:
2975:
2880:
2752:American Meteorological Society
2736:American Meteorological Society
2698:
2630:
2599:
2525:
2491:
2464:
2404:
2377:
2286:
2260:
2201:
2171:
2145:
2115:
2096:
2021:
1991:Staff (January–February 1965).
1984:
1882:
1861:
1738:"Hurricanes of the 1950 Season"
1428:India Meteorological Department
844:U.S. Navy Hurricane Specialist
605:
204:, is situated on the campus of
16:United States government agency
4288:1965 establishments in Florida
3524:NOAA Coastal Services Center.
3406:"Vision and Mission Statement"
3141:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
2713:Southern Region Headquarters.
2062:Robert C. Sheets (June 1990).
1800:
1729:
1690:
1647:
1544:
1523:
1314:President of the United States
1:
4052:Ocean Bank Convocation Center
3768:Environmental Modeling Center
3526:"Historical Hurricane Tracks"
2828:"Service Change Notice 10–41"
2826:John Kuhn (October 1, 2010).
2682:. National Hurricane Center.
2475:. Australian Severe Weather.
2240:Ken Kaye (January 12, 2012).
1736:Grady Norton (January 1951).
1672:10.1126/science.90.2334.266-a
1562:. Retrieved on July 10, 2015.
1517:
1262:Technology and Science Branch
4328:Tropical cyclone meteorology
3871:College of Arts and Sciences
3176:Scott Kiser (June 7, 2002).
2705:Rusty Pfost (May 30, 2010).
2606:Rusty Pfost (May 30, 2010).
1902:United States Weather Bureau
1654:Staff (September 22, 1939).
1626:United States Weather Bureau
1438:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1366:numerical weather prediction
1297:numerical weather prediction
835:Senior Hurricane Specialist
751:Senior Hurricane Specialist
748:Senior Hurricane Specialist
745:Senior Hurricane Specialist
742:Senior Hurricane Specialist
599:numerical weather prediction
308:United States Weather Bureau
7:
2499:Hurricane Research Division
1958:Hurricane Research Division
1835:Hurricane Research Division
1700:Louisiana Hurricane History
1443:Fiji Meteorological Service
1433:Japan Meteorological Agency
1375:
1331:
1252:Surface Analyst Forecaster
1249:Surface Analyst Forecaster
1246:Surface Analyst Forecaster
1243:Surface Analyst Forecaster
1240:Surface Analyst Forecaster
1237:Surface Analyst Forecaster
1234:Surface Analyst Forecaster
919:Christopher Landsea, Ph.D.
541:
531:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
427:
417:
405:
393:
381:
48:; 59 years ago
10:
4354:
3314:"Tropical Analysis Center"
3244:. Retrieved on 2012-04-23.
2740:Chapter News November 2002
2567:William J. Kotsch (1983).
875:marine weather forecasting
304:United States Signal Corps
287:
270:
79:Miami-Dade County, Florida
4249:
4180:
4138:
4097:
4067:
4038:
3997:
3986:
3965:
3942:National Hurricane Center
3927:
3858:
3843:
3793:Weather Prediction Center
3773:National Hurricane Center
3763:Climate Prediction Center
3753:
3643:10.1175/bams-d-11-00037.1
3187:Headquarters. p. 4.
2754:. Retrieved on 2012-04-23
2446:Weather Prediction Center
1875:October 20, 2011, at the
1537:October 16, 2020, at the
1418:Canadian Hurricane Centre
1316:as well as affected city
1282:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:Jorge Aguirre-Echevarria
1026:
1024:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
916:
909:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
655:Hurricane Specialist Unit
653:
619:Hurricane Specialist Unit
378:
371:
368:
365:
265:Weather Prediction Center
255:has designated it as the
230:Atlantic hurricane season
162:National Hurricane Center
140:
130:
116:
70:
60:
42:
37:
26:
22:National Hurricane Center
4313:National Weather Service
4221:Jewish Museum of Florida
3851:University Park, Florida
3227:Retrieved on 2008-09-03.
3185:National Weather Service
2984:"Tropical Cyclone Names"
2961:10.1175/2008WAF2222128.1
2711:National Weather Service
2612:National Weather Service
1765:10.1175/1520-0493-79.1.8
1708:National Weather Service
1485:
1450:(La Réunion) in French (
1390:Tropical cyclones portal
174:National Weather Service
65:United States government
4046:Infinity Insurance Park
3788:Storm Prediction Center
3778:Ocean Prediction Center
3758:Aviation Weather Center
3402:Ocean Prediction Center
2930:Weather and Forecasting
2570:Weather For the Mariner
2183:Sarasota Herald-Tribune
2158:The Florida Times-Union
2068:Weather and Forecasting
1867:Staff (December 1956).
1578:Weather and Forecasting
1531:NHC Visitor Information
1338:tropical cyclone report
294:Tropical cyclone naming
225:Ocean Prediction Center
3866:School of Architecture
2643:Monthly Weather Review
2030:"Storm Wallet Archive"
1745:Monthly Weather Review
1476:
1455:
1351:Monthly Weather Review
1302:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1148:Heather Nepaul, Ph.D.
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1042:Evelyn Rivera-Acevedo
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
878:
866:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
771:Philippe Papin, Ph.D.
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
632:
337:
285:
123:Mike Brennan, Director
4130:University traditions
3416:on September 24, 2012
2471:Gary Padgett (2008).
2000:Weather Bureau Topics
1904:: 144. Archived from
1898:Weather Bureau Topics
1889:Staff (August 1958).
1807:Gary Padgett (1999).
1622:Weather Bureau Topics
1412:Bureau of Meteorology
1326:Eastern Daylight Time
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
872:
864:
850:Hurricane Specialist
847:Hurricane Specialist
841:Hurricane Specialist
838:Hurricane Specialist
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
783:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
667:Richard Pasch, Ph.D.
626:
335:
283:
101:25.75444°N 80.38361°W
4193:Mourning Senior High
4151:Gulf Stream Magazine
3881:College of Education
2248:on February 19, 2014
2216:on December 15, 2012
1993:"Miami Center Opens"
1774:on November 26, 2013
1404:United States portal
1039:Nelsie Ramos, Ph.D.
327:1953 Atlantic season
4293:Atlantic hurricanes
4188:Biscayne Bay Campus
4039:Arenas and stadiums
3906:College of Medicine
3876:College of Business
3625:2012BAMS...93..371R
3532:on October 28, 2008
3404:(August 18, 2011).
3312:Staff (July 1967).
3157:on October 24, 2011
2990:on February 9, 2006
2943:2009WtFor..24..395R
2790:2000BAMS...81..989M
2655:1989MWRv..117.2266G
2080:1990WtFor...5..185S
1962:"The STORMFURY Era"
1757:1951MWRv...79....8N
1717:on November 1, 2011
1613:Staff (June 1959).
1590:1998WtFor..13..617S
362:
350:University of Miami
194:31st parallel north
186:30th parallel north
182:140th meridian west
106:25.75444; -80.38361
97: /
23:
4338:Weather prediction
4318:Pacific hurricanes
4203:FIU Tianjin Center
4198:Engineering Center
4157:Hospitality Review
4115:Order of the Torch
4020:Women's basketball
3978:Alumni Association
3947:Engineering Center
3937:Aquarius Reef Base
3498:. pp. 21–32.
3473:2012-08-25 at the
3255:"Dr. Lixion Avila"
3223:2006-07-23 at the
3143:(August 1, 2011).
2923:Stacy R. Steward;
2890:(April 20, 2010).
2746:2008-05-03 at the
1560:U.S. Census Bureau
1309:hurricane response
1229:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
891:satellite-derived
879:
867:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
762:Lisa Bucci, Ph.D.
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
664:Jack Beven, Ph.D.
633:
360:
338:
286:
21:
4275:
4274:
4146:FIU Student Media
4093:
4092:
3801:
3800:
3585:on August 8, 2008
2738:(November 2002).
2614:Southern Region.
1293:Hurricane Hunters
1259:
1258:
1227:Aidan Mahoney NHC
928:Jeffrey Lewitsky
854:
853:
548:
547:
346:Project Stormfury
188:in the northeast
158:
157:
4345:
4211:Frost Art Museum
4207:FIU Pines Center
4098:Culture and lore
4068:Culture and lore
4015:Men's basketball
3995:
3994:
3990:
3852:
3837:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:Official website
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3636:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3412:. Archived from
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3234:
3228:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3075:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2954:
2925:Ahsha N. Tribble
2919:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2244:. Archived from
2237:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2212:. Archived from
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1968:. Archived from
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1911:on March 3, 2017
1910:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1569:
1563:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1255:Pathways Intern
1030:Amanda Reinhart
1018:Lead Forecaster
1015:Lead Forecaster
1012:Lead Forecaster
1009:Lead Forecaster
1006:Lead Forecaster
934:Stephen Konarik
931:Scott Stripling
922:Eric Christenen
907:
906:
893:tropical cyclone
673:John Cangialosi
651:
650:
573:Hurricane Andrew
506:Edward Rappaport
470:Edward Rappaport
374:
363:
359:
196:in the northern
184:poleward to the
154:
151:
149:
147:
117:Agency executive
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
56:
54:
49:
31:
24:
20:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4268:: 216.3 million
4245:
4231:University Park
4176:
4134:
4125:University Park
4089:
4063:
4034:
3988:
3982:
3961:
3929:
3923:
3854:
3850:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3802:
3797:
3749:
3744:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3634:10.1.1.308.5450
3608:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3475:Wayback Machine
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3235:
3231:
3225:Wayback Machine
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2980:
2976:
2952:10.1.1.207.4667
2920:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2748:Wayback Machine
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2672:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2503:"The Orion P3s"
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
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895:position and
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739:Branch Chief
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542:2023–present
539:Mike Brennan
538:
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494:Richard Knabb
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276:Early history
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131:Parent agency
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4054:(Basketball)
4005:FIU Panthers
3957:Wall of Wind
3941:
3845:
3772:
3687:. Retrieved
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3616:
3612:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:the original
3573:
3563:November 19,
3561:. Retrieved
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:the original
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3482:
3466:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3414:the original
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3370:
3360:September 9,
3358:. Retrieved
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3320:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3249:
3232:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3152:the original
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3056:November 23,
3054:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3004:
2994:November 10,
2992:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2977:
2934:
2928:
2900:. Retrieved
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2836:. Retrieved
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2781:
2775:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2673:
2649:(10): 2266.
2646:
2642:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2569:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2534:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:November 17,
2454:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2359:Miami Herald
2358:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2328:Miami Herald
2327:
2302:. Retrieved
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2262:
2252:September 9,
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676:
670:Robbie Berg
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642:
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606:Organization
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529:Jamie Rhome
458:Bill Proenza
446:Max Mayfield
379:Gordan Dunn
339:
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312:
300:Benito Viñes
297:
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165:
161:
159:
71:Headquarters
61:Jurisdiction
18:
4058:FIU Stadium
3930:development
3536:November 3,
2278:December 6,
2105:Weatherwise
1721:January 25,
1628:: 102–104.
1414:(Australia)
1277:Storm Surge
1126:Forecaster
1123:Forecaster
1120:Forecaster
1117:Forecaster
1114:Forecaster
1111:Forecaster
899:estimates,
759:Eric Blake
612:fiscal year
561:1979 season
425:Bob Burpee
236:During the
104: /
4282:Categories
4226:MAST @ FIU
4164:PantherNOW
4105:Greek Life
4085:Shula Bowl
4060:(Football)
4048:(Baseball)
3846:Located in
3689:October 8,
3656:October 8,
3386:August 23,
3321:ESSA World
3297:January 3,
3025:October 8,
2902:January 2,
2784:(5): 989.
2111:: 169–180.
2074:(2): 196.
1819:October 7,
1518:References
1473:Indonesian
1320:and state
629:(pictured)
532:2022–2023
522:2018–2022
510:2017–2018
498:2012–2017
486:2008–2012
474:2007–2008
450:2000–2007
438:1998–2000
428:1995–1997
418:1988–1995
414:Bob Sheets
406:1973–1987
402:Neil Frank
394:1968–1973
382:1965–1967
288:See also:
92:80°23′01″W
89:25°45′16″N
4266:Endowment
3989:Athletics
3859:Academics
3629:CiteSeerX
3451:April 20,
3334:April 21,
3265:April 30,
3094:April 20,
2947:CiteSeerX
2838:April 23,
2811:April 20,
2622:April 23,
2591:April 29,
2517:April 19,
2483:April 23,
2426:April 10,
2369:March 29,
2044:April 23,
2013:April 23,
2002:: 14–15.
1976:April 19,
1942:April 19,
1915:April 21,
1853:April 19,
1778:April 23,
1682:April 19,
1639:April 22,
1322:governors
897:intensity
884:high seas
585:Metro Zoo
575:blew the
482:Bill Read
366:Director
4262:: 58,787
4260:Students
4171:The Roar
4025:Football
4010:Baseball
3680:Archived
3647:Archived
3557:Archived
3555:. NOAA.
3500:Archived
3471:Archived
3445:Archived
3380:Archived
3354:Archived
3325:Archived
3288:Archived
3259:Archived
3221:Archived
3215:(2006).
3189:Archived
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2969:14845745
2896:Archived
2872:June 13,
2866:Archived
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2715:Archived
2690:April 6,
2684:Archived
2616:Archived
2585:Archived
2543:Archived
2511:Archived
2501:(2004).
2477:Archived
2450:Archived
2420:Archived
2390:Archived
2388:. NOAA.
2363:Archived
2332:Archived
2298:Archived
2272:Archived
2187:Archived
2131:Archived
2038:Archived
2004:Archived
1960:(2004).
1936:Archived
1873:Archived
1847:Archived
1837:(2004).
1751:(1): 8.
1676:Archived
1630:Archived
1535:Archived
1376:See also
1342:Atlantic
1332:Research
1299:output.
610:For the
238:Atlantic
192:and the
180:and the
4254:Founded
4110:Housing
3621:Bibcode
3589:July 3,
3125:July 9,
2939:Bibcode
2786:Bibcode
2651:Bibcode
2552:July 7,
2396:June 7,
2304:May 18,
2076:Bibcode
1753:Bibcode
1660:Science
1586:Bibcode
1556:Archive
1033:Vacant
369:Tenure
271:History
218:Florida
141:Website
51: (
4256:: 1965
4181:Campus
4030:Soccer
3973:Alumni
3966:People
3631:
2967:
2949:
2721:May 3,
2577:
2338:May 7,
1452:French
1355:HURDAT
1353:, and
1318:mayors
1283:CARCAH
1273:HURDAT
677:Vacant
648:Iraq.
581:NEXRAD
577:WSR-57
43:Formed
4139:Media
3998:Teams
3683:(PDF)
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1618:(PDF)
1486:Notes
462:2007
214:Miami
150:.noaa
3691:2012
3658:2012
3591:2011
3565:2008
3538:2008
3511:2012
3453:2012
3422:2012
3388:2007
3362:2012
3336:2012
3299:2022
3267:2020
3200:2012
3163:2012
3127:2011
3096:2012
3058:2011
3027:2012
2996:2012
2904:2011
2874:2012
2840:2012
2813:2012
2723:2012
2692:2011
2624:2012
2593:2012
2575:ISBN
2554:2010
2519:2012
2485:2012
2458:2013
2428:2023
2398:2022
2371:2018
2340:2017
2306:2012
2280:2006
2254:2012
2222:2012
2195:2020
2165:2012
2139:2012
2046:2012
2015:2012
1978:2012
1944:2012
1917:2012
1855:2012
1821:2010
1794:link
1780:2012
1723:2011
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1641:2012
1554:". (
1344:and
373:Ref.
340:The
306:and
292:and
170:NOAA
160:The
152:.gov
148:.nhc
135:NOAA
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2957:doi
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