540:
efforts taken identify historic properties, and what effects, if any, the project may have on historic properties. If the project is believed to have no adverse effect on eligible historic resources and the SHPO and other consulting parties agree, then the
Section 106 process is effectively closed and the project may proceed. Alternatively, if an adverse effect is expected, the agency is required to work with the local State Historic Preservation Office to ensure that all interested parties are given an opportunity to review the proposed work and provide comments. This step seeks ways for the project to avoid having an adverse effect on historic properties. Ideally, a Memorandum of Agreement is reached between all consulting parties outlining agreed to mitigation or avoidance of historic properties, but this is not always the case. Without this process historical properties would lose a significant protection. This process helps decide different approaches and solutions to the project, but does not prevent any site from demolition or alteration.
38:
513:, overseen by the National Park Service, is the nation's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects worthy of preservation, and are officially designated "historic properties" regardless of whether they are archaeological or historic. To be eligible for listing, a property must meet one of four criteria and have sufficient integrity. Being listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register does not automatically prevent damage or destruction but it qualifies these approved properties for grants, loans, and tax incentives.
1461:
477:, an accumulation of essays, wrote "an expansive inventory of properties reflecting the nation's heritage, a mechanism to protect those properties from unnecessary harm caused by federal activities, a program of financial incentives, and an independent federal preservation body to coordinate the actions of federal agencies affecting historic preservation." The book triggered public awareness of the issue and offered a proposition to handle the situation through the National Historic Preservation Act.
536:, must consider the effects on historic properties and "seek ways to avoid, minimize or mitigate" any adverse effects on historic properties. The typical Section 106 Review involves four primary steps: 1 - Initiation of the Section 106 Review; 2 - Identification of Historic Properties; 3 - Assessment of Adverse Effects; and 4 - Resolution of Adverse Effects. Further steps may be required if there is a disagreement among the consulting parties on adverse effects or the resolution of the effects.
433:
395:(HABS) was established by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration. It provided jobs for unemployed architects, engineers, and surveyors. They were charged with surveying, recording, documenting, and interpreting historic properties, creating an invaluable documentation of numerous buildings and other structures. The Historic Sites Act also organized the national parks under the National Park Service, which created the foundation for the future development of the
1991:
1472:
592:
conducted by individuals with or earning bachelor's degrees. As a result, many undergraduates and recent graduates in the fields which support the implementation of the
National Historic Preservation Act have found gainful employment. In the past, they stood little chance of earning a living in these fields without an advanced degree. However, Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is still one of the lowest paying fields for educated professionals.
520:(SHPO) and Officer was established by the NHPA to coordinate statewide inventory of historic properties, nominate properties to the National Register, maintain a statewide preservation plan, assist others, and advise and educate locals. There are a total of 59 SHPO officers, one for each state with eight additional ones, which include the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and others.
2018:
340:, "neither a public policy issue nor part of America's architectural, planning and real estate development culture. Historic-preservation laws didn't exist." Although there was no national policy regarding preservation until 1966, efforts in the 19th century initiated the journey towards legislation. One of the earliest efforts of the preservation movement occurred around the 1850s. President
380:, the nation's first agency to regulate and manage public space, including the national monuments. "Over the past fifty years the NPS has acquired more than 26,000,000 acres (110,000 km) of land, including not only the great chain of parks preserved for their natural beauty and value, but an extraordinary variety of historic buildings, monuments, and sites."
549:
structures were often turned into museums to create a showcase and generate tourism. The focus of preservation eventually shifted from patriotism to the aesthetics of a structure or area and ultimately to their structural relationships with society at large. According to Robin
Elizabeth Datel, modern motivations for preservation can be summed up in four points:
529:
to "take into account" the effect a project may have on historic properties. It allows interested parties an opportunity to comment on the potential impact projects may have on significant archaeological or historic sites. The main purpose for the establishment of the
Section 106 review process is to minimize potential harm and damage to historic properties.
410:"to facilitate public participation in the preservation of sites, buildings, and objects of national significance or international interest." In addition, the law "enforced public participation in preserving and protecting the sites, buildings, objects of national significance in American history." Initially, the
579:
Prior to the passage and subsequent enforcement (through litigation) of the
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and other laws, most archaeologists, (architectural) historians, and other historic preservation specialists were employed primarily in the field of academia, working at universities
566:
The economic benefits of preservation continue to become more important and better understood and documented. Preservation efforts produce the most jobs in the nation's economy and these jobs create new businesses and tourism, increase property values, and enhanced the quality of life in a community.
528:
Section 106 of the
National Historic Preservation Act mandates federal agencies undergo a review process for all federally funded and permitted projects that will impact sites listed on, or eligible for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places. Specifically it requires the federal agency
465:
launched the Urban
Renewal Program. Hoping the plan would rejuvenate the cities, it in fact increased the destruction in the downtown areas. The increase in population around this time, as well, and the manufacturing of cars called for a rapid change, therefore hindering our nation and its culture.
290:
Senate Bill 3035, the
National Historic Preservation Act, was signed into law on October 15, 1966, and is the most far-reaching preservation legislation ever enacted in the United States. Several amendments have been made since. Among other things, the act requires federal agencies to evaluate the
575:
The
National Historic Preservation Act has led to major changes in the employment trends in historic preservation fields. Archaeologists, historians, historic architects, and others have been employed in vast numbers in the field of cultural resource management. Cultural resource management is an
591:
for archeologists require a graduate degree plus at least one year of full-time experience, at least four months of fieldwork, and demonstrated ability to carry research to completion. Additionally, the basic field work often required in support of performing inventories of cultural resources is
539:
The federal agency overseeing the project inventories the project area (or contracts with a qualified consultant) to determine the presence or absence of historic properties. They then submit to the SHPO a
Determination of Effect/Finding of Effect (DOE/FOE) outlining to the SHPO the project, the
505:
Meeting four times a year, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation consists of 23 members from both public and private sectors, with the chairman appointed by the president. The council's role is to advise the President and Congress on historic preservation issues, to develop policies and
356:
to fight for this house. After establishing the first group promoting preservation efforts, they raised the money to acquire the property and protect it from ruin. Due to their efforts, this house has come to stand to represent the nation and the birth of independence, but it also, "served as a
584:
industry. Large public works projects often require that teams of archaeologists perform limited excavations in order to properly inventory buried archaeological remains and assess their eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. This industry has also allowed a larger swath of
865:
A property does not have to be officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places to receive protection, they just have to be considered eligible for listing on the NRHP. One historian notes that National Park Service administrators "...responded enthusiastically to their growing
548:
Early preservation efforts were driven by patriotism and a desire to protect the new establishment of the nation by wealthy, private individuals. Early efforts focused primarily on individual structures as opposed to areas such as a neighborhood in a city or a rural landscape. The preserved
368:
that "prohibited the excavation of antiquities from public lands without a permit from the Secretary of Interior." It also gave the president authority to declare a specific piece of land a national monument, therefore protecting it from scavengers and proclaiming national identity.
466:"With the urbanization, tear downs, and rebuilding America ... it is destroying the physical evidence of the past." During the 1950s and 1960s, people saw the negative changes in their cities and developed a concern for their "quality of life that reflected their identity."
1350:
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did not provide funds for preservation projects. Today, they offer funds for planning and education and provide a plethora of information, techniques, and methods to assist people in carrying out preservation efforts locally.
662:, chaired by Albert Rains, directed by Laurence G. Henderson (New York: Random House, 1966), 30. & Mitchell Schwarzer, "Myths of Permanence and Transience in the Discourse on Historic Preservation in the United States,"
348:, was in shambles. His nephew attempted to sell it to the federal government for $ 200,000, but the government did not authorize such a purchase. To prevent further destruction or conversion of the property to a resort,
1445:
1381:
1771:
1365:
576:
umbrella term that encompasses archaeology, historic preservation and other disciplines when employed for the purposes of compliance with NHPA and other federal and state-mandated historic preservation laws.
1355:
621:
1440:
1386:
1027:
1407:
1309:
1681:
1340:
1274:
1239:
1314:
1219:
1179:
1004:
199:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1244:
493:, State Historic Preservation Office, National Register of Historic Places, and the Section 106 review process. The Section 106 Process is further explained and defined in
1360:
1194:
1109:
461:, providing an easy and efficient way for troops to depart if under attack. Due to this new construction, many historic properties were destroyed. In the 1960s, President
399:. Although the Antiquities Act and Historic Sites Act were major stepping stones for the preservation movement, these did not create a broad public "national awareness."
1229:
1224:
1099:
1319:
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1189:
1164:
17:
1304:
1254:
1234:
1209:
1199:
1184:
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1119:
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1259:
1214:
1154:
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387:, which established a national policy for preservation and permitted the Secretary of Interior to create programs on behalf of preservation efforts. During the
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1289:
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1134:
1724:
1719:
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1345:
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1149:
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or other places of higher learning. However, since the passage of the NHPA, ever-increasing numbers of these professionals are employed in support of the
2043:
1676:
1057:
1042:
997:
203:
1073:
1556:
585:
individuals to participate in archaeology and history as, unlike in the academic arena, a PhD is not required to earn a professional livelihood.
291:
impact of all federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties (buildings, archaeological sites, etc.) through a process known as
2053:
1744:
1475:
990:
910:
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, "Protection Historic Properties: A Citizen's Guide to Section 106 Review," Updated Brochure 2011.
1766:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1537:
1508:
1465:
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professional authority by issuing a new, systematic outline of American history to serve as a guideline for the agency." John A. Matzko,
495:
2063:
2048:
1671:
1656:
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Any federal agency whose project, funding or permit may affect a historic property, both those listed or eligible for inclusion in the
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1548:
490:
1798:
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411:
407:
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An Act to establish a program for the preservation of additional historic properties throughout the Nation, and for other purposes.
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649:, edited by Christopher J. Duerken (Washington D.C.: Conservation Foundation: National Center for Preservation Law, 1983), 1.
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533:
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396:
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Charles E. Fisher, "Promoting the Preservation of Historic Buildings: Historic Preservation Policy in the United States,"
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As a response to the nationwide destruction brought about by federally initiated programs, a report coordinated by
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116:
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guidelines handling any conflicts of federal agencies, and to participate in the Section 106 review process.
323:
1892:
1835:
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2008:
1994:
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1412:
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101:
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712:, chaired by Albert Rains, directed by Laurence G. Henderson (New York: Random House, 1966), 48.
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349:
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37:
1936:
450:
8:
1924:
1912:
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272:
588:
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298:
Many of the historic preservation provisions that had been in 16 U.S.C. are present in
189:
142:
937:
Robin Elizabeth Datel, "Preservation and a Sense of Orientation for American Cities,"
1900:
1611:
1517:
486:
470:
360:
In 1906, an act was passed on the behalf of the nation's history and land. President
341:
230:
307:
303:
1446:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
388:
260:
181:
977:
1981:
1963:
1879:
1841:
1601:
966:
733:
498:
462:
365:
361:
157:
2022:
1616:
334:
Prior to the 1960s, "historic preservation was," according to a 2015 column in
2032:
1970:
1871:
1829:
403:
345:
1849:
279:. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of
1948:
268:
120:
954:(Washington D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1994), 11.
1606:
1441:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
726:
1486:
589:
The Secretary of the Interior's Professional Qualification Standards
27:
Legislation intended to preserve historic sites in the United States
952:
he Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader's Guide
61:
489:
on October 15, 1966. This act established several institutions:
440:
1700:
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
708:
Walter Muri Whitehall, "The Right of Cities to be Beautiful,"
485:
The National Historic Preservation Act was signed into law by
1012:
562:
to practice a conservation approach to environmental change.
622:"Historic preservation doesn't have a long history in U.S."
820:(Chapel Hill: University of Chapel Hill Press, 2003), 35.
818:
A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in 21st Century
473:
analyzed the country and the effects of urban renewal.
967:
Text of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
2006:
1705:
1938 United States House of Representatives elections
680:(2nd ed.). New York: Altamira Press. p. 19.
480:
136:
54 U.S.C.: National Park Service and Related Programs
1043:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
437:
National Historic Preservation Act 50th Anniversary
271:) is legislation intended to preserve historic and
556:to perpetuate the distinctive identities of places
326:, which was signed into law on December 19, 2014.
312:
252:
1074:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
978:36 CRF Part 800 Protection of Historic Properties
972:Summary of the National Historic Preservation Act
723:Federal Historic Preservation Case Law, 1966-1996
2030:
217:on October 10, 1966 (passed) with amendment
1466:National Register of Historic Places portal
418:
1750:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
1502:
998:
523:
1730:United States Senate special elections, 1941
870:(University of Nebraska Press, 2001), p. 65.
762:
760:
658:Christopher Tunnard, "Landmarks of Beauty,"
803:
801:
799:
2044:Historic preservation in the United States
1672:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
1657:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
1509:
1495:
1005:
991:
48:National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
18:National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
1014:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
757:
491:Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
1794:1960 United States presidential election
1647:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
796:
412:National Trust for Historic Preservation
408:National Trust for Historic Preservation
647:A Handbook on Historic Preservation Law
14:
2031:
620:Lewis, Roger K. (September 11, 2015).
376:established a new entity known as the
1516:
1490:
986:
619:
559:to involve amateurs in landscape care
2054:National Register of Historic Places
1817:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
1652:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
675:
602:Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
534:National Register of Historic Places
511:National Register of Historic Places
397:National Register of Historic Places
357:blueprint for later organizations."
329:
1779:Democratic National Convention 1956
1735:1948 United States Senate elections
1541:Vice President of the United States
1530:36th President of the United States
678:Cultural Resource: Law and Practice
285:State Historic Preservation Offices
200:Senate Interior and Insular Affairs
24:
1901:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson
1429:National Historic Preservation Act
727:http://www.achp.gov/book/TOC2.html
664:Journal of Architectural Education
553:to retain diverse elements of past
518:State Historic Preservation Office
481:National Historic Preservation Act
393:Historic American Buildings Survey
317:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
257:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
244:National Historic Preservation Act
204:House Interior and Insular Affairs
31:National Historic Preservation Act
25:
2075:
2064:United States federal legislation
2049:Historic preservation legislation
960:
223:on October 11, 1966 (agreed)
180:in the Senate as S. 3035 by
2016:
1990:
1989:
1471:
1470:
1459:
666:48, no. 1 (September 1994): 3–4.
431:
406:signed legislation creating the
354:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
221:Senate agreed to House amendment
36:
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645:Christopher J. Duerken et al.,
457:into law which established the
455:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956
402:On October 26, 1949, President
1662:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
1382:Federated States of Micronesia
1028:Architectural style categories
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715:
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693:
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211:on July 11, 1966 (passed)
13:
1:
1677:Memorial Grove on the Potomac
582:cultural resources management
383:By 1935, Congress passed the
941:75, no. 2 (April 1985): 125.
847:Duerken, 9. & Kanefield.
7:
1836:The Years of Lyndon Johnson
595:
419:Post WWII and urban renewal
281:National Historic Landmarks
79:89th United States Congress
10:
2080:
1607:Texas Broadcasting Company
1434:Historic Preservation Fund
1413:American Legation, Morocco
974:From National Park Service
736:(accessed April 19, 2008).
570:
543:
524:Section 106 review process
374:Department of the Interior
1958:
1891:
1807:
1690:
1667:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
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1375:Lists by associated state
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868:Reconstructing Fort Union
459:Interstate Highway System
443:, 53:41, November 6, 2015
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1943:George Washington Baines
1595:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1590:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1356:Northern Mariana Islands
676:King, Thomas F. (2004).
607:
277:United States of America
2039:1966 in the environment
1931:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.
1919:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.
1907:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb
1549:U.S. Senator from Texas
196:Committee consideration
1845:(1991 television film)
1579:Early years and career
1351:Minor Outlying Islands
1334:Lists by insular areas
1048:Keeper of the Register
1053:National Park Service
1033:Contributing property
950:Donovan D. Rypkema, T
710:With Heritage So Rich
660:With Heritage So Rich
475:With Heritage So Rich
378:National Park Service
350:Ann Pamela Cunningham
153:ch. 1A, subch. II
1937:Joseph Wilson Baines
1408:District of Columbia
883:29, no. ¾ (1998): 8.
721:Adina W. Kanefield,
451:Dwight D. Eisenhower
273:archaeological sites
1945:(great-grandfather)
1925:Sam Houston Johnson
1913:Luci Baines Johnson
1557:U.S. Representative
939:Geographical Review
625:The Washington Post
449:In 1956, President
337:The Washington Post
233:on October 15, 1966
167:Legislative history
32:
1682:U.S. Postage stamp
1585:Southern Manifesto
732:2009-02-07 at the
385:Historic Sites Act
293:Section 106 Review
192:) on March 7, 1966
45:Other short titles
30:
2004:
2003:
1982:Hubert Humphrey →
1964:← John F. Kennedy
1612:Johnson Amendment
1518:Lyndon B. Johnson
1484:
1483:
1038:Historic district
627:. Washington, D.C
487:Lyndon B. Johnson
471:Lady Bird Johnson
447:
446:
342:George Washington
330:Early development
240:
239:
231:Lyndon B. Johnson
209:Passed the Senate
110:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
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182:Henry M. Jackson
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2059:Archaeology law
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1978:← Richard Nixon
1971:Richard Nixon →
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366:Antiquities Act
362:Teddy Roosevelt
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1642:Bibliography
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127:Codification
65:(colloquial)
1883:(2017 film)
1875:(2014 film)
1858:All the Way
1853:(2002 film)
1851:Path to War
1563:(1937–1949)
1551:(1949–1961)
1543:(1961–1963)
1532:(1963–1969)
1401:Other areas
1361:Puerto Rico
1195:Mississippi
1110:Connecticut
754:Duekern, 8.
690:Duerken, 8.
496:36 CFR
453:signed the
364:signed the
2033:Categories
1949:Chuck Robb
1915:(daughter)
1909:(daughter)
1772:withdrawal
1631:Legacy and
1310:Washington
1230:New Mexico
1225:New Jersey
1100:California
919:Fisher, 7.
901:Stipe, 49.
838:Stipe, 38.
829:Stipe, 35.
766:Kanefield.
283:, and the
263:, 80
178:Introduced
98:Public law
53:Long title
1927:(brother)
1866:2016 film
1862:2012 play
1692:Elections
1634:memorials
1320:Wisconsin
1285:Tennessee
1190:Minnesota
1165:Louisiana
892:King, 42.
856:King, 40.
807:King, 22.
784:King, 21.
745:King, 20.
699:King, 19.
391:era, the
344:'s home,
149:16 U.S.C.
93:Citations
85:Effective
1995:Category
1921:(father)
1760:campaign
1476:Category
1305:Virginia
1255:Oklahoma
1235:New York
1210:Nebraska
1200:Missouri
1185:Michigan
1175:Maryland
1160:Kentucky
1140:Illinois
1115:Delaware
1105:Colorado
1095:Arkansas
730:Archived
631:June 18,
596:See also
115:80
62:Acronyms
2023:History
1422:Related
1325:Wyoming
1300:Vermont
1205:Montana
1145:Indiana
1125:Georgia
1120:Florida
1090:Arizona
1080:Alabama
571:Effects
544:Motives
313:Pub. L.
275:in the
253:Pub. L.
2009:Portal
1903:(wife)
1893:Family
1260:Oregon
1215:Nevada
1155:Kansas
1130:Hawaii
1085:Alaska
1021:Topics
441:C-SPAN
319:
308:320303
302:
267:
261:89–665
259:
143:U.S.C.
119:
102:89-665
1873:Selma
1823:Daisy
1583:1956
1561:TX–10
1392:Palau
1290:Texas
1170:Maine
1135:Idaho
608:Notes
324:(PDF)
265:Stat.
151:
117:Stat.
1799:1964
1789:1964
1784:1960
1767:1968
1755:1964
1745:1960
1740:1954
1725:1946
1720:1944
1715:1942
1710:1940
1572:Life
1559:for
1538:37th
1346:Guam
1295:Utah
1250:Ohio
1150:Iowa
633:2017
516:The
509:The
248:NHPA
242:The
155:; §
77:the
69:NHPA
1881:LBJ
1843:LBJ
499:800
310:by
269:915
198:by
158:470
121:915
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190:WA
2011::
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186:D
184:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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