Nicolae Ceaușescu

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stagnation throughout the 1980s and, towards the end of the decade, an economic crisis. The country's industrial capacity was eroded as equipment grew obsolete and energy intensity increased, and the standard of living deteriorated significantly. Draconian restrictions were imposed on household energy use to ensure adequate supplies for industry. Convertible currency exports were promoted at all costs and imports severely reduced. In 1988, real GDP contracted by 0.5%, mostly due to a decline in industrial output caused by significantly increased material costs. Despite the 1988 decline, the net foreign balance reached its decade-long peak (9.5% of GDP). In 1989, GDP slumped by a further 5.8% due to growing shortages and the increasingly obsolete capital stock. By March 1989, virtually all external debt had been repaid, including all medium- and long-term external debt. The remaining amount, totalling less than 1 million, consisted of short-term credits (mainly short-term export credits granted by Romania). A 1989 decree legally prohibited Romanian entities from contracting external debt. The

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Council for Socialist Education and Culture, which had no precise counterpart in any of the other communist states of Eastern Europe, and the Romanian Communist Party was embedded into the daily life of the nation in a way that it never had been before. In 1974, the party programme of the Romanian Communist Party announced that structural changes in society were insufficient to create a full socialist consciousness in the people, and that a full socialist consciousness could only come about if the entire population was made aware of socialist values that guided society. The Communist Party was to be the agency that would so "enlighten" the population and in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton "...the party would merge state and society, the individual and the collective, and would promote 'the ever more organic participation of party members in the entire social life'".

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Ceaușescu's plan was to make Romania into Europe's number one oil refiner not only of its own oil, but also of oil from Middle Eastern states such as Iraq and Iran, and then to sell all of the refined oil at a profit on the Rotterdam spot market. As Romania lacked the money to build the necessary oil refining plants and Ceaușescu chose to spend the windfall from the high oil prices on aid to the Third World in an attempt to buy Romania international influence, Ceaușescu borrowed heavily from Western banks on the assumption that when the loans came due, the profits from the sales of the refined oil would be more than enough to pay off the loans.

1647:, contained seventeen proposals. Among these were: continuous growth in the "leading role" of the Party; improvement of Party education and of mass political action; youth participation on large construction projects as part of their "patriotic work"; an intensification of political-ideological education in schools and universities, as well as in children's, youth and student organizations; and an expansion of political propaganda, orienting radio and television shows to this end, as well as publishing houses, theatres and cinemas, opera, ballet, artists' unions, promoting a "militant, revolutionary" character in artistic productions. The 3367: 3551: 9085: 1085: 1474: 911: 3222: 1131:, working in the workshop of Alexandru Săndulescu, a shoemaker who was an active member in the then-illegal Communist Party. Ceaușescu was soon involved in the Communist Party activities (becoming a member in early 1932), but as a teenager he was given only small tasks. He was first arrested in 1933, at the age of 15, for street fighting during a strike and again, in 1934, first for collecting signatures on a petition protesting against the trial of railway workers and twice more for other similar activities. By the mid-1930s, he had been in missions in Bucharest, 713: 2365:". Upon arriving in the city center, thousands of workers from the Tractorul Brașov and Hidromecanica factories, pupils, students, and others joined the demonstration. From this moment on, the protest became political. Participants later claimed to have chanted slogans such as "Down with Ceaușescu!", "Down with communism!", "Down with the dictatorship!" or "Down with the tyrant!". During the march, members of the Securitate disguised as workers infiltrated the demonstrators, or remained on the sidelines as spectators, photographing or even filming. 1620:. Journalist Edward Behr claimed that Ceaușescu admired both Mao and Kim as leaders who not only totally dominated their nations but had also used totalitarian methods coupled with significant ultra-nationalism mixed in with communism in order to transform both China and North Korea into major world powers. Furthermore, that Kim and even more so Mao had broken free of Soviet control were additional sources of admiration for Ceaușescu. According to British journalist Edward Behr, Elena Ceaușescu allegedly bonded with Mao's wife, 2649:. The commanders wrote off Ceaușescu as a lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the government. Ceaușescu made a last desperate attempt to address the crowd gathered in front of the Central Committee building, but the people in the square began throwing stones and other projectiles at him, forcing him to take refuge in the building once more. He, Elena and four others managed to get to the roof and escape by helicopter, only seconds ahead of a group of demonstrators who had followed them there. The 1982: 2307: 1291:, Romania was the only Eastern European nation where the "home communists" triumphed over the "Muscovites". In the rest of the Soviet bloc, there were a series of purges in this period that led to the "home communists" being executed or imprisoned. Like his patron Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu was a "home communist" who benefited from the fall of the "Muscovites" in 1952. In 1954, Ceaușescu became a full member of the Politburo, effectively granting him one of the highest positions of power in the country. 3375: 9257: 1121:. The Olt County Service of National Archives holds excerpts from the catalogs of Scornicești Primary School, which certifies that Nicolae A. Ceaușescu passed the first grade with an average of 8.26 and the second grade with an average of 8.18, ranking third, in a class in which 25 students were enrolled. Journalist Cătălin Gruia claimed in 2007 that he ran away from his supposedly extremely religious, abusive and strict father. He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu. 762: 7573: 50: 3359: 1792: 1252: 9281: 2566:, leaving the duty of crushing the Timișoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Upon his return to Romania on the evening of 20 December, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside the Central Committee Building (CC Building), in which he spoke about the events at Timișoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty". 2688: 9269: 2491: 1893: 1579: 1741: 9062: 1166: 1322: 6265: 4964: 2645:, later confirmed as a suicide (he tried to incapacitate himself with a flesh wound but a bullet severed his artery), was announced by the media. Immediately thereafter, Ceaușescu presided over the CPEx (Political Executive Committee) meeting and assumed the leadership of the army. Believing that Milea had been murdered, rank-and-file soldiers switched sides to the revolution almost 2381: 9245: 5335:"Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate by the Department of State, in Accordance with Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988" 3593:). Nevertheless, according to opinion polls held in 2010, 41% of Romanians would have voted for Ceaușescu if given the opportunity and 63% felt their lives were better before 1989. In 2014, the percentage of those who would vote for Ceaușescu reached 46%. On 27 December 2018, a poll found 64% of people had a good opinion of him. 3036:). Although Ceaușescu maintained an independent, "national Communist" course, his absolute control over the country, as well as the intensity of the personality cult surrounding him, led many non-Romanian observers to describe his rule as one of the closest things to an old-style Stalinist regime. The last edition of the 972:, Ceaușescu was a member of the Romanian Communist youth movement. He was arrested in 1939 and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and internment camps: Jilava (1940), Caransebeș (1942), Văcărești (1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943). Ceaușescu rose up through the ranks of 1307:(Vrancea county) which opposed the state program of expropriation of private holdings, when military units opened fire on the rebelling peasants, killing 9 and wounding 48. Ceaușescu personally led the investigation which resulted in 18 peasants being imprisoned for "rebellion" and "conspiring against social order". 1699:. He also appointed and dismissed the president of the Supreme Court and the prosecutor general whenever the legislature was not in session. In practice, from 1974 onward Ceaușescu frequently ruled by decree. Over time, he usurped many powers and functions that nominally were vested in the State Council as a whole. 2397:

in solidarity with the workers' revolt appeared on the campus, and some students distributed manifestos. Security teams conducted a total of seven arrests. Those arrested were investigated, expelled from the faculty, returned to their home localities and placed under strict supervision, along with their families.

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the bodies to perform DNA tests to prove conclusively that they were indeed the remains of the Ceaușescus. The body believed to be Elena's had decayed too much to allow for a positive identification, but Nicolae was easily identifiable, wearing the bullet-riddled black winter coat he had been wearing

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The first protests began practically on 14 November 1987, at the 440 "Molds" Section of the Red Flag truck company. Initially, the protests were for basic needs: "We want food and heating!", "We want our money!", "We want food for the children!", "We want light and heat!" and "We want bread without a

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Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in Accordance with

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A few days after the workers' revolt, Cătălin Bia, a student at the Faculty of Forestry, sat in front of the canteen with a placard that read: "The arrested workers must not die". He was joined by colleagues Lucian Silaghi and Horia Șerban. The three were arrested immediately. Subsequently, graffiti

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In a 1972 speech, Ceaușescu stated he wanted "a certain blending of party and state activities... in the long run we shall witness an ever closer blending of the activities of the party, state and other social bodies". In practice, a number of joint party-state organizations were founded such as the

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To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. According to Alexandru Budistenu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu.

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It had also engineered the publishing of several works that subverted the Russian and Soviet image, no longer glossing over traditional points of tension with Russia and the Soviet Union (even alluding to an "unlawful" Soviet presence in Bessarabia). In the final years of Gheorghiu-Dej's rule, more

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forces. The count increased rapidly until an estimated 64,000 fatalities were reported across front pages. The Hungarian military attaché expressed doubt regarding these figures, pointing out the unfeasible logistics of killing such a large number of people in such a short period. After Ceaușescu's

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Failing to control the crowd, the Ceaușescus took cover inside the building that housed the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. The rest of the day saw an open revolt of Bucharest's population, which had assembled in University Square and confronted the police and army at barricades.

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In November 1989, the XIVth Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) saw Ceaușescu, then aged 71, re-elected for another five years as leader of the PCR. During the Congress, Ceaușescu made a speech denouncing the anti-Communist revolutions happening throughout the rest of Eastern Europe. The

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was the most significant expression of opposition to Ceaușescu's rule prior to the late 1980s. The striking miners were inspired by similar strikes along Poland's Baltic coast in December 1970, and just as in Poland in 1970, the striking Romanian miners demanded face-to-face negotiations with their

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of the country which since 1959 had already doubled industrial production and had reduced the peasant population from 78% at the end of the 1940s to 61% in 1966 and 49% by 1971. However, for Romania, like other Eastern People's Republics, industrialization did not mean a total social break with the

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In May 1948, Ceaușescu was appointed Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture, and in March 1949 he was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister. From the Ministry of Agriculture and with no military experience, he was made Deputy Minister in charge of the armed forces, holding the rank of Major

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Ceaușescu was prepared to take a more decisive step in questioning Soviet policies. In the early years of his rule, he generally relaxed political pressures inside Romanian society, which led to the late 1960s and early 1970s being the most liberal decade in Socialist Romania. Gaining the public's

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aircraft. The deal was said at the time to be the biggest between two countries involving a civil aircraft. This was the first state visit by a Communist head of state to the UK, and Ceaușescu was given a knighthood by the Queen, which was revoked on the day before his death in 1989. Similarly, in

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Although Ceaușescu had been nominal head of state since 1967, he had merely been first among equals on the State Council, deriving his real power from his status as party leader. The new post, however, made him the nation's top decision-maker both in name and in fact. He was empowered to carry out

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Universities were also founded in small Romanian towns, which served to train qualified professionals such as engineers, economists, planners or jurists necessary for the industrialization and development project of the country. Romanian healthcare also achieved improvements and recognition by the

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8 February] 1918—his birth was registered with a three-day delay, which later led to confusion. According to the information recorded in his autobiography, Nicolae Ceaușescu was born on 26 January 1918. His father Andruță (1886–1969) owned 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of agricultural land and a

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doctrine of "independent Socialist development" to suit his own objectives. Romania proclaimed itself a "Socialist" (in place of "People's") Republic to show that it was fulfilling Marxist goals without Moscow's oversight, a move mirroring Communist Yugoslavia which renamed itself from a "Federal

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Those under investigation were beaten and tortured, 61 receiving sentences ranging from 6 months to 3 years in prison, including sentences to be carried out working at various state enterprises across in the country. Although many previous party meetings had called for the death penalty to set an

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Measures to encourage reproduction included financial motivations for families who bore children, guaranteed maternity leave, and childcare support for mothers who returned to work, work protection for women, and extensive access to medical control in all stages of pregnancy, as well as after it.

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earlier in the same year, during which the French President gave recognition to the incipient maverick, Ceaușescu's public speech in August deeply impressed the population, not only through its themes, but also because, uniquely, it was unscripted. He immediately attracted Western sympathies and

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against the West, a period of prolonged high oil prices set in that characterised the rest of the 1970s. Romania as a major oil equipment producer greatly benefited from the high oil prices of the 1970s, which led Ceaușescu to embark on an ambitious plan to invest heavily in oil-refining plants.

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The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) were a leap compared to the

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When Gheorghiu-Dej died on 19 March 1965, Ceaușescu was not the obvious successor, despite his closeness to the longtime leader. But widespread infighting by older and more connected officials led the Politburo to choose Ceaușescu as a compromise candidate. He was elected general secretary on 22

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claimed that Ceaușescu's role in these "self-criticism sessions" was that of the enforcer, the young man allegedly beating those Party members who refused to go with or were insufficiently enthusiastic about the "self-criticism" sessions. These "self-criticism sessions" not only helped to cement

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in December 1989, Ceaușescu perceived the demonstrations as a political threat and ordered military forces to open fire on 17 December, causing many deaths and injuries. The revelation that Ceaușescu was responsible resulted in a massive spread of rioting and civil unrest across the country. The

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led to a growing number of illegal abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. Economic mismanagement due to failed oil ventures during the 1970s led to very significant foreign debts for Romania. In 1982, Ceaușescu directed the government to export much of the country's

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Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration, which soon lost nearly all connection to its initial cause and became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police, and the Securitate fired on demonstrators on 17 December 1989, killing and injuring men,

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Romania's record—having all of its debts to commercial banks paid off in full—has not been matched by any other heavily indebted country in the world. The policy to repay—and, in multiple cases, prepay—Romania's external debt became the dominant policy in the late 1980s. The result was economic

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Effectively, Ceaușescu now held all governing power in the nation; virtually all party and state institutions were subordinated to his will. The principles of democratic centralism, combined with the legislature's infrequent sessions (it sat in full session only twice a year) meant that for all

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trade union. He even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland—a significant reversal, considering how violently he had opposed the invasion of Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier. For his part, Gorbachev made no secret of his distaste for Ceaușescu, whom he called "the Romanian

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Ceaușescu was greatly concerned about his public image. For years, nearly all official photographs of him showed him in his late 40s. Romanian state television was under strict orders to portray him in the best possible light. Additionally, producers had to take great care to make sure that

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drew the interest of Western powers, whose governments briefly believed that he was an anti-Soviet maverick and hoped to create a schism in the Warsaw Pact by funding him. Ceaușescu did not realise that the funding was not always favorable. Ceaușescu was able to borrow heavily (more than $

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A series of official visits to Western countries (including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Australia) helped Ceaușescu to present himself as a reforming Communist, pursuing an independent foreign policy within the Soviet Bloc. He also became eager to be seen as an

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on Romania, for instance, referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties". A new generation of committed supporters on the outside confirmed the administration's character. Ceaușescu probably never emphasized that his policies constituted a paradigm for theorists of

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Medical control was seen as one of the most productive effects of the law, since all women who became pregnant were under the care of a qualified medical practitioner, even in rural areas. In some cases, if a woman was unable to visit a medical office, a doctor would visit her home.

2712:. They abandoned the helicopter near Târgoviște, having been ordered to land by the army, which by that time had restricted flying in Romania's airspace. The Ceaușescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. They were eventually handed over to the army. 1282:

had been purged. In the late 1940s-early 1950s, the Party had been divided into the "home communists" headed by Gheorghiu-Dej who remained inside Romania prior to 1944 and the "Muscovites" who had gone into exile in the Soviet Union. With the partial exception of Poland, where the

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To lessen the chance of further treason after Pacepa's defection, Ceaușescu also invested his wife Elena and other members of his family with important positions in the government. This led Romanians to joke that Ceaușescu was creating "socialism in one family", a pun on

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rates and made divorce more difficult—it was decreed that marriages could only be dissolved in exceptional cases. By the late 1960s, the population began to swell. In turn, a new problem was created, child abandonment, which swelled the orphanage population (see

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and Party structures in Communism). A Romanian Encyclopedic Dictionary entry in 1978 underlines the concept as "a new, superior, stage in the Socialist development of Romania ... begun by the 1971–1975 Five-Year Plan, prolonged over several Five-Year Plans".

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Ceaușescu's height (he was only 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall) was never emphasized on screen. Consequences for breaking these rules were severe; one producer showed footage of Ceaușescu blinking and stuttering, and was banned for three months.

3535:.) Much of the building remains empty, being larger than the Parliament needs, though Parliament shares it with three museums and an international conference center. It is also the heaviest building in the world, being constructed of 700,000 tonnes of 1526:

in order to reverse the Romanian population's low birth and fertility rates. Mothers of at least five children were entitled to receive significant benefits, while mothers of at least ten children were declared "heroine mothers" by the Romanian state.

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offensive against cultural autonomy, reaffirming an ideological basis for literature that, in theory, the Party had hardly abandoned. Although presented in terms of "Socialist Humanism", the Theses in fact marked a return to the strict guidelines of

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enlightened international statesman, able to mediate in international conflicts, and to gain international respect for Romania. Ceaușescu negotiated in international affairs, such as the opening of US relations with China in 1969 and the visit of

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for sanctions to be taken against Romania. This meant that the later 1980s were marked by a pronounced anti-Hungarian discourse, which owed more to nationalist tradition than to Marxism, and the ultimate isolation of Romania on the world stage.

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The country, which had little to no information of the events transpiring in Timișoara from the national media, learned about the revolt from anti-communist radio stations that broadcast news in the Eastern Bloc throughout the Cold War (such as

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It didn't matter if they demolished or moved it, as long as it was no longer in sight." Nevertheless, a project organized by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordachescu was able to move many historic structures to less-prominent sites and save them.

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as having "an unorganised State", part of a political continuum that culminated in the Socialist Republic. The government continued its cultural dialogue with ancient forms, with Ceaușescu connecting his cult of personality to figures such as

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created on the spur of the moment, in order to meet the perceived threat. President Richard Nixon was invited to Bucharest in 1969, which was the first visit of a United States president to a communist country after the start of the Cold War.

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The regime excluded the Romani from its list of "co-inhabiting nationalities", preventing them from gaining any government representation as an ethnic group. Their exclusion continued even after increased representation of minorities such as

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Report during the joint solemn session of the CC of the Romanian Communist Party, the National Council of the Socialist Unity Front and the Grand National Assembly: Marking the 60th anniversary of the creation of a Unitary Romanian National

1948:, to accompany it. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted 6406: 1765:, with cries of 'Down with the Red Bourgeoisie!'". Ceaușescu ultimately negotiated a compromise solution to the strike. In the years after the strike, a number of its leaders died of accidents and "premature disease". Rumors emerged that 9391: 1150:, named him "a dangerous Communist agitator" and "distributor of Communist and antifascist propaganda materials". For these charges, he was convicted on 6 June 1936 by the Brașov Tribunal to 2 years in prison, an additional 6 months for 3434:

As part of a propaganda ploy arranged by the Ceaușescus through the consular cultural attachés of Romanian embassies, they managed to receive orders and titles from numerous states and institutions. France granted Nicolae Ceaușescu the

2749:, Romania's provisional president, said in 2009 that the trial was "quite shameful, but necessary" in order to end the state of near-anarchy that had gripped the country in the three days since the Ceaușescus fled Bucharest. Similarly, 2616:!" He tried to silence them by raising his right hand and calling for the crowd's attention before order was temporarily restored, then proceeded to announce social benefit reforms that included raising the national minimum wage by 200 2894:

fiasco. He carried this nationalist option inside the Party, manipulating it against the nominated successor, Apostol. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents: for example, Gheorghiu-Dej had overseen the withdrawal of the

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Later that day, the execution was also shown on Romanian television. The hasty show trial and the images of the dead Ceaușescus were videotaped and the footage released in numerous Western countries two days after the execution.

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on Sunday 21 May 2017. It was written by Tom Bailey and Greg Jameson, with songs by Allan Stelmach, and depicted Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu and their son Valentin in a piece of meta musical theatre that was also a comment upon

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surrounded the city center and disbanded the revolt by force. Some 300 protesters were arrested, and, in order to hide the political nature of the Brașov uprising, tried for disturbing the peace and "outrage against morals".

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Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed

912: 1506:(WHO). In May 1969, Marcolino Candau, Director General of this organization, visited Romania and declared that the visits of WHO staff to various Romanian hospital establishments had made an extraordinarily good impression. 9416: 2620:

per month to a total of 2,200 per month by 1 January. Images of Ceaușescu's facial expression as the crowd began to boo and heckle him were among the most widely broadcast of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.

2393:". Protesters were sentenced to deportation, with compulsory residence arranged in other cities, despite such measures having been repealed as far back as the late 1950s. The entire trial lasted only an hour and a half. 3483:

remarked "As if Ceaușescu and company are to bring down imperialism! If the world waits for the Ceaușescus to do such a thing, imperialism will live for tens of thousands of years..." According to Pacepa, Libyan leader

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which destroyed much of Bucharest led to delays in the oil plan. By the time the oil refining plants were finished in the early 1980s, a slump in oil prices had set in, leading to major financial problems for Romania.

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countryside. The peasants returned periodically to the villages or resided in them, commuting daily to the city in a practice called naveta. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time.

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Enticed with substantial bribes, the camp authorities gave the Communist prisoners much freedom in running their cell block, provided they did not attempt to break out of prison. At Târgu Jiu, Gheorghiu-Dej ran

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backing, which lasted well beyond the 'liberal' phase of his rule; at the same time, the period brought forward the threat of armed Soviet invasion: significantly, many young men inside Romania joined the

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problems were openly discussed, with the publication of a collection of Karl Marx's writings that dealt with Romanian topics, showing Marx's previously censored, politically uncomfortable views of Russia.

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in Bucharest, which broke ground in June 1984. It was previously called The House of the People and The People's House. The building of the Palace of the Parliament was the most extreme expression of the

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The current resting place of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu at Ghencea Cemetery (photographed in 2018). Note that Elena Ceaușescu's year of birth is incorrectly recorded as 1919; her actual year of birth is

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and managed to change the constitution, adding a clause that barred Romania from taking foreign loans in the future. According to official results, the referendum yielded a nearly unanimous "yes" vote.

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Ceaușescu was among the most ardent supporters of dimming lingering tensions between different Balkan states, and went as far as to establish friendly relations with the vituperatively anti-communist

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for the hoodwinking of gullible foreign guests" was something that never seemed to have crossed his mind. Shortly after returning home, he began to emulate North Korea's system. North Korean books on

8632: 2477:'s resignation on 10 December 1989 amounted to the fall of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, leaving Ceaușescu's Romania as the only remaining hard-line Communist regime in the Warsaw Pact. 6769: 1267:

General. Later, promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, he became First Deputy to the Ministry of Defense and head of the Army's Higher Political Directorate. Ceaușescu studied at the Soviet

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and asked for the annulment of its consequences. In effect, this amounted to a demand for the return of Bessarabia (most of which was then a Soviet republic and since 1991 has been independent

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had an opposite interpretation, allegedly saying, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!". Ceaușescu even received praise from anti-communists with the Shah (King) of Iran

7904: 3003:. The 1974 XIth Party Congress tightened the Party's grip on Romanian culture, guiding it towards Ceaușescu's nationalist principles. Notably, it demanded that Romanian historians refer to 1590:

Ceaușescu visited China, North Korea, Mongolia and North Vietnam in 1971. He took great interest in the idea of total national transformation as embodied in the programmes of North Korea's

6369: 9511: 2723:. Ceaușescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally the President of Romania. At the end of the trial, the Ceaușescus were found guilty and 3406:

to send a congratulatory telegram to the Romanian president, in which he sarcastically congratulated Ceaușescu on his "introducing the presidential sceptre". The Communist Party daily

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All of Ceaușescu's economic, foreign and demographic policies were meant to achieve his ultimate goal: turning Romania into one of the world's great powers. In October 1966, Ceaușescu

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The most important day of the year during Ceaușescu's rule was his official birthday, 26 January—a day which saw Romanian media saturated with praise for him. According to historian

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He continued to follow an independent policy in foreign relations—for example, in 1984, Romania was one of few communist states (notably including the People's Republic of China and

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nation's leader. When Ceaușescu appeared before the miners on the third day of the strike, he was greeted (in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton) "... once again

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Gheorghiu-Dej's control over the Party, but also endeared his protégé Ceaușescu to him. It was Ceaușescu's time at Târgu Jiu that marked the beginning of his rise to power. After

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13 billion) from the West to finance economic development programs, but these loans ultimately devastated the country's finances. He also secured a deal for cheap oil from

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The rioters, however, were no match for the military apparatus concentrated in Bucharest, which cleared the streets by midnight and arrested hundreds of people in the process.

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Praising the crimes of totalitarian governments and denigrating their victims is forbidden by law in Romania; this includes the Ceaușescu era. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000

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The Parliamentary Palace building has 1,100 rooms and is the largest civilian government building in the world as measured by volume in one continuous structure. (There are

2318:

Romanian workers began to mobilize against the economic policies of Ceaușescu. Spontaneous labor conflicts, limited in scale, took place in major industrial centers such as

2066:. In order to maintain net creditor status, Romania had to keep its external debt under $ 2.5 billion, the low estimate of the amount it was owed by oil producers and other 7080: 9381: 530: 7307:

Pinstripes and Reds: An American Ambassador Caught Between the State Department & the Romanian Communists, 1981–1985 Washington, D.C.: Selous Foundation Press, 1987.

5551: 3641: 2425:. Ceaușescu largely wished to ignore the living conditions of the Romani, who had suffered similar institutional neglect at the hands of his predecessors as far back as 1878:), claimed to expose details of Ceaușescu's government activities, such as massive spying on American industry and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support. 1299:

As a high-ranking state official in the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Defence Ceaușescu had an important role in the forced collectivisation, according to own

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during the execution. DNA tests were able to conclusively prove his identity. His family organised a funeral service for the couple, and they were reburied together at

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Gheorghe E. (2015) Nicolae Ceaușescu. In: Casey S., Wright J. (eds) Mental Maps in the Era of Détente and the End of the Cold War 1968–91. Palgrave Macmillan, London

3245:

Ceaușescu's Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country that retained diplomatic relations with Israel and did not sever diplomatic relations after Israel's strike on

2330:. The draconian measures taken by Ceaușescu involved reducing energy and food consumption, as well as lowering workers' incomes, leading to what political scientist 487: 8618: 7952: 7273: 5817: 5785:"DECRET-LEGE nr.6 din 7 ianuarie 1990 pentru abolirea pedepsei cu moartea, pentru modificarea și abrogarea unor prevederi din Codul penal și alte acte normative" 1260: 169: 5091: 1364:

Initially, Ceaușescu became a popular figure, both in Romania and in the West, because of his independent foreign policy, which challenged the authority of the

9396: 7691: 4739: 4260: 3649: 2612:

However, Ceaușescu had misjudged the crowd's mood. Roughly eight minutes into his speech, several people began jeering and booing, and others began chanting "

9426: 3145: 3129:". At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. "You are running a dictatorship here", the Soviet leader warned. 2789:, and by supporters of their political views, to move their remains to mausoleums or to purpose-built churches. These demands were denied by the government. 6017: 3419:, it was one of the few days of the year when the average Romanian put on a happy face, since appearing miserable on this day was too risky to contemplate. 2670: 2035:

1995 was the last year in which Romania's economy was dominated by the state. From 1996 onwards, the private sector would account for most of Romania's GDP.

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acclaiming Ceaușescu leadership: "I would like to salute intransigent patriotism and ferocious will for independence. A veritable amity links me to him."

3093: 2413:, which largely laid the foundation for the Ceaușescu regime's policies regarding the rights of ethnic minorities. The motion entirely ignored the Romani. 4285: 9451: 7614: 5498: 1866:. His defection was a powerful blow against the administration, forcing Ceaușescu to overhaul Romania's state security architecture. Pacepa's 1986 book, 3116:. He was very displeased when other Warsaw Pact countries decided to try their own versions of Gorbachev's reforms. In particular, he was incensed when 1388:. Although the Soviet Union largely tolerated Ceaușescu's recalcitrance, his seeming independence from Moscow earned Romania maverick status within the 1117:

few sheep, and Nicolae supplemented his large family's income through tailoring. He studied at the village school until the age of 11, when he left for

3739: 5891: 3443:(GCB) in the UK, a title of which he was stripped in 1989. Elena Ceaușescu was arranged to be "elected" to membership of a science academy in the US. 976:'s Socialist government and, upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, he succeeded to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party as general secretary. 9541: 7433: 3824: 3295: 3234: 2771:, in Bucharest, on opposite sides of a path; their graves were often decorated with flowers and symbols of communist rule. In April 2007, their son, 926: 7517: 3516:(1949–2013), who began her work on the building when she was 28 years old. The building was completed in 1997, after Ceaușescu's death in 1989. The 3068:

Nicolae Ceaușescu had a major influence on modern-day Romanian populist rhetoric. In his final years, he had begun to rehabilitate the image of pro-

7928: 5597: 5279: 4288:[Nicolae Ceaușescu's school catalogs and autobiography, made public by the National Archives] (in Romanian). Info Cultural. 26 January 2022 2730:

The Ceaușescus were executed by a group of soldiers: Captain Ionel Boeru, Sergeant-Major Georghin Octavian and Dorin-Marian Cîrlan, and five other

1177:

Soon after being freed, he was arrested again and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and

6329: 9431: 7658: 6373: 4658: 2753:, who had been defence minister before going over to the revolution, said, in 2009, that the alternative would have been seeing the Ceaușescus 433: 389: 7208: 1303:

data, between 1949 and 1952 there were over 80,000 arrests of peasants and 30,000 ended with prison sentences. One example is the uprising of

9521: 6733: 6456: 3353: 1986: 1021: 9161: 5784: 4497: 3844: 3284: 3080:

have coupled the images of the two leaders into their versions of a national Pantheon. The conflict with Hungary over the treatment of the

2338: 1446:

to Israel in 1977. In addition, Romania was the only country in the world to maintain normal diplomatic relations with both Israel and the

1300: 6354: 5705: 3730: 9496: 9316: 9130: 3440: 6710: 4862: 4818:

The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (1956–1975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online

1819:. In June 1978, Ceaușescu made a state visit to the UK where a £200m licensing agreement was signed between the Romanian government and 9466: 9171: 6043: 5612: 4386: 7280: 2583: 1557: 1552: 1510:

pre-WWII situation of the Romanian population. Certain extra retributions were allowed for the peasants, who started to produce more.

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After the Communists seized power in Romania in 1947, and under the patronage of Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu was elected a member of the

988: 9546: 9501: 9125: 3689: 2738:" whilst being led towards the wall. The firing squad began shooting as soon as the two were in their positions up against the wall. 6870: 4843: 4442: 2350: 1399:

and imposed one of the world's harshest anti-abortion laws, leading to a spike in the number of Romanian infants turned over to the

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Major problems of our time: Eliminating underdevelopment, bridging gaps between states, building a new international economic order

3156: 2960: 1781: 1427: 177: 64: 6648: 6572: 2354: 8775: 7607: 7088: 7048: 5065: 4412: 1560:

represented the apogee of Ceaușescu's rule. It marked the highest point in Ceaușescu's popularity, when he openly condemned the

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in the country. Such conditions exist in modern-day Romania, as demonstrated by the policies of several subsequent presidents.

1964: 1561: 1423: 984: 712: 308: 7225: 3398:). After his election as President of Romania, he even had a "presidential sceptre" created for himself, thus appropriating a 1663:

and attacks on non-compliant intellectuals. Strict ideological conformity in the humanities and social sciences was demanded.

9446: 8341: 8059: 7231: 6944: 6538: 5622: 5573: 5481: 5454: 5420: 5359: 5304: 5263: 5236: 5196: 5156: 5129: 4921: 4697: 4605: 4523: 4323: 1316: 1212: 9411: 3589:(approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel ( 2987:

ideals. In 1971, the Party, which had already been completely purged of internal opposition (with the possible exception of

2675: 2508: 9351: 7696: 7471: 3528: 2952: 1757: 1605: 7204:: (in Romanian; link leads to table of contents, verifying that the article exists, but the article itself is not online). 5146: 3328:. In line with his policy of keeping a façade of "popular democracy", he also ordered large rallies for peace to be held. 3076:. Although Antonescu's image was never a fully official myth in Ceaușescu's time, after his overthrow politicians such as 2432:

The Romani, long a highly vulnerable ethnic minority group across Europe, were left in significant poverty and at risk of

9120: 8835: 8470: 8337: 5865: 4005: 2907: 1829: 1688: 1613: 1215:

sessions" where various Party members had to confess before the other Party members to misunderstanding the teachings of

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theory, to which he added his belief in a "multilaterally developed Socialist society" as a necessary stage between the

2292:

planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead.

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On Christmas Day, 25 December 1989, the Ceaușescus were tried before a court convened in a small room on orders of the

1994: 2062:

By April 1989, with its debt virtually zero, Romania was a net external creditor. Foreign borrowing was resumed after

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head of state. His political apparatus sent many thousands of political opponents to prison or psychiatric hospitals.

991:, which resulted in a surge in popularity. However, this period of stability was brief, as his government soon became 9551: 9486: 9421: 9406: 9371: 9166: 8256: 7623: 7312: 7257: 7187: 7179: 7148: 6986: 6293: 4798: 4722: 3948: 3904: 3874: 3701: 2775:, lost an appeal for an investigation into whether the graves were genuine. Upon his death in 1996, the younger son, 2530: 2014: 1976: 1875: 1447: 891: 7219: 2997:, expressing Ceaușescu's disdain of Western models as a whole, and the reevaluation of the recent liberalisation as 1675: 9476: 9361: 8839: 8702: 8682: 8299: 6394: 6166: 5732: 4913: 4907: 3660: 3176: 1858:, State Security), defected to the United States. A two-star general, he was the highest-ranking defector from the 1836: 1489:. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. He continued with the program of intensive 2661:

death, hospitals across the country reported a death toll of fewer than 1,000, and probably much lower than that.

1015:

and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. Ceaușescu's attempts to implement

9461: 8805: 8394: 7335: 6792: 6407:

Obituaries: Eugeniu Iordachescu, Romanian engineer who saved condemned churches under communist rule, dies at 89.

6021: 4469: 4117:

The nation and co-habiting nationalities in the contemporary epoch (Philosophical thought of Romania's president)

4034:

Two documentaries have been made about Ceaușescu in the 21st century. The first film was written and directed by

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In the 1980s under Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania's secret police the 'Securitate' received six-figure payments from

3168: 3121: 2470: 1639:

On 6 July 1971, he delivered a speech before the executive committee of the Romanian Communist Party. This quasi-

980: 7823: 5039: 2902: 9536: 9481: 8795: 8687: 7643: 7285: 3976: 3208: 3117: 2512: 1941: 1341:

One of Ceaușescu's first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the

8143: 3288: 2653:

disappeared soon afterwards; unlike its kindred parties in the former Soviet bloc, it has never been revived.

2600: 9436: 9326: 9084: 7893: 7888: 7506: 7197:

Marian Oprea, "Au trecut 15 ani – Conspirația Securității" ("15 Years Later: The Securitate Conspiracy"), in

6764:[POLL. 46% of Romanians surveyed would now vote for Nicolae Ceausescu in the presidential election]. 6671: 5323:. U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. 3 September 1990 – via Google Books. 4229:"Unul dintre cele mai bine păzite secrete înainte de 1989: data reală a nașterii lui Nicolae Ceaușescu. Foto" 4009: 3081: 2815: 2761: 2342: 1772: 1113: 1109: 918: 817: 613: 568: 9311: 6841: 2579: 2362: 1458:

with its other Soviet bloc allies, but in 1984 was one of the few Communist countries to participate in the

1064:, but they were captured in Romanian territory by the military after the armed forces defected. After being 9366: 9356: 8915: 6960: 3273: 3269: 3253:

in 1967, to the consternation of the Soviet Union. Ceaușescu made efforts to act as a mediator between the

2863: 2606: 1660: 9341: 6887: 5915: 4549: 3317:. Many believe that Ceaușescu's death played a role in influencing Mobutu to "democratise" Zaïre in 1990. 1190: 8785: 3938: 3748: 3531:, mainly for the construction of aircraft, that have more continuous volume in one building, such as the 3200: 3133: 2947: 2871: 1648: 1431: 1415: 6597: 6274:

Turner, Thomas (1994). "Relations with the Communist World". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim (eds.).

6116:"Managing the "Helsinki Spirit" in the Balkans: The Greek Initiative for Balkan Co-operation, 1975–1976" 5647: 5409:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter VI. The gypsies during the communist regime. A few points of reference".

3578:(1951–1996), a physicist. After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceaușescu ordered the construction of an 2734:

who were recruited from twenty volunteers. Before his sentence was carried out, Nicolae Ceaușescu sang "

1711: 1624:. Behr wrote that the possibility that what Ceaușescu had seen in both China and North Korea were "vast 9531: 9516: 9376: 9336: 9235: 8970: 8712: 8200: 7809: 7804: 7648: 7354: 6333: 6209: 6072: 5554:, University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, Issue 4, 2013, Retrieved 27 February 2016. 5253: 3997: 3814: 2934: 2882:, one which arguably propelled Ceaușescu to power in 1965, and probably led the Party leadership under 1342: 1024:

experienced unprecedented elevation, followed by the deterioration of foreign relations, even with the

218: 142: 7449: 6622: 4183: 4082:, whose cult of personality, strong-arm tactics, and name, are similar to those of Nicolae Ceaușescu. 3050: 2373: 1162:, whom he married in 1946 and who would play an increasing role in his political life over the years. 8780: 8223: 6281: 5104: 4978: 4949:

Grosescu, R. (2004). "The Political Regrouping of Romanian Nomenklatura during the 1989 Revolution".

4199: 3501: 3321: 2067: 1900: 1887: 1503: 779: 9066: 8412: 6912: 4666: 3366: 3084:

in Romania had several unusual aspects: not only was it a vitriolic argument between two officially

3046: 2951:

was never suited to Romanian Communist goals. Ceaușescu found himself briefly aligned with Dubček's

2543:

Demonstrations in the city of Timișoara were triggered by the government-sponsored attempt to evict

1288: 9192: 8872: 8645: 8442: 8390: 7992: 7480: 7464: 7403: 5683: 3884: 3766: 3579: 3521: 3496: 3424: 3314: 2731: 2650: 2410: 2406: 1354: 1245: 1232: 942: 646: 499: 464: 445: 272: 8610: 7535: 4286:"Cataloagele școlare și autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, făcute publice de Arhivele Naționale" 3283:

Ceaușescu's Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country that did not sever diplomatic relations with

2582:. Official media presented it as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceaușescu", emulating the 9441: 8722: 7329: 6067: 3989: 3783: 3634: 2719:, Romania's provisional government. They faced charges including illegal gathering of wealth and 2501: 2054: 1733: 1268: 6162:"An Uneasy Triangle: Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Greek Colonels and the Greek Communists (1967–1974)" 5788: 4501: 4105:

The solving of the national question in Romania (Socio-political thought of Romania's President)

9321: 9212: 9187: 8450: 8001: 7782: 7557: 7547: 7426: 6317:

Rumänien, 23. November 1986 : Verkleinerung des Heeres, Senkung der Rüstungsausgaben um 5%

5678: 4019: 3757: 3532: 3467:

and some of the overpayment funds were deposited into an account controlled by the Securitate.

3390:" ("Leader") and "Geniul din Carpați" ("The Genius of the Carpathians"), with inspiration from 3215: 2544: 1769:

had doctors give the strike leaders 5-minute chest X-rays to ensure the development of cancer.

1204: 973: 522: 335: 87: 8432: 6934: 6762:"SONDAJ. 46% dintre românii intervievați l-ar vota acum pe Nicolae Ceaușescu la prezidențiale" 6205:"A lost chance for Balkan cooperation? The Romanian view on 'regional micro-détente', 1969—75" 5396:, Ediția a II-a revăzută și adăugită (Polirom, Iași, 2009), pp. 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40 5349: 5334: 5293: 5212: 5172: 5119: 3305:. Relations were in fact not just state-to-state, but party-to-party between their respective 2331: 9156: 9135: 8892: 8093: 7961: 7913: 7324: 5226: 5186: 4790: 4784: 4013: 3793: 3630: 3550: 3489: 3009: 2988: 2851: 2459:

following month, Ceaușescu's government itself collapsed after a series of violent events in

1776:

Ceaușescu preparing to deliver a speech in Moscow on the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Union

728: 400: 356: 293: 8556: 8349: 5499:"Upheaval in the East; Hard-Line Czech President to Quit And Dissident Is Seen as Successor" 5320: 3567: 2963:. The latter friendship was to last until Tito's death in 1980, with Ceaușescu adapting the 2772: 2750: 1147: 688: 9306: 9301: 8566: 8508: 8269: 8063: 8036: 7859: 7798: 7572: 7376: 3970: 3679:

All titles and decorations were revoked by the provisional government on 26 December 1989.

3277: 3261: 3077: 2879: 1957: 1785: 1684: 1473: 1459: 1451: 1406:

During the following years, Ceaușescu pursued an open policy towards the United States and

1350: 1170: 946: 106: 7344: 5851: 4875: 4255: 4160: 3722:

Several foreign decorations were revoked at the time of the collapse of Ceaușescu's rule.

3221: 2842:) became widely used inside Romania, usually as a pejorative, it never achieved status in 2781: 1933:". The policy largely consisted in the mass construction of high-density blocks of flats ( 1683:

In 1974, Ceaușescu converted his post of president of the State Council to a full-fledged

1654:

The Theses heralded the beginning of a "mini cultural revolution" in Romania, launching a

1430:

were also the only Eastern European countries that entered into trade agreements with the

1368:. In the 1960s, he eased press censorship and ended Romania's active participation in the 8: 8427: 8077: 8012: 7982: 7843: 7681: 7457: 7265:, "Societatea civilă românească și violența" ("Romanian Civil Society and Violence"), in 7192: 7167: 7160:("After 14 Years: The Double of Ceaușescu confesses"). Editura Ergorom. 31 July 2003 (in 6867: 6285: 4982: 4761: 4178: 3993: 3391: 3383: 3196: 3042: 2883: 2445: 2063: 1597: 1486: 1140: 1045: 1041: 954: 756: 203: 8546: 8364: 8274: 7023: 6813: 3475:

Ceaușescu had a mixed reputation among international leaders of his time. In his memoir

3344:

said that "the good relationship was initiated by Ceaușescu's visit to Soviet Moldova".

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were largely neglected. This can be seen, perhaps most blatantly, in a motion from the

2023: 2003: 1812: 1720: 1539:). Many of the children in these orphanages suffered mental and physical deficiencies. 1346: 746: 345: 9492:

Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria

8586: 8422: 8402: 7706: 7055: 3648:

on the day before his execution. Queen Elizabeth II also returned the insignia of the

3563: 3362:

Stamp commemorating Ceaușescu's 70th birthday and 55 years of political activity, 1988

2760:

The Ceaușescus were the last people to be executed in Romania before the abolition of

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card!". Next to the County Hospital, they sang the anthem of the revolution of 1848, "

1159: 1049: 659: 8950: 8857: 8800: 8576: 8513: 8493: 8369: 8279: 7933: 7814: 7523: 7501: 7308: 7297: 7253: 7226:

Lecture 24: The failure of Balkan Communism and the causes of the Revolutions of 1989

7221:

Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism)

7183: 7175: 7161: 7144: 6940: 6556: 6534: 6431: 6299: 6289: 6230: 6204: 6189: 6139: 6115: 6093: 6037: 5618: 5579: 5569: 5477: 5450: 5416: 5355: 5300: 5259: 5232: 5192: 5152: 5125: 4986: 4917: 4794: 4718: 4693: 4601: 4591: 4319: 4079: 3894: 3668: 3520:, which was originally housed in the former building of the Central Committee of the 3188: 3164: 3132:

In November 1989, at the XIVth and last congress of the PCR, Ceaușescu condemned the

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in which he had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces.

2575: 2474: 2311: 1993:

Ceaușescu's political independence from the Soviet Union and his protest against the

1904: 1871: 1832: 1820: 1633: 1490: 1470:

in the overall count) while most of the Eastern Bloc's nations boycotted this event.

1275: 1151: 1088:

Arrested in 1936 when he was 18 years old, Ceaușescu was imprisoned for two years at

1008: 930: 905: 441: 9392:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

8111: 8099: 8087: 7262: 7017:"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1984" 3575: 3571: 2786: 2776: 2552: 2289: 1154:, and one year of forced residence in Scornicești. He spent most of his sentence in 698: 693: 33: 9261: 9249: 9217: 9031: 8960: 8790: 8571: 8536: 8455: 8284: 8264: 8236: 7972: 7923: 7552: 7496: 7172:

The Bloody Flag. Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Spotlight on Romania

6526: 6218: 6175: 6127: 6081: 5674: 4075: 3802: 3773: 3618: 3436: 3416: 3298: 3230: 2887: 2859: 2768: 2680: 2642: 2637:

had already spread to all major cities across the country. The suspicious death of

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a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart,

1220: 859: 8289: 8016: 7940: 7541: 6222: 6180: 6161: 4973:

Sergiu Verona (July 1989). "Government and Politics". In Bachman, Ronald D (ed.).

4057:, and an English language version of the film was released simultaneously, titled 3403: 3226: 2701: 208: 132: 9285: 8905: 8877: 8867: 8847: 8740: 8531: 8498: 8488: 8317: 8231: 8175: 7750: 7711: 7238: 6874: 6131: 5526: 5471: 5444: 5102:

Mungiu‐Pippidi, A. (2001). "The Return of Populism‐The 2000 Romanian Elections".

4871: 3656: 3517: 3485: 3306: 3085: 3037: 2956: 2924: 2709: 1999: 1930: 1728: 1330: 635: 352: 304: 5758: 4251:"Ceaușescu, între legendă și adevăr: data nașterii și alegerea numelui de botez" 3633:, but this appointment was revoked on 23 December 1989 by the queen of Denmark, 1981: 555: 9273: 9036: 9011: 9006: 8910: 8882: 8862: 8730: 8478: 8354: 8322: 8312: 8246: 8173: 8117: 8105: 7976: 7511: 7153: 4597: 3922: 3664: 3505: 3336:

In August 1976, Nicolae Ceaușescu was the first high-level Romanian visitor to

3180: 3013: 2306: 1912: 1824: 1716: 1407: 1284: 1224: 1155: 1089: 962: 958: 396: 8581: 8561: 8374: 7350: 6370:"Un Ceaușescu pe care nu îl știați: creț, cu ochii "blonzi" și nasul borcănat" 6359:("Ceaușescu's sceptre put up for sale"), "România Liberă" online, 23 June 2010 6085: 4827: 3374: 1097: 1012: 969: 618: 213: 137: 9417:

Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

9295: 9021: 8996: 8965: 8955: 8945: 8852: 8755: 8750: 8735: 8677: 8503: 8483: 8417: 8307: 8241: 8020: 7865: 7054:(in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Archived from 6435: 6330:"Romanian-Moldavian SSR relations, by Patrick Moore and the Romanian Section" 6269: 5583: 5337:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 September 1991 – via Google Books. 5215:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 September 1990 – via Google Books. 4968: 3962: 3513: 3172: 3073: 3062: 3025: 3017: 2920: 2819: 2548: 2426: 2389:

example, the regime was eager to downplay the uprising as "isolated cases of

1953: 1945: 1839: 1745: 1655: 1478: 1419: 1373: 1326: 1228: 1182: 1000: 934: 761: 7870: 7592: 6303: 5066:"Goodwin joins Mugabe, Mussolini and Ceausescu in gang of disgraced figures" 5024:

Spainer, David (16 June 1978). "Britain and Romania sign £200m plane deal".

3917:

Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

3387: 3218:

in Greece to pursue his objectives of cooperation between Balkan countries.

1944:

of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood,

1304: 1186: 36: 9026: 9001: 8940: 8822: 8541: 8407: 8179: 8006: 7396: 7109: 4054: 3828: 3586: 3340:

since World War II. In December 1976, at one of his meetings in Bucharest,

3192: 3184: 3089: 3069: 2638: 2617: 2346: 2010: 1859: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1651:

was condemned and an index of banned books and authors was re-established.

1467: 1411: 1389: 1365: 1287:

crisis of 1956 brought to power the previously imprisoned "home communist"

1241: 1237: 1053: 1044:—the only violent overthrow of a communist government in the course of the 1025: 996: 992: 233: 7241:("Do not have mercy, they hold 2 billion lei in their account"), in 6994: 3504:

program imposed by Nicolae Ceaușescu upon Romania. Systematization was an

2968:

People's Republic" to a "Socialist Federal Republic" a few years earlier.

2919:

confidence, Ceaușescu took a clear stand against the 1968 crushing of the

2798: 2745:

The manner in which the trial was conducted has been criticised. However,

2613: 2460: 1197: 1136: 1032: 1020:

agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts.

8975: 8920: 8697: 8208: 8082: 8072: 7966: 7386: 6507: 5410: 5175:. Central Intelligence Agency. 3 September 1989 – via Google Books. 4524:"Eroi printre noi / Niţu Stan, căpetenia anticomuniştilor din Vadu Roşca" 4218:

Ratesh, N. (1991). Romania: The Entangled Revolution. Praeger Publishers.

4066: 4022: 3555: 3480: 3358: 3341: 3265: 3250: 3160: 3102: 3033: 2999: 2993: 2972: 2829: 2746: 2578:) and by word of mouth. On the next day, 21 December, Ceaușescu staged a 2390: 2319: 2026:

edition of 1990 listed Romania's external debt as "none" as of mid-1989.

1956:(Civic center) and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed the 1925:

ideology of that country, and began a major campaign shortly afterwards.

1916: 1791: 1644: 1609: 1583: 1573: 1518:

In 1966, in an attempt to boost the country's population, Ceaușescu made

1463: 1443: 1372:, but Romania formally remained a member. He refused to take part in the 1369: 1251: 1112:

5 February] 1918, rather than the official 26 January [

423: 379: 331: 297: 49: 9280: 7294:

Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989

7274:

Extracts from the minutes of a Romanian senate hearing, 14 December 1994

6738: 5415:. CEUP collection. Central European University Press. pp. 189–202. 5351:

Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989

3686:

Commemorative Medal of the 35th Anniversary of the Liberation of Romania

3582:

church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents.

3408: 2656:

The Western press published estimates of the number of people killed by

2070:. This was first achieved in 1988 and continued through the early 1990s. 8991: 8327: 8213: 7918: 7479: 6573:"Palace of the damned dictator: On the trail of Ceausescu in Bucharest" 4789:. Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University. p. 4071: 3601:

Ceaușescu is played by Constantin Cojocaru in the 2011 Swiss docudrama

3395: 3337: 3057:

Romanian-Italian émigré millionaire (Drăgan was already committed to a

3054: 2767:

Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu were originally buried in simple graves at

2687: 2657: 2515: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2433: 2418: 2369: 1855: 1621: 1617: 1523: 1396: 1376:

by Warsaw Pact forces and even actively and openly condemned it in his

1279: 1200: 1178: 1125: 1108:). Based on his birth certificate, he was born on 23 January [ 1101: 1016: 1004: 791: 589: 551: 495: 5090:

Greensboro News And Record, 13 January 1990 (Updated 28 January 2015)

2870:(a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is the 8900: 8745: 8641: 8359: 6275: 5527:"Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution" 4204: 3817:, 1988) – for his defence of Marxism by rejecting Gorbachev's reforms 3683:

Commemorative Medal of the 5th Anniversary of the Republic of Romania

3617:

and the role social media and political correctness play in creating

3614: 3058: 2838: 2697: 2634: 2464: 2450: 1960:, were the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy. 1753: 1216: 1128: 1118: 1037: 922: 833: 559: 7347:

Focuses on his death, but also discusses other matters. Many photos.

5497:

Tagliabue, John; Times, Special To the New York (10 December 1989).

4786:

Romania versus the United States: diplomacy of the absurd, 1985–1989

4044:

The King of Communism: The Pomp & Pageantry of Nicolae Ceaușescu

3126: 2971:

The system's nationalist traits grew and progressively blended with

2547:, an ethnic Hungarian pastor, accused by the government of inciting 2490: 2327: 2009:

In an attempt to correct this, Ceaușescu decided to repay Romania's

1940:

During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with building himself a

8640: 7662: 6676: 4470:"Muzeul Sighet: Sala 18 - Colectivizarea. Rezistenţă şi represiune" 3260:

Similarly, Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to attend the

3238: 3141: 3108: 2896: 2843: 2754: 2720: 1949: 1892: 1863: 1816: 1578: 1519: 1069: 938: 797: 7357:, Video of the trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu. 6736:[The new Romanian Communist Party, led by a taxi driver]. 6457:"Ikea paid millions to Romania's communist secret police in 1980s" 5648:"Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die" 4844:"Upheaval in the East: Romania's AIDS Babies: A Legacy of Neglect" 4200:"Ceaușescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die" 4148:

Kiss the hand you cannot bite: the rise and fall of the Ceaușescus

3302: 1740: 1353:. In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the 1173:, welcoming the Red Army as it entered Bucharest on 30 August 1944 1017:

policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population

929:

from 1965 to 1989. He was the second and last communist leader of

921:

13 January] 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian

8692: 7627: 6268:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5296:

Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988

4967:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4874:, "Ceaușescu Regime: From the 1968 to the 1989 Mass Meeting", in 4687: 4443:"Cum a devenit Nicolae Ceaușescu general-maior al Armatei Române" 3524:, has been headquartered in the Parliamentary Palace since 2004. 3464: 3399: 3137: 3012:(lit. "Mircea the Elder", whom he styled "Mircea the Great") and 3004: 2964: 2855: 2803: 2422: 1881: 1670: 1531: 1494: 1132: 1104:, being the third of nine children of a poor peasant family (see 1061: 6964: 6059: 4990: 4717:. London: Federal Trust for Education and Research. p. 13. 4111:

Ceaușescu: Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman

3772:

Twentieth Anniversary Commemorative Medal of the Assault on the

2411:

Politburo of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party

2337:

Over 20,000 workers and a number of townspeople marched against

2323: 1466:(going on to win 53 medals, trailing only the United States and 1294: 9140: 9061: 6649:"Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual" 4123:

The history of the Romanian people in the view of the President

3969:, 1984), for decision not to participate in the boycott of the 3717: 3655:

On his 70th birthday in 1988, Ceaușescu was decorated with the

3544: 3540: 3272:

by the Soviets and the rest of their allies in response to the

2984: 2891: 2705: 1756:

valley complaining of low pay and poor working conditions. The

1640: 1536: 1455: 1381: 1057: 9332:

Annulled Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

1165: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4740:"L.A.'s greatest sports moments No. 3: 1984 Olympics opening" 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4368: 4366: 3609: 3536: 3412:

published the message, unaware that it was a work of satire.

3246: 3088:, it also marked the moment when Hungary, a state behind the 2981: 2976: 2562:

On 18 December 1989, Ceaușescu departed for a state visit to

1921: 1803:

Also, the Socialist Republic of Romania was the first of the

1592: 1439: 883: 865: 862: 6732:

Crăciun, Iulian Andrei; Delcea, Cristian (7 November 2010).

6424:"Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era" 6372:(in Romanian). Realitatea.net. 3 August 2011. Archived from 3740:

Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria

3065:

attitude that largely echoed the official cultural policy).

2029: 1706: 1321: 1271:

in Moscow for two consecutive months in both 1951 and 1952.

9512:

Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin

7117: 6936:

Dictators: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century

6818: 6068:"'Taunting the Bear': Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1963–89" 5818:"Nicolae Ceausescu exhumed 'wearing his black winter coat'" 5145:

Demekas, Mr Dimitri G.; Khan, Mr Mohsin S. (15 June 1991).

4864:

Regimul Ceaușescu – de la mitingul din 1968 la cel din 1989

4690:

European Union enlargement: background, developments, facts

4387:"Pagina de istorie: Ascensiunea şi decăderea unui dictator" 4318:. United Kingdom: Createspace Independent Pub. p. 42. 3642:

Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath

3608:

A comedy musical enjoyed a world premiere at Seven Arts in

3456: 2779:, was buried nearby in the same cemetery. According to the 2563: 2046: 874: 4997: 4614: 4363: 3674: 3294:

Nicolae Ceaușescu was a close ally and personal friend of

3120:'s leaders opted for a power-sharing arrangement with the 2380: 2310:

Communist leaders Nicolae Ceaușescu of Romania (left) and

1703:

intents and purposes, his decisions had the force of law.

1695:

those functions of the State Council that did not require

1072:, both were sentenced to death, and they were immediately 871: 6107: 5920: 5121:

The Impact of Governments on East-West Economic Relations

4078:

prominently feature a fictional Romanian President named

4039: 3254: 1410:. Romania was the first Warsaw Pact country to recognize 9347:

Collars of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin

6734:"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi" 6703:"In Romania, Opinion Polls Show Nostalgia for Communism" 5404: 5402: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4782: 3912:(All Soviet decorations and medals were revoked in 1990) 3845:

2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire

3049:, but there was a publicised connection between him and 1752:

In August 1977 over 30,000 miners went on strike in the

9507:

Recipients of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour

3460: 3347: 1952:

sports stadium, in order to make way for the grandiose

1915:

carried out under Ceaușescu's regime. After a visit to

9387:

Grand Collars of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

7081:"President's Week in Review: April 7 – April 13, 1975" 5614:

Distorting defense: Network news and national security

5092:"U.S. Shares Blame Government Ignored Romania's Abused 3853:

Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the

3650:

Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania

3016:(Michael the Brave). It also started adding Dacian or 1169:

Ceaușescu and other Communists at a public meeting in

9233: 6553: 5568:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. 5515:

Text of Speech in Revolution Square, 21 December 1989

5399: 4881: 4391:

RFI România: Actualitate, informaţii, ştiri în direct

3461:

National College for Studying the Securitate Archives

2605:

The mass meeting of 21 December, held in what is now

995:

and came to be considered the most repressive in the

892: 880: 877: 6696: 6694: 6252:

Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions

6250:

Valenzuela, J. Samuel and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.),

5916:"Palace of the damned dictator: The Ceausescu trail" 5299:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 February 1995. 4474:

Memorialul Victimelor Comunismului şi al Rezistenţei

3667:; through this he was honoured for his rejection of 3094:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2708:

residence, from which they fled again, this time to

2326:(February 1987), culminating in a massive strike in 1854:, a senior member of the Romanian political police ( 1691:

and would be reelected every five years until 1989.

1338:

March 1965, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death.

1278:

months after the party's "Muscovite faction" led by

9382:

General secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party

7481:

General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party

7085:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

6793:"Ceaușescu still most beloved President of Romania" 5446:

Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe

5012:

Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After

4938:

Eastern Europe In the Twentieth Century – And After

4646:

Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After

4633:

Eastern Europe In the Twentieth Century – And After

3100:The strong opposition to Ceaușescu on all forms of 2696:Ceaușescu and his wife Elena fled the capital with 868: 6814:"IMDb entry for 'Die letzten Tage der Ceausescus'" 5890: 5816: 5646: 5228:OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Romania 2000 4692:. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 10. 4127:Istoria poporului român în concepția președintelui 3370:Ceaușescu receiving the presidential sceptre, 1974 2785:, requests were made by the Ceaușescus' daughter, 2671:Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu 2283: 808:Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu 674: 1946; their execution 1989) 19:"Ceaușescu" redirects here. For other people, see 7434:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 6691: 6531:Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief 5994: 5992: 5964: 5962: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4413:"10 lucruri de ştiut despre... Nicolae Ceauşescu" 3825:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 3463:, Ikea agreed to overcharge for products made in 2846:. This can be explained by the largely crude and 2038:Data for 1975, 1980 and 1982–1988 taken from the 1868:Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief 1263:, the new legislative body of communist Romania. 927:general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 65:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 9293: 5913: 5866:"Reports: DNA Tests Confirm Ceausescu's Remains" 5733:"In Romania, Ceausescu's death haunts Christmas" 4712: 4053:(2011), was created by Romanian writer/director 3955: 3640:Ceaușescu was likewise stripped of his honorary 1244:influence, Ceaușescu served as secretary of the 7158:Dupa 14 ani – Sosia lui Ceaușescu se destăinuie 5219: 2850:character of the dogma. Ceaușescu attempted to 2555:surrounded his apartment in a show of support. 2002:, but the deal fell through after the Shah was 7232:"Nu vă fie milă, au 2 miliarde de lei în cont" 6939:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177. 6866:The Official Website of the British Monarchy: 5989: 5959: 5892:"Exhumed body in Romania is Nicolae Ceausescu" 5496: 5443:East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (6 October 2016). 5117: 4593:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 4568: 3652:that Ceaușescu had bestowed upon her in 1978. 3148:in 1940 and again at the end of World War II. 2906:Moldavian workers during Ceaușescu's visit to 1882:Systematization: demolition and reconstruction 1788:in Los Angeles, despite a Soviet-led boycott. 1671:President of the Socialist Republic of Romania 1052:fled the capital in a helicopter enrouting to 1031:As anti-government protesters demonstrated in 937:from 1967 to 1989, and widely classified as a 107:President of the Socialist Republic of Romania 9397:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 8626: 8159: 7622: 7608: 7465: 6842:"Ceausescu the Musical | the culture vulture" 6731: 5846: 5844: 5394:"Decembrie '89. Deconstrucția unei revoluții" 4972: 2594: 2322:(November 1986) and the Nicolina platform in 1985:By the 1970s, the Ceaușescus had developed a 1295:Ceaușescu during the collectivization process 9427:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) 9162:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 7276:, featuring the remarks of Filip Teodorescu. 7250:The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceaușescu 5759:"Ceausescu execution 'avoided mob lynching'" 5596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4688:Martin Sajdik; Michaël Schwarzinger (2008). 4376:, New York: Villard Books, 1991 pp. 181–186. 4360:, New York: Villard Books, 1991 pp. 180–181. 3718:Foreign state orders, decorations and medals 3713:Order of the Star of the Republic of Romania 1807:nations to have official relations with the 1582:Ceaușescu meeting with North Korean Premier 1274:In 1952, Gheorghiu-Dej brought him onto the 1231:as interpreted by Gheorghiu-Dej; journalist 581:19 November 1946 – 25 February 1948 9131:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public 6570: 6159: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5617:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 158. 5252:Staff, World Book, Inc (3 September 1987). 5213:"Statistical Abstract of the United States" 5144: 5040:"Nine controversial state visits to the UK" 4814: 4812: 4810: 4731: 4085: 3979:, an Italian non-profit organization (1979) 3441:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 3151: 3020:versions to the names of cities and towns ( 1636:and widely distributed inside the country. 1546: 1485:Ceaușescu refused to implement measures of 1418:, and the first to receive a US president, 1240:, when Romania was beginning to fall under 1096:Ceaușescu was born in the small village of 458:21 October 1945 – 25 December 1989 190:9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989 9452:People executed by Romania by firing squad 9172:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry 8633: 8619: 8166: 8152: 7615: 7601: 7472: 7458: 5841: 5442: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4179:"Nicolae Ceaușescu – president of Romania" 3629:Ceaușescu was made a knight of the Danish 2792: 1799:during a visit in Washington, D.C. in 1978 1422:. In 1971, Romania became a member of the 48: 9126:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 8136:indicates incumbent/current officeholder. 7325:Nicolae Ceaușescu's last speech in public 6913:"Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990" 6179: 6113: 5258:. World Book – Childcraft International. 4750: 4589: 3977:International Relations Institute of Rome 3731:Order of the Liberator General San Martín 3695:Hero of Socialist Labour (Romania) (1964) 3547:, and large amounts of crystal and wood. 3512:. The main architect of the building was 3459:. According to declassified files at the 2531:Learn how and when to remove this message 2400: 2040:Statistical Abstract of the United States 2030:Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars) 1707:Oil embargo, strike and foreign relations 1146:The profile file from the secret police, 543:28 March 1948 – 25 December 1989 119:28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989 77:19 March 1965 – 22 December 1989 9542:Romanian politicians convicted of crimes 7953:Presidium of the Great National Assembly 6932: 6700: 6065: 5803: 5751: 5724: 5566:Narcissism and politics: dreams of glory 5347: 4951:Romanian Journal of Society and Politics 4909:Narcissism and Politics: Dreams of Glory 4807: 4737: 4715:The EU and Romania: accession and beyond 3823:Special class of the Grand Cross of the 3646:Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 3549: 3373: 3365: 3357: 3220: 3155: 2901: 2686: 2674: 2628: 2449: 2379: 2305: 2295: 1980: 1965:massive rural resettlement program began 1919:in 1971, Ceaușescu was impressed by the 1891: 1790: 1771: 1739: 1710: 1674: 1577: 1472: 1320: 1310: 1250: 1164: 1083: 1079: 273:Presidium of the Great National Assembly 7136:("Small encyclopedic dictionary"), 1978 6669: 6356:Sceptrul lui Ceaușescu, scos la vânzare 6202: 5524: 5469: 5118:Elliott-Gowerd, Steven (27 July 2016). 5023: 4912:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4896:, New York: Villard Books, 1991 p. 195. 4440: 4332: 3675:Romanian orders, decorations and medals 3354:Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality 2809: 2052:Data for 1981 and 1985 provided by the 1823:for the production of more than eighty 1450:. In 1980, Romania participated in the 1074:executed by firing squad on 25 December 9432:Members of the Great National Assembly 9294: 7345:Death of the Father: Nicolae Ceaușescu 7209:Eu am fost sosia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu 7114:The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu 6790: 6590: 6525: 6273: 6160:Pechlivanis, Paschalis (14 May 2020). 6114:Karamouzi, Eirini (26 November 2013). 6042:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5814: 5730: 5231:. OECD Publishing. 29 September 2000. 4940:, London: Routledge, 1997 pp. 354–355. 4441:Catalan, Alexandru (25 October 2020). 4059:The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu 3855:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 3596: 3510:convert villages into miniature cities 2704:and flew by helicopter to Ceaușescu's 2334:called "generalized dissatisfaction". 1643:speech, which came to be known as the 1562:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1424:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 985:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 979:Upon achieving power, Ceaușescu eased 957:in December 1989, part of a series of 8614: 8147: 7905:Provisional Presidium of the Republic 7596: 7453: 7049:"Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú" 6920:ARCHIV KANCELÁŘE PREZIDENTA REPUBLIKY 6571:Malathronas, John (5 December 2014). 6506: 6421: 5903:from the original on 11 January 2022. 5731:Demian, Sinziana (25 December 2009). 5644: 5610: 5552:"Revolution of 1989: Milea's Suicide" 5525:McGrath, Stephen (25 December 2019). 5408: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5251: 4492: 4490: 4467: 4436: 4434: 4313: 4197: 4029: 3925:, twice (Soviet Union, 1973 and 1988) 3624: 2886:to select him over the more orthodox 2797:On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists 1434:before the fall of the Eastern Bloc. 1317:De-satellization of Communist Romania 904: 285:31 May 1950 – 3 October 1955 9522:Romanian Communist Party politicians 6701:Dragomir, Elena (27 December 2011). 6623:"The heaviest building in the world" 5914:John Malathronas (5 December 2014). 5829:from the original on 11 January 2022 5470:Abraham, Florin (17 November 2016). 5191:. OECD Publishing. 29 October 2002. 5148:The Romanian Economic Reform Program 4905: 4316:The Man They Killed on Christmas Day 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4280: 4278: 3495:He directed the construction of the 3348:Personality cult and totalitarianism 3163:leaders in 1987 from left to right: 2878:Ceaușism's main trait was a form of 2513:adding citations to reliable sources 2484: 2345:and Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies of 1842:also praised the Romanian dictator. 1687:. He was first elected to this post 1558:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968 1553:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968 1158:. While out of jail in 1939, he met 9121:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 8776:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair 8471:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 7408:9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989 6888:"Reply to a parliamentary question" 6772:from the original on 21 August 2016 6203:Stanciu, Cezar (13 November 2018). 6066:Deletant, Dennis (8 October 2007). 5378:. New York Times (30 December 1987) 5188:OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2002 4783:Roger Kirk; Mircea Răceanu (1994). 4051:Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu 4006:University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 3692:, three times (1971, 1978 and 1988) 3378:Propaganda poster, Bucharest (1986) 2633:By the morning of 22 December, the 2045:Data for 1989–1995 provided by the 1845: 1830:Vice President of the United States 477:23 August 1944 – June 1945 16:Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989 13: 9497:Recipients of the Legion of Honour 9317:20th-century executions by Romania 8827:Commonwealth of Independent States 8524:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 8342:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 7127: 6791:Albert, Dénes (27 December 2018). 6310: 6280:(4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: 6257: 5563: 5473:Romania since the Second World War 5381: 4956: 4832:American Psychological Association 4760:. Sports Reference. Archived from 4738:Mitchell, Houston (9 April 2013). 4500:. 15 December 2007. Archived from 4487: 4431: 3983: 3796:(1980; subsequently expelled 1989) 3786:(1987; subsequently expelled 1989) 3704:(accompanied each Hero of Romania) 3574:(1949–2006), a mathematician; and 3570:(born 1948), a nuclear physicist; 3320:Ceaușescu reduced the size of the 2683:, Bucharest (photographed in 2007) 2551:. Members of his ethnic Hungarian 1995:invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 14: 9563: 9467:People of the Romanian revolution 9167:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 8257:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 7438:22 March 1965 – 22 December 1989 7381:28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989 7341:("A failed scheme") (In Romanian) 7318: 7269:, issue 3/IV, July–September 1991 5954:Communism with a Nationalist Face 5645:Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009). 5014:, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 356. 4648:, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 355. 4635:, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 355. 4300: 4275: 4198:Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009). 3949:Most Honourable Order of the Bath 3905:Order of Saint James of the Sword 3883:Grand Cross with Diamonds of the 3875:Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olaf 3702:Order of the Victory of Socialism 3386:, giving himself such titles as " 1977:1980s austerity policy in Romania 1481:during his visit to India in 1969 1448:Palestine Liberation Organization 1397:banned abortion and contraception 1255:Ceaușescu giving a speech in 1954 512:December 1946 – May 1948 9547:Romanian prisoners and detainees 9502:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 9279: 9267: 9255: 9243: 9083: 9060: 8703:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 8683:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 8338:Hungarian Working People's Party 8300:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 8132:indicate interim officeholders. 7659:United Principalities of Romania 7571: 7211:" ("I was Ceaușescu's double"), 7103: 7073: 7041: 7009: 6979: 6953: 6926: 6905: 6880: 6860: 6834: 6806: 6784: 6754: 6725: 6672:"Ceausescu – Back from the Dead" 6663: 6641: 6615: 6564: 6547: 6533:. Regnery Gateway. p. 101. 6518: 6500: 6475: 6395:List of honorary British Knights 6263: 6167:The International History Review 4962: 4530:(in Romanian). 25 September 2010 4002:Autonomous University of Yucatán 3661:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3324:by 5%, for which he organized a 2489: 1837:United States Secretary of State 1679:Standard of President of Romania 1143:, being arrested several times. 906:[nikoˈla.etʃe̯a.uˈʃesku] 858: 760: 711: 170:National Salvation Front Council 9472:People who were court-martialed 8806:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7585:indicate interim officeholders. 7289:, November 2007, pp. 41–65 6877:, retrieved on 13 October 2010. 6670:Horvath, John (8 August 2010). 6449: 6415: 6399: 6388: 6362: 6348: 6322: 6244: 6196: 6153: 6050: 6010: 6001: 5980: 5971: 5946: 5935: 5907: 5883: 5858: 5815:Osborn, Andrew (21 July 2010). 5777: 5698: 5673: 5667: 5638: 5604: 5557: 5544: 5518: 5509: 5490: 5463: 5436: 5368: 5341: 5327: 5313: 5286: 5245: 5205: 5179: 5165: 5151:. International Monetary Fund. 5138: 5111: 5096: 5084: 5058: 5032: 5017: 4943: 4930: 4899: 4853: 4837: 4828:"The Lasting Impact of Neglect" 4821: 4776: 4758:"1984 Los Angeles Summer Games" 4706: 4681: 4651: 4638: 4542: 4516: 4461: 4405: 4379: 4350: 3967:International Olympic Committee 3929:Order of the October Revolution 3865:Order of the Crown of the Realm 3603:Die letzten Tage der Ceaușescus 3529:larger private sector buildings 3402:. This excess prompted painter 2500:needs additional citations for 2355:electricity and central heating 2284:1984 failed coup d'état attempt 1970: 1530:The government targeted rising 1374:1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia 1196:In 1943, he was transferred to 671: 8796:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews 7404:President of the State Council 7304:pub. M. E. Sharpe. p. 351 6554:Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (1979). 6524:Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in 6514:. London: Chatto & Windus. 5706:"Der Diktator und sein Henker" 5432:– via OpenEdition Books. 5255:The World Book Year Book, 1987 4665:. 2 April 1973. Archived from 4243: 4221: 4212: 4191: 4171: 4153: 4140: 3698:Military Merit Medal (Romania) 3382:Ceaușescu created a pervasive 3112:placed Ceaușescu at odds with 1600:. He was also inspired by the 1567: 1513: 1203:, where he shared a cell with 1193:(1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943). 1036:demonstrations, which reached 945:and from 1974 concurrently as 941:, serving as President of the 178:President of the State Council 1: 9527:Romanian Land Forces generals 8655: 7894:Socialist Republic of Romania 7141:Kiss the Hand you Cannot Bite 6655:(in Romanian). Archived from 6223:10.1080/14682745.2018.1524878 6181:10.1080/07075332.2020.1764609 5787:(in Romanian). Archived from 4894:Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite 4374:Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite 4358:Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite 4010:University of the Philippines 3956:Foreign non-state decorations 3554:Ceaușescu and his successor, 3331: 2816:National Communism in Romania 2757:on the streets of Bucharest. 2439: 1345:and to declare the country a 925:politician who served as the 9447:People convicted of genocide 8395:Polish United Workers' Party 7330:Romania's Demographic Policy 6560:. Albin Michel. p. 190. 6483:"Programmable Search Engine" 6422:Rosca, Matei (4 July 2014). 6132:10.1080/09592296.2013.848697 5870:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 5712:(in German). 20 October 2005 5486:– via books.google.ro. 5459:– via books.google.ro. 5412:The Roma in Romanian History 4556:(in Romanian). 4 August 2005 4133: 3893:Grand Collar of the Ancient 3479:, Albanian communist leader 3146:occupied by the Soviet Union 2679:Ceaușescu's original grave, 2589: 2480: 2405:Under the Ceaușescu regime, 1744:Ceaușescu in a meeting with 933:. He was also the country's 7: 9352:Burials at Ghencea Cemetery 7286:National Geographic Romania 7281:Viata lui Nicolae Ceausescu 5354:. M.E.Sharpe. p. 351. 4393:(in Romanian). 19 July 2017 3939:Royal Order of the Seraphim 3843:Commemorative Medal of the 3749:Order of the Southern Cross 3543:, a million square feet of 2948:Socialism with a human face 2314:of the Soviet Union in 1985 1432:European Economic Community 1416:International Monetary Fund 413:13 May 1948 – 1949 10: 9568: 8971:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 8713:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 8201:Party of Labour of Albania 7889:Romanian People's Republic 7272:Filip Teodorescu, et al., 7134:Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic 6120:Diplomacy & Statecraft 5956:, pp. 60–66; Tănase, p. 24 5952:Geran Pilon, Chapter III, 5942:Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic 5564:M., Post, Jerrold (2014). 5550:Marcau, Flavius Cristian, 4659:"Rumania: Enfant Terrible" 4590:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). 4150:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 3998:University of Buenos Aires 3988:Honorary degrees from the 3947:Knight Grand Cross of the 3863:Honorary Recipient of the 3815:German Democratic Republic 3351: 2872:disappearance of the State 2813: 2668: 2598: 2595:Speech on 21 December 1989 2443: 2299: 1974: 1885: 1571: 1550: 1343:Communist Party of Romania 1314: 949:, until his overthrow and 757:Romanian Revolution (1989) 18: 9412:Inmates of Târgu Jiu camp 9402:Inmates of Doftana prison 9205: 9180: 9149: 9113: 9106: 9075: 9052: 9045: 8984: 8933: 8891: 8834: 8821: 8814: 8768: 8721: 8670: 8663: 8652: 8522: 8469: 8441: 8389: 8336: 8298: 8255: 8224:Bulgarian Communist Party 8222: 8199: 8190: 8186: 8127: 8058: 8035: 7991: 7951: 7903: 7887: 7852: 7836: 7791: 7775: 7759: 7745: 7725: 7690: 7674: 7657: 7639:Heads of state of Romania 7634: 7580: 7569: 7487: 7440: 7431: 7423: 7418: 7410: 7401: 7393: 7383: 7374: 7368: 7363: 7215:Nr 12, 2001 (in Romanian) 6282:Federal Research Division 6086:10.1080/14682740701621796 5684:Google Arts & Culture 5611:Aubin, Stephen P (1998). 5348:Deletant, Dennis (1995). 5309:– via Google Books. 5268:– via Google Books. 5241:– via Google Books. 5201:– via Google Books. 5161:– via Google Books. 5134:– via Google Books. 5105:Government and Opposition 4979:Federal Research Division 4906:Post, Jerrold M. (2014). 4713:David Phinnemore (2006). 4550:"Martirii din Vadu Rosca" 3710:Order of Homeland Defence 3470: 3144:, both of which had been 2732:non-commissioned officers 2580:mass meeting in Bucharest 2384:Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1986 1888:Systematization (Romania) 1758:Jiu valley miners' strike 1504:World Health Organization 1495:economic self-sufficiency 1092:for Communist activities. 1068:of economic sabotage and 1048:. Ceaușescu and his wife 947:President of the Republic 847: 843: 839: 828: 823: 813: 803: 789: 785: 780:Execution by firing squad 775: 768: 752: 742: 734: 724: 719: 707: 681: 653: 642: 625: 608: 603: 599: 585: 574: 566: 547: 536: 528: 516: 505: 493: 481: 470: 462: 451: 439: 429: 417: 406: 395: 385: 373: 362: 351: 341: 325: 314: 303: 289: 278: 270: 266: 262: 255: 251: 239: 227: 194: 183: 176: 163: 151: 123: 112: 105: 93: 81: 70: 63: 59: 47: 30: 9552:Romanian revolutionaries 9487:State Council of Romania 9422:Leaders ousted by a coup 9407:Inmates of Jilava Prison 9372:Executed Romanian people 8646:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 8443:Romanian Communist Party 7419:Party political offices 7292:Dennis Deletant (1995), 6933:Dikötter, Frank (2020). 6893:(in German). p. 277 6461:South China Morning Post 4975:Romania: a country study 4086:Selected published works 3975:Gold Medal Plate of the 3885:Order of the Sun of Peru 3837:Athens Gold Medal (1976) 3522:Romanian Communist Party 3497:Palace of the Parliament 3425:socialism in one country 3152:Non-aligned policy feats 2717:National Salvation Front 2664: 2651:Romanian Communist Party 2601:Ceaușescu's final speech 2407:Romani people in Romania 2015:1986 military referendum 1729:1973–74 Arab oil embargo 1719:during a state visit to 1547:Speech of 21 August 1968 1414:, the first to join the 1246:Union of Communist Youth 1207:, becoming his protégé. 989:speech of 21 August 1968 647:Romanian Communist Party 465:Union of Communist Youth 9477:Politicide perpetrators 9457:People from Scornicești 9362:Executed mass murderers 8786:Jackson–Vanik amendment 8037:President of SR Romania 7237:13 October 2004 at the 6873:16 January 2013 at the 6846:theculturevulture.co.uk 4870:1 November 2013 at the 4314:Gruia, Cătălin (2013). 4184:Encyclopædia Britannica 3990:University of Bucharest 3847:(Empire of Iran, 1971). 3784:Order of the White Lion 3450: 3289:Augusto Pinochet's coup 3134:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3051:Iosif Constantin Drăgan 2793:Exhumation and reburial 1896:Civic Center, Bucharest 1522:illegal and introduced 1301:Romanian Workers' Party 1269:Frunze Military Academy 1261:Great National Assembly 1022:His cult of personality 917:; 26 January [ 531:Great National Assembly 494:First Secretary of the 463:First Secretary of the 401:Ministry of Agriculture 54:Official portrait, 1965 9462:People of the Cold War 9213:Russian Jews in Israel 8451:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 8174:Leaders of the ruling 8002:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 7427:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 7224:, 1996, in particular 6602:Guinness World Records 6277:Zaire: a country study 6007:Geran Pilon, pp. 61–63 4020:Kim Il Sung University 3758:Order of Stara Planina 3559: 3533:Boeing Everett Factory 3439:. In 1978 he became a 3379: 3371: 3363: 3322:Romanian People's Army 3242: 3216:Regime of the Colonels 3211: 3047:Jean-François Thiriart 2911: 2693: 2684: 2455: 2401:Romani minority rights 2385: 2315: 1990: 1908: 1897: 1800: 1784:) to take part in the 1777: 1749: 1724: 1715:Ceaușescu (left) with 1680: 1649:liberalization of 1965 1587: 1482: 1334: 1256: 1205:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1174: 1093: 1040:, became known as the 1007:, was responsible for 974:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 523:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 496:Olt Regional Committee 336:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 88:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 9537:Romanian nationalists 9482:Presidents of Romania 9157:Jewish Defense League 9136:Moscow Helsinki Group 8391:Polish Workers' Party 7962:Constantin Ion Parhon 7914:Constantin Ion Parhon 7874:between 1940 and 1944 7644:Presidents of Romania 7339:638: Un complot ratat 6961:"Grand State Banquet" 5679:"Trial and Execution" 5374:Vladimir Tismăneanu: 4468:admin (29 May 2009). 4014:University of Liberia 3951:(1978; expelled 1989) 3794:Order of the Elephant 3631:Order of the Elephant 3553: 3490:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 3377: 3369: 3361: 3307:political machineries 3224: 3159: 2989:Gheorghe Gaston Marin 2927:. After a visit from 2905: 2690: 2678: 2629:Flight on 22 December 2559:women, and children. 2453: 2383: 2363:Deșteaptă-te, române! 2309: 2296:1987 Brașov rebellion 1984: 1911:) was the program of 1895: 1794: 1775: 1743: 1714: 1678: 1632:were translated into 1581: 1476: 1378:21 August 1968 speech 1324: 1311:Leadership of Romania 1254: 1168: 1087: 1080:Early life and career 735:Years of service 397:State Under Secretary 294:Constantin Ion Parhon 219:Constantin Dăscălescu 143:Constantin Dăscălescu 9437:Natalist politicians 9327:Anti-intellectualism 8509:Konstantin Chernenko 8064:President of Romania 7819:Constantin Sărăţeanu 7692:Princely Lieutenancy 7377:President of Romania 7371:Position established 7230:Victor Stănculescu, 7218:Stevens W. Sowards, 6659:on 20 December 2007. 5392:Ruxandra Cesereanu: 5376:"Tremors in Romania" 5173:"The World Factbook" 5028:. London. p. 1. 3971:Los Angeles Olympics 3782:Grand Collar of the 3566:had three children: 3278:1980 Summer Olympics 3262:1984 Summer Olympics 3249:at the start of the 3078:Corneliu Vadim Tudor 2880:Romanian nationalism 2810:Ceaușescu's policies 2509:improve this article 1958:Palace of Parliament 1786:1984 Summer Olympics 1685:executive presidency 1460:1984 Summer Olympics 1452:1980 Summer Olympics 1401:country's orphanages 616:13 January] 1918 569:Assembly of Deputies 488:Constantin Drăgoescu 257:Additional positions 158:Position established 9367:Executed presidents 9357:Executed communists 8433:Mieczysław Rakowski 8428:Wojciech Jaruzelski 8078:Emil Constantinescu 8013:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 7983:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 7682:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 7334:Gheorghe Brătescu, 7168:Juliana Geran Pilon 6868:"Queen and Honours" 6598:"Heaviest building" 6512:The Artful Albanian 6286:Library of Congress 6024:on 25 February 2021 5899:. 4 November 2010. 5070:www.theguardian.com 4983:Library of Congress 4846:, 8 February 1990, 4504:on 15 December 2007 4161:"Nicolae Ceaușescu" 3994:Lebanese University 3961:Gold Collar of the 3873:Grand Cross of the 3767:Order of José Martí 3597:Cultural depictions 3477:The Artful Albanian 3392:Proletarian Culture 3043:National Bolshevism 2884:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 2868:Communist societies 2806:under a tombstone. 2764:on 7 January 1990. 2446:Romanian Revolution 2332:Vladimir Tismăneanu 2133:Gross external debt 2013:. He organised the 1734:The 1977 earthquake 1598:Cultural Revolution 1487:economic liberalism 1066:tried and convicted 1046:Revolutions of 1989 1042:Romanian Revolution 955:Romanian Revolution 776:Cause of death 770:Criminal conviction 204:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 9017:Benjamin Netanyahu 8557:Dragoslav Marković 8461:Nicolae Ceaușescu 7747:Kingdom of Romania 7717:Nicolae Haralambie 7443:Position abolished 7413:Position abolished 7364:Political offices 7245:, 22 November 2004 7207:Viorel Patrichi, " 7029:on 29 October 2013 6713:on 11 January 2012 6336:on 3 February 2012 6056:Geran Pilon, p. 63 5998:Geran Pilon, p. 61 5986:Geran Pilon, p. 62 5968:Geran Pilon, p. 60 5765:. 25 December 2009 5503:The New York Times 5010:Crampton, Richard 4936:Crampton, Richard 4878:, 21 December 2005 4848:The New York Times 4669:on 3 November 2011 4644:Crampton, Richard 4631:Crampton, Richard 4030:In popular culture 3811:Order of Karl Marx 3625:Honours and awards 3568:Valentin Ceaușescu 3560: 3380: 3372: 3364: 3243: 3212: 3092:, appealed to the 2912: 2773:Valentin Ceaușescu 2762:capital punishment 2751:Victor Stănculescu 2736:The Internationale 2725:sentenced to death 2694: 2685: 2456: 2386: 2316: 2024:CIA World Factbook 1991: 1898: 1813:European Community 1801: 1778: 1750: 1727:Starting with the 1725: 1681: 1588: 1483: 1380:. He travelled to 1347:socialist republic 1335: 1257: 1175: 1148:Siguranța Statului 1094: 983:and condemned the 747:Lieutenant general 100:Position abolished 9532:Romanian Marxists 9517:Romanian atheists 9377:Filmed executions 9337:Atheism activists 9312:Nicolae Ceaușescu 9231: 9230: 9201: 9200: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9090:Nicolae Ceaușescu 9067:Władysław Gomułka 8951:George H. W. Bush 8929: 8928: 8858:Mikhail Gorbachev 8801:Operation Solomon 8764: 8763: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8514:Mikhail Gorbachev 8494:Nikita Khrushchev 8413:Władysław Gomułka 8383: 8382: 8176:Communist parties 8141: 8140: 8060:Post–1989 Romania 8054: 8053: 8046:Nicolae Ceaușescu 8027:Nicolae Ceaușescu 7883: 7882: 7815:Gheorghe Buzdugan 7741: 7740: 7649:Romanian monarchs 7590: 7589: 7448: 7447: 7441:Succeeded by 7411:Succeeded by 7384:Succeeded by 7243:Jurnalul Național 6946:978-1-5266-2698-1 6822:. 22 January 2011 6768:. 10 April 2014. 6629:. 1 November 2018 6557:Answer to History 6540:978-0-89526-570-8 6527:Pacepa, Ion Mihai 6405:Smith, Harrison. 5855:, 25 January 2005 5852:Jurnalul Național 5624:978-0-275-96303-3 5575:978-1-107-00872-4 5483:978-1-4725-2992-3 5456:978-1-4742-8748-7 5422:978-615-5053-93-1 5361:978-1-56324-633-3 5306:978-0-16-046793-6 5265:978-0-7166-0487-7 5238:978-92-64-18782-5 5198:978-92-64-19412-0 5158:978-1-55775-190-4 5131:978-1-349-12419-0 5108:, 36(2), 230–252. 5072:. 31 January 2012 4923:978-1-107-00872-4 4876:Jurnalul Național 4744:Los Angeles Times 4699:978-1-4128-0667-1 4607:978-0-375-42532-5 4596:. New York City: 4325:978-1-4922-8259-4 4256:Jurnalul Național 4231:. 27 January 2015 4146:Behr, E. (1991). 4080:Nicolae Carpathia 3895:Order of Sikatuna 3669:Mikhail Gorbachev 3615:celebrity culture 3268:, which had been 3239:Helsinki, Finland 3114:Mikhail Gorbachev 3010:Mircea cel Bătrân 2929:Charles de Gaulle 2852:include his views 2782:Jurnalul Național 2607:Revolution Square 2576:Radio Free Europe 2541: 2540: 2533: 2454:Ceaușescu in 1988 2343:Socialist Romania 2339:economic policies 2312:Mikhail Gorbachev 2281: 2280: 1931:socialist society 1833:George H. W. Bush 1821:British Aerospace 1661:Socialist Realism 1626:Potemkin villages 1602:personality cults 1491:industrialization 1351:people's republic 1289:Władysław Gomułka 1276:Central Committee 1152:contempt of court 1013:severe repression 1009:mass surveillance 854:Nicolae Ceaușescu 851: 850: 595: 594: 442:Central Committee 42:Nicolae Ceaușescu 9559: 9342:Ceaușescu family 9284: 9283: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9239: 9218:Yisrael BaAliyah 9111: 9110: 9088: 9087: 9065: 9064: 9050: 9049: 9032:Nehemiah Levanon 8961:Henry M. Jackson 8916:Eduard Kuznetsov 8832: 8831: 8819: 8818: 8791:Helsinki Accords 8668: 8667: 8657: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8572:Milanko Renovica 8547:Dušan Dragosavac 8537:Stevan Doronjski 8456:Gheorghe Apostol 8387: 8386: 8275:Alexander Dubček 8265:Klement Gottwald 8237:Valko Chervenkov 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8094:Nicolae Văcăroiu 7973:Mihail Sadoveanu 7937: 7924:Mihail Sadoveanu 7901: 7900: 7827: 7757: 7756: 7700: 7672: 7671: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7594: 7593: 7575: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7424:Preceded by 7394:Preceded by 7369:Preceded by 7361: 7360: 7279:Cătălin Gruia, " 7121: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7087:. Archived from 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7022:. Archived from 7021: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6993:. Archived from 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6963:. 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Archived from 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4167:. December 2021. 4157: 4151: 4144: 4076:Jerry B. Jenkins 4026: 3913: 3803:Legion of Honour 3774:Moncada Barracks 3644:(GCB) status by 3508:program used to 3437:Legion of Honour 3417:Victor Sebestyen 3384:personality cult 3299:Mobutu Sese Seko 3274:U.S.-led boycott 3231:George Macovescu 3086:Socialist states 2991:), approved the 2943:Alexander Dubček 2935:Patriotic Guards 2888:Gheorghe Apostol 2769:Ghencea Cemetery 2681:Ghencea Cemetery 2643:defence minister 2572:Voice of America 2536: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2493: 2485: 2351:basic foodstuffs 2302:Brașov rebellion 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2074: 2073: 1987:personality cult 1852:Ion Mihai Pacepa 1846:Pacepa defection 1817:Emperor Hirohito 1386:Alexander Dubček 1349:, rather than a 1221:Friedrich Engels 1179:internment camps 1106:Ceaușescu family 981:press censorship 968:Born in 1918 in 916: 915: 914: 908: 903: 896: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 814:Criminal penalty 794: 764: 720:Military service 715: 675: 673: 632: 629:25 December 1989 612:26 January [ 604:Personal details 579: 541: 519: 510: 484: 475: 456: 420: 411: 376: 367: 328: 319: 309:National Defence 283: 253: 252: 246:Office abolished 242: 230: 197: 188: 166: 154: 126: 117: 96: 84: 75: 52: 28: 27: 21:Ceaușescu family 9567: 9566: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9278: 9268: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9197: 9176: 9145: 9094: 9082: 9071: 9059: 9041: 8980: 8925: 8906:Natan Sharansky 8887: 8878:Adolf Shayevich 8868:David Dragunsky 8848:Leonid Brezhnev 8825: 8810: 8760: 8717: 8659: 8648: 8639: 8609: 8600: 8591: 8587:Milan Pančevski 8567:Vidoje Žarković 8532:Josip Broz Tito 8518: 8499:Leonid Brezhnev 8489:Georgy Malenkov 8465: 8437: 8423:Stanisław Kania 8403:Bolesław Bierut 8393: 8379: 8340: 8332: 8318:Walter Ulbricht 8294: 8270:Antonín Novotný 8251: 8232:Georgi Dimitrov 8218: 8182: 8172: 8142: 8137: 8123: 8062: 8050: 8031: 7987: 7947: 7931: 7896: 7892: 7879: 7848: 7832: 7821: 7805:Prince Nicholas 7787: 7771: 7751:King of Romania 7749: 7737: 7721: 7712:Nicolae Golescu 7707:Lascăr Catargiu 7694: 7686: 7661: 7653: 7630: 7621: 7591: 7586: 7576: 7567: 7483: 7478: 7444: 7437: 7429: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7389: 7380: 7372: 7321: 7239:Wayback Machine 7130: 7128:General sources 7125: 7124: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7061:on 8 April 2023 7058: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6997:on 7 March 2016 6985: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6967:on 2 March 2004 6959: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6875:Wayback Machine 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6668: 6664: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6569: 6565: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6523: 6519: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6420: 6416: 6412:7 January 2019. 6410:Washington Post 6404: 6400: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6376:on 26 July 2014 6368: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6296: 6288:. p. 263. 6264: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6201: 6197: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6035: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6018:"Archived copy" 6016: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5912: 5908: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5813: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5791:on 25 July 2018 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5589: 5588: 5576: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5468: 5464: 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1673: 1576: 1570: 1555: 1549: 1516: 1477:Ceaușescu with 1331:Leonid Brezhnev 1325:Ceaușescu with 1319: 1313: 1297: 1201:internment camp 1082: 910: 909: 901: 894: 861: 857: 790: 703: 677: 669: 665: 662: 643:Political party 634: 630: 617: 580: 575: 542: 537: 518:First Secretary 517: 511: 506: 500:Communist Party 482: 476: 471: 457: 452: 446:Communist Party 418: 412: 407: 374: 368: 363: 353:Deputy Minister 334: 326: 320: 315: 305:Deputy Minister 296: 284: 279: 271:Member of the 258: 240: 228: 223: 195: 189: 184: 164: 152: 147: 124: 118: 113: 94: 82: 76: 71: 55: 43: 40: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9565: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9442:Neo-Stalinists 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9289: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 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8075: 8069: 8067: 8066:(1989–present) 8056: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7977:Anton Moisescu 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7929:Gheorghe Stere 7926: 7921: 7910: 7908: 7898: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7812: 7807: 7803:under regents 7795: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7754: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7669: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7624:Heads of state 7620: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7588: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7430: 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Bloomsbury. 5435: 5421: 5398: 5380: 5367: 5360: 5340: 5326: 5312: 5305: 5285: 5264: 5244: 5237: 5218: 5204: 5197: 5178: 5164: 5157: 5137: 5130: 5110: 5095: 5083: 5057: 5031: 5016: 4996: 4955: 4942: 4929: 4922: 4898: 4880: 4852: 4836: 4820: 4806: 4799: 4775: 4764:on 7 July 2008 4749: 4730: 4723: 4705: 4698: 4680: 4650: 4637: 4613: 4606: 4598:Pantheon Books 4567: 4554:www.hotnews.ro 4541: 4515: 4486: 4460: 4430: 4404: 4378: 4362: 4349: 4331: 4324: 4299: 4274: 4242: 4220: 4211: 4190: 4187:. 10 May 2023. 4170: 4152: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4087: 4084: 4031: 4028: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3944:United Kingdom 3942: 3937:Knight of the 3935: 3932: 3926: 3923:Order of Lenin 3920: 3914: 3908: 3903:Collar of the 3901: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3821: 3818: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3792:Knight of the 3790: 3787: 3780: 3779:Czechoslovakia 3777: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3729:Collar of the 3727: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3676: 3673: 3665:Erich Honecker 3626: 3623: 3619:social pariahs 3598: 3595: 3576:Nicu Ceaușescu 3572:Zoia Ceaușescu 3506:urban planning 3472: 3469: 3452: 3449: 3400:royal insignia 3352:Main article: 3349: 3346: 3333: 3330: 3169:Czechoslovakia 3153: 3150: 3014:Mihai Viteazul 2953:Czechoslovakia 2945:'s version of 2854:in mainstream 2811: 2808: 2794: 2791: 2669:Main article: 2666: 2663: 2641:, Ceaușescu's 2630: 2627: 2599:Main article: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2539: 2538: 2497: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2444:Main article: 2441: 2438: 2402: 2399: 2300:Main article: 2297: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2028: 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1913:urban planning 1909:Sistematizarea 1886:Main article: 1883: 1880: 1847: 1844: 1825:BAC One-Eleven 1763:à la polonaise 1717:Hafez Al Assad 1708: 1705: 1672: 1669: 1572:Main article: 1569: 1566: 1551:Main article: 1548: 1545: 1515: 1512: 1426:. Romania and 1408:Western Europe 1312: 1309: 1296: 1293: 1285:Polish October 1225:Vladimir Lenin 1213:self-criticism 1160:Elena Petrescu 1156:Doftana Prison 1141:Râmnicu Vâlcea 1090:Doftana Prison 1081: 1078: 963:Eastern Europe 959:anti-communist 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 830: 826: 825: 821: 820: 815: 811: 810: 805: 801: 800: 795: 787: 786: 783: 782: 777: 773: 772: 766: 765: 754: 750: 749: 744: 740: 739: 736: 732: 731: 726: 725:Branch/service 722: 721: 717: 716: 709: 705: 704: 702: 701: 696: 691: 685: 683: 679: 678: 667: 663: 660:Elena Petrescu 658: 657: 655: 651: 650: 644: 640: 639: 633:(aged 71) 627: 623: 622: 610: 606: 605: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 583: 582: 572: 571: 567:Member of the 564: 563: 556:Pitești Region 549: 545: 544: 534: 533: 529:Member of the 526: 525: 520: 514: 513: 503: 502: 491: 490: 485: 479: 478: 468: 467: 460: 459: 449: 448: 440:Member of the 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 421: 419:Prime Minister 415: 414: 404: 403: 393: 392: 387: 383: 382: 377: 375:Prime Minister 371: 370: 360: 359: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 329: 327:Prime Minister 323: 322: 312: 311: 301: 300: 291: 287: 286: 276: 275: 268: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 231: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 198: 196:Prime Minister 192: 191: 181: 180: 174: 173: 167: 161: 160: 155: 149: 148: 146: 145: 140: 135: 129: 127: 125:Prime Minister 121: 120: 110: 109: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 68: 67: 61: 60: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 41: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9564: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9322:Anti-fascists 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9253: 9251: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9193:Jewish Agency 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150:United States 9148: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9107:Organisations 9105: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9022:Simcha Dinitz 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8997:Yitzhak Rabin 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8966:Charles Vanik 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8956:George Shultz 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Ronald Reagan 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934:United States 8932: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8873:Yakov Fishman 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8853:Yuri Andropov 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8756:Georgian Jews 8754: 8752: 8751:Bukharan Jews 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8736:Mountain Jews 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8723:Jewish groups 8720: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8708:Slánský trial 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Joseph Stalin 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8678:The Holocaust 8676: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8651: 8647: 8644:movement and 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8624: 8622: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8552:Mitja Ribičič 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504:Yuri Andropov 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Joseph Stalin 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8418:Edward Gierek 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8350:Mátyás Rákosi 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8308:Wilhelm Pieck 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8290:Karel Urbánek 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8242:Todor Zhivkov 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8164: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8021:Avram Bunaciu 8018: 8017:Ștefan Voitec 8014: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993:State Council 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7941:Ștefan Voitec 7939: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7866:Ion Antonescu 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7810:Miron Cristea 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7558:Gheorghiu-Dej 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7548:Gheorghiu-Dej 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7436: 7435: 7428: 7422: 7417: 7406: 7405: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7379: 7378: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7314: 7313:0-944273-01-7 7310: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258:0-09-174672-8 7255: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7213:Lumea Magazin 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7200:Lumea Magazin 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:1-56000-620-X 7185: 7181: 7180:1-56000-062-7 7177: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7149:0-679-40128-8 7146: 7142: 7139:Edward Behr, 7138: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7057: 7050: 7044: 7025: 7018: 7012: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6987:"badraie.com" 6982: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6914: 6908: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6863: 6848:. 23 May 2017 6847: 6843: 6837: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6794: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6742:(in Romanian) 6741: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6695: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6558: 6550: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6463:. 7 July 2014 6462: 6458: 6452: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6391: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6357: 6351: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6295:0-8444-0795-X 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6270:public domain 6260: 6253: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6045: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5993: 5983: 5977:Tănase, p. 23 5974: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5938: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5897:The Telegraph 5893: 5886: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5828: 5824: 5823:The Telegraph 5819: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5739:. Cluj Napoca 5738: 5734: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5649: 5641: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5439: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5046:. 4 June 2019 5045: 5041: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4969:public domain 4959: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4902: 4895: 4892:Behr, Edward 4889: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4860:(in Romanian) 4856: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4830:, June 2014, 4829: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4800:0-312-12059-1 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4724:1-903403-79-0 4720: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4449:(in Romanian) 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4419:(in Romanian) 4418: 4414: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4372:Behr, Edward 4369: 4367: 4359: 4356:Behr, Edward 4353: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4166: 4165:Biography.com 4162: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:Olympic Order 3960: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3910:Soviet Union 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514:Anca Petrescu 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3404:Salvador Dalí 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227:Ștefan Andrei 3223: 3219: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3195:, Ceaușescu, 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Ion Antonescu 3071: 3066: 3064: 3063:protochronist 3060: 3056: 3055:Iron Guardist 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3038:Country Study 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026:Turnu Severin 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:Prague Spring 2916: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2820:Neo-Stalinism 2817: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2702:Manea Mănescu 2699: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549:ethnic hatred 2546: 2535: 2532: 2524: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2498:This section 2496: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2427:Ion Antonescu 2424: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2064:December 1989 2061: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011:foreign debts 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1954:Centrul Civic 1951: 1947: 1946:Centrul Civic 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1876:0-89526-570-2 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1840:George Shultz 1838: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1746:Robert Mugabe 1742: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656:Neo-Stalinist 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 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1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:secret police 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 966: 964: 961:uprisings in 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943:State Council 940: 936: 935:head of state 932: 928: 924: 920: 913: 907: 899: 898: 888: 855: 846: 842: 838: 835: 831: 827: 822: 819: 816: 812: 809: 806: 802: 799: 796: 793: 792:Conviction(s) 788: 784: 781: 778: 774: 771: 767: 763: 758: 755: 751: 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 730: 729:Romanian Army 727: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 684: 680: 661: 656: 652: 648: 645: 641: 637: 628: 624: 620: 615: 611: 607: 602: 598: 591: 588: 584: 578: 573: 570: 565: 561: 557: 553: 550: 546: 540: 535: 532: 527: 524: 521: 515: 509: 504: 501: 497: 492: 489: 486: 480: 474: 469: 466: 461: 455: 450: 447: 443: 438: 435: 432: 428: 425: 422: 416: 410: 405: 402: 398: 394: 391: 388: 384: 381: 378: 372: 366: 361: 358: 354: 350: 347: 346:Emil Bodnăraș 344: 340: 337: 333: 330: 324: 318: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 292: 288: 282: 277: 274: 269: 265: 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