20:
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can be a fundamental standard. A resistor at a certain temperature has a thermal noise associated with it. A noise generator might have two resistors at different temperatures and switch between the two resistors. The resulting output power is low. (For a 1 kΩ resistor at room temperature and a
337:
For breakdown voltages greater than 7 volts, the semiconductor junction width is thicker and primary breakdown mechanism is an avalanche. The noise output is more complicated. There is excess noise (i.e., noise over and above the simple shot noise) because there is avalanche multiplication.
341:
For higher power output noise generators, amplification is needed. For broadband noise generators, that amplification can be difficult to achieve. One method uses avalanche multiplication within the same barrier that generates the noise. In an avalanche, one carrier collides with other atoms and
181:. If the plate voltage were too low, then there would be space charge near the filament that would affect the noise output. For a calibrated generator, care must be taken so that the shot noise dominates the thermal noise of the tube's plate resistance and other circuit elements.
172:
limited application at lower frequencies; electron transit time limited application at higher frequencies. The basic design was a diode vacuum tube with a heated filament. The temperature of the cathode (filament) sets the anode (plate) current that determines the shot noise; see
54:
There are several circuits used for noise generation. For example, temperature-controlled resistors, temperature-limited vacuum diodes, zener diodes, and gas discharge tubes. A source that can be switched on and off ("gated") is beneficial for some test methods.
217:
made the output temperature-dependent. Their burning voltage was under 200 V, but they needed optical priming (pre-ionizing) by a 2 Watt incandescent lamp prior to ignition by an anode voltage spike in the 5 kV range.
248:
Reverse-biased diodes in breakdown can also be used as shot noise sources. Voltage regulator diodes are common, but there are two different breakdown mechanisms, and they have different noise characteristics. The mechanisms are the
551:
The 347A waveguide sources are argon gas discharge tubes carefully mounted in waveguide sections for frequencies from 3.95 to 18 GHz. Model 349A also uses an argon tube in a coaxial configuration for frequencies from 400 to
342:
knocks free new carriers. The result is that for each carrier that starts across a barrier, several carriers synchronously arrive. The result is a wide-bandwidth high-power source. Conventional diodes can be used in breakdown.
269:
base-emitter junctions that breakdown below about 7 volts. The breakdown is due to internal field emission, since the junctions are thin, and the electric field is high. Zener-type breakdown is
386:
314:
168:
345:
The avalanche breakdown also has multistate noise. The noise output power randomly switches among several output levels. Multistate noise looks somewhat like flicker (
445:
90:. The output noise level of a shot noise generator is easily set by the DC bias current. Typically, the barrier in a diode is used.
1177:
826:
993:
391:
A commercial example of an avalanche diode noise generator is the
Agilent 346C that covers 10 MHz to 26.5 GHz.
653:
1330:
232:
found an additional use as a noise source, when operated as a diode (grid tied to cathode) in a transverse magnetic field.
388:) noise. The effect is process dependent, but it can be minimized. Diodes may also be selected for low multistate noise.
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For lower frequency noise bands glow lamps filled with neon have been used. The circuit was similar to the one for
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If electrons flow across a barrier, then they have discrete arrival times. Those discrete arrivals exhibit
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vacuum tube diode. These sources could serve as white noise generators from a few kilohertz through
43:
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Different noise generator circuits use different methods of setting the DC bias current.
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38:(i.e., a random signal). Noise generators are used to test signals for measuring
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42:, frequency response, and other parameters. Noise generators are also used for
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The Zener effect is primarily exhibited by reverse-biased diodes and
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58:
Noise generators usually rely on a fundamental noise process such as
240:
Another possibility is using the collector current in a transistor.
623:
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198:
101:
908:
78:
10 kHz bandwidth, the RMS noise voltage is 400 nV.)
1130:
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210:
177:. The anode voltage is set large enough to collect all the
709:
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138:
351:
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for 1 kΩ room temperature 10 kHz bandwidth
472:
393:
380:
308:
162:
209:. They were filled with a pure inert gas such as
109:One common noise source was a thermally-limited (
105:Vacuum diode designed for noise generators (1962)
1358:
664:Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems
619:346C Noise source, 10 MHz to 26.5 GHz
695:
636:Motchenbacher, C. D.; Fitchen, F. C. (1973),
702:
688:
205:frequencies and diagonal insertion into a
69:
601:
599:
597:
316:) noise corner can be below 10 Hz.
100:
18:
1178:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
522:Standard noise sources K81A, K50A, K51A
381:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {1}{\ f\ }}\ }
309:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {1}{\ f\ }}\ }
163:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {1}{\ f\ }}\ }
81:
1359:
994:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
549:. Hewlett-Packard. 1981. p. 437.
539:
184:
16:Circuit that produces electrical noise
683:
594:
1117:(energy per symbol to noise density)
661:
496:
446:"Sylvania 6D4 Quick Reference Data"
13:
1188:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
326:
244:Reverse-biased semiconductor diode
236:Forward-biased semiconductor diode
14:
1388:
1102:(energy per bit to noise density)
1070:Carrier-to-receiver noise density
984:Effective input noise temperature
578:– via tubedata.milbert.com.
535:– via tubedata.milbert.com.
193:glass tubes fitted with a normal
179:electrons emitted by the filament
713:(physics and telecommunications)
606:Motchenbacher & Fitchen 1973
589:Motchenbacher & Fitchen 1973
509:Motchenbacher & Fitchen 1973
473:Motchenbacher & Fitchen 1973
396:
1325:Block-matching and 3D filtering
1173:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
1024:Noise, vibration, and harshness
611:
96:
582:
565:6D4 Miniature triode thyratron
557:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
438:
260:
197:for the filament and an anode
1:
858:Additive white Gaussian noise
432:
121:and were available in normal
1234:Interference (communication)
1141:Signal-to-interference ratio
1131:Signal, noise and distortion
7:
989:Equivalent noise resistance
638:Low-Noise Electronic Design
410:
34:is a circuit that produces
10:
1393:
453:sensitive research (SR-IX)
330:
1367:Electronic test equipment
1297:
1284:Total variation denoising
1266:
1257:
1211:
1048:
964:
850:
774:
718:
640:, John Wiley & Sons,
49:
44:generating random numbers
1377:Random number generation
485:Google Calculator result
323:is a simple shot noise.
195:bayonet light bulb mount
189:Long, thin, hot-cathode
1198:Contrast-to-noise ratio
319:The noise generated by
70:Thermal noise generator
1121:Modulation error ratio
1056:Carrier-to-noise ratio
1019:Noise spectral density
662:Ott, Henry W. (1976),
570:(data sheet). Sylvania
382:
310:
164:
106:
27:
1336:Denoising autoencoder
1310:Anisotropic diffusion
1155:Signal-to-noise ratio
999:Impulse noise (audio)
914:Johnson–Nyquist noise
802:Government regulation
527:(data sheet). Philips
383:
311:
223:spike / needle pulses
165:
104:
22:
1219:List of noise topics
349:
277:
131:
82:Shot noise generator
1372:Noise (electronics)
979:Circuit noise level
974:Channel noise level
646:1973lned.book.....M
499:, pp. 208, 218
255:avalanche breakdown
185:Gas-discharge tubes
175:Richardson equation
1035:Pseudorandom noise
925:Quantization error
736:Noise cancellation
511:, pp. 289–291
427:Radio noise source
422:Noise figure meter
417:Excess noise ratio
404:Electronics portal
378:
373:
306:
301:
267:bipolar transistor
160:
155:
111:saturated-emission
107:
28:
26:based noise source
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1289:Wavelet denoising
1249:Thermal radiation
1244:Spectrum analyzer
1040:Statistical noise
864:Atmospheric noise
761:Noise temperature
746:Noise measurement
726:Acoustic quieting
655:978-0-471-61950-5
377:
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305:
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125:glass envelopes.
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1342:Deep Image Prior
1331:Shrinkage Fields
1315:Bilateral filter
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869:Background noise
766:Phase distortion
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201:, were used for
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36:electrical noise
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1320:Non-local means
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1274:Low-pass filter
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1239:Noise generator
1229:Colors of noise
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940:Coherent noise
916:(thermal noise)
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756:Noise reduction
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333:Avalanche diode
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327:Avalanche diode
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273:. The flicker (
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32:noise generator
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1212:Related topics
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949:Gradient noise
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894:Gaussian noise
891:
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874:Brownian noise
871:
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851:Class of noise
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839:
837:Transportation
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666:, John Wiley,
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552:4000 MHz.
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331:Main article:
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228:One miniature
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1305:Gaussian blur
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1279:Median filter
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1017:
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1014:Noise shaping
1012:
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952:
950:
947:
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929:
927:(or q. noise)
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923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
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890:
889:Flicker noise
887:
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870:
867:
865:
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849:
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832:Sound masking
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742:
741:Noise control
739:
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724:
723:
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712:
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673:0-471-65726-3
669:
665:
660:
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651:
647:
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634:
633:
626:
625:
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614:
608:, p. 181
607:
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591:, p. 180
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475:, p. 289
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191:gas-discharge
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124:
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112:
103:
94:
91:
89:
79:
76:
75:Thermal noise
67:
65:
61:
60:thermal noise
56:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
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1201:
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1134:
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1105:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1059:
1004:Noise figure
965:Engineering
954:Worley noise
884:Cosmic noise
807:Human health
663:
637:
622:
613:
584:
572:. Retrieved
559:
550:
546:
541:
529:. Retrieved
516:
504:
492:
480:
468:
456:. Retrieved
452:
440:
390:
344:
340:
336:
321:Zener diodes
318:
270:
264:
251:Zener effect
247:
239:
227:
220:
188:
110:
108:
97:Vacuum diode
92:
85:
73:
57:
53:
40:noise figure
31:
29:
1030:Phase noise
1009:Noise floor
944:Value noise
936:White noise
879:Burst noise
797:Environment
792:Electronics
775:Noise in...
751:Noise power
261:Zener diode
115:hot-cathode
24:Zener diode
1361:Categories
1298:2D (Image)
931:Shot noise
920:Pink noise
904:Infrasound
899:Grey noise
731:Distortion
627:(catalog).
433:References
271:shot noise
123:radio tube
88:shot noise
64:shot noise
1224:Acoustics
787:Buildings
230:thyratron
207:waveguide
127:Flicker (
1258:Denoise
624:Keysight
497:Ott 1976
411:See also
215:mixtures
213:because
1267:General
1260:methods
1165:,
719:General
642:Bibcode
547:Catalog
531:14 June
199:top cap
170:) noise
1327:(BM3D)
1049:Ratios
909:Jitter
860:(AWGN)
812:Images
670:
652:
574:25 May
458:1 June
376:
369:
363:
353:
304:
297:
291:
281:
158:
151:
145:
135:
50:Theory
1338:(DAE)
1135:SINAD
1085:dBrnC
1026:(NVH)
967:terms
842:Video
827:Ships
822:Rooms
817:Radio
782:Audio
711:Noise
568:(PDF)
525:(PDF)
449:(PDF)
1192:SQNR
1182:SINR
668:ISBN
650:ISBN
576:2013
533:2013
460:2022
253:and
211:neon
1202:CNR
1167:SNR
1125:MER
203:SHF
119:UHF
62:or
1363::
1111:/N
1096:/N
1078:kT
648:,
621:.
596:^
451:.
257:.
225:.
113:)
66:.
46:.
30:A
1204:)
1200:(
1194:)
1190:(
1184:)
1180:(
1169:)
1163:N
1161:/
1159:S
1157:(
1151:)
1149:I
1147:/
1145:S
1143:(
1137:)
1133:(
1127:)
1123:(
1113:0
1109:s
1107:E
1098:0
1094:b
1092:E
1080:)
1076:/
1074:C
1072:(
1066:)
1064:N
1062:/
1060:C
1058:(
703:e
696:t
689:v
644::
462:.
366:f
359:1
294:f
287:1
148:f
141:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
