159:(LSW) is formed at intermediate depths by deep convection in the central Labrador Sea, particularly during winter storms. This convection is not deep enough to penetrate into the NSOW layer which forms the deep waters of the Labrador Sea. LSW joins NSOW to move southward out of the Labrador Sea: while NSOW easily passes under the NAC at the North-West Corner, some LSW is retained. This diversion and retention by the SPG explains its presence and entrainment near the GSR (Greenland-Scotland Ridge) overflows. Most of the diverted LSW however splits off before the CGFZ (Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone) and remains in the western SPG. LSW production is highly dependent on sea-air heat flux and yearly production typically ranges from 3â9 Sv. ISOW is produced in proportion to the density gradient across the Iceland-Scotland Ridge and as such is sensitive to LSW production which affects the downstream density More indirectly, increased LSW production is associated with a strengthened SPG and hypothesized to be anti-correlated with ISOW This interplay confounds any simple extension of a reduction in individual overflow waters to a reduction in AMOC. LSW production is understood to have been minimal prior to the 8.2 ka event, with the SPG thought to have existed before in a weakened, non-convective state.
347:
2294:
2305:
20:
140:(Sv) of dense water that flows southward over the GSR (Greenland-Scotland Ridge), 3 Sv does so via the Denmark Strait forming Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). 0.5-1 Sv flows over the Iceland-Faroe ridge and the remaining 2â2.5 Sv returns through the Faroe-Shetland Channel; these two flows form Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW). The majority of flow over the Faroe-Shetland ridge flows through the
147:
As ISOW overflows the GSR (Greenland-Scotland Ridge), it turbulently entrains intermediate density waters such as Sub-Polar Mode water and
Labrador Sea Water. This grouping of water-masses then moves geostrophically southward along the East flank of Reykjanes Ridge, through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture
187:
season, the gyre follows a more zonal pattern; that is, it expands in the east-west direction and thins in the north-south direction. As the seasons move from winter to summer, the gyre shifts south by a few degrees latitude. This occurs concurrently with the displacement of the northeastern part of
162:
There is a debate about the extent to which convection in the
Labrador Sea plays a role in AMOC circulation, particularly in the connection between Labrador sea variability and AMOC variability. Observational studies have been inconclusive about whether this connection exists. New observations with
179:
As with many oceanographic patterns, the North
Atlantic Gyre experiences seasonal changes. Stramma and Siedler (1988) determined that the gyre expands and contracts with a seasonal variance; however, the magnitude of volume transport does not seem to change significantly. During the
1001:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
374:
estimates the patch to be hundreds of kilometers across, with a density of more than 200,000 pieces of debris per square kilometer. The garbage originates from human-created waste traveling from rivers into the ocean and mainly consists of
148:
Zone and then northward to join DSOW. These waters are sometimes referred to as Nordic Seas
Overflow Water (NSOW). NSOW flows cyclonically following the surface route of the SPG (sub-polar gyre) around the Labrador Sea and further entrains
1501:
1639:
1216:
Haine, Thomas; Böning, Claus; Brandt, Peter; Fischer, JĂŒrgen; Funk, Andreas; Kieke, Dagmar; Kvaleberg, Erik; Rhein, Monika; Visbeck, Martin (2008), Dickson, Robert R.; Meincke, Jens; Rhines, Peter (eds.),
1475:
1563:
1505:
1367:
Hamelin, B.; Ferrand, J. L.; Alleman, L.; Nicolas, E.; Veron, A. (1997). "Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead transport from North
America to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre".
590:
Rhein, Monika; Kieke, Dagmar; HĂŒttl-Kabus, Sabine; Roessler, Achim; Mertens, Christian; Meissner, Robert; Klein, Birgit; Böning, Claus W.; Yashayaev, Igor (10 January 2009).
1635:
171:
observations from ships dating back to 1990 show similar results. Nevertheless, older estimates of LSW formation using different techniques suggest larger overturning.
215:
depth between the
Northern Hemisphere winter and summer seasons. The depth rises from 200 meters in winter to about 10 meters in summer. Nutrients remain below the
1008:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1094:
Lozier, M. S.; Li, F.; Bacon, S.; Bahr, F.; Bower, A. S.; Cunningham, S. A.; de Jong, M. F.; de Steur, L.; deYoung, B.; Fischer, J.; Gary, S. F. (2019).
329:
in the United States. Since 1992 lead has clearly reducing concentrations – this is theorised to hold true across the
Atlantic in surface layers.
1479:
164:
504:
Haine, Thomas; Böning, Claus; Brandt, Peter; Fischer, JĂŒrgen; Funk, Andreas; Kieke, Dagmar; Kvaleberg, Erik; Rhein, Monika; Visbeck, Martin (2008).
242:. Interannual trends have established that carbon dioxide concentrations within this gyre are increasing at a similar rate to that occurring in the
1332:
Bates, Nicholas R. (2001). "Interannual variability of oceanic CO2 and biogeochemical properties in the
Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre".
199:
region in the western part of the North
Atlantic Gyre has led to analytical evidence that the variability of this gyre is linked to wintertime
1555:
144:
and soon joins that which flowed over the Iceland-Faroe ridge, to flow southward at depth along the Eastern flank of the Reykjanes Ridge.
132:
Low air temperatures at high latitudes cause substantial sea-air heat flux, driving a density increase and convection in the water column.
494:
Marshall, John, and Friedrich Schott. "Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models." Reviews of Geophysics 37.1 (1999): 1â64.
1453:
1219:"North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in the Labrador Sea, Recirculation Through the Subpolar Gyre, and Discharge to the Subtropics"
506:"North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in the Labrador Sea, Recirculation Through the Subpolar Gyre, and Discharge to the Subtropics"
381:
There have only been a few awareness and clean-up efforts for the North Atlantic garbage patch, such as The Garbage Patch State at
2329:
1584:
Sigler, Michelle (2014-10-18). "The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions".
1696:
1532:
1238:
525:
141:
370:
found floating within the North Atlantic Gyre, originally documented in 1972. A 22-year research study conducted by the
136:
occurs in deep plumes and is particularly strong in winter when the sea-air temperature difference is largest. Of the 6
1636:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
1261:"Recent natural variability of the Iceland Scotland Overflows on decadal to millennial timescales: Clues from the ooze"
592:"Deep water formation, the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic"
1727:
1003:
1669:
379:. The garbage patch is a large risk to wildlife (and to humans) through plastic consumption and entanglement.
48:
234:
and vertical mixing between winter and summer in the North Atlantic Gyre seasonally alter the total amount of
2127:
690:"Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950"
2267:
359:
339:
106:
2272:
2257:
390:
114:
1446:"MÄnoa: UH MÄnoa scientist predicts plastic garbage patch in Atlantic Ocean | University of Hawaii News"
949:
258:(NAO) is one such pattern. During its positive phase, the gyre warms. This is due to a weakening of the
2262:
2056:
1960:
1029:"Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review"
255:
1160:
950:"The 8.2 ka event: Abrupt transition of the subpolar gyre toward a modern North Atlantic circulation"
371:
95:
223:. Yet during winter convective mixing, nutrients penetrate the euphotic zone, causing a short-lived
2279:
2106:
2091:
2086:
2000:
1990:
1929:
1919:
1899:
87:
83:
2227:
2051:
2046:
2005:
1955:
1778:
505:
208:
2334:
2066:
1970:
1965:
1950:
1924:
1914:
1889:
1839:
1763:
75:
1010:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211â1362,
2096:
1809:
133:
44:
1161:"Impact of Labrador Sea Convection on the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation"
1894:
1844:
1593:
1376:
1341:
1306:
1172:
1107:
1040:
961:
855:
806:
755:
652:
603:
554:
448:
189:
192:
deviations within the gyre remain small while north and south of the gyre they are large.
8:
2171:
1768:
1720:
1402:
Carpenter, E.J.; Smith, K.L. (1972). "Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface, in Science".
901:"Absence of deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea during the last interglacial period"
181:
1597:
1528:
1380:
1345:
1310:
1291:
1176:
1111:
1044:
965:
859:
810:
759:
656:
607:
558:
452:
317:
were read for such concentrations. 42–57% of the contamination came from American
2298:
2181:
2176:
2031:
1985:
1980:
1617:
1427:
1141:
1076:
977:
930:
876:
844:"North Atlantic variability and its links to European climate over the last 3000 years"
843:
824:
717:
670:
621:
572:
474:
247:
220:
156:
149:
110:
1388:
1353:
2161:
2071:
1904:
1879:
1834:
1829:
1773:
1609:
1445:
1419:
1234:
1198:
1133:
1125:
1068:
934:
922:
881:
709:
674:
521:
466:
386:
200:
91:
1621:
1431:
1145:
1080:
981:
828:
795:"North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow speed changes during the last 230 years"
625:
576:
478:
2232:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2041:
2036:
2026:
1909:
1874:
1869:
1849:
1814:
1799:
1601:
1411:
1384:
1349:
1314:
1226:
1188:
1180:
1115:
1058:
1048:
1011:
969:
912:
871:
863:
814:
773:
763:
721:
701:
660:
611:
562:
513:
456:
318:
1693:
1415:
2242:
2101:
1975:
1945:
1854:
1700:
1260:
1230:
793:
Boessenkool, K. P.; Hall, I. R.; Elderfield, H.; Yashayaev, Igor (14 July 2007).
517:
1654:
1223:
ArcticâSubarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate
899:
Hillaire-Marcel, C.; de Vernal, A.; Bilodeau, G.; Weaver, A. J (26 April 2001).
510:
Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate
2237:
2132:
2021:
1995:
1859:
1824:
1819:
1804:
1794:
1713:
1218:
867:
346:
235:
79:
32:
1605:
1015:
270:, providing a greater period of time for the gyre water temperatures to rise.
2323:
2309:
2293:
2252:
2247:
2197:
1748:
1736:
1613:
1438:
1202:
1129:
1072:
403:
376:
367:
363:
310:
267:
224:
216:
102:
56:
40:
1628:
1318:
1120:
1095:
778:
461:
436:
2207:
2111:
1884:
1705:
1137:
926:
885:
713:
689:
470:
414:
408:
314:
196:
121:
36:
1423:
1864:
1063:
1053:
1028:
973:
819:
794:
768:
743:
616:
591:
567:
542:
435:
Lavender Law, Kara; S. Moret-Fergusen; N. Maximenko; et al. (2010).
434:
306:
302:
263:
251:
227:
bloom in the spring. This then lifts the mixed-layer depth to 10 meters.
212:
168:
167:
array show little contribution from the Labrador Sea to overturning, and
71:
1547:
1467:
1096:"A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic"
74:
flowing northward along the west; its often conflated continuation, the
2146:
1740:
389:, as most of the research and cleanup efforts have been focused on the
351:
322:
259:
243:
2304:
1520:
1184:
1007:
898:
665:
640:
313:
was primarily caused by American emissions. The surface layers of the
286:
particles, and water in the gyre from 1990–92 include examining
19:
2202:
1661:
1502:"Scientists find giant plastic rubbish dump floating in the Atlantic"
1193:
917:
900:
705:
294:
124:, noted for its still waters and quite dense seaweed accumulations.
688:
Hansen, Bogi; Turrell, William R.; Ăsterhus, Svein (21 June 2001).
641:"Topographic control of oceanic flows in deep passages and straits"
326:
325:
sources, despite the reduction in the production and use of leaded
279:
239:
137:
792:
290:
231:
204:
52:
744:"Shifting surface currents in the northern North Atlantic Ocean"
382:
298:
184:
64:
60:
589:
437:"Plastic accumulation in the north atlantic subtropical gyre"
283:
1366:
287:
1334:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
596:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
203:. According to Bates (2001), a seasonal variation of 8-10
1292:"Seasonal changes in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre"
1215:
503:
1259:
Ninnemann, Ulysses S.; Thornalley, David J. R. (2016).
842:
Moffa-SĂĄnchez, Paola; Hall, Ian R. (23 November 2017).
1225:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 653â701,
687:
82:
flowing southward along the east; and the Atlantic's
1159:
Pickart, Robert S.; Spall, Michael A. (2007-09-01).
1556:"How Bad Is the Plastic Pollution in the Atlantic?"
1504:. Perthnow.com.au. 26 February 2010. Archived from
1258:
742:HĂ€kkinen, Sirpa; Rhines, Peter B. (16 April 2009).
543:"Enhanced production of Labrador Sea water in 2008"
541:Yashayaev, Igor; Loder, John W. (10 January 2009).
47:and sub-gyres, across the North Atlantic from the
1093:
1004:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
995:
948:Born, Andreas; Levermann, Anders (25 June 2010).
841:
2321:
1026:
393:, a similar garbage patch in the north Pacific.
246:. This discovery concurs with that made in the
1401:
741:
540:
1721:
947:
350:The North Atlantic Gyre is one of five major
1735:
1158:
1476:"Scientists study huge ocean garbage patch"
1027:Buckley, Martha W.; Marshall, John (2016).
1020:
254:changes via atmospheric wave patterns. The
1728:
1714:
1087:
293:ratios. Certain isotopes are hallmarks of
101:The gyre traps anthropogenic (human-made)
70:In turn it is chiefly subdivided into the
23:View of the currents surrounding the gyre.
1192:
1119:
1062:
1052:
916:
875:
818:
777:
767:
664:
638:
615:
566:
460:
250:. The North Atlantic Gyre also undergoes
51:(calms or doldrums) to the part south of
1529:"Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean"
490:
488:
345:
86:in the south. The gyre has a pronounced
18:
1289:
748:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
219:for most of the year, resulting in low
174:
16:Major circular system of ocean currents
2322:
1642:from the original on 11 September 2017
1583:
1553:
1473:
211:occurs alongside a fluctuation in the
1709:
1331:
485:
428:
273:
188:the gyre. It has been concluded that
90:, bringing salty water west from the
1526:
1456:from the original on 28 October 2019
954:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1566:from the original on 19 August 2014
1535:from the original on 27 August 2017
1527:Gill, Victoria (24 February 2010).
639:Whitehead, J. A. (11 August 1998).
13:
14:
2346:
1687:
1672:from the original on 3 March 2021
1478:. Perthnow.com.au. Archived from
2303:
2292:
1586:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
1165:Journal of Physical Oceanography
338:This section is an excerpt from
332:
120:At the heart of the gyre is the
1577:
1494:
1474:Gorman, Steve (4 August 2009).
1395:
1369:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1360:
1325:
1299:Journal of Geophysical Research
1283:
1252:
1209:
1152:
941:
892:
835:
2330:Currents of the Atlantic Ocean
786:
735:
681:
632:
583:
534:
497:
55:, and from the east coasts of
49:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1:
1416:10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
1389:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00242-1
1354:10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00151-X
421:
1231:10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_28
799:Geophysical Research Letters
547:Geophysical Research Letters
518:10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_28
360:North Atlantic garbage patch
340:North Atlantic garbage patch
127:
7:
1638:. unesco.org. 22 May 2019.
1554:Orcutt, Mike (2010-08-19).
397:
391:Great Pacific garbage patch
115:Great Pacific garbage patch
94:and then north to form the
10:
2351:
868:10.1038/s41467-017-01884-8
337:
256:North Atlantic Oscillation
2288:
2220:
2190:
2154:
2145:
2120:
2014:
1938:
1787:
1756:
1747:
1606:10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6
1016:10.1017/9781009157896.011
372:Sea Education Association
155:Characteristically fresh
96:North Atlantic Deep Water
2280:Thermohaline circulation
1290:Stramma, Lothar (1988).
107:garbage or flotsam patch
88:thermohaline circulation
84:North Equatorial Current
2228:Atmospheric circulation
1779:Transpolar Drift Stream
1319:10.1029/JC093iC07p08111
1121:10.1126/science.aau6592
462:10.1126/science.1192321
262:, resulting in reduced
230:The changes in oceanic
2299:Environment portal
2253:Marine garbage patches
2067:Indonesian Throughflow
1971:Indonesian Throughflow
355:
195:Data collected in the
109:, in the same way the
78:across the north; the
76:North Atlantic Current
59:to the west coasts of
24:
2128:Antarctic Circumpolar
1033:Reviews of Geophysics
848:Nature Communications
645:Reviews of Geophysics
349:
134:Open ocean convection
35:is one of five great
22:
1265:US CLIVAR Variations
1054:10.1002/2015RG000493
974:10.1029/2009GC003024
820:10.1029/2007GL030285
769:10.1029/2008JC004883
617:10.1029/2008GL036162
602:(17â18): 1819â1832.
568:10.1029/2008GL036162
512:. pp. 653â701.
278:Measured samples of
175:Seasonal variability
2172:South Atlantic Gyre
2167:North Atlantic Gyre
1598:2014WASP..225.2184S
1410:(4027): 1240â1241.
1381:1997GeCoA..61.4423H
1346:2001DSRII..48.1507B
1311:1988JGR....93.8111S
1177:2007JPO....37.2207P
1112:2019Sci...363..516L
1045:2016RvGeo..54....5B
966:2010GGG....11.6011B
911:(6832): 1073â1077.
860:2017NatCo...8.1726M
811:2007GeoRL..3413614B
760:2009JGRC..114.4005H
657:1998RvGeo..36..423W
608:2009GeoRL..36.1606Y
559:2009GeoRL..36.1606Y
453:2010Sci...329.1185L
209:surface temperature
182:Northern Hemisphere
39:. It is a circular
29:North Atlantic Gyre
2182:South Pacific Gyre
2177:North Pacific Gyre
2057:Equatorial Counter
1961:Equatorial Counter
1699:2022-01-20 at the
1482:on 29 January 2011
1340:(8â9): 1507â1528.
356:
274:Lead contamination
248:North Pacific Gyre
221:primary production
157:Labrador Sea Water
150:Labrador Sea Water
142:Faroe-Bank Channel
111:North Pacific Gyre
25:
2317:
2316:
2310:Oceans portal
2216:
2215:
2162:Indian Ocean Gyre
2141:
2140:
1666:The Ocean Cleanup
1560:Popular Mechanics
1240:978-1-4020-6774-7
1185:10.1175/JPO3178.1
1106:(6426): 516â521.
700:(6840): 927â930.
666:10.1029/98RG01014
527:978-1-4020-6773-0
387:The Ocean Cleanup
297:essentially from
201:convective mixing
92:Mediterranean Sea
2342:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2233:Boundary current
2152:
2151:
2107:South Equatorial
2092:North Korea Cold
2087:North Equatorial
2001:South Equatorial
1991:North Madagascar
1930:West Spitsbergen
1920:South Equatorial
1900:North Equatorial
1754:
1753:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:on 14 April 2012
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1450:manoa.hawaii.edu
1442:
1436:
1435:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1171:(9): 2207â2227.
1156:
1150:
1149:
1123:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1056:
1024:
1018:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
945:
939:
938:
920:
918:10.1038/35074059
896:
890:
889:
879:
839:
833:
832:
822:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:2060/20070032937
771:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
706:10.1038/35082034
685:
679:
678:
668:
636:
630:
629:
619:
587:
581:
580:
570:
538:
532:
531:
501:
495:
492:
483:
482:
464:
447:(5996): 1185â8.
432:
43:, with offshoot
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2284:
2243:Ekman transport
2212:
2186:
2137:
2116:
2052:East Korea Warm
2047:East Australian
2010:
2006:West Australian
1956:East Madagascar
1934:
1783:
1769:North Icelandic
1743:
1734:
1701:Wayback Machine
1690:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1400:
1396:
1365:
1361:
1330:
1326:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1214:
1210:
1157:
1153:
1092:
1088:
1025:
1021:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
946:
942:
897:
893:
840:
836:
791:
787:
740:
736:
726:
724:
686:
682:
637:
633:
588:
584:
539:
535:
528:
502:
498:
493:
486:
433:
429:
424:
400:
395:
394:
343:
335:
276:
177:
130:
105:in its natural
17:
12:
11:
5:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2315:
2314:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:North Atlantic
2265:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:Coriolis force
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2133:Tasman Outflow
2130:
2124:
2122:
2121:Southern Ocean
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Indian Monsoon
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Agulhas Return
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:West Greenland
1922:
1917:
1915:South Atlantic
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:North Atlantic
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:East Greenland
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1788:Atlantic Ocean
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:East Greenland
1760:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1737:Ocean currents
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1694:Ocean currents
1689:
1688:External links
1686:
1683:
1682:
1653:
1627:
1576:
1546:
1519:
1493:
1466:
1437:
1394:
1359:
1324:
1282:
1251:
1239:
1208:
1151:
1086:
1019:
994:
940:
891:
834:
785:
734:
680:
651:(3): 423â440.
631:
582:
533:
526:
496:
484:
426:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
411:
406:
399:
396:
344:
336:
334:
331:
275:
272:
260:westerly winds
236:carbon dioxide
176:
173:
129:
126:
80:Canary Current
33:Atlantic Ocean
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2347:
2336:
2335:Oceanic gyres
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:South Pacific
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Great Pacific
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Marine debris
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Beaufort Gyre
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:North Pacific
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:Pacific Ocean
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Baffin Island
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:1721.1/108249
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
830:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
780:
775:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
676:
672:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
627:
623:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
586:
578:
574:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
491:
489:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
427:
417:
416:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Ocean current
402:
401:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:
377:microplastics
373:
369:
368:marine debris
365:
364:garbage patch
361:
353:
348:
341:
333:Garbage patch
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:contamination
308:
304:
301:and the near
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
271:
269:
268:heat exchange
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
225:phytoplankton
222:
218:
217:euphotic zone
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
186:
183:
172:
170:
166:
160:
158:
153:
151:
145:
143:
139:
135:
125:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:marine debris
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
57:North America
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:ocean current
38:
37:oceanic gyres
34:
30:
21:
2301:
2290:
2263:Indian Ocean
2208:Weddell Gyre
2166:
2112:Tasman Front
1939:Indian Ocean
1895:North Brazil
1845:East Iceland
1757:Arctic Ocean
1674:. Retrieved
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1630:
1592:(11): 2184.
1589:
1585:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1531:. BBC News.
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1375:(20): 4423.
1372:
1368:
1362:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1305:(C7): 8111.
1302:
1298:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1264:
1254:
1244:, retrieved
1222:
1211:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1036:
1032:
1022:
997:
985:. Retrieved
957:
953:
943:
908:
904:
894:
851:
847:
837:
802:
798:
788:
751:
747:
737:
725:. Retrieved
697:
693:
683:
648:
644:
634:
599:
595:
585:
550:
546:
536:
509:
499:
444:
440:
430:
415:Volta do mar
413:
409:Oceanic gyre
366:of man-made
357:
315:Sargasso Sea
277:
229:
197:Sargasso Sea
194:
178:
169:hydrographic
161:
154:
146:
131:
122:Sargasso Sea
119:
100:
69:
28:
26:
2191:Other gyres
2155:Major gyres
1865:Gulf Stream
1039:(1): 5â63.
854:(1): 1726.
352:ocean gyres
307:trade winds
303:Middle East
264:wind stress
252:temperature
213:mixed layer
72:Gulf Stream
2324:Categories
2032:California
1986:Mozambique
1981:Madagascar
1676:2019-11-08
1646:5 November
1570:2019-11-08
1460:2019-11-08
1246:2022-05-23
422:References
323:automotive
319:industrial
244:atmosphere
2203:Ross Gyre
2072:Kamchatka
1905:Norwegian
1880:Lomonosov
1835:Caribbean
1830:Cape Horn
1774:Norwegian
1614:1573-2932
1275:3 October
1203:0022-3670
1194:1912/4158
1130:0036-8075
1073:8755-1209
987:3 October
935:205016579
727:3 October
675:129629709
295:pollution
128:Structure
2082:Mindanao
2077:Kuroshio
2062:Humboldt
2042:Davidson
2037:Cromwell
2027:Aleutian
1910:Portugal
1875:Labrador
1870:Irminger
1850:Falkland
1815:Benguela
1800:Antilles
1749:Currents
1697:Archived
1670:Archived
1640:Archived
1622:51944658
1564:Archived
1533:Archived
1454:Archived
1432:20038716
1271:(3): 1â8
1146:59567598
1138:30705189
1081:54013534
982:16132704
927:11323666
886:29167464
829:13857911
714:11418852
626:56353963
577:56353963
479:13552090
471:20724586
398:See also
327:gasoline
309:; other
280:aerosols
240:seawater
138:sverdrup
113:has the
2221:Related
2102:Oyashio
1976:Leeuwin
1946:Agulhas
1855:Florida
1662:"About"
1594:Bibcode
1424:5061243
1404:Science
1377:Bibcode
1342:Bibcode
1307:Bibcode
1173:Bibcode
1108:Bibcode
1100:Science
1041:Bibcode
962:Bibcode
877:5700112
856:Bibcode
807:Bibcode
756:Bibcode
722:4419549
653:Bibcode
604:Bibcode
555:Bibcode
449:Bibcode
441:Science
291:isotope
238:in the
232:biology
152:(LSW).
53:Iceland
31:of the
2022:Alaska
1996:Somali
1860:Guinea
1825:Canary
1820:Brazil
1805:Azores
1795:Angola
1620:
1612:
1539:10 May
1512:10 May
1486:10 May
1430:
1422:
1237:
1201:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1079:
1071:
980:
933:
925:
905:Nature
884:
874:
827:
805:(13).
754:(C4).
720:
712:
694:Nature
673:
624:
575:
524:
477:
469:
383:UNESCO
299:Europe
284:marine
185:winter
65:Africa
61:Europe
45:eddies
2147:Gyres
1741:gyres
1618:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1295:(PDF)
1142:S2CID
1077:S2CID
1006:. In
978:S2CID
960:(6).
931:S2CID
825:S2CID
718:S2CID
671:S2CID
622:S2CID
573:S2CID
553:(1).
475:S2CID
362:is a
190:zonal
165:OSNAP
1885:Loop
1739:and
1648:2014
1610:ISSN
1541:2012
1514:2012
1488:2012
1420:PMID
1277:2022
1235:ISBN
1199:ISSN
1134:PMID
1126:ISSN
1069:ISSN
989:2022
923:PMID
882:PMID
729:2022
710:PMID
522:ISBN
467:PMID
385:and
358:The
321:and
288:lead
266:and
163:the
63:and
27:The
1602:doi
1590:225
1412:doi
1408:175
1385:doi
1350:doi
1315:doi
1227:doi
1189:hdl
1181:doi
1116:doi
1104:363
1059:hdl
1049:doi
1012:doi
970:doi
913:doi
909:410
872:PMC
864:doi
815:doi
774:hdl
764:doi
752:114
702:doi
698:411
661:doi
612:doi
563:doi
514:doi
457:doi
445:329
305:by
207:in
2326::
1668:.
1664:.
1616:.
1608:.
1600:.
1588:.
1562:.
1558:.
1452:.
1448:.
1426:.
1418:.
1406:.
1383:.
1373:61
1371:.
1348:.
1338:48
1336:.
1313:.
1303:93
1301:.
1297:.
1269:14
1267:.
1263:.
1233:,
1221:,
1197:.
1187:.
1179:.
1169:37
1167:.
1163:.
1140:.
1132:.
1124:.
1114:.
1102:.
1098:.
1075:.
1067:.
1057:.
1047:.
1037:54
1035:.
1031:.
976:.
968:.
958:11
956:.
952:.
929:.
921:.
907:.
903:.
880:.
870:.
862:.
850:.
846:.
823:.
813:.
803:34
801:.
797:.
772:.
762:.
750:.
746:.
716:.
708:.
696:.
692:.
669:.
659:.
649:36
647:.
643:.
620:.
610:.
600:58
598:.
594:.
571:.
561:.
551:36
549:.
545:.
520:.
508:.
487:^
473:.
465:.
455:.
443:.
439:.
282:,
205:°C
117:.
98:.
67:.
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1679:.
1650:.
1624:.
1604::
1596::
1573:.
1543:.
1516:.
1490:.
1463:.
1434:.
1414::
1391:.
1387::
1379::
1356:.
1352::
1344::
1321:.
1317::
1309::
1279:.
1229::
1205:.
1191::
1183::
1175::
1148:.
1118::
1110::
1083:.
1061::
1051::
1043::
1014::
991:.
972::
964::
937:.
915::
888:.
866::
858::
852:8
831:.
817::
809::
782:.
776::
766::
758::
731:.
704::
677:.
663::
655::
628:.
614::
606::
579:.
565::
557::
530:.
516::
481:.
459::
451::
354:.
342:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
