602:
6235:
2743:
93:
3757:
3963:
109:
2383:
3468:
3335:
2522:
3438:
2749:
1543:
3355:
3567:
3623:
3610:. In 1646, a Mongol noyan rebelled against the Qing but was crushed under overwhelming odds. In 1647, Gombodorj met the Qing in battle with 50,000 cavalry and neither side were able to obtain a decisive victory. Although both sides suffered heavy losses, the Mongol army constituted a larger part of their overall forces than the Qing, signalling that the Mongols no longer had the numbers to directly confront the Qing in battle.
4989:
3771:
4378:
3479:
3343:
3453:(r. 1604–1634), the Eastern Mongol tumens had ceased to function as a unified entity. Ligdan only controlled the Chahar tumen and the Khalkha and Oirat Mongols no longer obeyed his authority. Ligdan built a new capital in Chahar land known as Chaghan Baishin (White House) and promoted the building of Buddhist monasteries, translation of Tibetan literature, and trade with the Ming dynasty.
3091:. In 1517, Dayan even threatened Beijing itself. Mongol armies raided the Ming dynasty not only in the north but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming dynasty lost Kara Del as a protectorate to the Turpan Khanate at the same time. Dayan kept defeating the Ming in battle right up until his death in 1543. At the apogee of Dayan's reign, the Northern Yuan stretched from the
3586:, died under mysterious circumstances. His rank was given to his brother Abunai, who refused to attend court with the Manchus. Abunai's rank was then passed on to his son, Burni, who rebelled against the Manchus in 1675, but the uprising was defeated and Burni died in battle. The Qing emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule.
3322:
Mongolia and Doyin
Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. However, his decision to divide the six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in the law of the taijis created a decentralized system of
4419:
3493:
on the Mongol allies of the
Jurchens in 1625. The Jurchen-Mongol army defeated Ligdan and forced him back. In the following year, Uuba Noyan of the Khorchin had his younger brother marry one of Nurhaci's daughters, cementing the alliance. Many of the Jurchens married Mongols. Ligdan appointed his own
3321:
became the ruler of the
Khalkha Mongols, the largest of the six tümens. The tümens functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies who hoped to receive taijis, descended from Dayan Khan. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to the South Khalkha of eastern Inner
3362:
After Dayan Khan's death, the
Mongols began falling apart again under the two succeeding khans. By 1540 new regional circles of taijis and local tabunangs (imperial sons-in-law) of the taijis emerged in all the former Dayan Khan's domains. The khagan and the jinong had titular authority over the
3661:
to prepare an attack. Chikhundorj attacked the right wing of the
Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. In 1688, Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against Chikhundorj but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav was killed in battle. Chikhundorj then murdered Degdeehei
3460:. Although sharing many similar characteristics with the Mongols, the Jurchens were not nomads, but tribal people who had adopted Chinese agricultural practices. Nurhaci had ambitions to conquer the Ming dynasty and sought allies in the Khorchin Mongols, subjects of Ligdan. The princes of
2499:) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan, or 大元可汗) to resist the Ming who had by this time become the real ruler in China proper. According to the traditional Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as
3613:
In the mid-17th century, Gombodorj died and was succeeded by his young and inexperienced son
Chikhundorj. In 1655, the Qing began interfering in Tusheet affairs by appointing their own lamas in Tusheet territory. Thus Outer Mongolia also gradually fell under Qing control.
2690:
in 1453, Esen took the title of not just khan, but also Yuan
Emperor. This caused widespread dissent among the Genghisids, and in 1455, a series of revolts resulted in Esen's death. His death started the decline of the Oirats, who would not recover until their rise as the
3969:
3741:, who had revolted in 1689, was already in control as of 1691. Outer Mongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to Outer Mongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing garrison was installed at Ulaanbaatar. The Qing forces occupied
2560:
The following century saw a succession of
Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. From the end of the 14th century there appear designations such as "period of small kings"
2173:) in the Chinese language, in which the prefix "Northern" is used to distinguish between the Yuan dynasty established in 1271 and the regime that existed after 1368. The historiographical name "Northern Yuan" first appeared in the Korean historical text
2210:
In
English, the term "Northern Yuan (dynasty)" is generally used to cover the entire period from 1368 to 1635 for historiographical purpose. Apart from "Great Yuan" (before 1388 and during the rule of Esen Taishi), the Mongols called their regime
3078:
From 1495 onward, Dayan exerted pressure on the Ming dynasty, which closed border-trade and killed his envoys. Dayan invaded Ming territory and subjugated the
Uriankhai Three Guards, who had previously submitted to the Ming. As a result, the
2420:
after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they maintained the official dynastic title "Great Yuan", known retroactively as the "Northern Yuan". The Ming army pursued the Yuan remnants into the Mongolian steppe in 1372 but was defeated by
2256:. Mongolian historiography also uses the term "Period of political disunion", "Period of small khagans", "Mongolia's period of political disruption" and "Mongolia's 14th–17th century", etc. The Chinese Ming Dynasty called them “Tatar” (
2169:; hence, the name "Northern Yuan" is sometimes limited in its usage to referencing only the period between 1368 and 1388. The historiographical term "Northern Yuan" in the English language is derived from the corresponding term "北元" (
3662:
Mergen Ahai of the Jasagtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. To avenge the death of his brother, Galdan established friendly relations with the Russians who were already at war with Chikhundorj over territories near
3692:
By 1690, Galdan had control of Outer Mongolia as far as the edge of Manchuria, before turning his attention east towards Beijing. This expansion of the Dzungar state was viewed with worry by the Qing, which led the
3494:
officials over the tumens and formed an elite military band to coerce opposition. In 1628, Ligdan defeated the Khorchins and Jurchen auxiliary at Zhaocheng but fled a large Jurchen punitive expedition. Only
2634:
By 1422 Arugtai turned hostile again as the Ming did not grant him the trading privileges he wanted, and Yongle campaigned against him in 1422 and 1423. Bahamu's successor Toghan pushed Arugtai east of the
3597:
emerged in Jasagtu territory. With the loss of Inner Mongolia and the Imperial Mongol Seal, the Mongols had to search for a new source of authority. As a result, in 1639, Gombodorj's son became the first
2119:(1604–1634), who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Later Jin dynasty. The last sixty years of this period featured the intensive penetration of
3813:
In the 17th century the memory of the Yuan had faded among the Mongols, although editors of chronicles described in the 18th century mentioned clearly that Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty.
3502:
of the Jurchens and his Mongol allies defeated the Chahars and captured Ligdan's family. Ligdan lost any authority he had over the non-Chahar tumens. Ligdan died on his way to Qinghai to punish the
4795:
3602:, the spiritual head of the Gelug Buddhists in Mongolia. Gombodorj did his best to maintain peaceful relations with the rising Manchus by sending tribute. He also stopped providing horses to the
2191:; lit. "Great Yuan"). Contrary to this, other views hold that the title "Dayan" is derived from the Mongolian word means "origin" or "whole". Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that
3745:
but did not advance into Dzungaria. The Dzungars later expanded into Tibet and Kazakhstan, but they too were conquered by the Qing dynasty in 1755, and all resistance was crushed by 1758.
3125:
Dayan Khan's reorganization of the Mongols into six Eastern Mongol tümens (literally "ten thousand") and four Oirats tümens had far-reaching effects on the development of Mongol society.
2631:
in 1412. Originally the Ming had supported the Oirats in their power struggle with the eastern Mongols, but as the Oirats gained supremacy over them, the Ming withdrew their support.
3326:
rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for a century. Despite this decentralization, there was a remarkable concord within the new Mongol order created by Dayan Khan.
2623:. In the following year, the Yongle Emperor personally led an expedition into Mongolia and defeated the Mongols. After the death of Öljei Temur, the Oirats under their leader Bahamu (
2472:
In 1380, the Ming invaded Northern Yuan and sacked Karakorum, although they were eventually forced to withdraw. Around 70,000 Mongol captives were taken. In 1387, the Ming defeated
4398:
3839:
3394:. A series of smallpox epidemics and lack of trade forced the Mongols to repeatedly plunder the districts of China. In 1571 the Ming opened trade with the three Right Wing Tumens.
2507:), so the Ming also denied the Yuan remnants' legitimacy as emperors of China, although the Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty.
2592:
in northeast, and the Khorchin between the two. The Uriankhai surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s. The Ming divided them into the Three Guards: Doyin, Tai'nin and Fuyu.
3397:
By the end of the 16th century, the Uriankhai Three Guards had lost their existence as a distinct group. Their Fuyu was absorbed by the Khorchin after they had moved to the
3429:, which started the conversion of Tumed and Ordos Mongols to Buddhism. Soon after the Oirats also adopted Buddhism. Numerous Tibetan lamas entered Mongolia to proselytize.
539:
525:
511:
497:
483:
458:
3733:, was killed and the Qing army captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with a small handful of followers. In 1697 he died in the Altai Mountains near
2595:
Mongol relations with the Ming dynasty consisted of sporadic bursts of conflict intermingled with periods of peaceful relations and border trade. The Oirat-backed
5748:
3649:. This unification was partly driven by their wars with the Altan Khans. When the Jasagtu Khan Shira lost part of his subjects to the Tüsheet Khan Chikhundorj,
6597:
3390:
and left one of his sons in charge there. Jasagtu also tried to unify the Mongols under a new code of law, written in the old Mongol script derived from the
2615:(r. 1402–1424) issued Öljei Temür an ultimatum demanding his acceptance of tributary relations to the Ming dynasty. Öljei Temur refused, resulting in the
6592:
2682:. In the following year a peace was concluded between the two sides and the captive emperor was allowed to return home. After executing the rebellious
4647:
6403:
2616:
3713:. Galdan was forced to retreat and escaped total destruction because the Qing army did not have the supplies or ability to pursue him. In 1696, the
2491:
The Genghisid (Major descendants of Kublai) rulers of the Northern Yuan also buttressed their claim on China, and held tenaciously to the title of
5021:
3071:(crown prince) over them. Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and the
4587:
3059:
of Genghisid descent as khan. Mandukhai made persistent efforts to bring the various Mongol tribes under control. The new khan took the title
5567:
2023:
4112:
sent by Esen-tayisi with a document wherein he called himself Great Qayan T'ien-sheng of the. Great Yuan.s The document was dated the first.
6582:
5775:
92:
4177:
3666:. Armed with Russian firearms, Galdan led 30,000 Dzungar troops into Outer Mongolia in 1688 and defeated Chikhundorj in three days. The
5819:
3784:
2742:
2103:
reunited most Mongol tribes in the late 15th century. However, the former's distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as
1518:
1458:
2131:
The regime that existed between 1368 and 1635 is known by various names, including the Northern Yuan (dynasty). The dynastic name of "
6234:
3317:
The six Eastern Mongol tümens were granted to his 11 sons while the four Oirat tümens were ruled by taishi nobles. His youngest son
6607:
6304:
6290:
3033:
2089:(Emperor Huizong of Yuan) to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the
1828:
1783:
3593:
Gombodorj retained his independence and suzerainty over the Sechen and Jasagtu khans. However another independent entity known as
6314:
6294:
2648:
2446:
3063:
meaning "the whole" or “Great Yuan” (大元; "Da Yuan"). Mandukhai and Dayan Khan defeated the Oirats and the taishis who ruled the
5770:
4993:
2108:
1148:
108:
3721:. Galdan fled from the Kherlen only to be caught by another Qing army attacking from the west. He was defeated in the ensuing
3670:, meanwhile, attacked and defeated a Khalkha army of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near
3425:
order and agreed that Buddhism would henceforth become the state religion of Mongolia. In 1577, Altan and Sechen received the
6602:
6270:
5755:
4851:
4807:
1448:
17:
5659:
4429:
6102:
5743:
2207:
had also used the "Great Yuan" dynastic name and Han-style imperial titles during their rule up to the early 17th century.
1021:
1011:
4948:, vol. 6: Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153,
2409:(located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death.
6496:
6265:
5625:
5014:
2473:
1490:
652:
4215:
4066:
3318:
2249:
642:
3386:
to the east. Abtai and Sechen brought many of the Oirat tribes under their domination. Altan conquered large parts of
2545:-style title of former Yuan dynasty. In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of
5560:
4489:
2016:
1319:
3075:. Making another of his sons jinong, he abolished old-Yuan court titles of taishi, chingsang, pingchan and chiyuan.
5965:
5828:
3067:
Mongols. However, one of them killed Dayan Khan's son and revolted when Dayan Khan appointed his son, Ulusbold, as
4348:
Carney T. Fisher, "Smallpox, Sales-men, and Sectarians: Ming-Mongol relations in the Jiang-jing reign (1552–67)",
3382:, and Khutughtai Sechen Khongtaiji of Ordos. Jasagtu defeated the Uriankhai and Daghur Mongols and subjugated the
5690:
1957:
1073:
5250:
4841:
4146:
2714:
fought over succession and had their Genghisid khans enthroned. The Mongolian chroniclers call some of them the
2619:. In 1409, a Ming army of 100,000 entered Mongolia but suffered a defeat against Öljei Temur and Arugtai at the
2481:
2158:
363:
236:
6572:
5930:
5715:
5671:
5620:
5007:
4953:
4392:
1970:
1511:
1463:
6011:
5998:
5869:
5695:
5593:
2301:
1552:
1485:
1411:
1346:
3498:(1581–1637) supported the Great Khan whilst other nobles of Khalkha remained neutral and inactive. In 1632,
5874:
5644:
5553:
5265:
3515:
2009:
1980:
1953:
1923:
1421:
98:
5245:
4721:
Our great Qing: the Mongols, Buddhism and the state in late imperial China By Johan Elverskog, p. 68.
2422:
224:
6617:
6577:
5894:
5654:
5585:
5047:
4602:
4024:
3937:
Jae-un Kang, Suzanne Lee, Sook Pyo Lee, "The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism"
2332:
2111:. Despite this decentralization, a remarkable concord continued within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy, and
1473:
1230:
611:
192:
4802:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–145,
6428:
6395:
6357:
6282:
5780:
5610:
3864:[Mongolian ethnonyms: questions of the origin and ethnic composition of the Mongolian peoples]
3861:
1990:
1478:
3358:
Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery established by Abtai Khan in the Khalkha heartland in the 16th century.
2658:(r. 1438–1454) brought the Oirats to the height of their power. Under his puppet khans, he drove back
6460:
6413:
6370:
6252:
5790:
5649:
5514:
3594:
3442:
3204:
2082:
1504:
1441:
1406:
979:
675:
585:
490:
407:
3582:, and the successors of the Mongol Empire were also under Manchu authority. The son of Ligdan Khan,
3364:
2484:. The defeat of Uskhal Khan effectively shattered Yuan power in the steppes and allowed the Western
1185:
6475:
6465:
6418:
6408:
6375:
6299:
6185:
6158:
6153:
6095:
5809:
5785:
5615:
5198:
2813:
2671:
1933:
1898:
1756:
1175:
824:
532:
5255:
5117:
3464:, Jarud, and southern Khalkha Mongols made a formal alliance with the Jurchens from 1612 to 1624.
2530:
2166:
6163:
6016:
5884:
5705:
5700:
5666:
5519:
3697:(Enh-Amgalan khaan-in Mongolian) to block Galdan. Late in the summer of 1690, Galdan crossed the
3546:
The Sechen Khans at the eastern end of modern Mongolia, were founded by Sholoi, a great-grandson.
2466:
2339:
1760:
1401:
5275:
2596:
6148:
5984:
5889:
5676:
3990:
3889:
2846:
2441:
with the aim of restoring Mongol power in China proper. Although he continued to hold southern
1943:
1752:
1633:
1453:
1431:
1416:
902:
621:
4445:
Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 294
4189:
6470:
6436:
6380:
5795:
5720:
5710:
5280:
4219:
3789:
3702:
3675:
3626:
3599:
3530:
2600:
2405:) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces. He tried to regain Dadu but failed and died in
2386:
Ming dynasty and the Northern Yuan in the early 15th century. The Mongols lost some lands in
1582:
1562:
1557:
1426:
843:
3375:
2085:
in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by
6502:
6365:
6309:
5852:
5839:
5603:
5351:
4434:卓里克圖汗，也無漢語廟號。此後蒙古歷代諸汗雖然族系不同，但都是只有蒙語尊號或諡號，而不再有漢語廟號。元朝漢語年號至天元而止，卓里克圖汗不立漢語年號，以後的蒙古諸汗也不再建立漢語年號。
3671:
3650:
3556:
2477:
2347:
1603:
1592:
1577:
1468:
681:
5356:
4843:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
274:
8:
6612:
6260:
6195:
6088:
5630:
5270:
4123:(Бага хаадын үеийн Монгол улс; Ж.Бор – Монгол хийгээд Евразийн дипломат шашстир, II боть)
3654:
3472:
2915:
2773:
2573:. While the Oirats drew their khans from the descendants of Ariq Böke and other princes,
2343:
1878:
1663:
1572:
1534:
633:
6047:
3525:
After Ligdan Khan's death in 1634, the Mongols formed four Khanates, from west to east:
3421:
in the Right Wing Tumens occurred. Jasagtu appointed a Tibetan Buddhist chaplain of the
5991:
5760:
5509:
5202:
5178:
5080:
4581:
4103:
3722:
3490:
3482:
2608:
1673:
1653:
1623:
1613:
1587:
1567:
1436:
616:
151:
3862:"Монгольские этнонимы:вопросы происхождения и этнического состава Монгольских народов"
6587:
6535:
5361:
5341:
4949:
4847:
4803:
4485:
4415:
4388:
4062:
3667:
3023:
2835:
2726:(1475–1478) effectively won over most of the Mongol warlords before he died in 1478.
2620:
2504:
2382:
2227:" in some modern sources, Although most of these English terms can also refer to the
2180:
2066:
1364:
932:
912:
687:
5315:
3456:
In 1616, the Jurchens rose to the forefront of East Asian powers under the reign of
6441:
6210:
6180:
6138:
5977:
5958:
5598:
4403:而元人自脱古斯帖木兒被秋以後，內爭不息。數傳之後，已不知其有國號、帝號。相繼篡立者，皆自稱為「汗」，並改國名為「韃靼」，由於其兵力已不如初返塞外時之盛，故其為患也輕。
4095:
4039:
4002:
3570:
The various regimes on the Mongolian Plateau after the proclamation of Qing dynasty
3418:
3172:
3001:
2959:
2824:
2793:
2570:
2500:
2417:
2275:
2257:
2136:
2120:
2100:
2041:
1793:
1738:
1683:
1043:
601:
593:
332:
159:
155:
4623:
3536:
The Dzasagtu Khans, a khanate founded by Laikhor-khan, a cousin of the Altan Khan.
3467:
3334:
2678:. However, after this astounding victory, Esen failed to take the Ming capital of
6531:
6524:
6514:
6224:
6053:
5951:
5916:
5879:
5727:
5681:
5635:
5462:
5346:
5093:
4635:
3991:"Dayan Khan as a Yuan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia"
3658:
3646:
3379:
3276:
3115:
2948:
2802:
2692:
2636:
2588:
The Mongols eventually split into three main groups: the Oirats in the west, the
2582:
2521:
2426:
2366:(1368–1644) in southern China. In 1368, a Ming army advanced on the Yuan capital
2253:
1888:
1693:
5407:
5240:
5138:
3590:
2394:
2086:
211:
6243:
6219:
6170:
6120:
5937:
5923:
5765:
3776:
3738:
3734:
3714:
3694:
3686:
3575:
3522:
the next year (February 1635), ending the Kublaid descent ruled Northern Yuan.
3426:
3147:
2990:
2970:
2937:
2864:
2723:
2667:
2612:
2402:
2355:
2328:
2234:
In chronicles written in the Mongolian language, this period is also known as "
2078:
1643:
945:
862:
4975:, vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge University Press
4966:, vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press
6566:
6551:
6337:
6205:
6200:
6143:
6037:
5402:
5126:
5109:
4482:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1398–1644, Part 2
4133:
3698:
3391:
3304:
3243:
3176:
2711:
2683:
2546:
2454:
2228:
1848:
1838:
1748:
1728:
735:
702:
6080:
4999:
4796:"The Extension of Ch′ing rule over Mongolia, Sinkiang, and Tibet, 1636–1800"
4006:
6541:
6507:
6342:
6324:
5944:
5576:
5325:
5186:
5170:
3762:
3642:
3603:
3511:
3437:
3224:
3119:
3107:
3064:
2873:
2748:
2387:
2363:
2327:
for about a century. Even prior to the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols had ruled
2324:
2320:
2312:
2243:
2200:
2154:
2074:
1858:
1803:
1310:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1204:
1163:
1101:
815:
805:
782:
463:
349:
4038:. Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University: 6–7.
3916:
René Grousset-The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 508
3606:. Diplomacy failed after the Manchus defeated the Ming in 1644 and seized
2534:
2342:
and changed course, causing widespread droughts, flooding, and making the
6332:
5910:
5366:
5310:
5300:
5285:
4573:
3959:
3946:
3682:
3663:
3540:
3495:
3450:
3398:
3099:
3072:
2884:
2855:
2764:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2628:
2542:
2450:
2359:
2316:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2162:
2116:
1542:
1217:
1088:
922:
890:
877:
711:
390:
286:
248:
3533:
in the far west, founded by Sholoi Ubashi, great-grandson of Geresandza.
6546:
6448:
6347:
6111:
5427:
5336:
5320:
5260:
5072:
4939:, vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Cambridge University Press
4674:
3905:
3794:
3726:
3710:
3519:
3499:
3368:
3354:
3347:
3269:
3200:
3110:
and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of
3084:
3056:
2926:
2904:
2516:
2496:
2351:
2184:
2096:
2070:
969:
758:
476:
376:
261:
5545:
4325:
The Great Wall: The Extraordinary Story of China's Wonder of the World
4107:
4083:
3378:(r. 1558–92), the realm was unified again with the aid of Altan Khan,
2331:
for more than 40 years, since the time they conquered the Jurchen-led
6059:
5845:
5800:
5418:
5371:
5295:
5152:
5148:
5101:
3742:
3730:
3678:
3583:
3507:
3414:
3229:
3196:
3151:
3111:
3052:
2644:
2604:
2589:
2554:
2442:
2413:
2406:
2367:
1773:
403:
345:
298:
137:
131:
3622:
3401:. Two other, Doyin and Tai'nin, were absorbed by the Five Khalkhas.
6042:
5834:
5305:
5290:
4099:
3718:
3638:
3566:
3461:
3410:
3383:
3323:
3260:
3220:
3180:
3167:
2979:
2707:
2703:
2687:
2663:
2550:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2175:
2112:
2062:
565:
504:
173:
169:
4043:
3249:
3087:
region and they gradually extended their domain into northeastern
3080:
2670:. In 1449 he defeated a 500,000 strong Ming army and captured the
2153:) was officially used between 1368 and 1388, as was the preceding
6519:
6190:
6133:
6128:
6064:
6032:
5231:
5194:
5130:
5097:
5067:
4769:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
4425:
4154:
3706:
3607:
3579:
3457:
3422:
3387:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3212:
3208:
3155:
3143:
3135:
3092:
3088:
2755:
2715:
2699:
2679:
2574:
2492:
2488:
Mongols to rise and become kingmaker of the Northern Yuan realm.
2462:
2398:
2371:
2292:) after the Mongols were divided into eastern and western parts.
2059:
1718:
1112:
963:
957:
518:
125:
3543:
founded by Abatai, another grandson. This was the senior branch.
2585:
also briefly attempted to reunite the Mongols under their rule.
2215:", meaning the "Great Mongol State". It is also referred to as "
5182:
5174:
5166:
5156:
4988:
4384:
4277:
Military deterrence in history: a pilot cross-historical survey
3634:
3292:
3284:
3192:
3184:
3163:
3159:
3139:
3095:
3068:
3049:
3012:
2782:
2654:
Toghan died in the very year of his victory over Adai. His son
2640:
2624:
2566:
2485:
2458:
2283:
2265:
2144:
2090:
2049:
570:
429:
425:
4314:Далай Ч., Монголын түүх (1260-1388), гутгаар дэвтэр, УБ., 1992
2607:(d. 1405), in 1403. Most of the Mongol noblemen under Arugtai
6453:
5397:
5190:
5134:
5113:
4730:
Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis C. Twitchett.
4136:, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 275.
3925:
C.P.Atwood – Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire,
3503:
3478:
3342:
3288:
3280:
3216:
3188:
2617:
Ming dynasty conducting several campaigns against the Mongols
2538:
560:
316:
177:
4025:"大元の記憶 Memory of the Dai Yuan ulus (the Great Yuan dynasty)"
6175:
6006:
5971:
4246:
4244:
3367:(r. 1547–1557) had to grant titles of khans to his cousins
3256:
3103:
2719:
2578:
2187:
whose regnal name "Dayan" came from the Chinese term "大元" (
2104:
4262:
Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis Twitchett'
4059:
In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia
3589:
In Outer Mongolia the Khalkhas still against Manchu rule,
2541:'s son), with the support of the Oirats. He abolished the
2397:(r. 1333–1370), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to
2377:
4732:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ch'ing empire to 1800
3859:
4461:
4241:
4229:
3949:, "Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500"
3906:
Jack Weatherford-The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
3417:
in their belief. From 1575, a large-scale conversion to
3371:, ruling the Tumed, and Bayaskhul, ruling the Kharchin.
3311:. The Barga and Buryats later became subject of Khalkha.
2449:
in 1387–88. The Yuan loyalists under the Kublaid prince
2231:
or the Yuan dynasty in the 13th and the 14th centuries.
69:
4839:
2165:-style imperial titles were abandoned by his successor
4892:
4890:
4865:
4863:
4484:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230.
4794:
Cosmo, Nicola Di (2016), Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
4084:"Notes on a Few Mongolian Rulers of the 15th Century"
2581:
supported the old Yuan khans of Kublaid descent. The
4624:
Memory of the Dai Yuan ulus (the Great Yuan dynasty)
4149:[Political disruption in Ancient Mongolia].
3752:
2639:
range in 1433. The Oirats killed him in the west of
1329:
1251:
1131:
1064:
994:
868:
4902:
4887:
4875:
4860:
4821:
4749:
4737:
4703:
4691:
4536:
4498:
4480:Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia".
2447:
Naghachu eventually surrendered to the Ming dynasty
3701:with a force of 20,000 and engaged a Qing army at
3150:, Khökhüid (Khukhuid), Khataghin, and later added
2161:, the "Great Yuan" dynastic name along with other
4414:
4056:
3840:"ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ ᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠡ ᠶᠢ"
2311:The Northern Yuan dynasty was the remnant of the
6564:
4688:Bat-Ochir Bold-Mongolian nomadic society, p. 170
3984:
3982:
3974:北元遼陽省平章劉益、王右丞等欲歸附大明，慮遷居民，以遼陽本我地，若我國請命，可免遷徙，遣使來告。
2510:
2338:Yuan rule in China proper began to collapse in
4556:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
4275:Raoul Naroll, Vern L. Bullough, Frada Naroll.
3995:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
3409:Although Yuan emperors had previously adopted
2115:civil war remained unknown until the reign of
6598:States and territories disestablished in 1635
6110:
6096:
5561:
5029:
5015:
3979:
3471:Major Mongol and Jurchen rulers prior to the
2529:In 1388, the Mongol throne was taken over by
2077:in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the
2017:
1512:
5776:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
4663:Nomadic empires: from Mongolia to the Danube
4305:, part I. The Mongols proper and the Kalmuks
4018:
4016:
3633:Meanwhile, to the west, about 1600–1620 the
3037:The Northern Yuan and main polities in Asia
2390:after the Ming defeated Tögüs Temür in 1388.
4833:
3958:
3641:. In 1635, the Oirats under Kharkhul's son
2718:and they might have had some ties with the
2603:(Bunyashiri, r. 1408–1412), the protégé of
2599:(Gulichi) was defeated by Elbeg Khan's son
6593:States and territories established in 1368
6103:
6089:
5568:
5554:
5022:
5008:
4970:
4586:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4376:
4061:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
3785:List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
3737:on 4 April. Back in Dzungaria, his nephew
3255:Yünsheebüü (Yöngshiyebü) tümen (including
2729:
2476:, and in the following year they achieved
2183:. Some scholars believe that the reign of
2024:
2010:
1519:
1505:
107:
5497:Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652)
4961:
4943:
4934:
4846:. Columbia University Press. p. 51.
4840:Narangoa Li; Robert Cribb (13 May 2014).
4467:
4250:
4235:
4175:
4013:
3685:to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the
3404:
4928:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
4088:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4022:
3674:and Tomor, Chikhundorji and his brother
3621:
3565:
3477:
3466:
3436:
3353:
3341:
3333:
2662:and crushed the Uriankhai Three Guards,
2520:
2381:
2362:peasant, who eventually established the
5575:
4677:The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
4479:
4428:: 南開大學學報編輯室. p. 46. Archived from
3413:, most Mongols ignored it and remained
2734:
2433:, a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan in
2378:Retreat to Mongolian Steppe (1368–1388)
2323:in 1279, the Yuan dynasty ruled all of
14:
6565:
5771:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
4780:Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher.
4292:p. 389. Collier-MacMillan Ltd. Toronto
4290:The Mongol Empire, its Rise and Legacy
3232:tumen. This tumen was later dissolved.
3055:proclaimed a seven-year-old boy named
3021:
2977:
2968:
2946:
2913:
2780:
6084:
5549:
5003:
4944:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao",
4793:
4600:
4180:[Mongolian History Volume 3]
4081:
3988:
3329:
3010:
2957:
2893:
2882:
2871:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2549:, founded his own small state called
2478:decisive victory around the Buir Lake
2058:) was a dynastic regime ruled by the
113:The Northern Yuan in the 15th century
4925:
4908:
4896:
4881:
4869:
4827:
4755:
4743:
4709:
4697:
4542:
4504:
3860:E. P. Bakaeva; K. V. Orlova (2003).
2935:
2924:
2902:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2833:
2822:
2800:
2791:
2698:From Esen's death to 1481 different
2647:(r. 1425–1438) made a last stand in
2627:) (d. 1417) enthroned an Ariq Bökid
6583:Former countries in Chinese history
6497:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
6266:Protectorate of the Western Regions
4361:
4213:
3709:near the western headwaters of the
3432:
2999:
2988:
2811:
2107:caused the decentralization of the
1958:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
24:
4147:"Улс төрийн бутралын үеийн Монгол"
3617:
3578:had already been conquered by the
3319:Gersenji Khongtaiji of the Jalayir
2340:1344 when the Yellow River flooded
25:
6629:
5436:Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636)
4981:
4567:
3561:
3445:(White Castle) was built in 1601.
6233:
5966:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
5829:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
5434:Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607)
5432:Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585)
4987:
3769:
3755:
3338:Tent of Altan kan and Sannangji.
2747:
2741:
2674:in what came to be known as the
2469:by the Ming earlier in 1381–82.
1541:
600:
537:
523:
509:
495:
481:
456:
91:
6608:1630s disestablishments in Asia
5691:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
5471:Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)
5467:Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
5450:Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576)
4787:
4774:
4761:
4724:
4715:
4682:
4668:
4655:
4641:
4628:
4617:
4594:
4561:
4548:
4523:
4510:
4473:
4448:
4439:
4408:
4370:
4355:
4342:
4330:
4317:
4308:
4295:
4282:
4269:
4256:
4207:
4169:
4153:. 3 August 2016. Archived from
4139:
4126:
4117:
4075:
4050:
4023:Morikawa, Tetsuo (2008-03-20).
3807:
2686:(r. 1433–1453) and his brother
2425:(r. 1370–1378) and his general
5716:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
5483:Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
4973:The Cambridge History of China
4964:The Cambridge History of China
4946:The Cambridge History of China
4937:The Cambridge History of China
4337:The Cambridge History of China
4264:The Cambridge History of China
3952:
3940:
3931:
3919:
3910:
3899:
3883:
3853:
3832:
2643:the next year. Arugtai's ally
2354:valley, which saw the rise of
2288:
2270:
2149:
2054:
1459:Science and technology history
13:
1:
5999:The Story of the Western Wing
5870:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
5594:Division of the Mongol Empire
5448:Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572)
3820:
3038:
2302:Timeline of the Northern Yuan
829:
788:
764:
741:
717:
658:
6603:1360s establishments in Asia
5875:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
5626:conquest of the Song dynasty
5454:Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636)
5452:Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624)
4935:Twitchett, Denis C. (1979),
4224:明朝人把退据蒙古高原的北元政权及其治下的蒙古族称为鞑靼。
3968:(in Chinese). Archived from
3927:see: Batumöngke Dayan Qaghan
3825:
3550:
3516:Imperial Seal of the Mongols
3118:and out onto the steppes of
2651:before he was murdered too.
2611:sided with Öljei Temur. The
2511:Oirat domination (1388–1478)
99:Imperial Seal of the Mongols
7:
5895:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
5301:Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha
4601:宝音德力根, Buyandelger (2001).
3748:
379:reunites the Mongol nation
212:Ukhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür
77:("Forty-four Mongol State")
10:
6634:
6366:against Northwest khanates
5781:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
5660:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
5469:Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
5241:Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur
4971:Twitchett, Denis (1998b),
4918:
4800:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
4650:Tibet: A Political History
4057:David M. Robinson (2019).
3894:The Mongolian legal system
3653:of the Dzungars moved his
3554:
2514:
2299:
2295:
2073:after the collapse of the
27:Former empire in East Asia
6488:
6427:
6394:
6356:
6323:
6281:
6251:
6242:
6231:
6119:
6025:
5903:
5862:
5818:
5736:
5696:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
5584:
5515:Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji
5499:Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)
5391:
5246:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
5222:
5060:
5038:
4962:Twitchett, Denis (1998),
4456:Mongolian nomadic society
4032:比較社会文化: 九州大学大学院比較社会文化学府紀要
3595:Altan Khan of the Khalkha
3514:and was said to give the
3443:White House of Tsogt Taij
3363:three right wing tumens.
3102:in the north, across the
2722:oasis. During his reign,
2565:). On one side stood the
2423:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
2412:The Mongols retreated to
2346:impassable. In 1351, the
2306:
2279:
2261:
2157:. Following the death of
2140:
2045:
1333:
1255:
1135:
1068:
998:
872:
553:
435:
421:
417:
400:
387:
373:
360:
342:
338:
328:
309:
305:
292:
280:
268:
255:
242:
230:
225:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
218:
205:
201:
191:
183:
165:
147:
118:
106:
88:
83:
71:döčin dörben mongγol ulus
32:
6159:Western Turkic Khaganate
6154:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5810:Goryeo under Mongol rule
5616:Mongol conquest of China
5446:Mergen Jinong (d. 1542)
4178:"Монголын түүх 3-р боть"
3989:Okada, Hidehiro (1994).
3870:Kalmyk Scientific Center
3800:
3717:led 100,000 troops into
3705:350 kilometers north of
3506:order in 1634. His son,
3138:tumen: Northern 7 otog:
2401:(located in present-day
2319:. After eliminating the
1761:Second Turkic Khaganates
533:Mongolia under Qing rule
6164:Second Turkic Khaganate
5885:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
5706:1344 Yellow River flood
5701:War of the Two Capitals
5611:Kublai Khan's campaigns
5520:Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji
5283:Bunyashiri (1403–1412)
5266:Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan
5251:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
4926:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
4734:, Volume 9, p. 16.
4082:Henry, Serruys (1956).
4007:10.3406/befeo.1994.2245
3965:《高麗史‧卷第四十三‧世家第四十三‧恭愍王六》
2730:Restoration (1479–1600)
2482:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
2315:(1271–1368) founded by
2159:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
2126:
364:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
237:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
6149:First Turkic Khaganate
5985:The Injustice to Dou E
5890:Temple of Azure Clouds
5820:Science and technology
5677:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
5621:anti-Mongol fortresses
5444:Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
5352:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
5044:Political organization
4782:The spread of Buddhism
4568:Б, Даваасүрэн (2000).
4531:The care-taker emperor
4383:(in Chinese). Taipei,
4303:History of the Mongols
4132:Reuven Amitai-Preiss,
3890:William Elliott Butler
3630:
3571:
3531:Altan Khan of Khalkhas
3486:
3475:
3446:
3405:Conversion to Buddhism
3365:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
3359:
3351:
3339:
3166:, Ujeed (Uchirad) and
2526:
2525:Location of the Oirats
2391:
2274:) and “Wala” (Oirats,
2236:The Forty and the Four
2217:Post-Imperial Mongolia
1634:Munkhkhairkhan culture
257:• 1478-1517/1543
6573:Northern Yuan dynasty
6291:against Western Turks
5721:Battle of Lake Poyang
5711:Red Turban Rebellions
5501:Sechen Khan (d. 1686)
5485:Chambun Khan (1670?–)
5318:(Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
5256:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
4994:Northern Yuan dynasty
4387:: 黎明文化. p. 347.
4339:, Vol 7, p. 193, 1988
4220:Encyclopedia of China
3790:List of Mongol states
3703:Battle of Ulan Butung
3676:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
3625:
3600:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
3569:
3539:The Tushetu Khans at
3510:, surrendered to the
3481:
3470:
3440:
3357:
3345:
3337:
3114:in the East past the
3106:, to the edge of the
3083:Mongols ruled in the
2695:in the 17th century.
2569:and on the other the
2531:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
2524:
2474:the Uriankhai Mongols
2385:
2370:or Dadu (present-day
2221:Mongol(ian) Khaganate
2167:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
2123:into Mongol society.
1981:Democratic Revolution
1324:(mainland, 1912–1949)
148:Common languages
18:Northern Yuan dynasty
6503:Greater Central Asia
5278:Gulichi (1402–1408)
5106:Three Western Tumens
5090:Three Eastern Tumens
4996:at Wikimedia Commons
4366:(in Japanese). 風間書房.
3672:Erdene Zuu Monastery
3651:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
3489:In response, Ligdan
3034:class=notpageimage|
2735:Second reunification
2429:(d. 1375). In 1375,
2348:Red Turban Rebellion
2252:) and four tümen of
2248:of Eastern Mongols (
5904:Society and culture
5631:Battle of Xiangyang
5357:Tümen Jasaghtu Khan
4377:中華民國國防部史政局 (1989).
4364:ホトクタイ＝セチェン＝ホンタイジの研究
3473:Jurchen unification
3154:. Southern 5 otog:
2467:defeated and killed
2225:Mongol(ian) Khanate
1954:People's Revolution
1924:National Revolution
1879:Oirat Confederation
1664:Deer stones culture
1535:History of Mongolia
251:(only non-Borjigin)
6618:Mongol rump states
6578:Dynasties of China
5992:The Orphan of Zhao
5761:Imperial Preceptor
5510:Ubasi Khong Tayiji
4767:Evelyn S. Rawski.
4675:Jack Weatherford.
4176:Л.Жамарсн (2003).
3723:Battle of Jao Modo
3631:
3572:
3487:
3483:Chahar-Jurchen War
3476:
3447:
3376:Tümen Jasagtu Khan
3360:
3352:
3340:
3330:Last reunification
3303:, Ur (Ör) Mongol,
3048:Manduulun's young
2533:, a descendant of
2527:
2392:
2069:. It existed as a
2065:clan based in the
1944:Chinese occupation
1674:Slab-grave culture
1654:Ulaanzuukh culture
1624:Chemurchek culture
1614:Afanasievo culture
1339:
1149:Five Dynasties and
1141:
1076:Southern dynasties
1004:
903:Chu–Han Contention
895:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
6560:
6559:
6536:Chinese Turkestan
6484:
6483:
6305:Mongolian Plateau
6078:
6077:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5362:Buyan Sechen Khan
5342:Bars Bolud Jinong
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5052:Independent khans
4992:Media related to
4853:978-0-231-53716-2
4809:978-0-521-24335-3
4661:Gérard Chaliand.
4603:"达延汗生卒年、即位年及本名考辨"
4570:Батмөнх Даян хаан
4416:Nankai University
4288:Michael Prawdin,
4186:Монгол улсын түүх
4157:on 12 August 2019
3729:. Galdan's wife,
3668:Siberian Cossacks
3627:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3270:Four tümen Oirats
2672:Zhengtong Emperor
2621:Battle of Kherlen
2505:Mandate of Heaven
2437:province invaded
2242:), meaning forty
2181:Classical Chinese
2083:Later Jin dynasty
2067:Mongolian Plateau
2034:
2033:
1999:
1998:
1971:People's Republic
1907:
1906:
1812:
1811:
1784:Tang protectorate
1702:
1701:
1529:
1528:
1486:Transport history
1412:Education history
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1365:Republic of China
1347:People's Republic
1320:Republic of China
1299:
1298:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1128:
1127:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
992:
991:
825:Spring and Autumn
688:Liao civilization
579:
578:
549:
548:
545:
544:
469:
468:
294:• 1634-1635
282:• 1603-1634
275:Tümen Zasagt Khan
270:• 1557-1592
244:• 1454-1455
232:• 1378–1388
220:• 1370–1378
207:• 1368–1370
78:
55:
16:(Redirected from
6625:
6249:
6248:
6237:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6082:
6081:
6048:ʼPhags-pa script
5978:The Chalk Circle
5959:Zhongyuan Yinyun
5846:Shiyi Dexiaofang
5604:Kaidu–Kublai war
5599:Toluid Civil War
5570:
5563:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5281:Öljei Temür Khan
5225:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5041:
5040:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4991:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4940:
4931:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4791:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4653:
4648:W. D. Shakabpa,
4645:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4577:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4454:Bat-Ochir Bold.
4452:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4421:《南開大學學報：哲學社會科學版》
4412:
4406:
4405:
4397:. Archived from
4374:
4368:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4299:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4266:, vol. 7, p. 158
4260:
4254:
4248:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4188:. Archived from
4183:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4010:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3836:
3814:
3811:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3681:fled across the
3574:In 1636, all of
3557:Dzungar–Qing War
3518:to Qing emperor
3449:By the reign of
3433:Fall (1600–1635)
3419:Tibetan Buddhism
3043:
3040:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2601:Öljei Temür Khan
2501:Emperor of China
2418:Mongol heartland
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2250:Eastern Mongolia
2151:
2142:
2121:Tibetan Buddhism
2113:intra-Chinggisid
2101:Mandukhai Khatun
2056:
2047:
2026:
2019:
2012:
1920:
1919:
1833:9th–12th century
1825:
1824:
1794:Uyghur Khaganate
1739:Rouran Khaganate
1715:
1714:
1684:Chandman culture
1610:
1609:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1449:Military history
1407:Economic history
1395:Related articles
1372:
1354:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1191:
1181:
1169:
1156:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1044:Sixteen Kingdoms
1027:
1017:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
985:
951:
938:
928:
918:
917:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
908:
896:
883:
870:
869:
848:
840:
838:
834:
831:
821:
811:
799:
797:
793:
790:
775:
773:
769:
766:
752:
750:
746:
743:
728:
726:
722:
719:
669:
667:
663:
660:
604:
594:History of China
581:
580:
541:
540:
527:
526:
513:
512:
499:
498:
485:
484:
473:
472:
460:
459:
453:
452:
437:
436:
389:• Death of
362:• Death of
333:Late Middle Ages
264:(longest ruling)
111:
95:
76:
73:
72:
66:
53:
45:
38:
30:
29:
21:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6532:Western Regions
6525:Chinese Tartary
6515:Eurasian nomads
6480:
6437:against Dzungar
6423:
6404:against Mongols
6390:
6352:
6319:
6277:
6261:against Xiongnu
6244:Chinese empires
6238:
6229:
6121:Nomadic empires
6115:
6109:
6079:
6074:
6054:History of Yuan
6021:
5952:Wenxian Tongkao
5917:History of Liao
5899:
5880:Miaoying Temple
5858:
5814:
5732:
5728:Ispah rebellion
5580:
5574:
5544:
5539:
5530:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5489:Shara (d. 1687)
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5463:Abtai Sain Khan
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5347:Bodi Alagh Khan
5345:
5340:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5276:Örüg Temür Khan
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5034:
5028:
4984:
4979:
4956:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4792:
4788:
4779:
4775:
4766:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4669:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4642:
4636:History of Ming
4633:
4629:
4622:
4618:
4599:
4595:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4562:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4528:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4432:on 2022-02-22.
4413:
4409:
4401:on 2022-02-22.
4395:
4380:《中國戰史大辭典: 戰役之部》
4375:
4371:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4301:H. H. Howorth.
4300:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4195:on 5 March 2016
4192:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4055:
4051:
4034:(in Japanese).
4027:
4021:
4014:
3987:
3980:
3972:on 2022-02-22.
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3725:near the upper
3659:Altai Mountains
3647:Dzungar Khanate
3620:
3618:Dzungar Khanate
3564:
3559:
3553:
3435:
3407:
3380:Abtai Sain Khan
3332:
3116:Altai Mountains
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2732:
2693:Dzungar Khanate
2637:Greater Khingan
2597:Örüg Temür Khan
2583:House of Ogedei
2571:Eastern Mongols
2567:Western Mongols
2519:
2513:
2455:Prince of Liang
2380:
2350:erupted in the
2309:
2304:
2298:
2254:Western Mongols
2129:
2030:
2001:
2000:
1991:Modern Mongolia
1964:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1889:Dzungar Khanate
1829:Mongol khanates
1822:
1821:Medieval period
1814:
1813:
1767:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1694:Pazyryk culture
1607:
1525:
1496:
1495:
1491:Women's history
1397:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1015:
993:
988:
983:
975:
949:
941:
936:
926:
916:
906:
894:
886:
881:
866:
865:
854:
853:
846:
836:
832:
827:
819:
809:
795:
791:
786:
778:
771:
767:
762:
749: 1046 BCE
748:
744:
739:
731:
725: 1600 BCE
724:
720:
715:
706:
705:
694:
693:
666: 2000 BCE
665:
661:
656:
648:
637:
636:
575:
538:
524:
510:
496:
482:
457:
410:
406:submits to the
393:
380:
366:
353:
344:• Fall of
324:
321:Customary rules
295:
283:
271:
258:
245:
233:
221:
208:
143:
114:
102:
101:
96:
79:
75:
70:
67:
64:
62:
60:
58:
57:
56:
52:
50:
46:
43:
41:
39:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6631:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6500:
6492:
6490:
6489:Related topics
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6409:against Turpan
6406:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6271:Chief Official
6263:
6257:
6255:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:history series
6108:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5938:Shilin Guangji
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5766:Zhongshu Sheng
5763:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5550:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5507:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5481:Subandai Khan
5477:
5475:
5460:
5458:
5442:
5440:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5334:
5332:
5316:Markörgis Khan
5271:Gün Temür Khan
5238:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5164:
5162:
5146:
5144:
5124:
5122:
5118:Yunshebu Tümen
5087:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5077:Notable cities
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5050:
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5019:
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4983:
4982:External links
4980:
4978:
4977:
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4959:
4954:
4941:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:, p. 220.
4901:
4899:, p. 148.
4886:
4884:, p. 219.
4874:
4872:, p. 218.
4859:
4852:
4832:
4830:, p. 216.
4820:
4808:
4786:
4784:, p. 395.
4773:
4771:, p. 493.
4760:
4758:, p. 215.
4748:
4746:, p. 214.
4736:
4723:
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4712:, p. 213.
4702:
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4690:
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4593:
4560:
4554:C. P. Atwood.
4547:
4545:, p. 211.
4535:
4522:
4509:
4507:, p. 210.
4497:
4490:
4472:
4470:, p. 222.
4468:Twitchett 1998
4460:
4447:
4438:
4424:(in Chinese).
4407:
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4341:
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4316:
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4294:
4281:
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4253:, p. 120.
4251:Twitchett 1998
4240:
4238:, p. 574.
4236:Twitchett 1994
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4100:10.2307/595075
4074:
4068:978-1108482448
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3777:History portal
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3739:Tsewang Rabtan
3715:Kangxi Emperor
3695:Kangxi Emperor
3687:Kangxi Emperor
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3562:Outer Mongolia
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2613:Yongle Emperor
2563:Бага хаадын үе
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2403:Inner Mongolia
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2329:Northern China
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5667:Java invasion
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5516:
5512:(c.1609–1623)
5511:
5506:
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5491:
5479:Laikhur Khan
5476:
5473:
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5291:Oyiradai Khan
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5049:
5048:List of Khans
5046:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5031:Northern Yuan
5025:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4930:, vol. 5
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4564:
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4529:Ph. de Heer,
4526:
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4506:
4501:
4493:
4491:9780521243339
4487:
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4142:
4135:
4134:Reuven Amitai
4129:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
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4070:
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4044:10.15017/9498
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3699:Kherlen River
3696:
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3680:
3677:
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3660:
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3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:united under
3636:
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3395:
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3392:Uyghur script
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3370:
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3327:
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3305:Barga Mongols
3302:
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3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3007:
2996:
2985:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2910:
2899:
2897:NORTHERN YUAN
2890:
2879:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2830:
2819:
2808:
2797:
2795:SIBIR KHANATE
2788:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:Ordos Mongols
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2684:Tayisung Khan
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:Chagatai Khan
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:Zhu Yuanzhang
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:Döchin Dörben
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:Mongol Empire
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:imperial rule
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2038:Northern Yuan
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1916:Modern period
1913:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:Northern Yuan
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:Mongol Empire
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:Khamag Mongol
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:Xianbei state
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Naval history
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:Music history
1435:
1433:
1432:Media history
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Legal history
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1371:1949–present)
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1186:Southern Song
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:Northern Song
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
982:
981:
977:
976:
972:
971:
966:
965:
960:
959:
955:
954:
948:
947:
943:
942:
935:
934:
930:
925:
924:
920:
915:
914:
910:
907:(206–202 BCE)
905:
904:
900:
899:
893:
892:
888:
887:
882:(221–207 BCE)
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
864:
858:
857:
847:(475–221 BCE)
845:
842:
826:
823:
822:
820:(771–256 BCE)
818:
817:
813:
808:
807:
803:
802:
785:
784:
780:
779:
761:
760:
756:
755:
738:
737:
733:
732:
714:
713:
709:
708:
704:
698:
697:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
677:
673:
672:
655:
654:
650:
649:
645:
644:
640:
639:
635:
629:
628:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
583:
582:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
556:
554:Today part of
552:
536:
534:
531:
530:
522:
520:
517:
516:
508:
506:
503:
502:
494:
492:
489:
488:
480:
478:
475:
474:
471:
465:
462:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
399:
395:
392:
386:
382:
378:
372:
368:
365:
359:
355:
351:
347:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
320:
318:
315:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
291:
288:
285:
279:
276:
273:
267:
263:
260:
254:
250:
247:
241:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
217:
213:
210:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
121:
117:
110:
105:
100:
94:
87:
82:
74:
49:
31:
19:
6542:China proper
6508:Central Asia
6495:
6385:
6343:Eastern Liao
6333:Western Liao
6069:
6052:
6026:Other topics
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5945:Menggu Ziyun
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5863:Architecture
5851:
5844:
5827:
5577:Yuan dynasty
5508:
5496:
5478:
5465:(1567–1588)
5461:
5443:
5430:(1521–1582)
5426:
5374:(1634–1635)
5369:(1604–1634)
5364:(1592–1604)
5359:(1557–1592)
5354:(1547–1557)
5349:(1516–1547)
5339:(1480–1516)
5335:
5328:(1475–1479)
5326:Manduul Khan
5323:(1465–1466)
5313:(1453–1454)
5303:(1433–1452)
5298:(1425–1438)
5293:(1415–1425)
5288:(1411–1415)
5273:(1399–1402)
5268:(1394–1399)
5263:(1391–1394)
5258:(1388–1391)
5253:(1378–1388)
5248:(1370–1378)
5243:(1368–1370)
5239:
5187:Khong Tayiji
5165:
5147:
5139:Dörbet Oirat
5125:
5105:
5089:
5088:
5030:
4972:
4963:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4904:
4877:
4842:
4835:
4823:
4813:, retrieved
4799:
4789:
4781:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4684:
4676:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4630:
4619:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4569:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4538:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4512:
4500:
4481:
4475:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4441:
4433:
4430:the original
4420:
4410:
4402:
4399:the original
4379:
4372:
4363:
4362:井上治 (2002).
4357:
4350:Ming studies
4349:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4231:
4223:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4190:the original
4185:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4155:the original
4150:
4141:
4128:
4119:
4111:
4094:(2): 82–90.
4091:
4087:
4077:
4058:
4052:
4035:
4031:
3998:
3994:
3973:
3970:the original
3964:
3954:
3942:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3912:
3901:
3896:, p. 3.
3893:
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3869:
3855:
3846:
3834:
3809:
3763:China portal
3691:
3643:Erdeni Batur
3632:
3612:
3604:Ming dynasty
3591:Tüsheet Khan
3588:
3573:
3524:
3512:Qing dynasty
3488:
3455:
3448:
3408:
3396:
3373:
3361:
3316:
3268:
3237:
3129:
3124:
3120:Central Asia
3108:Yellow River
3077:
3065:Yellow River
3060:
3047:
2961:
2895:
2775:PHAGMODRUPAS
2697:
2653:
2633:
2594:
2587:
2562:
2559:
2528:
2490:
2471:
2411:
2395:Toghon Temür
2393:
2388:China proper
2364:Ming dynasty
2337:
2325:China proper
2321:Song dynasty
2313:Yuan dynasty
2310:
2287:
2269:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2201:Manduul Khan
2188:
2174:
2170:
2155:Yuan dynasty
2148:
2132:
2130:
2095:
2087:Toghon Temür
2075:Yuan dynasty
2053:
2037:
2035:
1995:1990–present
1899:Qing dynasty
1868:
1859:Yuan dynasty
1804:Liao dynasty
1723:209 BC–93 AD
1658:1450–1150 BC
1648:1500–1000 BC
1638:1800–1600 BC
1628:2750–1900 BC
1618:3300–2500 BC
1427:LGBT history
1363:
1345:
1318:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1184:
1174:
1162:
1151:Ten Kingdoms
1147:
1100:
1087:
1074:Northern and
1072:
1042:
1020:
1010:
978:
968:
962:
956:
950:(220–280 CE)
944:
931:
921:
911:
901:
889:
876:
816:Eastern Zhou
814:
806:Western Zhou
804:
781:
757:
734:
710:
686:
680:
674:
651:
641:
464:Yuan dynasty
446:Succeeded by
445:
440:
68:
47:
6315:Tarim Basin
5911:Yuan poetry
5749:family tree
5522:(1652–1667)
5517:(1623–1652)
5367:Ligdan Khan
5311:Esen Taishi
5286:Delbeg Khan
5033:(1368–1635)
4576:, Mongolia.
4574:Ulaanbaatar
4518:The Mongols
4516:D. Morgan,
3960:Jeong In-ji
3947:Luc Kwanten
3683:Gobi Desert
3664:Lake Baikal
3645:formed the
3629:, 1687–1757
3541:Ulaanbaatar
3496:Tsogt Taiji
3485:, 1619–1634
3451:Ligdan Khan
3399:Nonni River
3100:Lake Baikal
3073:Four Oirats
3042: 1500
2906:WHITE SHEEP
2817:GRAND DUCHY
2766:MOGHULISTAN
2676:Tumu Crisis
2660:Moghulistan
2656:Esen Taishi
2629:Delbeg Khan
2451:Basalawarmi
2344:Grand Canal
2333:Jin dynasty
2317:Kublai Khan
2205:Ligdan Khan
2197:Esen Taishi
2193:Taisun Khan
2179:written in
2133:Great Yuan'
2117:Ligdan Khan
1678:1100–300 BC
1668:1400–700 BC
1604:Prehistoric
1474:Discoveries
1469:Cartography
1464:Archaeology
1402:Art history
1291:(1644–1912)
1278:(1368–1644)
1265:(1271–1368)
1235:(1115–1234)
1222:(1038–1227)
1218:Western Xia
1190:(1127–1279)
1022:Eastern Jin
1012:Western Jin
937:(25–220 CE)
933:Eastern Han
913:Western Han
792: 1046
772: 1046
768: 1250
745: 1600
721: 2070
662: 8500
643:Paleolithic
634:Prehistoric
441:Preceded by
391:Ligdan Khan
310:Legislature
287:Ligdan Khan
249:Esen Taishi
140:(1371–1388)
134:(1369–1370)
128:(1368–1369)
6613:Inner Asia
6567:Categories
6547:Sinosphere
6449:Lifan Yuan
6348:Later Liao
6112:Inner Asia
5737:Government
5428:Altan Khan
5337:Dayan Khan
5321:Molon Khan
5261:Engke Khan
5199:Councellor
5073:Four Oirat
5066:Six Tumen
4955:0521243319
4815:2023-06-13
4394:9571600032
4323:John Man.
4216:"鞑靼 Tatar"
4199:2 February
4161:2 February
3875:2 February
3847:Mongoltoli
3821:References
3795:Rump state
3727:Tuul River
3711:Liao River
3555:See also:
3520:Hong Taiji
3500:Hong Taiji
3348:Altan Khan
3238:Right Wing
3201:Muumyangan
3057:Batumongke
2708:Belguteids
2517:Four Oirat
2515:See also:
2497:Great Khan
2465:were also
2427:Köke Temür
2352:Huai River
2300:See also:
2223:" or the "
2185:Dayan Khan
2097:Dayan Khan
2091:Great Khan
2071:rump state
1698:600–300 BC
1688:700–300 BC
1479:Inventions
1209:(916–1125)
1180:(960–1127)
1168:(960–1279)
835: – c.
833: 770
794: – c.
770: – c.
759:Late Shang
747: – c.
723: – c.
664: – c.
477:Four Oirat
377:Dayan Khan
262:Dayan Khan
184:Government
6461:Manchuria
6414:Manchuria
6371:Manchuria
6060:Khanbaliq
5801:Dpon-chen
5791:Manchuria
5756:Empresses
5419:Khotogoid
5372:Ejei Khan
5344:(deputy)
5296:Adai Khan
5153:Karakorum
5149:Yingchang
5102:Uriankhai
4909:Adle 2003
4897:Adle 2003
4882:Adle 2003
4870:Adle 2003
4828:Adle 2003
4756:Adle 2003
4744:Adle 2003
4710:Adle 2003
4698:Adle 2003
4582:cite book
4543:Adle 2003
4505:Adle 2003
4214:陈得芝 贾敬颜.
4151:Mongolcom
4001:: 52–53.
3826:Citations
3679:Zanabazar
3657:near the
3551:Aftermath
3508:Ejei Khan
3491:waged war
3415:shamanist
3346:Realm of
3230:Uriankhai
3197:Hishigten
3152:Uriankhai
3142:, Besud,
3130:Left Wing
3112:Manchuria
3053:Mandukhai
3005:SULTANATE
2952:SULTANATE
2815:LITHUANIA
2645:Adai Khan
2609:chingsang
2605:Tamerlane
2590:Uriankhai
2535:Arik Böke
2443:Manchuria
2414:Karakorum
2407:Yingchang
2368:Khanbaliq
2335:in 1234.
1975:1924–1992
1965:1921–1924
1948:1919–1921
1938:1911–1919
1903:1691–1911
1893:1634–1757
1883:1399–1634
1873:1368–1635
1863:1271–1368
1853:1206–1368
1843:1130–1206
1774:Xueyantuo
1583:Geography
1155:(907–979)
1116:(690–705)
1106:(618–907)
1093:(581–618)
1080:(420–589)
1048:(304–439)
1026:(317–420)
1016:(266–316)
984:(266–420)
927:(9–23 CE)
653:Neolithic
617:Dynasties
491:Later Jīn
408:Later Jin
404:Ejei Khan
383:1483–1510
299:Ejei Khan
166:Religion
152:Mongolian
138:Karakorum
132:Yingchang
84:1368–1635
6588:Khanates
6476:Xinjiang
6466:Mongolia
6442:genocide
6376:Mongolia
6211:Chagatai
6144:Göktürks
6043:Borjigin
5853:Nong Shu
5835:Jiaochao
5786:Mongolia
5744:Emperors
5645:Sakhalin
5487:Zenggün
5306:Agbarjin
4558:, p. 408
4520:, p. 178
4418:(1992).
4327:, p. 183
3962:(1972).
3749:See also
3719:Mongolia
3639:Kharkhul
3462:Khorchin
3411:Buddhism
3384:Jurchens
3324:Borjigin
3261:Kharchin
3221:Uzemchin
3181:Abaganar
3168:Hongirad
3093:Siberian
2704:Kharchin
2700:warlords
2688:Agbarjin
2668:Jurchens
2666:and the
2664:Kara Del
2551:Kara Del
2480:against
2439:Liaodong
2435:Liaoyang
2431:Naghachu
2219:", the "
2176:Goryeosa
2171:Běi Yuán
2063:Borjigin
2055:Běi Yuán
1808:907–1125
1749:Göktürks
1593:Religion
1588:Language
1578:Politics
1568:Nobility
1553:Timeline
1442:Timeline
1369:(Taiwan,
1349:of China
863:Imperial
612:Timeline
586:a series
584:Part of
566:Mongolia
505:Kara Del
422:Currency
187:Monarchy
174:Buddhism
170:Tengrism
6520:Tartary
6310:Beiting
6225:Dzungar
6220:Timurid
6171:Tibetan
6134:Xianbei
6129:Xiongnu
6065:Shangdu
6033:Mongols
6017:Fashion
5840:Coinage
5655:Vietnam
5586:History
5412:Jasagtu
5408:Tüsheet
5308:(1453)
5228:Unified
5195:Tarkhan
5131:Torghut
5094:Khalkha
5068:Mongols
4919:Sources
4665:, p.102
4607:内蒙古大学学报
4533:, p. 99
4458:, p. 93
4426:Tianjin
4279:, p. 97
3707:Beijing
3608:Beijing
3580:Manchus
3458:Nurhaci
3423:Karmapa
3388:Qinghai
3350:in 1571
3309:Buryats
3301:Khoshut
3297:Torghut
3213:Huuchid
3209:Onnigud
3175:tumen:
3164:Bayagud
3144:Eljigin
3136:Khalkha
3089:Qinghai
3025:MALACCA
2992:OTTOMAN
2939:TIMURID
2928:SHAYBA-
2917:VIJAYA-
2877:DYNASTY
2848:MUSCOVY
2828:KHANATE
2806:KHANATE
2804:CRIMEAN
2716:Uyghurs
2702:of the
2680:Beijing
2577:of the
2575:Arugtai
2493:Emperor
2463:Guizhou
2416:in the
2399:Shangdu
2372:Beijing
2296:History
2276:Chinese
2258:Chinese
2189:Dà Yuán
2150:Dà Yuán
2137:Chinese
2079:Jurchen
2042:Chinese
1798:744–840
1788:647–682
1778:628–646
1768:682–744
1766:555–630
1757:Eastern
1743:330–555
1719:Xiongnu
1573:Culture
1113:Wu Zhou
703:Ancient
682:Yangtze
519:Khalkas
402:•
375:•
352:forces
214:(first)
160:Jurchen
156:Chinese
126:Shangdu
119:Capital
6191:Mongol
6186:Kyrgyz
6181:Uyghur
6139:Rouran
5579:topics
5415:Sechen
5232:Chahar
5183:Jinong
5179:Taishi
5175:Khatun
5167:Khagan
5157:Hohhot
5127:Choros
5098:Chahar
5081:Titles
4952:
4850:
4806:
4488:
4391:
4385:Taiwan
4108:595075
4106:
4065:
3635:Oirats
3374:Under
3293:Baatud
3285:Durvud
3277:Choros
3223:, and
3205:Naiman
3193:Durved
3185:Aokhan
3173:Chahar
3160:Jaruud
3156:Baarin
3148:Gorlos
3140:Jalaid
3096:tundra
3069:jinong
3050:khatun
3003:MAMLUK
2994:EMPIRE
2962:Tungus
2941:EMPIRE
2919:NAGARA
2888:OIRATS
2857:NOGAIS
2837:ASTRA-
2826:KHAZAN
2706:, the
2641:Baotou
2625:Mahmud
2459:Yunnan
2307:Origin
2286::
2284:pinyin
2278::
2268::
2266:pinyin
2260::
2203:, and
2147::
2145:pinyin
2139::
2060:Mongol
2052::
2050:pinyin
2044::
1759:, and
1733:93–234
1606:period
1563:Rulers
1558:States
1311:Modern
967:, and
685:, and
676:Yellow
588:on the
571:Russia
430:Dirham
426:barter
301:(last)
197:
193:Khagan
63:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
61:ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ
48:Dai Ön
6471:Tibet
6454:Amban
6419:Tibet
6381:Tibet
6196:Tatar
6012:Islam
5796:Tibet
5682:Pagan
5672:Burma
5650:Japan
5636:Yamen
5403:Ordos
5398:Tumed
5191:Noyan
5135:Khoid
5114:Tumed
5110:Ordos
4193:(PDF)
4182:(PDF)
4104:JSTOR
4028:(PDF)
3866:(PDF)
3843:(PDF)
3801:Notes
3735:Khovd
3504:Gelug
3369:Altan
3289:Khoid
3281:Olots
3252:tümen
3250:Tümed
3246:tumen
3244:Ordos
3217:Sunud
3189:Daurs
3177:Abaga
3085:Ordos
3081:Tümed
3061:Dayan
2950:DELHI
2908:TURKS
2784:CHAM-
2649:Ejene
2539:Tolui
2503:(see
2486:Oirat
2457:) in
2453:(the
2245:tümen
2105:fiefs
2081:-led
1753:First
736:Shang
561:China
317:Yassa
178:Islam
59:ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠨ
6429:Qing
6396:Ming
6358:Yuan
6325:Liao
6283:Tang
6176:Zubu
6007:Semu
5972:Zaju
5931:Song
5203:Wang
5171:Khan
4950:ISBN
4848:ISBN
4804:ISBN
4588:link
4486:ISBN
4389:ISBN
4201:2018
4163:2018
4063:ISBN
3877:2018
3743:Hami
3655:orda
3584:Ejei
3529:The
3441:The
3307:and
3259:and
3257:Asud
3225:Urad
3104:Gobi
3098:and
3016:SEON
2983:XANG
2930:NIDS
2886:FOUR
2875:MING
2839:KHAN
2757:1500
2720:Hami
2710:and
2579:Asud
2555:Hami
2495:(or
2461:and
2358:, a
2289:Wǎlà
2271:Dádá
2127:Name
2099:and
2036:The
1985:1990
1963:1921
1928:1911
1287:Qing
1274:Ming
1261:Yuan
1205:Liao
1164:Song
1102:Tang
783:Zhou
774:BCE)
413:1635
396:1634
369:1388
350:Ming
346:Dadu
65:ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
6253:Han
5924:Jin
4096:doi
4040:doi
4003:doi
3731:Anu
3014:JO-
2981:LAN
2972:AVA
2553:in
2543:Han
2374:).
2360:Han
2238:" (
2163:Han
2135:" (
1231:Jin
1089:Sui
980:Jin
964:Shu
958:Wei
923:Xin
891:Han
878:Qin
712:Xia
348:to
42:ᠳᠠᠢ
6569::
6293:/
4889:^
4862:^
4798:,
4611:33
4609:.
4605:.
4584:}}
4580:{{
4572:.
4352:25
4243:^
4222:.
4218:.
4184:.
4110:.
4102:.
4092:76
4090:.
4086:.
4036:14
4030:.
4015:^
3999:81
3997:.
3993:.
3981:^
3892:.
3868:.
3845:.
3689:.
3299:,
3295:,
3291:,
3287:,
3283:,
3279:,
3273::
3240::
3219:,
3215:,
3211:,
3207:,
3203:,
3199:,
3195:,
3191:,
3187:,
3183:,
3179:,
3162:,
3158:,
3146:,
3132::
3122:.
3039:c.
2786:PA
2557:.
2445:,
2282:;
2280:瓦剌
2264:;
2262:鞑靼
2199:,
2195:,
2143:;
2141:大元
2093:.
2048:;
2046:北元
1755:,
970:Wu
961:,
830:c.
789:c.
765:c.
742:c.
718:c.
679:,
659:c.
428:,
176:,
172:,
158:,
154:,
51:大元
44:ᠦᠨ
37:北元
6538:)
6534:(
6104:e
6097:t
6090:v
5569:e
5562:t
5555:v
5023:e
5016:t
5009:v
4856:.
4613:.
4590:)
4494:.
4203:.
4165:.
4098::
4071:.
4046:.
4042::
4009:.
4005::
3879:.
3849:.
3263:)
2561:(
2537:(
2211:"
2040:(
2025:e
2018:t
2011:v
1960:)
1956:(
1763:)
1751:(
1520:e
1513:t
1506:v
839:)
828:(
798:)
787:(
763:(
751:)
740:(
727:)
716:(
668:)
657:(
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