608:
70:
2393:
607:
2380:
107:
808:
2376:
eukaryotic classification, with the inclusion of classes of algae described in posterior years as well as the number of described species for each class. According to the aforementioned 2019 revision by protistologists, the diatoms (Diatomeae) do not form a single class
Bacillariophyceae, but numerous classes to reflect the phylogenetic advances over the previous decade.
1093:, either freely floating or attached to filamentous algae and plants. Diatoms are more diverse, with more than 60 genera commonly found in rivers. Many river diatoms have developed different strategies to attach to the substrate to avoid being displaced by water currents. The most basic strategy is to produce
998:
Ochrophytes are present in nearly all environments. Some classes are more common in marine habitats, while others are more frequent in freshwater or soil. Among the ochrophyte lineages are the diatoms, the most abundant photosynthetic eukaryotes worldwide in marine habitats; multicellular seaweeds,
777:
algae: "blob-like structures" where PC proteins are localized, and a vesicular network. Within the CER, there is a prominent region of tight direct contacts between the periplastid membrane and the inner nuclear envelope, where lipid transfers might occur, and perhaps exchange of other molecules.
2375:
As of 2024, ochrophytes amount to 23,314 described species, with 490 species of uncertain position. However, it is estimated that they amount to more than 100,000 species, of which the majority are diatoms. Below is the present classification of ochrophytes according to the 2019 revision of
4485:
Craig Bailey J, Bidigare RR, Christensen SJ, Andersen RA (September 1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae
Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure".
1167:
live as colonial chains of cells with long spines (setae) that can clog fish gills, causing their death. Among diatoms, the only toxin producers have been found among pennate diatoms, almost entirely within the genus
3466:
Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes".
2350:
groups. This method of classification is preferred among protistologists. The latest revision of the
International Society of Protistologists, in 2019, recognizes Ochrophyta as a valid taxon within the higher
4111:"Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade"
3808:
Ingvild
Riisberga; Russell J. S. Orr; Ragnhild Kluge; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Holly A. Bowers; Vishwanath Patil; Bente Edvardsen; Kjetill S. Jakobsen (2009). "Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts".
4281:
Azuma, Tomonori; Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Kayama, Motoki; Kobayashi, Mayumi; Miyashita, Hideaki; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Yabuki, Akinori; Brown, Matthew W.; Kamikawa, Ryoma (10 April 2022).
1115:) grow stalks or colonial tubes capable of reaching higher into the water column to acquire more nutrients. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae), although highly diversified, contain only seven
789:
differentiate into the "girdle lamella", which runs around the periphery of the plastid, beneath the innermost membrane. The remaining thylakoids are arranged in stacks of three. In
2316:
2180:
769:
of the secondary endosymbiont; however, no nucleomorphs are known within the ochrophytes. Instead, other structures have been observed within the PC, similarly to those seen in
2982:
Bringloe TT, Starko S, Wade RM, Vieira C, Kawai H, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Coelho SM, Destombe C, Valero M, Neiva J, Pearson GA, Faugeron S, Serrão EA, Verbruggen H (2020).
2319:. Several phycologists currently advocate the use of Heterokontophyta as the phylum name for heterokont algae. However, the original use by Hoek in 1978 did not provide a
2241:
4439:"Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches"
746:(ER), together composing the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum (CER), also known as the periplastidial endoplasmic reticulum (PER), which is often connected to the
3976:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
5506:
2858:
T. Cavalier-Smith; E. E. Chao (November 1996). "18S rRNA sequence of
Heterosigma carterae (Raphidophyceae), and the phylogeny of heterokont algae (Ochrophyta)".
2423:
2015:
1402:
261:
5958:
5953:
5921:
5916:
5478:
2646:
2588:
2580:
5948:
5715:
5654:
2638:
2630:
2495:
2003:
1457:
1036:
276:
5933:
5863:
5688:
2606:
2468:
2011:
1426:
266:
1980:
Evolutionary relationships between all ochrophyte classes based on the latest phylogenetic analyses, and the approximate number of species in each class.
1075:
and is common in cold, clear, fast-flowing mountain streams, where it attaches to a firm substrate. Xanthophycean genera commonly found in rivers include
670:), their swimming cells frequently display two markedly unequal flagella: an anterior flagellum ("tinsel") with straw-like hollow tripartite hairs called
5981:
5968:
5578:
5514:
5344:
4927:
2817:"A Vaucheriacean Alga from the Middle Neoproterozoic of Spitsbergen: Implications for the Evolution of Proterozoic Eukaryotes and the Cambrian Explosion"
2670:
2654:
5938:
5760:
5445:
5339:
5306:
5178:
2614:
2414:
2019:
1515:
1062:
habitats (rivers, streams), golden algae (Chrysophyceae) and yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae) are common and occasionally abundant. The golden algal
888:
246:
4043:"A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages"
2765:
led to the description of many new groups and several classes well into the 21st century. The sequencing of the first ochrophyte genome, belonging to
5943:
5926:
5858:
5723:
5664:
5367:
5122:
5117:
4974:
4958:
4828:
2622:
2596:
2252:
2111:
1258:
90:
86:
3907:"Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing: did alveolate plastids emerge through endosymbiosis of an ochrophyte?"
5765:
5755:
5696:
5624:
5520:
5202:
5160:
5132:
5112:
5107:
5102:
4885:
2788:
1270:
794:
6333:
6179:
5649:
5976:
5770:
5729:
2662:
2397:
382:
6205:
5150:
4953:
2256:
1264:
2191:
suffix in botanical nomenclature, which corresponds to subdivisions. The phylum to which ochrophytes belong in his classification system is
4857:
1089:
797:, a consortium of several plastids, each surrounded by two or three inner membranes respectively, is enveloped by a shared outer membrane.
4109:
Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020).
5454:
4800:
1986:
Relationships among many classes of ochrophytes remain unresolved, but three main clades (called SI, SII and SIII) are supported in most
2912:
Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette
Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021).
4815:
1151:
at high concentrations are responsible for fish mortality, although the nature and action of their toxins is not resolved. Freshwater
5094:
6320:
6153:
6192:
3236:
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW, Cook ME (2022). "Photosynthetic
Stramenopiles I: Introduction to Photosynthetic Stramenopiles".
2183:(ICN). It remained a phylum-level taxon until 2017, when the same author lowered it to subphylum level and modified the name to
4625:
4572:
3578:
Flori S, Jouneau PH, Finazzi G, Maréchal E, Falconet D (2016). "Ultrastructure of the
Periplastidial Compartment of the Diatom
750:. The tripartite flagellar hairs, characteristic of stramenopiles, are produced within either the PER or the nuclear envelope.
3721:
Ana Luiza
Burliga; J. Patrick Kociolek (2016). "Chapter 5. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
3698:
Orlando Necchi Jr. (2016). "Chapter 7. Heterokonts (Xanthophyceae and
Chrysophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
698:, chloroplasts that have lost photosynthetic capacity and pigments but presumably continue to play a role in the synthesis of
3403:
3245:
3113:
1262:, suggest that ochrophytes had appeared by 1000 Ma. Other early putative representatives of photosynthetic stramenopiles are
753:
The periplastid compartment (PC), between the second and third layers, is a separate region that in other algal groups (i.e.
6197:
3034:(21 January 2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing".
4573:"Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)"
2983:
2123:
of this actinophryid, implying that its common ancestor with ochrophytes may have already begun domesticating plastids.
1287:
scales, and valves resembling the modern centric diatom valves, have been found in 800–700 million-years-old sediments.
1094:
4420:
3789:
742:), whose chloroplasts have only two membranes. The two outer layers of ochrophyte plastids are continguous with the
6210:
3261:
John A Raven (15 December 2020). "Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae".
6356:
6264:
4666:
3856:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, et al. (2019).
2758:
4392:
About Chlorosaccus a new genus of freshwater algae together with some comments on the systematics of related algae
3768:
3152:
714:
in comparison to other algal groups. Their chloroplasts originate from an event of secondary endosymbiosis from a
471:. Ochrophytes are one of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes, containing ecologically important algae such as
4661:
4388:Über Chlorosaccus eine neue Gattung der Süsswasseralgen nebst einiger Bemerkungen zur Systematik verwandter Algen
920:
2833:
4335:
1003:) and golden algae; and an array of microscopic single-celled lineages that are also abundant, as evidenced by
4333:& Ema E.-Y. Chao (2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)".
1097:, varied carbohydrate structures formed from the cell membrane. In faster-flowing waters, some diatoms (e.g.,
722:: two inner membranes, corresponding to the primary plastid membranes; a third membrane, corresponding to the
4745:
4735:
4718:
4524:"Schizocladia ischiensis: A New Filamentous Marine Chromophyte Belonging to a New Class, Schizocladiophyceae"
3092:
2246:
3617:
Stadnichuk, I.N.; Kusnetsov, V.V. (2021). "Endosymbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts in Plant Cells' Evolution".
952:
3263:
1157:
species are capable of mucilage secretion at high amounts detrimental to fish gills. Within the diatoms (
106:
3807:
2718:, and for medicinal purposes. The first formal description of a stramenopile alga was that of the genus
2710:) and Japanese (ca. 500 AD) writings. Knowledge of them likely predates recorded history, being used as
807:
6311:
4618:
4110:
891:
is dominant instead. These pigment combinations extend their photosynthetic ability beyond chlorophyll
4523:
4438:
6361:
6348:
6269:
6220:
3744:
John D. Wehr (2016). "Chapter 6. Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
2757:
During the 20th century, evolutionary and phylogenetic discussions began including heterokont algae.
2767:
1004:
2739:
2323:
description, which was a requirement for valid publication under the ICN until 2011. Phycologists
2156:...) are utilized, the heterokont algae are commonly regarded as an entire phylum (or division in
4750:
4283:"An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis"
1239:
1039:. The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are almost exclusively marine, with very few freshwater genera.
960:
675:
6246:
3313:
686:
The ochrophytes are mostly photosynthetic. As such, they may possess one or more photosynthetic
6184:
6070:
5542:
4163:"A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)"
2157:
1995:
1249:
of ochrophytes is estimated to have evolved between 874 and 543 million years ago (Ma) through
1135:
Two main lineages of photosynthetic stramenopiles include many toxic species. Within the class
836:
460:
3201:
1161:), harmful effects can be due to physical damage or to toxin production. Centric diatoms like
6256:
6241:
6233:
4713:
4611:
4330:
3971:
3180:
2172:
1987:
1242:
where a red alga was transformed into the chloroplast of the common ancestor of ochrophytes.
1211:
743:
649:
373:
182:
69:
3528:
Marek Eliáš (7 June 2021). "Protist diversity: Novel groups enrich the algal tree of life".
6389:
6127:
6108:
4810:
4344:
4054:
3918:
3476:
3036:
2998:
2925:
2267:. This name referenced, among other traits, the two unequal flagella characteristic of all
948:
583:
6338:
3767:
Medlin LK, Cembella AD (2013). "Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae". In Levin SA (ed.).
3187:. In: Round, F.E. and Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. 4: 309–347.
8:
6384:
5465:
5273:
5063:
4940:
4821:
2762:
2477:
2450:
2296:
2272:
2079:
2023:
1639:
1530:
1051:
971:
612:
Diagram of a simplified ochrophyte cell showing the different compartments. af, anterior
286:
251:
4395:
4348:
4213:
4058:
3922:
3480:
3002:
2929:
2119:
to ochrophytes. Although it lacks chloroplasts, plastidial genes have been found in the
1023:
Several classes of heterokont algae are exclusively known from marine habitats, such as
5840:
5385:
4730:
4708:
4696:
4671:
4589:
4521:
Kawai, Hiroshi; Maeba, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Hideaki; Okuda, Kazuo; Henry, Eric C. (2003).
4410:
4368:
4307:
4282:
4189:
4162:
4143:
4077:
4042:
4010:
3975:
3941:
3906:
3882:
3857:
3781:
3634:
3510:
3350:
3315:
2837:
758:
356:
101:
4499:
4238:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta:
2911:
2367:
is fully accepted by the scientific community and backed up by phylogenetic analyses.
2328:
2207:
compose the two main branches of stramenopiles, which are regarded as the superphylum
6228:
5986:
5601:
5550:
5488:
5293:
4740:
4703:
4691:
4681:
4552:
4544:
4503:
4467:
4459:
4416:
4360:
4312:
4263:
4194:
4147:
4135:
4082:
4015:
3997:
3946:
3887:
3827:
3810:
3785:
3680:
3638:
3599:
3547:
3502:
3399:
3355:
3337:
3288:
3280:
3241:
3109:
3105:
3061:
3053:
2953:
2875:
2730:
2678:
2441:
2288:
2141:
2039:
2006:
is the sister lineage to brown algae, followed by a clade of closely related classes
1747:
1119:
present in rivers. These lack any complex multicellular thalli, and instead exist as
880:
852:
617:
528:
256:
231:
4372:
3514:
3432:
Dorrell RG, Bowler C (2017). "Chapter Three - Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles".
3314:
Denis Tikhonenkov; Mahwash Jamy; Anastasia S Borodina; et al. (16 March 2022).
5817:
4968:
4655:
4585:
4536:
4495:
4451:
4352:
4302:
4294:
4255:
4184:
4174:
4125:
4072:
4062:
4023:
4005:
3989:
3936:
3926:
3877:
3869:
3819:
3777:
3749:
3726:
3703:
3672:
3626:
3591:
3555:
3539:
3492:
3484:
3441:
3391:
3363:
3345:
3329:
3296:
3272:
3101:
3069:
3045:
3031:
3006:
2943:
2933:
2883:
2867:
2829:
2531:
2379:
2071:
2067:
1828:
1718:
747:
674:, and an immature posterior smooth flagellum ("whiplash") lacking these hairs. The
548:
298:
3663:
Andersen RA (2004). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae".
3011:
2871:
2392:
1253:
inference. However, the earliest fossil remains, assigned to the billion-year-old
6296:
5825:
5560:
5496:
5473:
5071:
4455:
4130:
4067:
3823:
3595:
3530:
3184:
3150:
2153:
2149:
1250:
1170:
1158:
908:
723:
621:
587:
4603:
3753:
3730:
3707:
3276:
1103:) grow directly attached to the substrate through adhesive films. Others (e.g.,
6093:
5674:
5629:
5596:
5406:
5377:
5183:
5140:
4963:
4686:
4638:
4540:
4259:
3445:
2742:. During this first era of scientific discovery, brown algae were described as
2549:
2486:
2356:
2264:
2223:
2169:
2137:
2120:
2098:
2043:
2030:
are the most basal within the SI. The SII lineage contains the golden algae or
2027:
1762:
1570:
1136:
1072:
1032:
876:
790:
782:
711:
641:
575:
512:
410:
324:
241:
144:
131:
94:
4356:
3993:
3630:
3543:
2179:, later renamed to Ochrophyta in 1996 in accordance to recommendations of the
648:
in dark green); pc, periplastidial compartment (in pink); per, periplastidial
6378:
5890:
5850:
5742:
5324:
5316:
5301:
5282:
4548:
4463:
4298:
4001:
3551:
3341:
3284:
3089:
3057:
2879:
2792:, which contains chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes as opposed to four.
2558:
2540:
2504:
2432:
2352:
2324:
2312:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2260:
2090:
2075:
2063:
2035:
2031:
2007:
1939:
1874:
1843:
1693:
1676:
1592:
1387:
1227:
1223:
1055:
1047:
1028:
1024:
963:
928:
884:
856:
830:
824:
731:
719:
559:
556:
536:
524:
441:
413:
333:
308:
303:
281:
226:
4246:(Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes".
4179:
3858:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3559:
3367:
3300:
3073:
2331:
and Robert Andersen validly published Heterokontophyta as a phylum in 2023.
2215:. However, this classification system is in disuse due to the kingdom's non-
464:
6052:
5835:
5830:
5702:
5669:
5644:
5634:
5619:
5611:
5533:
5419:
5414:
5362:
5329:
5173:
5014:
4948:
4895:
4867:
4642:
4556:
4507:
4471:
4364:
4316:
4267:
4198:
4139:
4086:
4019:
3950:
3891:
3831:
3684:
3676:
3603:
3506:
3359:
3320:
3292:
3065:
2957:
2707:
2706:, were described in early Chinese (around 3000 BC), Greek (300 BC, such as
2703:
2459:
2347:
2343:
2292:
2236:
2216:
2200:
2116:
2106:
2094:
1991:
1473:
1279:
1207:
1200:
1012:
967:
912:
896:
868:
821:
766:
629:
625:
595:
540:
421:
342:
271:
157:
4027:
3395:
2887:
6305:
6166:
6119:
6102:
6039:
5750:
5591:
5586:
5168:
5052:
5027:
4862:
4792:
3980:
3316:"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"
3151:
Michael D. Guiry; Øjvind Moestrup; Robert A. Andersen (11 October 2023).
2735:
2308:
2304:
2231:
2208:
2196:
2165:
1963:
1284:
1254:
1246:
1183:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1124:
1008:
936:
872:
864:
840:
813:
762:
754:
739:
735:
699:
691:
671:
667:
472:
468:
449:
429:
78:
41:
34:
3497:
3333:
3090:
H.S. Yoon; R.A. Andersen; S.M. Boo; D. Bhattacharya (17 February 2009).
2195:, a clade that also contains some heterotrophic heterokonts, namely the
6325:
5806:
5659:
5568:
5354:
5334:
4839:
4484:
2948:
2841:
2523:
2364:
2300:
2055:
2050:(also known as Synchromophyceae). Both clades, SI and SII, compose the
2047:
1804:
1722:
1275:
1235:
1179:
770:
695:
532:
508:
417:
293:
236:
191:
82:
3931:
3873:
3488:
3049:
2938:
2913:
2816:
6171:
6140:
5908:
5424:
5255:
5145:
5022:
4913:
4877:
4634:
2751:
2567:
2406:
2384:
2360:
2335:
2275:
discoveries, Christiaan van den Hoek introduced in 1978 the division
2212:
2054:
lineage. The remaining classes are grouped within the sister lineage
2051:
1999:
1889:
1329:
1219:
1111:
1099:
1083:
1077:
983:
956:
924:
786:
774:
727:
645:
633:
613:
571:
567:
520:
496:
445:
433:
313:
221:
118:
6064:
4408:
3748:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3725:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3720:
3702:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
6290:
6145:
6087:
5898:
5879:
5209:
5081:
5033:
4890:
4848:
4805:
4783:
4725:
4329:
2725:
2102:
2093:, is included in some classifications as the sister lineage to the
2086:
1231:
1215:
1067:
715:
591:
563:
425:
205:
6158:
2082:, was described in 2021 and recovered as part of the SII lineage.
5639:
5003:
4921:
4161:
Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016).
4160:
3465:
2747:
2699:
2192:
2059:
1990:. The SI lineage, containing the diverse and multicellular class
1120:
1116:
1105:
979:
975:
916:
687:
653:
637:
599:
492:
437:
167:
48:
4772:
2743:
2339:
2299:. Several other names were used to group heterokont algae with
2204:
2181:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2145:
987:
932:
860:
703:
552:
544:
516:
476:
55:
2666:
Jouse & Proshkina-Lavrenko in Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004
726:
of the red alga; and an outermost layer, corresponding to the
6132:
2720:
2320:
1203:
1063:
1059:
579:
406:
199:
2026:, which are sometimes treated as one class Aurophyceae. The
1238:. This lineage of stramenopiles originated from an event of
3577:
2857:
2834:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0231:AVAFTM>2.0.CO;2
2711:
2018:. This is in turn the sister lineage to a clade containing
1000:
707:
432:. In particular, they are characterized by photosynthetic
2715:
4214:"Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids"
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
2981:
4435:
1123:
filamentous forms that have evolved independently from
730:
membrane. This characteristic differentiates them from
582:, distinguished from other groups of algae by specific
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3235:
555:. This is a common trait shared with their relatives,
4520:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
3970:
3776:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 470–484.
3452:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2853:
2851:
1214:
that also includes several heterotrophic lineages of
970:
or zoosporogenesis. In addition, they are capable of
678:
of the flagellum generally has a transitional helix.
4280:
4237:
3905:Ševčíková T, Horák A, Klimeš V, et al. (2015).
3904:
3760:
2914:"Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta"
2658:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2626:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
927:, outside plastids, unlike other algae. Cytoplasmic
851:
pigment is present in the stroma. The most frequent
4478:
4323:
3616:
3412:
3231:
2334:As opposed to the hierarchical classification, the
4939:
4571:
4522:
4437:
4212:Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Patterson, David J. (2001).
4211:
4093:
3697:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3091:
2894:
2848:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2315:, which is not a validly published name under the
2222:While Ochrophyta is the preferred name by general
562:, as well as other closely related groups such as
4633:
4409:C. van den Hoek; D. G. Mann; H. M. Jahns (1995).
4154:
4108:
3803:
3801:
919:molecules, as a storage product. It is stored in
875:fucoxanthin. In the yellow-green or yellow-brown
6376:
5967:
3855:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3240:(4th ed.). LJLM Press. pp. 12-2–12-4.
3030:
2058:, equivalent to the SIII lineage; these are the
3208:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2804:
2527:Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017
1007:. Regarding nutrition, various ochrophytes are
424:, characterized by the presence of two unequal
4436:Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008).
4040:
3898:
3798:
3766:
895:alone. Additionally, xanthophylls protect the
5405:
4619:
3645:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3431:
3185:The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics
1186:, the cause of amnesiac shellfish poisoning.
694:) per cell. Some groups contain species with
4563:
4514:
4242:, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to
4205:
3743:
3390:(5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3260:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3098:Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition)
3026:
3024:
3022:
2984:"Phylogeny and Evolution of the Brown Algae"
2964:
859:. The golden-brown or brown pigmentation in
710:groups. Ochrophytes have a distinct plastid
515:that are either naked or covered by scales,
5049:
5013:
4231:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3527:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3085:
3083:
2813:
2481:Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998
2271:, also known as heterokonts. After several
2097:, and both groups are treated as one class
1071:, in particular, can be widespread in some
915:consisting of short chains of β-1,3-linked
428:, one of which has tripartite hairs called
5235:
4626:
4612:
4402:
4274:
4034:
3566:
3521:
3307:
3254:
2746:, while microscopic algae were treated as
2002:(around 310 million years ago). The class
806:
606:
444:, with membrane-bound compartments called
68:
5252:
4429:
4306:
4188:
4178:
4129:
4076:
4066:
4009:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3940:
3930:
3881:
3496:
3349:
3195:
3193:
3129:
3019:
3010:
2947:
2937:
2359:. The subdivision of ochrophytes between
2105:phylogenetic analyses. However, a recent
1058:are predominantly freshwater classes. In
935:, which is the common storage product in
551:. All ochrophytes uniformly have tubular
4578:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3838:
3662:
3374:
3080:
2472:R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020
2391:
2378:
5000:
4569:
3205:. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p. 157.
2693:
2234:. The origin of this name is the class
2136:In hierarchical classifications, where
1283:(600–550 Ma). Scales similar to modern
652:(in blue); pf, posterior flagellum; v,
479:. They are classified either as phylum
367:Guiry, R.A.Andersen & Moestrup 2023
6377:
4769:
4385:
3957:
3190:
2342:as valid groups, rejecting the use of
6069:
6068:
4607:
6349:2dfc2322-42f4-418c-babb-50ef339aaa70
6221:5b401e1a-5717-47d7-9133-c67b6328f2a4
2682:Haeckel 1878, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2454:Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021
2168:. The phylum was first described by
2131:
1199:The ochrophytes constitute a highly
4412:Algae: an introduction to phycology
3619:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
3385:
902:
27:Temporal range: Middle Proterozoic
13:
4590:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x
3862:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3782:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00404-4
2991:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
2240:, introduced by Finnish biologist
2230:is considered more familiar among
1095:extracellular polymeric substances
463:, and additional pigments such as
14:
6401:
4599:
2490:Cahdefaud 1950, emend. Silva 1980
2370:
1994:, or brown algae, experienced an
718:, which lead to four surrounding
4248:European Journal of Protistology
3106:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00253-4
2759:Transmission electron microscopy
2508:Allorge 1930 emend. Fritsch 1935
1130:
820:Ochrophyte chloroplasts contain
578:eukaryotes, they are considered
105:
32:
4415:. Cambridge: University Press.
4379:
4287:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3737:
3714:
3691:
3610:
3153:"Validation of the phylum name
2780:
2763:molecular phylogenetic analysis
2338:classification only recognizes
2109:study places one actinophryid,
1174:. More than a dozen species of
942:
871:and others is conferred by the
847:binds to thylakoids, while the
800:
681:
543:develop as large multicellular
4394:] (in German). Stockholm:
4336:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4041:Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010).
3434:Advances in Botanical Research
3202:Biologia e Filogenia das Algas
3174:
2251:in 1899 to include the orders
2226:and protozoologists, the name
2126:
502:
351:>100,000 estimated species
1:
4500:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X
4386:Luther, Alexander F. (1899).
3012:10.1080/07352689.2020.1787679
2872:10.2216/I0031-8884-35-6-500.1
2798:
2734:. Shortly after, unicellular
2164:, within the Stramenopila or
2034:, as well as smaller classes
1042:
855:in ochrophytes is the yellow
781:Commonly, within the plastid
620:; fs, flagellar swelling; g,
448:organized in piles of three,
4570:Hibberd DJ (February 1981).
4456:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003
4131:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781
4068:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
3824:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.004
3770:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
3596:10.1016/j.protis.2016.04.001
2786:The only known exception is
2674:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2650:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2642:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2634:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2618:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2610:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2600:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2592:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2584:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2544:Andersen & Saunders 1993
1189:
978:, by three different modes:
907:Ochrophyte algae accumulate
7:
3754:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_6
3731:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_5
3708:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_7
3277:10.1016/J.JPLPH.2020.153342
3264:Journal of Plant Physiology
2085:One group of heterotrophic
1290:
1194:
1178:are capable of producing a
999:such as brown algae (e.g.,
947:Ochrophytes are capable of
931:are also common. They lack
899:from high intensity light.
661:
10:
6406:
4541:10.1078/143446103322166518
4260:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002
3665:American Journal of Botany
3446:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.06.003
2518:; Tribophyceae) – 616 spp.
2242:Alexander Ferdinand Luther
993:
6280:
6077:
6047:
6031:
5907:
5889:
5876:
5872:
5849:
5816:
5803:
5799:
5741:
5714:
5687:
5610:
5577:
5559:
5541:
5532:
5505:
5487:
5464:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5398:
5376:
5353:
5315:
5292:
5272:
5265:
5248:
5231:
5192:
5159:
5131:
5093:
5080:
5062:
5045:
4996:
4912:
4876:
4847:
4838:
4791:
4782:
4765:
4649:
4357:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8
3994:10.1007/S00709-017-1147-3
3631:10.1134/S1021443721010179
3580:Phaeodactylum tricornutum
3544:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.04.025
1961:
1937:
1887:
1872:
1865:
1841:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1760:
1745:
1715:
1691:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1637:
1630:
1590:
1568:
1561:
1528:
1513:
1506:
1470:
1455:
1448:
1424:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1320:
1304:
1018:
624:; gl, girdle lamella; m,
362:
355:
348:
341:
218:
213:
197:
190:
102:Scientific classification
100:
76:
67:
23:
3199:Reviers, B. de. (2006).
2774:
2768:Thalassiosira pseudonana
2279:for five algal classes:
2078:. A new class of algae,
1005:environmental sequencing
495:. Their plastids are of
349:23,314 described species
2814:Butterfield NJ (2004).
2259:, later separated into
1240:secondary endosymbiosis
837:photosynthetic pigments
676:ciliary transition zone
461:photosynthetic pigments
5543:Discosporangiophycidae
4299:10.1093/molbev/msac065
3677:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508
2402:
2389:
2158:botanical nomenclature
2062:or Bacillariophyceae,
1996:evolutionary radiation
812:Chemical structure of
636:in darker purple); p,
590:traits, such as their
549:differentiated tissues
511:organisms composed of
6242:Paleobiology Database
5507:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
4331:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
4180:10.1093/molbev/msw168
3972:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
3396:10.1017/9781316407219
2740:Otto Friedrich Müller
2427:Wetherbee et al. 2019
2424:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
2395:
2382:
2173:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2016:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1988:phylogenetic analyses
1403:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1274:(750–700 Ma) and the
1212:eukaryotic supergroup
744:endoplasmic reticulum
650:endoplasmic reticulum
553:mitochondrial cristae
262:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
5959:Arachnoidiscophytina
5954:Rhizosloleniophytina
5922:Leptocylindrophyceae
5917:Leptocylindrophytina
5479:Pleurochloridellales
4811:Pseudodendromonadida
3974:(5 September 2017).
3037:Journal of Phycology
2918:Journal of Phycology
2694:History of knowledge
2647:Arachnoidiscophytina
2589:Leptocylindrophyceae
2581:Leptocylindrophytina
949:asexual reproduction
5949:Coscinodiscophytina
5716:Schizocladiophyceae
5655:Phaeosiphoniellales
5466:Phaeothamniophyceae
5274:Olisthodiscophyceae
5064:Hyphochytriomycetes
4941:Labyrinthulomycetes
4349:2006JMolE..62..388C
4221:Acta Protozoologica
4059:2010PLoSO...512759B
3923:2015NatSR...510134S
3481:2019JPcgy..55..257W
3334:10.1098/RSOB.210325
3003:2020CRvPS..39..281B
2930:2021JPcgy..57.1094B
2639:Rhizosoleniophytina
2631:Coscinodiscophytina
2562:Guillou et al. 1999
2553:Kawachi et al. 2003
2496:Schizocladiophyceae
2478:Phaeothamniophyceae
2451:Olisthodiscophyceae
2410:Cavalier-Smith 1986
2303:organisms, such as
2297:Chloromonadophyceae
2273:electron microscopy
2211:within the kingdom
2080:Olisthodiscophyceae
2024:Phaeothamniophyceae
2004:Schizocladiophyceae
1640:Olisthodiscophyceae
1531:Phaeothamniophyceae
1458:Schizocladiophyceae
1052:Phaeothamniophyceae
1037:Schizocladiophyceae
972:sexual reproduction
923:located within the
759:chlorarachniophytes
666:As stramenopiles (=
420:, organisms with a
287:Olisthodiscophyceae
277:Schizocladiophyceae
252:Phaeothamniophyceae
5934:Ellerbeckiophytina
5882:
5878:
5864:Sarcinochrysidales
5841:Rhizochromulinales
5809:
5805:
5689:Phaeosacciophyceae
5386:Pinguiochrysidales
5258:
5254:
5241:
5237:
5082:Peronosporomycetes
5055:
5051:
5006:
5002:
4775:
4771:
4240:Incisomonas marina
3181:Cavalier-Smith, T.
2750:under the name of
2738:were described by
2607:Ellerbeckiophytina
2573:(=Bacillariophyta
2469:Phaeosacciophyceae
2403:
2390:
2355:group, within the
2115:, as the probable
2012:Phaeosacciophyceae
1427:Phaeosacciophyceae
1011:, usually through
881:eustigmatophyceans
487:, or as subphylum
267:Phaeosacciophyceae
6372:
6371:
6229:Open Tree of Life
6071:Taxon identifiers
6062:
6061:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5987:Bacillariophyceae
5982:Biddulphiophyceae
5969:Bacillariophytina
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5683:
5682:
5602:Syringodermatales
5579:Dictyochophycidae
5551:Discosporangiales
5515:Chrysoparadoxales
5489:Chrysomerophyceae
5394:
5393:
5345:Thallochrysidales
5294:Eustigmatophyceae
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4928:Pseudophyllomitus
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4173:(11): 2890–2898.
3932:10.1038/srep10134
3874:10.1111/jeu.12691
3671:(10): 1508–1522.
3489:10.1111/jpy.12822
3405:978-1-107-55565-5
3247:978-0-9863935-4-9
3115:978-0-12-373944-5
3050:10.1111/JPY.13431
2939:10.1111/jpy.13155
2771:, began in 2002.
2731:Species Plantarum
2728:in his 1753 work
2679:Bacillariophyceae
2671:Biddulphiophyceae
2655:Bacillariophytina
2499:Kawai et al. 2003
2442:Eustigmatophyceae
2289:Bacillariophyceae
2160:) by the name of
2132:Taxonomic history
2072:silicoflagellates
2040:Eustigmatophyceae
1984:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1950:
1949:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1854:
1853:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1748:Eustigmatophyceae
1734:
1733:
1704:
1703:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1437:
1436:
1413:
1412:
853:accessory pigment
839:, in addition to
440:enclosed by four
405:, are a group of
399:heterokontophytes
392:
391:
386:
365:Heterokontophyta
257:Chrysomerophyceae
232:Eustigmatophyceae
186:
6397:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6329:
6328:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6312:Heterokontophyta
6301:
6300:
6299:
6282:Heterokontophyta
6273:
6272:
6260:
6259:
6250:
6249:
6237:
6236:
6224:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6187:
6175:
6174:
6162:
6161:
6149:
6148:
6136:
6135:
6123:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6066:
6065:
5965:
5964:
5939:Probosciophytina
5887:
5886:
5883:
5874:
5873:
5818:Dictyochophyceae
5814:
5813:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5761:Rhizochloridales
5539:
5538:
5446:Aurearenophyceae
5442:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5403:
5402:
5340:Rhizochrysidales
5307:Goniochloridales
5270:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5179:Salilagenidiales
5091:
5090:
5087:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5011:
5010:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4969:Thraustochytrida
4937:
4936:
4845:
4844:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4678:
4658:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4398:. pp. 1–22.
4383:
4377:
4376:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4133:
4115:
4106:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4013:
3968:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3853:
3836:
3835:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3660:
3643:
3642:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3575:
3564:
3563:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3500:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3429:
3410:
3409:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3353:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3233:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3155:Heterokontophyta
3148:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3032:Michael D. Guiry
3028:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2988:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2924:(4): 1094–1118.
2909:
2892:
2891:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2819:
2811:
2793:
2784:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2615:Probosciophytina
2611:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:) – 14,684 spp.
2576:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2532:Dictyochophyceae
2528:
2517:
2514:; Heteromonadea
2513:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2415:Aurearenophyceae
2411:
2277:Heterokontophyta
2250:
2228:Heterokontophyta
2101:on the basis of
2068:Dictyochophyceae
2020:Aurearenophyceae
1998:during the late
1933:
1868:
1867:
1829:Dictyochophyceae
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1725:
1719:Synchromophyceae
1680:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1586:
1564:
1563:
1516:Aurearenophyceae
1509:
1508:
1477:
1451:
1450:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
903:Storage products
889:vaucheriaxanthin
810:
785:, three stacked
765:, the vestigial
748:nuclear envelope
738:, red algae and
644:in light green,
628:(in orange); n,
610:
507:Ochrophytes are
485:Heterokontophyta
397:, also known as
381:
380:Stramenochromes
377:
368:
329:
299:Dictyochophyceae
247:Aurearenophyceae
185:1986 emend. 1996
181:
110:
109:
72:
62:
58:
51:
44:
37:
31:
21:
20:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6360:
6355:
6347:
6345:
6337:
6332:
6324:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6276:
6268:
6263:
6255:
6253:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6227:
6219:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6196:
6191:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6165:
6157:
6152:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6118:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6073:
6063:
6058:
6043:
5991:
5963:
5944:Melosirophytina
5927:Corethrophyceae
5903:
5877:
5868:
5859:Pelagomonadales
5845:
5826:Florenciellales
5804:
5775:
5737:
5724:Schizocladiales
5710:
5679:
5665:Scytothamniales
5606:
5573:
5561:Ishigeophycidae
5555:
5528:
5501:
5497:Chrysomeridales
5483:
5474:Phaeothamniales
5460:
5429:
5390:
5372:
5368:Chlamydomyxales
5349:
5311:
5288:
5253:
5236:
5215:
5188:
5155:
5127:
5123:Rozellopsidales
5118:Olpidiopsidales
5085:
5084:
5076:
5072:Hyphochytriales
5050:
5041:
5001:
4980:
4975:Stellarchytrium
4959:Oblongichytrida
4935:
4900:
4872:
4834:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4676:
4654:
4645:
4632:
4602:
4597:
4568:
4564:
4519:
4515:
4483:
4479:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4384:
4380:
4328:
4324:
4279:
4275:
4236:
4232:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4159:
4155:
4113:
4107:
4094:
4039:
4035:
3969:
3958:
3903:
3899:
3854:
3839:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3742:
3738:
3719:
3715:
3696:
3692:
3661:
3646:
3615:
3611:
3576:
3567:
3531:Current Biology
3526:
3522:
3464:
3453:
3430:
3413:
3406:
3386:Lee RE (2018).
3384:
3375:
3312:
3308:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3234:
3209:
3198:
3191:
3179:
3175:
3164:Notulae Algarum
3159:
3149:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3093:"Stramenopiles"
3088:
3081:
3029:
3020:
2986:
2980:
2965:
2910:
2895:
2856:
2849:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2702:, in the class
2696:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2623:Melosirophytina
2617:
2609:
2599:
2597:Corethrophyceae
2591:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2526:
2515:
2511:
2510:(=Heterokontae
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2418:Kai et al. 2008
2417:
2409:
2388:(Chrysophyceae)
2373:
2329:Øjvind Moestrup
2253:Chloromonadales
2244:
2224:protistologists
2138:taxonomic ranks
2134:
2129:
2112:Actinophrys sol
2070:(including the
1975:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1855:
1810:
1803:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1735:
1717:
1705:
1675:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1551:
1542:
1496:
1487:
1472:
1438:
1414:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1259:Palaeovaucheria
1251:molecular clock
1228:labyrinthuleans
1197:
1192:
1176:Pseudonitzschia
1171:Pseudonitzschia
1159:Bacillariophyta
1133:
1073:drainage basins
1045:
1021:
996:
945:
909:chrysolaminarin
905:
877:raphidophyceans
818:
817:
816:
803:
795:aurearenophytes
791:synchromophytes
724:plasma membrane
684:
664:
659:
658:
657:
622:Golgi apparatus
588:ultrastructural
574:. As primarily
505:
409:. They are the
403:stramenochromes
372:
366:
350:
322:
320:
209:
203:
180:
104:
87:Partridge Point
63:
61:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
39:
35:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Phylum of algae
12:
11:
5:
6403:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6353:
6343:
6330:
6317:
6302:
6286:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6261:
6251:
6238:
6225:
6215:
6202:
6189:
6176:
6163:
6150:
6137:
6124:
6114:
6099:
6083:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6033:Incertae sedis
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5884:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5811:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5766:Tribonematales
5763:
5758:
5756:Mischococcales
5753:
5747:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5697:Phaeosacciales
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5675:Tilopteridales
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5630:Desmarestiales
5627:
5625:Asterocladales
5622:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5597:Sphacelariales
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:Chrysoparadoxa
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:Chattonellales
5411:
5409:
5407:Raphidomonadea
5400:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5378:Pinguiophyceae
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5278:
5276:
5267:
5260:
5243:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5203:Diatomophthora
5198:
5196:
5194:incertae sedis
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5184:Saprolegniales
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5161:Saprolegniidae
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Peronosporales
5137:
5135:
5133:Peronosporidae
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5113:Lagenismatales
5110:
5108:Haptoglossales
5105:
5103:Anisolpidiales
5099:
5097:
5088:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5008:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4964:Labyrinthulida
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4886:Proteromonadea
4882:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:Mesomycetozoea
4748:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4687:Diaphoretickes
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4600:External links
4598:
4596:
4595:
4562:
4535:(2): 211–228.
4513:
4477:
4450:(3): 435–457.
4428:
4421:
4401:
4378:
4343:(4): 388–420.
4322:
4273:
4254:(3): 328–353.
4230:
4204:
4153:
4092:
4033:
3988:(1): 297–357.
3956:
3897:
3837:
3818:(2): 191–204.
3797:
3790:
3759:
3736:
3713:
3690:
3644:
3609:
3590:(1): 254–267.
3565:
3520:
3475:(2): 257–278.
3451:
3411:
3404:
3373:
3306:
3253:
3246:
3207:
3189:
3173:
3128:
3114:
3079:
3018:
2997:(4): 281–321.
2963:
2893:
2866:(6): 500–510.
2847:
2828:(2): 231–252.
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:Chrysoparadoxa
2778:
2776:
2773:
2698:Multicellular
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2571:Dumortier 1821
2565:
2556:
2550:Pinguiophyceae
2547:
2538:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2502:
2493:
2487:Raphidophyceae
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2401:(Phaeophyceae)
2372:
2371:Classification
2369:
2357:SAR supergroup
2265:Raphidophyceae
2203:. Gyrista and
2170:protozoologist
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:nuclear genome
2099:Raphidomonadea
2044:Pinguiophyceae
2028:Raphidophyceae
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:Pinguiophyceae
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:(golden algae)
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:Raphidophyceae
1567:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1271:Germinosphaera
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1137:Raphidophyceae
1132:
1129:
1044:
1041:
1033:Pinguiophyceae
1020:
1017:
995:
992:
944:
941:
929:lipid droplets
904:
901:
885:xanthophyceans
843:. Chlorophyll
811:
805:
804:
802:
799:
712:ultrastructure
683:
680:
663:
660:
611:
605:
604:
576:photosynthetic
523:. They can be
504:
501:
491:within phylum
411:photosynthetic
390:
389:
388:
387:
378:
374:Cavalier-Smith
369:
360:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
339:
338:
337:
336:
325:Incertae sedis
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
242:Raphidophyceae
239:
234:
229:
216:
215:
211:
210:
204:
195:
194:
188:
187:
183:Cavalier-Smith
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
148:
147:
142:
135:
134:
132:Diaphoretickes
129:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
97:
95:Cape Peninsula
74:
73:
65:
64:
54:
47:
40:
33:
30:1000–0 Ma
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6402:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6030:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5891:Bolidophyceae
5888:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5851:Pelagophyceae
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5743:Xanthophyceae
5740:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Neodermatales
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:Actinophryida
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Chromulinales
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5317:Chrysophyceae
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Eustigmatales
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5283:Olisthodiscus
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Stramenopiles
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4677:(major groups
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4643:Stramenopiles
4640:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4591:
4587:
4584:(2): 93–119.
4583:
4579:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4494:(3): 245–63.
4493:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4422:0-521-30419-9
4418:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:Mol Biol Evol
4164:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4124:(6): 125781.
4123:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4053:(9): e12759.
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3791:9780123847201
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3538:: R733–R735.
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:(3): 210325.
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2559:Bolidophyceae
2557:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:Pelagophyceae
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2506:
2505:Xanthophyceae
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2463:Hansgirg 1886
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2433:Chrysophyceae
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:Stramenopiles
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:Michael Guiry
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:Stramenopiles
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:Xanthophyceae
2282:
2281:Chrysophyceae
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:Stramenopiles
2266:
2262:
2261:Xanthophyceae
2258:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:to match the
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:raphidophytes
2092:
2091:Actinophryida
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:Pelagophyceae
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Bolidophyceae
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Synurophyceae
2033:
2032:Chrysophyceae
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Xanthophyceae
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:Actinophryida
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:Bolidophyceae
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:Pelagophyceae
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:Synurophyceae
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:Chrysophyceae
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:Actinophryida
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:(brown algae)
1475:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:Xanthophyceae
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:hyphochytrids
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:, strains of
1138:
1131:Harmful algae
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Xanthophyceae
1053:
1049:
1048:Chrysophyceae
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Pelagophyceae
1026:
1025:Bolidophyceae
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:cell division
962:
958:
954:
953:fragmentation
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
827:
823:
815:
809:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:) contains a
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:archaeplastid
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
679:
677:
673:
669:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:morphological
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:stramenopiles
558:
557:heterotrophic
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:multicellular
534:
530:
526:
525:single-celled
522:
518:
514:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:, a group of
415:
414:stramenopiles
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
384:
379:
375:
370:
364:
363:
361:
358:
354:
347:
344:
340:
335:
334:Actinophryida
332:
331:
330:
328:
326:
315:
312:
310:
309:Bolidophyceae
307:
305:
304:Pelagophyceae
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
288:
285:
283:
282:Xanthophyceae
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
227:Chrysophyceae
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
217:
212:
207:
202:
201:
196:
193:
189:
184:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:Stramenopiles
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
22:
19:
6281:
6078:
6053:paraphyletic
6038:
6032:
5977:Mediophyceae
5836:Pedinellales
5831:Dictyochales
5771:Vaucheriales
5730:Schizocladia
5728:
5703:Phaeosaccion
5701:
5670:Sporochnales
5645:Laminariales
5635:Ectocarpales
5620:Ascoseirales
5612:Fucophycidae
5534:Phaeophyceae
5519:
5453:
5363:Synchromales
5330:Hibberdiales
5281:
5238:
5208:
5201:
5193:
5174:Leptomitales
5032:
5015:Bigyromonada
4973:
4949:Amphitremida
4926:
4896:Blastocystea
4868:Opalomonadea
4827:
4820:
4736:Opisthokonta
4581:
4577:
4565:
4532:
4528:
4516:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4447:
4443:
4431:
4411:
4404:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4340:
4334:
4325:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4207:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4121:
4117:
4050:
4046:
4036:
3985:
3979:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3868:(1): 4–119.
3865:
3861:
3815:
3809:
3769:
3762:
3745:
3739:
3722:
3716:
3699:
3693:
3668:
3664:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3498:11343/233613
3472:
3468:
3437:
3433:
3387:
3325:
3321:Open Biology
3319:
3309:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3237:
3200:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3119:. Retrieved
3097:
3041:
3035:
2994:
2990:
2921:
2917:
2863:
2859:
2825:
2822:Paleobiology
2821:
2787:
2782:
2766:
2756:
2736:chrysophytes
2729:
2719:
2708:Theophrastus
2704:Phaeophyceae
2697:
2663:Mediophyceae
2575:Haeckel 1878
2516:Leedale 1983
2465:– 2,124 spp.
2460:Phaeophyceae
2445:Hibberd 1981
2438:– 1,274 spp.
2436:Pascher 1914
2398:Pelvetiopsis
2396:
2383:
2374:
2348:polyphyletic
2344:paraphyletic
2333:
2293:Phaeophyceae
2276:
2235:
2232:phycologists
2227:
2221:
2217:monophyletic
2201:Bigyromonada
2188:
2185:Ochrophytina
2184:
2176:
2175:in 1986, as
2161:
2135:
2117:sister group
2110:
2107:phylogenomic
2084:
1992:Phaeophyceae
1985:
1962:
1938:
1888:
1873:
1842:
1827:
1761:
1746:
1716:
1692:
1674:
1638:
1591:
1569:
1529:
1514:
1474:Phaeophyceae
1471:
1456:
1425:
1401:
1386:
1313:
1280:Miaohephyton
1278:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1244:
1208:Stramenopila
1198:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1046:
1022:
1013:phagocytosis
997:
968:sporogenesis
946:
943:Reproduction
939:and plants.
913:carbohydrate
906:
897:photosystems
892:
869:golden algae
848:
844:
831:
825:
822:chlorophylls
819:
801:Pigmentation
780:
755:cryptomonads
752:
736:glaucophytes
692:chloroplasts
685:
682:Chloroplasts
672:mastigonemes
665:
632:(in purple,
626:mitochondria
596:chloroplasts
541:Phaeophyceae
506:
489:Ochrophytina
488:
484:
480:
469:xanthophylls
456:
452:
430:mastigonemes
422:cell nucleus
402:
398:
394:
393:
323:
321:
272:Phaeophyceae
198:
178:Ochrophytina
177:
151:
138:
125:
91:Dave's Caves
18:
6390:Heterokonts
6306:Wikispecies
6167:iNaturalist
6103:Wikispecies
6040:Platysulcus
5751:Botrydiales
5592:Onslowiales
5587:Dictyotales
5169:Albuginales
5151:Rhipidiales
5086:(Oomycetes)
5053:Pseudofungi
5028:Pirsoniales
4954:Amphifilida
4863:Nanomonadea
4793:Bicosoecida
3981:Protoplasma
3746:River Algae
3723:River Algae
3700:River Algae
3625:(1): 1–16.
3100:: 721–731.
2949:10852/86515
2512:Luther 1899
2311:and lastly
2309:Heterokonta
2305:Chromophyta
2257:Confervales
2245: [
2237:Heterokontæ
2209:Heterokonta
2197:Pseudofungi
2166:Heterokonta
2127:Systematics
1964:Pseudofungi
1285:chrysophyte
1265:Jacutianema
1255:xanthophyte
1247:total group
1236:bicosoecids
1184:domoic acid
1164:Chaetoceros
1154:Gonyostomum
1148:Chattonella
1142:Heterosigma
1127:ancestors.
1009:mixotrophic
937:green algae
873:xanthophyll
865:brown algae
841:fucoxanthin
814:fucoxanthin
771:haptophytes
763:nucleomorph
740:green algae
700:amino acids
696:leucoplasts
668:heterokonts
503:Description
473:brown algae
450:chlorophyll
395:Ochrophytes
385:et al. 1994
174:Subphylum:
79:kelp forest
43:Proterozoic
24:Ochrophytes
6385:Ochrophyta
6379:Categories
6109:Ochrophyta
6079:Ochrophyta
5807:Diatomista
5660:Ralfsiales
5569:Ishigeales
5425:Commatiida
5355:Picophagea
5335:Hydrurales
5239:Ochrophyta
4858:Placididea
4840:Placidozoa
4244:Solenicola
3560:Q124822461
3440:: 57–103.
3368:Q112636995
3301:Q104691547
3271:: 153342.
3074:Q124684077
2860:Phycologia
2799:References
2537:– 217 spp.
2535:Silva 1980
2524:Diatomista
2447:– 218 spp.
2365:Diatomista
2301:ambiregnal
2162:Ochrophyta
2089:protists,
2056:Diatomista
2048:Picophagea
1892:(diatoms)
1805:Diatomista
1723:Picophagea
1314:Ochrophyta
1276:brown alga
1268:(750 Ma),
1180:neurotoxin
1090:Bumilleria
1043:Freshwater
961:vegetative
957:propagules
857:β-carotene
787:thylakoids
646:thylakoids
533:coenocytic
509:eukaryotic
481:Ochrophyta
465:β-carotene
446:thylakoids
434:organelles
418:eukaryotes
294:Diatomista
237:Picophagea
192:Type genus
83:understory
6297:Q21286613
5909:Diatomeae
5455:Aurearena
5256:Chrysista
5146:Pythiales
5023:Developea
4914:Sagenista
4878:Opalinata
4801:Bicoecida
4731:Amoebozoa
4709:Alveolata
4697:Cryptista
4672:Eukaryota
4635:Eukaryota
4549:1434-4610
4464:1434-4610
4148:227315556
4028:Q47194626
4002:0033-183X
3917:: 10134.
3639:255012748
3552:0960-9822
3388:Phycology
3342:2046-2441
3285:0176-1617
3058:0022-3646
2888:Q54493514
2880:0031-8884
2752:infusoria
2568:Diatomeae
2564:– 18 spp.
2492:– 58 spp.
2483:– 31 spp.
2407:Chrysista
2385:Dinobryon
2361:Chrysista
2336:cladistic
2213:Chromista
2087:heliozoan
2052:Chrysista
2000:Paleozoic
1890:Diatomeae
1330:Chrysista
1220:oomycetes
1190:Evolution
1112:Nitzschia
1100:Cocconeis
1084:Tribonema
1078:Vaucheria
984:anisogamy
925:cytoplasm
775:chromerid
728:phagosome
720:membranes
634:nucleolus
614:flagellum
572:Alveolata
568:Telonemia
521:cell wall
497:red algal
459:as their
442:membranes
371:Ochrista
343:Diversity
314:Diatomeae
222:Chrysista
119:Eukaryota
6291:Wikidata
6185:11904997
6117:BioLib:
6094:Q1048772
6088:Wikidata
5899:Parmales
5880:Khakista
5210:Miracula
5034:Pirsonia
4891:Opalinea
4849:Wobblata
4816:Borokida
4806:Anoecida
4784:Opalozoa
4726:Amorphea
4704:Rhizaria
4692:Hacrobia
4682:Excavata
4667:Bacteria
4557:13677449
4508:23194637
4472:18358776
4396:Norstedt
4373:29567514
4365:16557340
4317:35348760
4268:23219323
4199:27512113
4140:33278705
4087:20862282
4047:PLOS ONE
4024:Wikidata
4020:28875267
3951:26017773
3892:30257078
3832:19213601
3685:21652306
3604:27179349
3556:Wikidata
3515:54477112
3507:30536815
3469:J Phycol
3364:Wikidata
3360:35291881
3297:Wikidata
3293:33385618
3183:(1986).
3070:Wikidata
3066:38245909
3044:: 1–15.
2958:33655496
2884:Wikidata
2726:Linnaeus
2700:seaweeds
2555:– 5 spp.
2546:–31 spp.
2474:– 8 spp.
2456:– 2 spp.
2219:nature.
2199:and the
2189:-phytina
2177:Ochrista
2103:18S rDNA
1291:Internal
1232:opalines
1218:such as
1216:protists
1195:External
1068:Hydrurus
974:through
921:vesicles
716:red alga
688:plastids
662:Flagella
600:pigments
592:flagella
564:Rhizaria
529:colonial
499:origin.
438:plastids
426:flagella
357:Synonyms
214:Classes
206:Linnaeus
164:Phylum:
115:Domain:
6326:8147789
6257:4934253
6234:8031327
6211:2696291
5640:Fucales
5095:Eogamia
5004:Gyrista
4922:Eogyrea
4829:Cantina
4741:Animals
4662:Archaea
4529:Protist
4488:Protist
4444:Protist
4345:Bibcode
4308:9004409
4227:: 3–25.
4190:5482393
4118:Protist
4078:2940848
4055:Bibcode
4011:5756292
3942:4603697
3919:Bibcode
3911:Sci Rep
3883:6492006
3811:Protist
3584:Protist
3477:Bibcode
3351:8924772
3121:2 March
2999:Bibcode
2926:Bibcode
2842:4096845
2748:animals
2501:– 1 sp.
2429:– 1 sp.
2420:– 1 sp.
2193:Gyrista
2142:kingdom
2060:diatoms
1206:within
1201:diverse
1121:benthic
1117:species
1106:Eunotia
994:Ecology
980:isogamy
976:gametes
917:glucose
861:diatoms
767:nucleus
734:algae (
654:vacuole
638:plastid
630:nucleus
618:eyespot
539:. Some
493:Gyrista
477:diatoms
168:Gyrista
50:Archean
6362:370437
6346:NZOR:
6270:345465
6254:uBio:
6247:150275
6218:NZOR:
6198:969917
6146:1HETKP
6055:groups
4822:Rictus
4773:Bigyra
4719:Plants
4656:Domain
4555:
4547:
4506:
4470:
4462:
4419:
4371:
4363:
4315:
4305:
4266:
4197:
4187:
4146:
4138:
4085:
4075:
4026:
4018:
4008:
4000:
3949:
3939:
3890:
3880:
3830:
3788:
3683:
3637:
3602:
3558:
3550:
3513:
3505:
3402:
3366:
3358:
3348:
3340:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3244:
3170:(297).
3112:
3072:
3064:
3056:
2956:
2886:
2878:
2840:
2744:plants
2340:clades
2295:, and
2205:Bigyra
2146:phylum
2074:) and
1934:
1930:
1809:
1802:
1627:
1623:
1587:
1583:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1125:marine
1019:Marine
988:oogamy
933:starch
783:stroma
704:lipids
642:stroma
616:; es,
545:thalli
517:lorica
208:, 1753
77:Dense
6357:WoRMS
6334:IRMNG
6265:WoRMS
6180:IRMNG
6172:48221
6120:14853
4746:Fungi
4390:[
4369:S2CID
4293:(4).
4217:(PDF)
4144:S2CID
4114:(PDF)
3774:(PDF)
3635:S2CID
3511:S2CID
3238:Algae
3160:(PDF)
2987:(PDF)
2838:JSTOR
2775:Notes
2724:, by
2721:Fucus
2321:Latin
2249:]
2154:order
2150:class
1807:/SIII
1204:clade
1064:genus
1060:lotic
580:algae
547:with
519:or a
513:cells
407:algae
383:Leipe
200:Fucus
152:Clade
139:Clade
126:Clade
89:near
81:with
6321:GBIF
6206:NCBI
6193:ITIS
6154:GBIF
6141:EPPO
6133:3402
4553:PMID
4545:ISSN
4504:PMID
4468:PMID
4460:ISSN
4417:ISBN
4361:PMID
4313:PMID
4264:PMID
4195:PMID
4136:PMID
4083:PMID
4016:PMID
3998:ISSN
3947:PMID
3888:PMID
3828:PMID
3786:ISBN
3681:PMID
3600:PMID
3548:ISSN
3503:PMID
3400:ISBN
3356:PMID
3338:ISSN
3289:PMID
3281:ISSN
3242:ISBN
3168:2023
3123:2024
3110:ISBN
3062:PMID
3054:ISSN
2954:PMID
2876:ISSN
2761:and
2716:dyes
2712:food
2363:and
2263:and
2255:and
2046:and
2022:and
2014:and
1245:The
1234:and
1210:, a
1145:and
1087:and
1054:and
1035:and
1001:kelp
911:, a
883:and
829:and
793:and
773:and
757:and
708:heme
706:and
598:and
586:and
570:and
475:and
467:and
455:and
376:1986
57:Had.
36:Pha.
6339:118
6128:EoL
5266:SII
4639:SAR
4586:doi
4537:doi
4533:154
4496:doi
4492:149
4452:doi
4448:159
4353:doi
4303:PMC
4295:doi
4256:doi
4185:PMC
4175:doi
4126:doi
4122:171
4073:PMC
4063:doi
4006:PMC
3990:doi
3986:255
3937:PMC
3927:doi
3878:PMC
3870:doi
3820:doi
3816:160
3778:doi
3750:doi
3727:doi
3704:doi
3673:doi
3627:doi
3592:doi
3588:167
3582:".
3540:doi
3493:hdl
3485:doi
3442:doi
3392:doi
3346:PMC
3330:doi
3273:doi
3269:257
3102:doi
3046:doi
3007:doi
2944:hdl
2934:doi
2868:doi
2830:doi
2346:or
2317:ICN
1625:SII
986:or
951:by
835:as
535:or
483:or
436:or
401:or
145:SAR
85:at
6381::
6359::
6336::
6323::
6308::
6293::
6267::
6244::
6231::
6208::
6195::
6182::
6169::
6159:98
6156::
6143::
6130::
6105::
6090::
5438:PX
5399:SI
4641::
4637::
4582:82
4580:.
4576:.
4551:.
4543:.
4531:.
4527:.
4502:.
4490:.
4466:.
4458:.
4446:.
4442:.
4367:.
4359:.
4351:.
4341:62
4339:.
4311:.
4301:.
4291:39
4289:.
4285:.
4262:.
4252:49
4250:.
4225:40
4223:.
4219:.
4193:.
4183:.
4171:33
4169:.
4165:.
4142:.
4134:.
4120:.
4116:.
4095:^
4081:.
4071:.
4061:.
4049:.
4045:.
4022:.
4014:.
4004:.
3996:.
3984:.
3978:.
3959:^
3945:.
3935:.
3925:.
3913:.
3909:.
3886:.
3876:.
3866:66
3864:.
3860:.
3840:^
3826:.
3814:.
3800:^
3784:.
3679:.
3669:91
3667:.
3647:^
3633:.
3623:68
3621:.
3598:.
3586:.
3568:^
3554:.
3546:.
3536:31
3534:.
3509:.
3501:.
3491:.
3483:.
3473:55
3471:.
3454:^
3438:84
3436:.
3414:^
3398:.
3376:^
3362:.
3354:.
3344:.
3336:.
3326:12
3324:.
3318:.
3295:.
3287:.
3279:.
3267:.
3210:^
3192:^
3166:.
3162:.
3131:^
3108:.
3096:.
3082:^
3068:.
3060:.
3052:.
3042:00
3040:.
3021:^
3005:.
2995:39
2993:.
2989:.
2966:^
2952:.
2942:.
2932:.
2922:57
2920:.
2916:.
2896:^
2882:.
2874:.
2864:35
2862:.
2850:^
2836:.
2826:30
2824:.
2820:.
2806:^
2754:.
2714:,
2327:,
2307:,
2291:,
2287:,
2283:,
2247:fi
2152:,
2148:,
2144:,
2066:,
2042:,
2038:,
2010:,
1345:SI
1230:,
1226:,
1222:,
1182:,
1109:,
1081:,
1050:,
1031:,
1027:,
1015:.
990:.
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959:,
955:,
887:,
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656:.
602:.
594:,
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527:,
154::
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4753:)
4627:e
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4510:.
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4425:.
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4355::
4347::
4319:.
4297::
4270:.
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4128::
4089:.
4065::
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4051:5
4030:.
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