2657:
1940:
1747:
360:
The modern separation of
Catalan and Occitan should not be confused with a clear separation between the languages in the mindset of their speakers historically. The dialects of Modern Catalan were still considered to be part of the same language as the dialects of Occitan in the 19th century, when
2281:
A l'Edat
Mitjana, les abundoses confusions ortogràfiques dels manuscrits demostren que el fet ja estava consumat des d'una data primerenca, pel que fa a la posició pretònica; en final absoluta sovintegen menys les confusions de "a" amb "e" si bé no constitueixen una raresa; en síl·laba posttònica
1808:
in 988 AD. By the 9th century, the
Christian rulers occupied the northern parts of present-day Catalonia, usually termed "Old Catalonia", and during the 11th and 12th centuries they expanded their domains to the region north of the
1847:
Hec est memoria de ipsas rancuras que abet dominus
Guitardus Isarnus, senior Caputense, de rancuras filio Guillelm Arnall et que ag de suo pater, Guilelm Arnall; et non voluit facere directum in sua vita de ipso castro
2377:. Capitalization, the use of u-v, i-j, and c-ç have all been regularized. Accents apostrophes and diaeresis have been added according to the modern orthography. Used punctuation according to modern usage.
1797:
to the south. From the 8th century on, the
Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards, conquering territories then occupied by Muslims, bringing their language with them.
1994:. During this period, Catalan was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". The flowering of the Renaissance was closely associated with the advent of the
1853:
che li comannà. Et si
Guilelm Arnal me facia tal cosa que dreçar no·m volgués ho no poqués, ho ssi·s partia de mi, che Mir Arnall me romasés aisí com lo·m avia al dia che ad él lo commanné.
1973:
world. The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal
Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language.
1714:
Final unvoiced obstruents were often written as such. In the modern language, the characters for their voiced counterparts may be used to reflect Latin etymology: modern
1385:
were lost during the formation of
Catalan. According to some historic studies, final nasals were velarised and assimilated before being lost in Modern Catalan:
1092:
The phoneme /ʃ/, which would initially only appear in intervocalic and word-final positions, would almost unanimously originate from instances of /ks/ (Latin
2690:
1358:
It is assumed that during the preliterary period, all
Catalan dialects featured a weak realization of the pretonic vowels. Around the 13th century, pretonic
2483:
Diccionari català-valencià-balear: inventari lexicogràfic i etimològic de la llengua catalana en totes les seves formes literàries i dialectals (10 volumes)
2799:
1908:–1060), featuring whole sentences in Romance. By the end of the 11th century, documents written completely or mostly in Catalan begin to appear, like the
2108:
2282:
interna, i en la final quan segueix consonant, no es troben confusions abans del segle XV si no és en textos sospitosos i molt excepcionalment.
1897:
began to exhibit elements of
Catalan, with proper names or even sentences in Romance. Of special historical and linguistic importance is the
2608:
770:
1831:
1863:
a Guillelm Arnal no li doné negú domenge ni establiment de cavaler ni de pedó per gitar ni per metre quan l·i comanné Mir Arnall.
1401:
Current Catalan orthography is mostly based on mediaeval practice, but some of the pronunciations and conventions have changed.
2538:
Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX
2453:
2871:
2565:
2495:
737:
719:
645:
577:
281:
744:
2577:
2545:
2526:
2505:
2309:
2272:
2057:
1955:
1950:, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural plenitude. Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan polymath
680:
606:
2680:
1213:
1143:
631:
271:
349:
in the east. Consequently, Old Catalan can be considered a dialect group of Old Occitan, or be classified as an
2601:
2472:
2241:
1243:
2879:
2486:
1986:, shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something than can also be seen in the works of
1028:'half'). Other instances of /tʃ/ (mostly borrowed non-native), came to be spelled with the rather different
2203:
1228:
665:
638:
570:
2229:
1882:(1756–1824), the first attested Catalan sentence is thought to be found in an 8th-century manuscript from
1647:
until the 15th century to maintain connections with Latin etyma. In the modern language, it is written as
1640:
1636:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1563:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1335:, thus partially inverting the original Proto-Romance distribution still found in Italian and Portuguese.
1332:
1328:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1263:
911:
907:
896:
885:
866:
862:
855:
851:
815:
811:
795:
791:
2921:
1250:
1188:
1108:) and more rarely from palatalized /ss/. Due to the abundance of the first group of words, the spelling
798:
in non-initial positions. The former came from the Latin groups C'L, G'L, LE, and LI and was written as
710:
485:
350:
156:
2916:
2727:
2594:
2448:. Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V. pp. 6–7.
1013:
963:
939:
672:
599:
314:
146:
131:
80:
1198:
492:
1924:
1348:
524:
501:
151:
141:
121:
2893:
2373:
The source book has reconstructed elided fragments and written out abbreviations in full, like
2304:] (in Catalan). Vol. 1. Curial Edicions Catalanes (published 1998). pp. 206–207.
1893:
During the 11th century, several feudal documents (especially oaths and complaints) written in
346:
201:
1886:
that has since been lost. It was a whimsical note in 10th- or early 11th-century calligraphy:
1790:
699:
2082:"The Position of Catalan in the Romance Language Family: Evidence from the Algherese Dialect"
1340:
835:
764:
693:
531:
446:
439:
2777:
1969:
had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over the
1927:
languages, which are mostly located in France and Northern Italy. Old Catalan diverged from
2887:
2772:
1766:
540:
453:
8:
2738:
2697:
2656:
1814:
1813:, a land known as "New Catalonia". During the 13th century, the Catalans expanded to the
1801:
1113:
919:
618:
555:
318:
84:
1939:
2789:
2784:
2714:
2637:
2632:
2621:
2017:
1805:
831:
461:
402:
261:
2811:
2794:
2675:
2642:
2573:
2541:
2522:
2501:
2468:
2449:
2305:
2268:
2245:
2128:
2120:
2053:
2022:
1999:
1786:
1221:
728:
658:
624:
590:
561:
517:
478:
407:
334:
306:
136:
2081:
277:
2836:
2829:
2816:
2766:
2753:
2702:
2685:
2617:
1983:
1947:
1879:
1818:
1336:
1117:
1063:
974:). Instances of intervocalic /dz/ would be kept although with the rather different
923:
893:
889:
827:
756:
397:
392:
368:
322:
126:
103:
88:
2848:
2806:
2761:
2707:
2667:
2521:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 37–38.
2516:
2500:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Monsterrat. pp. 55–93.
2443:
2047:
1978:
1894:
1367:
1308:
1293:
1289:
1207:
1127:
Non-geminated intervocalic /s/ was voiced and gave the original /z/ sound (later
823:
819:
412:
330:
113:
2416:
Memorial de greuges de Ponç I, comte d'Empúries, contra Jofre, comte de Rosselló
1959:
1793:), as well as in the territories of the Roman province and later archdiocese of
2853:
2822:
2717:
2111:[On the phonological evolution of the Catalan language in its origins]
1995:
1237:
998:
839:
472:
222:
1958:(13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in
1124:). Later /ʃ/ would also appear at word-initial position from palatalized /s/.
2910:
2732:
2722:
2249:
2132:
2124:
1991:
1970:
1794:
1168:
1131:
would also merge with the latter sound). Geminated intervocalic instances of
547:
508:
425:
2445:
The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)
2109:"Sobre l'evolució fonològica de la llengua catalana a l'època dels orígens"
1987:
1758:
1324:
843:
342:
229:
196:
2139:
2027:
1951:
1928:
1182:
1162:
850:, where it has more or less remained the traditional pronunciation), the
354:
338:
310:
206:
2232:[Setting of a Catalan phonological rule analyzed some time ago]
1770:
1370:
dialects, and the confusion later spread to all unstressed instances of
810:. The palatal lateral has remained unchanged in modern Catalan, but the
1810:
1746:
1439:
1258:
1174:
1112:
would be adopted for /ʃ/, including in intervocalic instances (like in
1052:
1037:
991:
433:
313:
were spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the
2586:
2345:
2343:
2341:
958:
was pronounced /ts/, and it would only later merge into /s/. Likewise
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
1016:, word-final instances of /dʒ/ would devoice to /tʃ/ (such as final -
927:
254:
242:
191:
2572:. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 9–18.
2107:
Rasico, Philip D. (2004). Fundación San Millán de la Cogolla (ed.).
1774:
1073:'pocket' ( < obscure) and remain with such spelling to this day.
962:
was pronounced /dz/, and it would only later merge into /z/ (due to
1966:
1778:
1762:
915:
830:, where it remains unchallenged and some towns in the provinces of
326:
289:
92:
69:
63:
57:
2318:
1312:
2462:
1757:
By the 9th century, the Catalan language had developed from
1344:
1316:
1272:
The system features a modification of the original Proto-Romance
285:
2045:
1005:
would also give the rise of a second /dz/, which would keep the
2146:
Wheeler, Max (1977). "Els fonemes catalans: alguns problemes".
1883:
1782:
1002:
826:) removing the distinction. In a minority of dialects (such as
2263:
Coromines, Joan (1974). "Les "Vides de sants" rosselloneses".
1139:, would result in /s/, a spelling still retained to this day.
2165:. Curial/Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat. p. 194.
1421:
1320:
847:
2489:, Manuel Sanchis Guarner and Anna Moll Marquès. Palma: Moll.
2046:
Ferrando i Francès, Antoni; Nicolás Amorós, Miquel (2005).
1800:
This phenomenon gained momentum with the separation of the
914:
in some dialects around the 14th century, a process called
873:
until the 15th century, when it was replaced by the modern
2463:
Duarte i Montserrat, Carles; Alsina i Keith, Àlex (1984),
1378:, a process that was almost complete by the 15th century.
288:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2399:
2397:
2395:
1861:
1851:
2566:"greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080–1095)"
2540:(2nd ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
2230:"Entorn d'una llei fonètica catalana observada fa temps"
1427:
was sometimes used above a vowel to replace a following
1998:, and the first book produced with movable type in the
1596:. In the modern language, it has come to be pronounced
2392:
2380:
2184:
1890:("my master does not want you to watch me, newbie").
2355:
2174:
2172:
1856:
1845:
1727:
1688:
1664:
1627:
1570:, until the early 20th century; for example, modern
790:
It is believed that Old Catalan featured a sequence
2441:
2349:
2267:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Club Editor. p. 295.
1445:
was often used to indicate elision and hyphenation.
2420:
1639:, which appeared in the 12th century from initial
1604:depending on the dialect. Both are now written as
2169:
2163:Estudis sobre la fonologia del català preliterari
2908:
1921:The Oath of peace and truce of count Pere Ramon
2602:
2279:
2119:(in Catalan). Vol. 1. pp. 457–480.
2003:
1825:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1682:
1676:
1658:
1652:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1577:
1571:
1531:. Mediaeval scribes often confused them with
1339:varieties (such as Majorcan, Minorcan in the
918:. Now, the distinction is maintained only in
362:
44:
38:
32:
2559:(in Catalan). Vol. 1. Barcelona: Ariel.
2295:
2102:
2100:
2098:
1910:Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet
997:. Later instances of intervocalic /z/ from
2609:
2595:
2497:Treballs de lingüística històrica catalana
2442:Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009).
1923:(1098). Catalan shares many features with
1870:Lines 1–4. Passages in Catalan Romance in
1699:was sometimes used to mark hiatus: modern
2518:Estudis d'història de la llengua catalana
2262:
2221:
2095:
1753:(12th century), first written in Catalan.
1081:The affricate /dʒ/ originating from soft
361:Catalans still could call their language
2535:
2190:
2008:("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary").
1938:
1761:on both sides of the eastern end of the
1745:
2616:
2145:
1366:began to be confused in writing in the
282:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2909:
2554:
2426:
2227:
2160:
2106:
1946:Catalan lived a golden age during the
861:Around the 12th century, word-initial
68:
62:
56:
2590:
2514:
2493:
2403:
2386:
2296:Alsina, Àlex; Duarte, Carles (1984).
1931:between the 11th and 14th centuries.
1888:Magister ms no vol que em miras novel
1556:, especially in the Valencian variant
389:
16:Medieval form of the Catalan Language
2563:
2480:
2361:
2178:
2052:. Barcelona: UOC. pp. 173–177.
1741:
1562:at the end of the word was used for
869:, but it continued to be spelled as
854:was dropped, yielding a merger with
818:in most dialects (including all the
1934:
13:
2655:
2557:Història de la Literatura Catalana
2005:Trobes en llaors de la Verge maria
1976:The outstanding novel of chivalry
978:spelling: compare Catalan/Occitan
14:
2933:
2872:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
2002:was printed in Valencia in 1474:
1965:By the 15th century, the city of
1249:
1242:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1197:
1187:
1120:which spells such instances with
884:would also come to be pronounced
806:, whereas the latter was written
769:
763:
743:
736:
718:
709:
679:
671:
664:
644:
637:
630:
605:
598:
576:
569:
546:
539:
530:
523:
507:
500:
491:
484:
460:
452:
445:
438:
333:. These varieties were part of a
305:, is the modern denomination for
2265:Lleures i converses d'un filòleg
2079:
1899:Memorial of Complaints of Ponç I
1089:would later deaffricate to /ʒ/.
899:could also appear word-finally.
2435:
2409:
2367:
2350:Costa Carreras & Yates 2009
2289:
2256:
2049:Història de la llengua catalana
1675:was frequently omitted: modern
1144:Phonological history of Catalan
902:
357:(also known as Old Provençal).
329:; all of them then part of the
102:9th–16th century, evolved into
2465:Gramàtica històrica del català
2298:Gramàtica històrica del català
2196:
2154:
2073:
2039:
1396:
1:
2487:Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda
2481:Moll, Francesc de B. (1993).
2302:Historical grammar of Catalan
2033:
1913:
1902:
1835:
1592:, were used for the sequence
1076:
970:was also pronounced /ts/, as
933:
379:
2643:Geo-political distribution (
2240:(in Catalan). Vol. 19.
1256:
1235:
1205:
1180:
814:sequence has coalesced into
754:
725:
691:
655:
616:
587:
553:
514:
470:
431:
374:
7:
2880:Institut d'Estudis Catalans
2242:Institut d'Estudis Catalans
2011:
785:
371:as a metonymy for Occitan.
10:
2938:
2536:Recasens, Daniel (1996) .
2228:Rasico, Philip D. (1986).
1862:
1852:
1830:of Guitard Isarn, Lord of
1736:
1417:were used less frequently.
1141:
1104:), */ks/ from /ps/ (Latin
385:Consonants of Old Catalan
353:variety side by side with
337:with what today is called
2863:
2752:
2666:
2653:
2628:
2555:Riquer, Martí de (1964).
1857:
1846:
1821:and Alghero in Sardinia.
1292:(but remained /e/ in the
1262:
1219:
1148:
1014:final-obstruent devoicing
964:final-obstruent devoicing
940:Western Romance languages
755:
692:
617:
554:
471:
432:
411:
406:
396:
391:
315:Principality of Catalonia
268:
252:
240:
235:
219:
184:
110:
98:
81:Principality of Catalonia
76:
52:
31:
26:
21:
2691:Spelling-to-sound charts
2570:Homenatge a Arthur Terry
926:, and towns in southern
367:, using the name of the
2161:Rasico, Philip (1982).
1878:According to historian
1765:mountains (counties of
1687:("to have"), cf. Latin
1349:Sant Antoni de Portmany
2660:
2280:
2004:
1943:
1867:
1826:
1754:
1751:Les Homilies d'Organyà
1728:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1628:
1626:("mirror"), cf. Latin
1622:
1616:
1610:
1578:
1572:
1351:) still keep stressed
1154:Vowels of Old Catalan
363:
270:This article contains
45:
39:
33:
2897: (IRL & FRL)
2659:
2515:Moran, Josep (2004).
2494:Moran, Josep (1994).
2244:. p. 9-205.
1956:Four Great Chronicles
1942:
1843:
1749:
1051:'executioner' ( <
794:that contrasted with
64:[kətələˈnəsk]
58:[katalaˈnesk]
2894:Fundació Ramon Llull
1726:("cold"), cf. Latin
1663:("book"). Cf. Latin
1566:, instead of modern
1413:) and the diaeresis
1331:has been fronted to
946:(i.e. before either
910:began to merge into
325:, and the island of
2564:Veny, Joan (1997).
2204:"La /v/ labiovelar"
1802:County of Barcelona
1475:after merging with
1284:was centralized to
1155:
386:
319:Kingdom of Valencia
106:by the 16th century
85:Kingdom of Valencia
70:[roˈmãnt͡s]
2922:Medieval languages
2661:
2018:History of Catalan
1944:
1817:and across to the
1806:Carolingian Empire
1755:
1649:⟨ll⟩
1606:⟨ll⟩
1590:⟨il⟩
1586:⟨yl⟩
1560:⟨ch⟩
1550:⟨ch⟩
1513:⟨th⟩
1509:⟨rh⟩
1505:⟨ph⟩
1501:⟨ch⟩
1483:instead of modern
1319:and most towns of
1153:
1137:⟨ss⟩
1122:⟨ix⟩
1106:⟨ps⟩
1102:⟨xc⟩
1100:), */ksts/ (Latin
1098:⟨sc⟩
1030:⟨tx⟩
1018:⟨ig⟩
1007:⟨tz⟩
976:⟨tz⟩
882:⟨ll⟩
875:⟨ll⟩
808:⟨ll⟩
804:⟨il⟩
800:⟨yl⟩
384:
341:that reached the
2904:
2903:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2741:
2728:Personal pronouns
2455:978-90-272-3264-9
2406:, pp. 37–38.
2389:, pp. 55–93.
2023:Limousin language
2000:Iberian Peninsula
1954:(1232–1315), the
1742:Early Middle Ages
1697:⟨h⟩
1673:⟨h⟩
1645:⟨l⟩
1643:, was written as
1568:⟨c⟩
1545:⟨t⟩
1541:⟨r⟩
1537:⟨f⟩
1533:⟨c⟩
1473:⟨s⟩
1469:⟨ç⟩
1465:⟨z⟩
1461:⟨ç⟩
1457:⟨i⟩
1453:⟨e⟩
1449:⟨c⟩
1443:⟨·⟩
1433:⟨n⟩
1429:⟨m⟩
1425:⟨~⟩
1415:⟨¨⟩
1411:⟨`⟩
1407:⟨´⟩
1405:Accents (such as
1381:Final post-tonic
1343:of the island of
1315:of the island of
1270:
1269:
1133:⟨s⟩
1129:⟨z⟩
1110:⟨x⟩
1096:), */sts/ (Latin
1094:⟨x⟩
1087:⟨i⟩
1083:⟨g⟩
995:doze, treze, seze
972:⟨ç⟩
968:⟨z⟩
960:⟨z⟩
956:⟨ç⟩
952:⟨i⟩
948:⟨e⟩
944:⟨c⟩
892:, but and unlike
880:Latin words with
871:⟨l⟩
783:
782:
364:Llengua llemosina
345:in the north and
335:dialect continuum
307:Romance varieties
296:
295:
278:rendering support
274:phonetic symbols.
2929:
2917:Catalan language
2835:
2828:
2821:
2767:Northern Catalan
2737:
2681:Phonetic history
2611:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2551:
2532:
2511:
2490:
2477:
2459:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2364:, pp. 9–18.
2359:
2353:
2347:
2316:
2315:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2238:Estudis romànics
2235:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2114:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2043:
2007:
1984:Joanot Martorell
1948:Late Middle Ages
1935:Late Middle Ages
1918:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1880:Jaume Villanueva
1874:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1819:Balearic Islands
1815:Land of Valencia
1731:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1334:
1330:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1253:
1246:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1201:
1191:
1156:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1031:
1019:
1008:
977:
973:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
924:Balearic Islands
913:
909:
898:
887:
883:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
853:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
773:
767:
747:
740:
731:
722:
713:
702:
683:
675:
668:
661:
648:
641:
634:
627:
609:
602:
593:
580:
573:
564:
550:
543:
534:
527:
520:
511:
504:
495:
488:
481:
464:
456:
449:
442:
428:
421:
387:
383:
369:Limousin dialect
366:
351:Occitano-Romance
323:Balearic Islands
309:that during the
303:Medieval Catalan
301:, also known as
264:
245:
225:
157:Occitano-Romance
116:
89:Balearic islands
72:
66:
60:
48:
42:
36:
27:Medieval Catalan
19:
18:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2891: and
2859:
2769:(Roussillonese)
2762:Central Catalan
2748:
2662:
2651:
2645:Països Catalans
2624:
2615:
2580:
2548:
2529:
2508:
2475:
2456:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:, pp. 6–7.
2348:
2319:
2312:
2294:
2290:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2159:
2155:
2144:
2140:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:Juge, Matthew.
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2014:
1979:Tirant lo Blanc
1937:
1916:
1905:
1895:macaronic Latin
1876:
1869:
1858:Et in ipsa onor
1842:
1838:
1744:
1739:
1696:
1672:
1648:
1644:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1567:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1309:Central Catalan
1294:Western variety
1290:Eastern Catalan
1151:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1085:and nonvocalic
1082:
1079:
1029:
1017:
1006:
990:'sixteen' with
975:
971:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
905:
881:
874:
870:
828:Insular Catalan
824:Central Catalan
807:
803:
799:
788:
727:
698:
657:
623:
589:
560:
516:
477:
424:
419:
401:
382:
377:
331:Crown of Aragon
276:Without proper
260:
241:
226:
221:
215:
187:
180:
132:Latino-Faliscan
117:
114:Language family
112:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2854:Judaeo-Catalan
2851:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2730:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2491:
2478:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2408:
2391:
2379:
2366:
2354:
2317:
2310:
2288:
2273:
2255:
2220:
2195:
2193:, p. 196.
2183:
2168:
2153:
2138:
2094:
2072:
2058:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1996:printing press
1936:
1933:
1824:
1823:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1712:
1694:
1670:
1651:: e.g. modern
1633:
1583:
1557:
1547:
1498:
1487:: Old Catalan
1479:) represented
1467:(also spelled
1446:
1436:
1418:
1398:
1395:
1347:and Ibizan in
1300:was raised to
1268:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1142:Main article:
1118:Modern Catalan
1078:
1075:
1036:'arrow' (<
935:
932:
904:
901:
787:
784:
781:
780:
778:
776:
774:
761:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
741:
734:
732:
724:
723:
716:
714:
707:
705:
703:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
676:
669:
662:
654:
653:
651:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
603:
596:
594:
586:
585:
583:
581:
574:
567:
565:
558:
552:
551:
544:
537:
535:
528:
521:
513:
512:
505:
498:
496:
489:
482:
475:
469:
468:
466:
457:
450:
443:
436:
430:
429:
422:
416:
415:
410:
405:
395:
390:
381:
378:
376:
373:
347:Northern Italy
294:
293:
280:, you may see
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
246:
238:
237:
236:Language codes
233:
232:
227:
223:Writing system
220:
217:
216:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
190:
188:
185:
182:
181:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
120:
118:
111:
108:
107:
104:Modern Catalan
100:
96:
95:
78:
74:
73:
54:
50:
49:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:Organizations
2862:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:North-Western
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:Pronunciation
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2581:
2579:84-7826-894-4
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2547:9788472833128
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:84-8415-672-9
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2507:84-7826-568-6
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2311:9788472562356
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2276:
2274:9788473290012
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2191:Recasens 1996
2187:
2181:, p. 93.
2180:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2059:9788490290545
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2028:Old Provençal
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Andreu Febrer
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1971:Mediterranean
1968:
1963:
1962:(1397–1459).
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:Gallo-Romance
1922:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1795:Tarraconensis
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1711:("neighbour")
1709:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1558:
1548:
1499:
1494:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1423:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1369:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1291:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1090:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:'hood' (<
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
965:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
900:
895:
891:
888:just like in
878:
859:
849:
846:and towns in
845:
844:its surrounds
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
779:
777:
775:
772:
766:
762:
760:
758:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
733:
730:
726:
721:
717:
715:
712:
708:
706:
704:
701:
697:
695:
688:
686:
682:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
620:
613:
611:
608:
604:
601:
597:
595:
592:
588:
584:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
566:
563:
559:
557:
549:
545:
542:
538:
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
510:
506:
503:
499:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
474:
467:
463:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
435:
427:
423:
418:
417:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
372:
370:
365:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
267:
263:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
244:
239:
234:
231:
228:
224:
218:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:Proto-Romance
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:
189:
183:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:Gallo-Romance
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:Italo-Western
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:Indo-European
119:
115:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
65:
59:
55:
53:Pronunciation
51:
47:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2849:Catalan Caló
2644:
2569:
2556:
2537:
2517:
2496:
2482:
2464:
2444:
2436:Bibliography
2422:
2415:
2411:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2357:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2237:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2198:
2186:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2117:Aemilianense
2116:
2085:. Retrieved
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2048:
2041:
1988:Bernat Metge
1977:
1975:
1964:
1960:Ausiàs March
1945:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1844:
1799:
1759:Vulgar Latin
1756:
1750:
1720:was written
1705:was written
1681:was written
1657:was written
1614:was written
1576:was written
1552:represented
1515:represented
1492:
1451:in front of
1400:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1357:
1341:western half
1327:), stressed
1313:eastern half
1311:(and in the
1306:
1296:) and then,
1271:
1126:
1091:
1080:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1058:'butcher'),
1055:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1012:Also due to
1011:
994:
987:
986:'thirteen',
983:
979:
937:
906:
903:Labiodentals
879:
860:
822:and most of
820:Western bloc
789:
359:
343:Loire Valley
302:
298:
297:
269:
253:
197:Vulgar Latin
161:
2883: (IEC)
2875: (AVL)
2739:Conjugation
2698:Orthography
2427:Riquer 1964
1982:(1490), by
1952:Ramon Llull
1929:Old Occitan
1919:–1095), or
1917: 1080
1906: 1050
1839: 1080
1582:("friend").
1397:Orthography
1116:but unlike
938:Like other
694:Approximant
355:Old Occitan
339:Old Occitan
311:Middle Ages
299:Old Catalan
284:instead of
207:Old Occitan
186:Early forms
162:Old Catalan
40:catalanesch
22:Old Catalan
2911:Categories
2778:Ribagorçan
2638:Literature
2474:8472562344
2467:, Curial,
2404:Moran 2004
2387:Moran 1994
2150:(9): 7–22.
2148:eLS Marges
2034:References
1811:Ebro river
1463:and final
1440:interpunct
1393:'bread').
1325:Ibiza City
1323:including
1307:In Modern
1114:Portuguese
1077:Fricatives
1053:Old French
1038:Old French
1032:spelling:
1009:spelling.
992:Old French
982:'twelve',
934:Affricates
877:spelling.
426:labialised
380:Consonants
34:catalanesc
2812:Alguerese
2785:Valencian
2754:Varieties
2686:IPA guide
2622:Valencian
2362:Veny 1997
2250:2013-9500
2179:Moll 1993
2133:758102409
2125:2172-7872
1848:Caputense
1804:from the
1791:Ribagorça
1635:Initial /
1629:miraculus
1608:: modern
1491:, modern
1280:. First,
1208:Close-mid
1067:cappuccio
928:Tarragona
858:instead.
836:Barcelona
625:voiceless
619:Fricative
562:voiceless
556:Affricate
479:voiceless
375:Phonology
255:Glottolog
243:ISO 639-3
192:Old Latin
2888:Institut
2837:Minorcan
2830:Majorcan
2817:Balearic
2800:Southern
2790:Northern
2703:Alphabet
2213:30 March
2087:30 March
2065:30 March
2012:See also
1967:Valencia
1779:Cerdanya
1771:Empúries
1767:Rosselló
1763:Pyrenees
1729:frigidus
1337:Balearic
1238:Open-mid
1135:, as in
1056:bouchier
1024:'hill',
920:Valencia
916:betacism
838:such as
786:Laterals
403:Alveolar
327:Sardinia
290:Help:IPA
262:oldc1251
93:Sardinia
2807:Insular
2795:Central
2715:Morpho-
2708:Braille
2668:Grammar
2633:History
2618:Catalan
1872:italics
1827:Greuges
1787:Pallars
1737:History
1489:/ˈtsɛl/
1389:→ → (
1368:Eastern
1345:Menorca
1317:Menorca
1266:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1192:
1177:
1169:Central
1165:
1071:butxaca
1064:Italian
1060:caputxa
942:, soft
894:Spanish
890:Spanish
865:became
729:lateral
700:central
408:Palatal
286:Unicode
147:Western
137:Romance
2823:Ibizan
2718:syntax
2576:
2544:
2525:
2504:
2471:
2452:
2308:
2271:
2248:
2131:
2123:
2056:
1884:Ripoll
1841:–1095)
1832:Caboet
1783:Urgell
1775:Besalú
1690:habere
1654:llibre
1623:mirayl
1617:mirail
1611:mirall
1496:/ˈsɛl/
1471:, and
1173:
1161:
1149:Vowels
1045:flèche
1043:, now
1041:fleche
1034:fletxa
1003:Arabic
984:tretze
966:final
954:) and
922:, the
832:Girona
757:Rhotic
659:voiced
591:voiced
518:voiced
398:Dental
393:Labial
321:, the
317:, the
127:Italic
77:Region
46:romanç
2733:Verbs
2723:Nouns
2300:[
2234:(PDF)
2209:. IEC
2207:(PDF)
2113:(PDF)
1678:haver
1666:liber
1660:libre
1579:amich
1422:tilde
1383:/e,o/
1321:Ibiza
1183:Close
1163:Front
1049:botxí
999:Greek
988:setze
980:dotze
848:Selva
434:Nasal
420:plain
413:Velar
230:Latin
2574:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2246:ISSN
2215:2019
2129:OCLC
2121:ISSN
2089:2019
2067:2019
2054:ISBN
1990:and
1789:and
1723:fret
1717:fred
1708:vehi
1684:aver
1594:/jl/
1573:amic
1554:/tʃ/
1543:and
1527:and
1511:and
1481:/ts/
1438:The
1420:The
1409:and
1374:and
1362:and
1276:and
1259:Open
1175:Back
1022:puig
1001:and
842:and
834:and
812:/jl/
802:and
792:/jl/
473:Stop
1702:veí
1641:/l/
1620:or
1602:/j/
1600:or
1598:/ʎ/
1564:/k/
1529:/t/
1525:/r/
1521:/f/
1517:/k/
1493:cel
1485:/s/
1477:/s/
1431:or
1387:pan
1376:/e/
1372:/a/
1364:/e/
1360:/a/
1353:/ə/
1333:/ɛ/
1329:/ə/
1302:/e/
1298:/ɛ/
1288:in
1286:/ə/
1282:/e/
1278:/ɛ/
1274:/e/
1069:),
1047:),
1026:mig
950:or
912:/b/
908:/v/
897:/ʎ/
886:/ʎ/
867:/ʎ/
863:/l/
856:/j/
852:/l/
840:Vic
816:/ʎ/
796:/ʎ/
272:IPA
99:Era
2913::
2620:/
2568:.
2485:.
2394:^
2375:et
2320:^
2277:.
2236:.
2171:^
2127:.
2115:.
2097:^
1914:c.
1903:c.
1836:c.
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1769:,
1637:ʎ/
1588:,
1539:,
1535:,
1523:,
1519:,
1507:,
1503:,
1459:;
1455:,
1391:pa
1355:.
1304:.
1020::
930:.
768:~
684:)
607:dʒ
600:dz
578:tʃ
571:ts
548:ɡʷ
509:kʷ
465:)
91:,
87:,
83:,
67:,
61:,
43:,
37:,
2856:†
2647:)
2610:e
2603:t
2596:v
2582:.
2550:.
2531:.
2510:.
2458:.
2429:.
2314:.
2252:.
2217:.
2135:.
2091:.
2069:.
1912:(
1901:(
1834:(
1732:.
1693:.
1669:.
1632:.
1435:.
1264:a
1251:ɔ
1244:ɛ
1229:o
1222:ə
1214:e
1199:u
1189:i
771:ɾ
765:r
745:ʎ
738:l
720:w
711:j
681:ʒ
678:(
673:z
666:v
646:ʃ
639:s
632:f
541:ɡ
532:d
525:b
502:k
493:t
486:p
462:ŋ
459:(
454:ɲ
447:n
440:m
400:/
292:.
248:–
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