488:
124:
911:
989:
851:
419:
102:
954:
410:
and a single gill behind and to the right of the heart. With the lack of a heavily mineralized shell, there has been very little fossil record of the group. However, molecular clock studies have suggested that
Opisthobranchia emerged as early as the
564:
By 2011, the "Opisthobranchia" were declared artificial and obsolete and were replaced by new phylogenetic hypotheses. The concept was abandoned. It now includes including "Lower
Heterobranchia",
338:
is a taxon containing a revised collection of opisthobranchs, and that taxon is considered monophyletic. Euopisthobranchia does not include some "traditional" opisthobranchs such as the
723:
The reduction or loss of the shell, the elaboration of the head, foot or mantle, and the acquisition of chemical defences are evolutionary trends shared by most opisthobranch taxa.
1391:
Cristina
Grandea; Josè Templadoa; J. Lucas Cerverab; Rafael Zardoya (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) based on mitochondrial
979:. Eggs are commonly laid in ribbons of varying structure. The egg ribbons are usually unique to each species and in some cases are the only means of differentiating them.
811:, opisthobranchs use other methods for protection. The group has a diverse variety of highly specialized auxiliary defenses. Due to a combination of outstanding
1115:
1007:
546:
752:, olfactory organs which often have complex forms. The middle part of the foot is the sole, used for locomotion. The sides of the foot have evolved into
1012:
791:. Opisthobranchs have a global distribution, but are restricted almost exclusively to marine habitats with the only exception being few freshwater
565:
702:
1281:
Knudsen, B.; Kohn, B.; Nahir, B.; Mcfadden, S.; Moroz, L. (February 2006). "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the sea-slug,
898:
of their coral prey and use their metabolic products for themselves. Some herbivorous slugs of the sub-order
Sacoglossa do the same with the
569:
1234:
Medina, Mónica; Lal, Shruti; Vallès, Yvonne; Takaoka, Tori L.; Dayrat, Benoît A.; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Gosliner, Terrence (1 March 2011).
1034:
Jensen, K. R. (1997). "Evolution of the
Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants".
561:. Accordingly, articles no longer use the term Opisthobranchia, replacing it with Heterobranchia to emphasise a different concept.
2030:
1577:"Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) – more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defence and foraging"
1002:
1945:
1162:"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia"
975:
and have complex reproductive strategies, typically involving reciprocal sperm transfer and storage until the eggs are ready for
993:
1690:
1950:
1440:"Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by means of 18s and 28s rRNA gene sequences"
733:
of their immediate ancestors. As a result of this detorsion, the visceral ganglia no longer overlap and are described as
1236:"Crawling through time: Transition of snails to slugs dating back to the Paleozoic, based on mitochondrial phylogenomics"
530:
A phylogenetic study published in
November 2004, gave new definitions of the seven main lineages of the Opisthobranchia.
726:
The loss of shell in the group is an example of parallel evolution and has occurred on multiple independent occasions.
692:
679:
666:
741:, the more common condition among gastropods, in which these ganglia form a distinct twist within the animal's body).
1773:
1740:
1720:
1474:
1221:
1133:
2025:
1997:
1498:
MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Opisthobranchia. Accessed through: World
Register of Marine Species at:
523:
group and can no longer be accepted as a valid taxon. The opisthobranchs are now included within the subclass
1958:
1475:"Bye bye "Opisthobranchia"! A review on the contribution of mesopsammic sea slugs to euthyneuran systematics"
1370:"Bye bye 'Opisthobranchia'! A review on the contribution of Mesopsammic sea slugs to euthyneuran systematics"
123:
1444:
1069:
823:. Animals that do predate opisthobranchs include other opisthobranchs and toxin-resistant predators like
768:
436:
350:
now contains all the species which used to be assigned to
Opisthobranchia, plus all the species in the
1341:
Haszprunar G. (1985). "The
Heterobranchia – a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda".
1235:
787:
Opisthobranchia represents a morphologically diverse group of gastropods occupying a great variety of
2002:
1897:
915:
554:
1787:
Bieler R. (1990). "Haszprunar's "clado-evolutionary" classification of the
Gastropoda—a critique".
1166:
1437:
1328:
1080:
1499:
1989:
1859:
606:
1836:
1984:
1976:
1626:
Hughes, H. P. I. (1970). "A light and electron microscope study of some opisthobranch eyes".
1390:
1368:
Schroedl, Michael; Jörger, Katharina; Klussmann-Kolb, Annette; Wilson, Nerida (1 July 2011).
808:
779:
capable of detecting light and the passage of shadows but not of producing a coherent image.
450:
The current classification of the gastropods is more nuanced, with the following subclasses:
1919:
1906:
8:
875:
730:
729:
Opisthobranchs have undergone detorsion, an evolutionary reversal of the half revolution
630:
492:
1911:
1811:
1160:
Jörger, K. M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schrödl, M. (2010).
1651:
1549:
1518:
1354:
1190:
1161:
1107:
1051:
516:
118:
1603:
1576:
1971:
1769:
1736:
1716:
1686:
1643:
1608:
1554:
1420:
1369:
1310:
1302:
1263:
1255:
1217:
1195:
1139:
1129:
335:
1655:
1327:
Gofas, S. (2014). Gastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
1055:
1842:
1807:
1678:
1635:
1598:
1588:
1544:
1534:
1453:
1412:
1350:
1294:
1247:
1185:
1175:
1103:
1043:
788:
261:
1251:
1084:
959:
855:
487:
423:
377:
236:
110:
1963:
1682:
1438:
Verena Vonnemann; Michael Schrödl; Annette Klussmann-Kolb; Heike Wägele (2005).
1416:
1298:
1111:
772:
738:
558:
524:
347:
175:
1670:
1047:
922:
Like most lifeforms, they use chemical cues for much of their life cycle. The
320:) is a now informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex
2019:
1882:
1306:
1259:
1180:
1143:
976:
972:
934:
895:
804:
748:, situated close to the mouth, are used for orientation. Behind them are the
642:
616:
577:
447:
and Opisthobranchia. The latter two were later combined into a single order.
440:
412:
358:
343:
226:
221:
206:
59:
1458:
1439:
910:
1612:
1558:
1424:
1314:
1267:
1199:
867:
835:
688:
505:
467:
381:
1850:
Nudi Pixel is a web-based identification tool for opisthobranchs worldwide
1647:
1593:
1539:
1932:
1891:
1120:
942:
899:
831:
820:
792:
761:
757:
675:
662:
573:
241:
216:
211:
34:
988:
941:, are detected. Some mating opisthobranchs release chemicals to attract
891:
850:
1639:
1472:
824:
812:
749:
734:
652:
626:
593:
527:, although many manuals and websites still use the old classification.
373:
362:
339:
246:
231:
165:
79:
44:
1937:
1843:
Various opisthobranch species from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand
964:
938:
930:
871:
863:
753:
589:
585:
581:
542:
538:
520:
509:
444:
369:
366:
351:
329:
321:
135:
84:
1853:
1212:(in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R.:
504:
It was speculated as far back as 1985 that the Opisthobranchia were
418:
1876:
1831:
923:
883:
839:
745:
636:
519:, some authors argued that the Opisthobranchia are therefore not a
497:
407:
155:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1574:
1367:
803:
Principally soft-bodied marine creatures with a reduced or absent
101:
1924:
879:
406:(of the heart). Opisthobranchs are characterized by two pairs of
89:
64:
756:, fleshy winglike outgrowths. In several suborders, such as the
1074:
887:
776:
145:
1825:
1384:
1343:
Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung
1329:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101
515:
Because the Pulmonata are a sibling group to an opisthobranch
1677:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 203–255,
1500:
http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382226
926:
816:
550:
508:, based on morphological evidence, and had given rise to the
395:
1847:
953:
933:
alerts them to a suitable settling site, sometimes delaying
744:
There is no marked distinction between head and mantle. The
309:
279:
534:
391:
357:
The subclass Opisthobranchia included species in the order
312:
297:
282:
264:
1102:
439:, the class Gastropoda was divided into three subclasses;
1798:
Bieler R. (1992). "Gastropod phylogeny and systematics".
1628:
Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie
764:, these parapodia are used to move in a swimming motion.
294:
273:
1280:
1023:
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference
894:
for defensive purposes. Opisthobranchs may maintain the
1008:
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
1233:
1159:
1516:
303:
300:
285:
276:
1116:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
328:. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a
291:
288:
270:
1753:
Nudibranchs and Sea Snails Indo-Pacific Field Guide
1473:Schrödl M; Jörger KM; Klussmann-Kolb A; Wilson NG.
267:
1570:
1568:
1523:Valdez, 2005 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)"
1285:: conservation of the gene order in Euthyneura".
435:Under the 1931 classification system drawn up by
2017:
1013:Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005
1565:
1517:Kristof, Alen; Klussmann-Kolb, Annette (2010).
1512:
1510:
1508:
1128:(1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397.
1098:
1096:
1094:
482:
1671:"Shell Degeneration: Sea Slugs and Relatives"
1669:Heller, Joseph (2015), Heller, Joseph (ed.),
1575:Heike Wägele; Annette Klussmann-Kolb (2005).
1340:
1155:
1153:
1114:; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "
1505:
1091:
819:they have few predators. However, some use
1150:
549:overturned the Opisthobranchia as a valid
361:(bubble shells and headshield slugs), the
100:
1797:
1602:
1592:
1548:
1538:
1457:
1189:
1179:
1027:
937:until favourable chemicals, such as prey
842:prey and use them for their own defense.
830:Opisthobranchs secrete irritants such as
1828:, a resource from the Australian Museum.
1800:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1003:Symposia and workshops on opisthobranchs
952:
909:
849:
486:
417:
324:which used to be united in the subclass
2018:
1668:
1625:
1033:
834:or accumulate toxins from their food.
1858:
1857:
1405:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1287:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
838:pirate the stinging cells from their
622:– headshield slugs and bubble shells
1812:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001523
599:
545:of the Opisthobranchia Subsequent
13:
1781:
1355:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1985.tb00567.x
1110:; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;
874:. Being slow, the carnivores hunt
478:Subclass Gastropoda incertae sedis
394:behind" (and to the right) of the
14:
2042:
1819:
537:gene sequences could not resolve
512:, a group also of subclass rank.
987:
905:
547:taxonomic classification in 2005
260:
122:
32:
2031:Carboniferous first appearances
1758:
1745:
1725:
1705:
1662:
1619:
1492:
1466:
1431:
1361:
948:
1766:Nudibranchs of Southern Africa
1733:Nudibranchs of Southern Africa
1713:Nudibranchs of Southern Africa
1519:"Neuromuscular development of
1334:
1321:
1274:
1227:
1206:
1062:
718:
1:
1675:Sea Snails: A natural history
1018:
992:The dictionary definition of
533:However, in 2005, a study of
1445:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1252:10.1016/j.margen.2010.12.006
1216:. – Olomouc, 1996. 264 pp.,
16:Informal group of gastropods
7:
1683:10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_9
1417:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.008
1299:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.017
982:
671:sea butterflies with shells
483:As a non-monophyletic taxon
430:
380:, and many families of the
10:
2047:
1837:Born to be Wild: Sea Slugs
1764:Gosliner, Terrence (1987)
1731:Gosliner, Terrence (1987)
1711:Gosliner, Terrence (1987)
798:
782:
472:Subclass Patellogastropoda
1866:
1755:p. 7 Ikan, Frankfurt
916:Pleurobranchus mamillatus
711:Willan & Morton, 1984
709:Infraorder Cladobranchia
700:Infraorder Anthobranchia
553:, reclassifying it as an
203:
198:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
1751:Debelius, Helmut (2001)
1214:Základy zoopaleontologie
1181:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
1167:BMC Evolutionary Biology
635:– sap-sucking slugs and
457:Subclass Cocculiniformia
454:Subclass Caenogastropoda
2026:Obsolete gastropod taxa
1794:(2): 371–380, 2 tabs. .
1521:Aeolidiella stephanieae
1081:Oxford University Press
1048:10.1023/A:1018468420368
902:of the algae they eat.
845:
684:– sea angels, no shells
475:Subclass Vetigastropoda
460:Subclass Heterobranchia
968:
919:
862:Opisthobranchs may be
859:
767:Their eyes are simple
604:Order Opisthobranchia
501:
427:
1985:Paleobiology Database
1839:, retrieved 30.4.2008
1594:10.1186/1742-9994-2-3
1540:10.1186/1742-9994-7-5
1459:10.1093/mollus/eyi014
1077:UK English Dictionary
956:
913:
853:
490:
421:
1581:Frontiers in Zoology
1527:Frontiers in Zoology
1036:Evolutionary Ecology
463:Subclass Neomphalina
30:Carboniferous–Recent
1832:Sea slugs of Hawaii
1283:Aplysia californica
1108:Rocroi, Jean-Pierre
971:Opisthobranchs are
878:prey. They may eat
821:warning colouration
637:bivalved gastropods
493:Aplysia californica
193:Milne-Edwards, 1848
1826:The Sea Slug Forum
1640:10.1007/BF01027719
1087:on 26 August 2022.
969:
920:
860:
502:
428:
2013:
2012:
1972:Open Tree of Life
1860:Taxon identifiers
1692:978-3-319-15452-7
1104:Bouchet, Philippe
789:ecological niches
712:
706:
696:
683:
670:
657:
647:
634:
621:
610:
336:Euopisthobranchia
253:
252:
194:
2038:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1964:NHMSYS0021036354
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1855:
1854:
1815:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1729:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1552:
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1514:
1503:
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1461:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1388:
1382:
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1231:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1083:. Archived from
1066:
1060:
1059:
1031:
991:
890:, absorbing the
710:
701:
691:
678:
665:
658:– sidegill slugs
656:P. Fischer, 1883
655:
646:P. Fischer, 1883
645:
629:
620:P. Fischer, 1883
619:
605:
600:Linnean taxonomy
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
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287:
284:
281:
278:
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199:Included groups
192:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1912:Opisthobranchia
1910:
1905:
1898:Opisthobranchia
1896:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:Opisthobranchia
1862:
1822:
1784:
1782:Further reading
1779:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1667:
1663:
1624:
1620:
1573:
1566:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1436:
1432:
1389:
1385:
1366:
1362:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1279:
1275:
1240:Marine Genomics
1232:
1228:
1211:
1207:
1158:
1151:
1136:
1112:Ponder, Winston
1101:
1092:
1070:"Opisthobranch"
1068:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1028:
1021:
995:opisthobranchia
985:
960:Clione limacina
951:
908:
856:Oxynoe olivacea
848:
815:and aggressive
801:
785:
737:(as opposed to
721:
602:
485:
437:Johannes Thiele
433:
424:Bullina lineata
398:. In contrast,
378:sea butterflies
346:. The subclass
326:Opisthobranchia
308:
263:
259:
244:
239:
237:Cylindrobullida
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
191:
189:Opisthobranchia
121:
111:Notodoris minor
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
24:Opisthobranchia
17:
12:
11:
5:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
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1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1888:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1840:
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1820:External links
1818:
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1491:
1465:
1452:(2): 113–125.
1430:
1411:(2): 378–388.
1383:
1360:
1333:
1320:
1293:(2): 459–469.
1273:
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1205:
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1090:
1061:
1042:(3): 301–335.
1025:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
998:at Wiktionary
984:
981:
973:hermaphrodites
950:
947:
929:float until a
907:
904:
847:
844:
800:
797:
784:
781:
739:streptoneurous
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
707:
697:– nudibranchs
685:
672:
659:
649:
639:
631:H. von Ihering
623:
601:
598:
559:Heterobranchia
555:informal group
525:Heterobranchia
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
464:
461:
458:
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432:
429:
404:gills in front
348:Heterobranchia
256:Opisthobranchs
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195:
186:
183:Informal group
179:
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176:Heterobranchia
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1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1774:0-930118-13-8
1771:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:0-930118-13-8
1738:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:0-930118-13-8
1718:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1502:on 2020-12-23
1501:
1495:
1488:(2): 101–112.
1487:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1331:on 2015-02-12
1330:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1222:80-7067-599-3
1219:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:3-925919-72-4
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
990:
980:
978:
977:fertilisation
974:
966:
962:
961:
957:Winged snail
955:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:metamorphosis
932:
928:
925:
918:
917:
912:
906:Communication
903:
901:
897:
896:zooxanthellae
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
857:
852:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
794:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
708:
704:
699:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
654:
650:
644:
643:Aplysiomorpha
640:
638:
632:
628:
624:
618:
617:Cephalaspidea
614:
613:
612:
608:
607:Milne-Edwards
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Cephalaspidea
575:
571:
567:
566:Acteonimorpha
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
499:
495:
494:
489:
477:
474:
471:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
442:
441:Prosobranchia
438:
426:
425:
420:
416:
414:
413:Carboniferous
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Opisthobranch
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
359:Cephalaspidea
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:Acochlidiacea
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
317:
257:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
227:Acochlidiacea
223:
222:Aplysiomorpha
218:
213:
208:
207:Cephalaspidea
202:
197:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1867:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1732:
1727:
1712:
1707:
1696:, retrieved
1674:
1664:
1634:(1): 79–98.
1631:
1627:
1621:
1584:
1580:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1349:(1): 15–37.
1346:
1342:
1336:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1246:(1): 51–59.
1243:
1239:
1229:
1213:
1208:
1171:
1165:
1125:
1119:
1085:the original
1073:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1022:
994:
986:
970:
958:
949:Reproduction
943:conspecifics
921:
914:
900:chloroplasts
892:sponge toxin
868:detritivores
861:
854:
836:Aeolidioidea
832:strong acids
829:
802:
793:acochlidians
786:
769:pit-cup eyes
766:
743:
735:euthyneurous
728:
725:
722:
689:Nudibranchia
611:– sea slugs
603:
563:
532:
529:
521:monophyletic
514:
506:paraphyletic
503:
491:
468:Neritimorpha
449:
434:
422:
403:
399:
387:
386:
382:Nudibranchia
363:sacoglossans
356:
334:
330:monophyletic
325:
255:
254:
204:
188:
182:
109:
18:
1933:iNaturalist
1892:Wikispecies
1806:: 311–338.
1789:Malacologia
1768:p. 11
1698:15 November
1121:Malacologia
825:sea spiders
762:Gymnosomata
758:Thecosomata
750:rhinophores
719:Description
676:Gymnosomata
663:Thecosomata
648:– sea hares
574:Umbraculida
570:Ringipleura
557:within the
400:Prosobranch
242:Umbraculida
217:Gymnosomata
212:Thecosomata
2020:Categories
1848:Nudi Pixel
1735:p. 9
1715:p. 7
1380:: 101–112.
1019:References
939:pheromones
924:planktonic
872:carnivores
864:herbivores
813:camouflage
693:Blainville
680:Blainville
667:Blainville
653:Notaspidea
627:Sacoglossa
594:Sacoglossa
374:sea angels
372:, pelagic
367:anaspidean
340:Sacoglossa
332:grouping.
322:gastropods
247:Nudipleura
232:Sacoglossa
172:Subclass:
166:Gastropoda
1482:Thalassas
1374:Thalassas
1307:1055-7903
1260:1874-7787
1144:0076-2997
965:sea angel
931:pheromone
880:bryozoans
876:sedentary
840:cnidarian
809:operculum
754:parapodia
746:tentacles
687:Suborder
674:Suborder
661:Suborder
651:Suborder
641:Suborder
625:Suborder
615:Suborder
590:Pteropoda
586:Aplysiida
582:Runcinida
543:paraphyly
539:monophyly
510:Pulmonata
466:Subclass
445:Pulmonata
408:tentacles
370:sea hares
352:Pulmonata
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
1925:46447635
1877:Wikidata
1656:40169600
1613:15715915
1587:(3): 3.
1559:20205753
1533:(1): 5.
1425:15336672
1403:genes".
1315:16230032
1268:21429465
1200:20973994
1056:30138345
983:See also
884:Cnidaria
817:toxicity
703:Férussac
498:sea hare
431:Taxonomy
342:and the
156:Mollusca
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
1977:5677055
1883:Q752186
1648:5449072
1550:2822759
1191:3087543
1174:: 323.
888:sponges
807:and no
799:Defense
783:Ecology
771:with a
731:torsion
541:versus
390:means "
162:Class:
2003:382226
1938:551392
1772:
1739:
1719:
1689:
1654:
1646:
1611:
1604:554092
1601:
1557:
1547:
1423:
1399:, and
1313:
1305:
1266:
1258:
1220:
1198:
1188:
1142:
1132:
1075:Lexico
1054:
927:larvae
777:cornea
705:, 1819
695:, 1814
682:, 1824
669:, 1824
633:, 1876
609:, 1848
402:means
245:clade
240:clade
235:group
230:clade
225:group
220:clade
215:clade
210:clade
205:clade
1998:WoRMS
1990:11890
1951:78781
1652:S2CID
1478:(PDF)
1393:cox 1
1052:S2CID
886:, or
805:shell
551:clade
517:taxon
396:heart
392:gills
1946:ITIS
1770:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1700:2021
1687:ISBN
1644:PMID
1609:PMID
1555:PMID
1421:PMID
1401:rrnL
1397:trnV
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1264:PMID
1256:ISSN
1218:ISBN
1196:PMID
1140:ISSN
1130:ISBN
963:, a
846:Diet
775:and
773:lens
760:and
592:and
535:rRNA
496:, a
35:PreꞒ
1959:NBN
1920:EoL
1907:ADW
1808:doi
1679:doi
1636:doi
1632:106
1599:PMC
1589:doi
1545:PMC
1535:doi
1454:doi
1413:doi
1351:doi
1295:doi
1248:doi
1186:PMC
1176:doi
1118:".
1044:doi
870:or
596:.
2022::
2000::
1987::
1974::
1961::
1948::
1935::
1922::
1909::
1894::
1879::
1804:23
1802:.
1792:31
1685:,
1673:,
1650:.
1642:.
1630:.
1607:.
1597:.
1583:.
1579:.
1567:^
1553:.
1543:.
1529:.
1525:.
1507:^
1486:27
1484:.
1480:.
1450:71
1448:.
1442:.
1419:.
1409:33
1407:.
1395:,
1378:27
1376:.
1372:.
1347:23
1345:.
1309:.
1301:.
1291:38
1289:.
1262:.
1254:.
1242:.
1238:.
1194:.
1184:.
1172:10
1170:.
1164:.
1152:^
1138:.
1126:47
1124:.
1106:;
1093:^
1079:.
1072:.
1050:.
1040:11
1038:.
945:.
882:,
866:,
827:.
795:.
588:,
584:,
580:,
576:,
572:,
568:,
443:,
415:.
384:.
376:,
365:,
354:.
316:-/
313:oʊ
307:,-
185::
85:Pg
1814:.
1810::
1681::
1658:.
1638::
1615:.
1591::
1585:2
1561:.
1537::
1531:7
1462:.
1456::
1427:.
1415::
1357:.
1353::
1317:.
1297::
1270:.
1250::
1244:4
1224:.
1202:.
1178::
1146:.
1058:.
1046::
967:.
500:.
310:θ
304:s
301:k
298:ŋ
295:æ
292:r
289:b
286:ˌ
283:ə
280:θ
277:s
274:ɪ
271:p
268:ˈ
265:ə
262:/
258:(
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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