38:
469:
1427:
750:, suffered from food shortages due to the Vandal control of the naval routes, aggravated by the requirements of the foreign troops that had arrived with Avitus. The imperial treasury was almost empty and, after disbanding his Visigoth guard because of popular pressure, Avitus was obliged to pay their huge wages by melting down and selling the bronze of some statues.
304:
722:
271:
alone, both politically and from an administrative point of view. For this reason, as
Emperor he introduced several Gallic senators in the Imperial administration; this policy, however, was opposed by the senatorial aristocracy and by the people of Rome, who had suffered from the
806:. The Emperor and his army entered the city and attacked the huge army led by Ricimer, but after a great massacre of his men, including Messianus, Avitus fled on 17 or 18 October 456. In the immediate aftermath Ricimer spared his life, but forced him to become
610:. The fact that the two courts did not agree on a couple of consuls but each nominated its own means that despite the efforts of Avitus to receive the recognition of the Eastern Emperor, the relationship between the two halves of the Empire was not optimal.
830:, who lived in Spain, considered the year 457 the third of Avitus' reign; Avitus' own intentions are not known, nor are the manner and date of his death, of which there are several versions. In some, he was told that the
570:
The effective power of Avitus depended on the support of all the major players in the
Western Roman Empire in the mid-5th century. The new Emperor needed the support of both the civil institutions, the
842:, he died during this journey. Other sources have him strangled or starved to death, by order of his successor. Avitus died in 457, or late in 456, very soon after his deposition, and was buried at
1238:
For modern scholarly analyses and list of ancient and modern sources for the circumstances of Avitus' final year and death, see Ralph W. Mathisen, "The Third Regnal Year of
Eparchius Avitus,"
903:
reports that "Marcus
Maecilius" and "Flavius Maecilius" are found on Avitus' coins, while "Flavius Eparchius" appears in inscriptions (vol. Appellation – Arzilla, pp. 505–508, Winterhalder ).
1242:
Vol. 80, No. 4 (Oct., 1985), pp. 326–335. For a response, and alternative interpretations of the same materials, see R. W. Burgess, "The Third Regnal Year of
Eparchius Avitus: A Reply,"
537:
Avitus stayed in Gaul for three months, to consolidate his power in the region that was the center of his support, and later went to Italy with a Gallic army, probably reinforced with a
1276:
For the history of his reign, the major sources are the
Spaniard historian Hydatius (400 c. – 469 c.) and the Byzantine chronicler John of Antioch (first half of the 7th century):
291:, who was a friend of his and who acclaimed Avitus Emperor. The possibility of a strong and useful alliance between the Visigoths and Romans faded, however, when Theodoric invaded
898:
630:
had failed to reduce Vandal incursions and raids along the
Italian coast. Avitus' own efforts secured a temporary winter truce with them; but in March 456, Vandals destroyed
381:(briefly Emperor in 421) to ask for a tax reduction for his own country; this embassy was successful. His relative Theodorus was held hostage at the court of the King of the
766:
rebelled against Avitus; the
Emperor was obliged to leave Rome in early autumn and to move north. Ricimer had the Roman Senate depose Avitus and ordered the murder of the
870:
456:, invaded the Western Roman Empire; Avitus persuaded Theodoric into an alliance with Rome, and the combined forces of Theodoric and Aetius defeated Attila in the
598:
On 1 January 456, Avitus took the consulate, as traditionally the
Emperors held the consulate in the first year upon assuming the purple. However, his consulate
1536:
607:
1458:
1346:
Randers-Pehrson, Justine Davis. "Barbarians and Romans: The Birth
Struggle of Europe, A.D. 400–700". Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. p. 251.
802:) to collect all the available forces, probably the Visigoth guard he had just disbanded; finally he led his forces against the troops of Ricimer, near
1442:
479:, recalled Avitus from his private life and sent him to ask for support to the Visigoths, but, at the death of Maximus, they acclaimed Avitus Emperor
1262:
Major source for Avitus' life until his rise to the throne is the panegyric written in occasion of his consulate by Sidonius Apollinaris (431–486):
834:
had condemned him to death, and so he tried to flee to Gaul, officially travelling there to bring donations to the basilica of Saint Julian in
746:
In the meantime, resentment amongst the population of Italy against the "foreigner" Avitus grew. The population of Rome, devastated by the
389:. In 425–426, Avitus went and met him and the King, who let Avitus enter his own court. Here, around 439, Avitus met the son of Theodoric,
526:. Theodoric acclaimed Avitus Emperor in Toulouse; on 9 July, the new Emperor was acclaimed by the Gallic chiefs gathered in Viernum, near
2972:
2977:
364:
257:
187:
1578:
753:
Counting on the popular discontent, on the disbandment of the imperial guard, and on the prestige gained through their victories,
2967:
2103:
1314:
864:
891:
448:
Before the summer of 440, he retired to private life at his estate, Avitacum, near Clermont. Here he lived until 451, when the
2897:
2765:
374:
Avitus followed a course of study typical for a young man of his rank, including law. Before 421 he was sent to the powerful
2930:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2992:
2957:
2110:
675:, nominally under Roman authorisation but actually to promote their own interests. In 455, Avitus had sent an ambassador,
2733:
1084:, 166) that Avitus sent some ambassadors to Marcian to discuss the separation of their spheres of influences, and later (
826:
in Gaul organised by one Marcellus and probably aimed at bringing Avitus back to the throne. The contemporary historian
786:
Avitus decided to react. First he chose Messianus, one of his collaborators in his embassy to the Visigoths ordered by
1323:
2962:
2699:
2682:
2509:
2497:
780:
2670:
2462:
2424:
2384:
2351:
295:
at Avitus' behest, which rendered him unable to help Avitus against the rebel Roman generals who deposed him.
2885:
2711:
2538:
2504:
2468:
2357:
1462:
442:
2982:
2526:
1571:
1289:
1144:
1127:
1450:
2947:
2607:
2286:
1752:
1454:
1035:
1000:
875:
404:
2917:
2873:
2851:
2802:
2689:
2480:
2249:
1591:
887:
643:
514:
While Avitus was at Theodoric's court, news came of the death of Petronius Maximus (31 May) and of the
2987:
2824:
2792:
2617:
1797:
1556:
1544:
662:
229:
530:(Arles), and later, around 5 August, before Avitus reached Rome, he received the recognition of the
2834:
2787:
2334:
1981:
1305:
742:, and obliged him to become Bishop of the city. It was Majorian who succeeded Avitus on the throne.
334:
177:
693:, the Visigoths attacked and defeated them 5 October 456 at the Campus Paramus, twelve miles from
2642:
2622:
2396:
2276:
1564:
1431:
1309:
20:
602:(without a second Consul) was not recognised by the Eastern court, which nominated two consuls,
256:
extraction and a high-ranking officer both in the civil and military administration, as well as
2912:
2891:
2797:
1587:
1022:
919:
882:
716:
690:
2846:
2841:
2817:
2812:
2728:
2565:
2553:
2324:
1949:
1532:
1523:
603:
326:
218:
818:
Avitus' Gallic supporters may still have recognised him as emperor, despite his deposition.
2829:
2777:
2637:
2612:
2577:
2492:
2406:
2256:
2087:
1368:
1266:
1065:
1014:
958:
819:
689:
to ask them to formally recognise Roman rule. When the Suebi invaded the Roman province of
368:
264:
245:
114:
77:
71:
936:
History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
457:
8:
2952:
2760:
2745:
2723:
2658:
2647:
2602:
2548:
2038:
1976:
1939:
1354:
Sidonio Apollinare e il 'senato in esilio': intorno a una metafora poetica 'repubblicana'
319:
2807:
2750:
2694:
2676:
2665:
2627:
2597:
2475:
2193:
2097:
1847:
1816:
1809:
1548:
1407:
1373:
1341:
Political Intrigue During the Reigns of the Western Roman Emperors Avitus and Majorian,
807:
759:
747:
730:
515:
434:
273:
371:, whose letters and panegyrics remain an important source for Avitus' life and times.
2772:
2718:
2559:
2457:
2432:
2281:
2143:
1879:
1864:
1742:
1710:
1479:
1437:
1399:
1385:
1377:
1319:
908:
787:
651:
484:
472:
468:
169:
97:
2902:
2879:
2782:
2755:
2740:
2706:
2632:
2592:
2582:
2307:
2234:
2204:
2067:
2022:
2017:
1889:
1363:
1351:
839:
835:
768:
738:, a general of barbaric descent, rebelled against their Emperor, defeated him near
489:
426:
393:, who later became King. Avitus inspired the young Theodoric to study Latin poets.
355:
315:
136:
2543:
2533:
2442:
2229:
2137:
2125:
2119:
1971:
1792:
1762:
1705:
1685:
1512:
987:
927:
623:
476:
378:
37:
2437:
2401:
2346:
2239:
2162:
2060:
2054:
1986:
1966:
1720:
1680:
694:
400:
42:
2941:
2907:
2867:
2411:
2219:
2027:
1487:
1403:
421:
339:
241:
67:
545:
to restore the imperial authority in that province, and then passed through
303:
2652:
2447:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2187:
2049:
1690:
1390:
1330:
831:
686:
572:
531:
498:
390:
360:
330:
288:
249:
2516:
2391:
2341:
2266:
1840:
1787:
1730:
1040:
416:
386:
268:
1411:
986:
Petronius Maximus ascended to the throne on 17 March 455, after Emperor
721:
2572:
2487:
2452:
2417:
2329:
2244:
2004:
1997:
1944:
1924:
1869:
1834:
1827:
1772:
1737:
1600:
931:
253:
1586:
1181:
455 (reporting Avitus' consecration by the Bishop of Milan, Eusebius).
2319:
2271:
2181:
2168:
1955:
1884:
1857:
1852:
1821:
1767:
1715:
1650:
1645:
1516:
957:
Avitus was appointed to his first political task shortly before 421.
703:
668:
647:
551:
507:
483:
In the late spring of 455, Avitus was recalled to service by emperor
382:
349:
307:
284:
698:
2587:
2369:
2261:
2214:
2174:
2156:
2076:
2011:
1991:
1961:
1934:
1929:
1914:
1904:
1874:
1782:
1777:
1725:
1700:
1695:
1660:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1497:
1280:
1077:
969:
at the time, so he was probably between the ages of 30 and 45. For
827:
803:
795:
772:
763:
739:
725:
672:
627:
592:
580:
559:
523:
502:
438:
408:
344:
292:
182:
107:
2521:
2224:
2131:
2044:
1899:
1675:
1098:
843:
754:
735:
655:
635:
619:
588:
584:
576:
546:
542:
519:
505:. This embassy probably confirmed the new king and his people as
437:
raiders near Clermont and obliged Theodoric to lift the siege of
412:
322:
277:
161:
120:
990:
had been killed by a conspiracy in which Petronius was involved.
973:
as an age category, see Andrew Gillet, "The Birth of Ricimer,"
2293:
2032:
1804:
1670:
1426:
639:
579:, as well as that of the army and its commanders (the generals
511:
of the Empire and asked for their support for the new Emperor.
453:
1894:
1665:
1655:
1635:
938:(1923) suggested "Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus".
799:
682:
677:
631:
538:
527:
19:
This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see
1640:
1630:
1018:
449:
140:
562:, a Visigoth. On 21 September, finally, he entered Rome.
1169:, 580 (reporting 17 October as the day of the battle);
642:, and the Romans defeated the Vandals twice, once in a
445:
and renewed the friendship treaty with the Visigoths.
1459:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1088:, 169) adds that the two emperors ruled in agreement.
900:
Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste
1388:(1981). "Avitus, Italy and the East in AD 455–456".
911:) notes that one such coin, bearing the inscription
497:; Maximus sent Avitus in an embassy to the court of
396:
He then started a military career serving under the
1114:E. A. Thompson, "The End of Roman Spain. Part II",
419:(436). In 437, after being elevated to the rank of
701:, subsequently occupying the province as nominal
2939:
1362:. Lexis Num. 39 (n.s.) – Fasc. 1, pp. 154–192.
1318:, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
1177:456 (reporting 18 October); Victor of Tuenna,
1572:
1455:Arthur Penryhn Stanley, "M. Maecilius Avitus"
1349:
549:, where he left a Gothic force under the new
1331:"Avitus (9/10 July 455 – 17/18 October 456)"
1246:, Vol. 82, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), pp. 335–345.
433:. In the same year, he defeated a group of
298:
1579:
1565:
1021:, the typical Gallic neck ring with which
475:, who obtained the throne at the death of
36:
1367:
1017:, vii.571–579, Avitus was crowned with a
975:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
565:
1384:
1197:
720:
467:
429:, where he held a high office, probably
302:
283:Avitus had a good relationship with the
1315:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
977:, Vol. 44, No. 3, 1995, p. 383 note 23.
248:from July 455 to October 456. He was a
2940:
501:, who had succeeded to his father, at
48:
1560:
1105:, fragment 24, and Hydatius, 176–177.
926:viii. 193, was authenticated only by
893:Inscriptiones christianae Urbis Romae
463:
16:Western Roman emperor from 455 to 456
1299:
886:, citing an inscription recorded in
622:and a treaty of 442 between emperor
13:
2973:5th-century Western Roman emperors
1465:, ed., vol. I, p. 435 (1870).
1257:
55:
14:
3004:
2978:5th-century western Roman consuls
1419:
1343:Historia, 1979, pp. 225–237.
794:; then he probably went to Gaul (
613:
52:
1425:
1369:10.30687/Lexis/2724-1564/2021/01
667:During the reign of Avitus, the
541:force. He probably travelled to
487:and was elevated to the rank of
460:; Theodoric died in the battle.
287:, in particular with their king
263:He opposed the reduction of the
58:
1252:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1184:
1160:
1151:
1133:
1121:
1108:
1091:
846:, next to Saint Julian's tomb.
2968:5th-century Gallo-Roman people
1071:
1058:
1046:
1028:
1007:
993:
980:
951:
862:This is the name given by the
856:
575:and the Eastern Roman Emperor
1:
945:
838:, his homeland; according to
333:in 421. Avitus had two sons,
1145:Auctarium Prosperi Havniense
965:VII 208) described him as a
849:
431:magister militum per Gallias
7:
2993:Praetorian prefects of Gaul
2958:5th-century Italian bishops
1167:Fasti vindobonenses priores
1140:Fasti vindobonenses priores
1116:Nottingham Medieval Studies
1036:Fasti vindobonenses priores
1001:Fasti vindobonenses priores
405:Aetius campaign in the Alps
89:9 July 455 – 17 October 456
10:
3009:
2852:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2803:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2690:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1308:, John Robert Martindale,
1004:record date about 10 July.
714:
660:
443:Praetorian prefect of Gaul
415:(430–431) and against the
325:. His father was possibly
18:
2928:
2860:
2825:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2793:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2618:Constantine IX Monomachos
2306:
2203:
2086:
1913:
1751:
1599:
1541:
1521:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1443:Latin text of Sidonius's
1306:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin
663:Gothic War in Spain (456)
230:Chalcedonian Christianity
225:
214:
205:
200:
196:
168:
156:
146:
130:
126:
113:
103:
93:
85:
66:
35:
30:
2788:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1398:(1). Brussels: 232–247.
1335:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1312:, "Eparchius Avitus 5",
924:Doctrina Numorum Veterum
813:
337:(fl 455 – living 507, a
299:Origins and early career
2643:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2277:Tiberius II Constantine
1068:declamed his panegyric.
930:, and perhaps suspect.
897:. Ersch & Gruber's
783:, on 17 September 456.
710:
21:Avitus (disambiguation)
2963:5th-century Christians
2798:Michael IX Palaiologos
1350:Massimo Gusso (2021).
1190:Sidonius Apollinaris,
1025:had also been crowned.
743:
717:Roman civil war of 456
697:, on the banks of the
691:Hispania Tarraconensis
566:Consolidation of power
480:
311:
2892:Thessalonian emperors
2886:Trapezuntine emperors
2847:John VIII Palaiologos
2842:Manuel II Palaiologos
2813:John VI Kantakouzenos
2729:Andronikos I Komnenos
2566:Constantine Lekapenos
1594:and empresses regnant
724:
471:
306:
76:(unrecognized in the
2830:John VII Palaiologos
2778:Theodore II Laskaris
2638:Constantine X Doukas
2578:Nikephoros II Phokas
1513:Valentinian Augustus
1438:Gibbon chapter XXXVI
1434:at Wikimedia Commons
1329:Mathisen, Ralph W.,
1271:Panegyric for Avitus
1267:Sidonius Apollinaris
1240:Classical Philology,
1066:Sidonius Apollinaris
1015:Sidonius Apollinaris
959:Sidonius Apollinaris
909:vol. II,2, col. 2395
820:Sidonius Apollinaris
626:and the Vandal king
441:. In 439, he became
369:Sidonius Apollinaris
265:Western Roman Empire
2983:Bishops of Piacenza
2761:Theodore I Laskaris
2746:Alexios III Angelos
2724:Alexios II Komnenos
2648:Romanos IV Diogenes
2603:Romanos III Argyros
2549:Romanos I Lekapenos
1517:Procopius Anthemius
1326:, pp. 196–198.
1244:Classical Philology
379:Flavius Constantius
318:to a family of the
314:Avitus was born in
2948:4th-century births
2880:Britannic emperors
2874:Palmyrene emperors
2808:John V Palaiologos
2751:Alexios IV Angelos
2700:Constantine Doukas
2695:Alexios I Komnenos
2683:Constantine Doukas
2666:Michael VII Doukas
2628:Michael VI Bringas
2194:Romulus Augustulus
1817:Trebonianus Gallus
1810:Herennius Etruscus
1592:Byzantine emperors
1505:Political offices
1386:Mathisen, Ralph W.
1227:Historia Francorum
1225:Gregory of Tours,
1171:Auctarium Prosperi
1064:On this occasion,
1053:Auctarium Prosperi
913:M. MAECIL. AVITHUS
822:tells of a failed
808:Bishop of Piacenza
760:comes domesticorum
744:
731:comes domesticorum
481:
464:Rise to the throne
312:
258:Bishop of Piacenza
2935:
2934:
2773:John III Vatatzes
2719:Manuel I Komnenos
2458:Michael I Rangabe
2302:
2301:
2144:Petronius Maximus
1743:Severus Alexander
1711:Septimius Severus
1555:
1554:
1542:Succeeded by
1495:Succeeded by
1480:Petronius Maximus
1430:Media related to
1300:Secondary sources
914:
788:Petronius Maximus
650:and another in a
485:Petronius Maximus
473:Petronius Maximus
458:Battle of Châlons
425:, he returned to
363:) and a daughter
310:of Emperor Avitus
240:(died 456/7) was
235:
234:
210:
209:
98:Petronius Maximus
45:of Avitus marked:
3000:
2988:Magistri militum
2783:John IV Laskaris
2756:Alexios V Doukas
2741:Isaac II Angelos
2707:John II Komnenos
2633:Isaac I Komnenos
2593:Constantine VIII
2583:John I Tzimiskes
2310:Byzantine Empire
2084:
2083:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1510:Preceded by
1477:Preceded by
1469:
1468:
1429:
1415:
1381:
1371:
1339:Max, Gerald E.,
1247:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1032:
1026:
1011:
1005:
997:
991:
984:
978:
955:
939:
912:
860:
840:Gregory of Tours
792:magister militum
769:magister militum
699:Órbigo (Urbicus)
557:magister militum
490:magister militum
398:magister militum
356:magister militum
274:sack of the city
238:Eparchius Avitus
206:Eparchius Avitus
198:
197:
134:late 4th century
61:
60:
57:
54:
50:
40:
28:
27:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2868:Gallic emperors
2856:
2544:Constantine VII
2325:Constantine III
2312:
2309:
2298:
2207:
2199:
2138:Valentinian III
2126:Constantius III
2120:Priscus Attalus
2104:Constantine III
2090:
2082:
1972:Valerius Valens
1917:
1909:
1755:
1747:
1706:Didius Julianus
1686:Marcus Aurelius
1603:
1595:
1585:
1551:
1547:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1422:
1302:
1290:John of Antioch
1260:
1258:Primary sources
1255:
1250:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1130:, fragment 202.
1128:John of Antioch
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
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2365:Justinian II
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1967:Maximinus II
1954:
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1545:Constantinus
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748:sack of Rome
745:
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687:Theodoric II
685:and then to
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652:naval battle
617:
600:sine collega
599:
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573:Roman Senate
569:
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532:Roman Senate
516:sack of Rome
513:
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499:Theodoric II
495:praesentalis
494:
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430:
420:
407:against the
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391:Theodoric II
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361:Julius Nepos
354:
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289:Theodoric II
282:
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237:
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25:
2894:(1224–1242)
2888:(1204–1461)
2677:Konstantios
2554:Christopher
2527:Constantine
2517:Michael III
2498:Constantine
2481:Constantine
2463:Theophylact
2392:Philippicus
2342:Constans II
2267:Justinian I
2163:Severus III
2111:Constans II
1865:Claudius II
1841:Silbannacus
1788:Gordian III
1763:Maximinus I
1731:Diadumenian
1310:John Morris
1041:Cassiodorus
824:coup d'état
644:land battle
493:, probably
417:Burgundians
387:Theodoric I
320:Gallo-Roman
94:Predecessor
2953:457 deaths
2942:Categories
2671:Andronikos
2659:Nikephoros
2608:Michael IV
2573:Romanos II
2493:Theophilos
2488:Michael II
2469:Staurakios
2453:Staurakios
2425:Nikephoros
2418:Artabasdos
2330:Heraclonas
2287:Theodosius
2245:Basiliscus
2005:Nepotianus
1998:Magnentius
1992:Constans I
1945:Severus II
1925:Diocletian
1870:Quintillus
1835:Aemilianus
1828:Volusianus
1773:Gordian II
1738:Elagabalus
1601:Principate
1212:Hydatius,
1039:, n. 575;
946:References
932:J. B. Bury
638:to defend
587:) and the
365:Papianilla
221:(possibly)
188:Papianilla
2913:Classical
2898:Empresses
2882:(286–296)
2876:(267–273)
2870:(260–274)
2613:Michael V
2539:Alexander
2352:Heraclius
2320:Heraclius
2272:Justin II
2182:Glycerius
2169:Anthemius
2039:Procopius
1977:Martinian
1956:Maxentius
1885:Florianus
1858:Saloninus
1853:Gallienus
1822:Hostilian
1798:Philip II
1768:Gordian I
1716:Caracalla
1651:Vespasian
1646:Vitellius
1457:, in the
1404:0378-2506
1391:Byzantion
1378:243244394
1294:Chronicle
1285:Chronicle
1214:Chronicle
1203:Mathisen.
1194:, i.11.6.
1086:Chronicle
1082:Chronicle
895:I, p. 344
850:Footnotes
704:foederati
669:Visigoths
648:Agrigento
552:patricius
508:foederati
452:, led by
383:Visigoths
376:patricius
350:patricius
308:Tremissis
285:Visigoths
104:Successor
2908:Usurpers
2903:Augustae
2861:See also
2766:Nicholas
2588:Basil II
2385:Tiberius
2370:Leontius
2358:Tiberius
2335:Tiberius
2313:610–1453
2308:Eastern/
2262:Justin I
2215:Arcadius
2175:Olybrius
2157:Majorian
2098:Honorius
2077:Eugenius
2012:Vetranio
1962:Licinius
1935:Galerius
1930:Maximian
1915:Dominate
1905:Numerian
1875:Aurelian
1848:Valerian
1793:Philip I
1783:Balbinus
1778:Pupienus
1726:Macrinus
1701:Pertinax
1696:Commodus
1661:Domitian
1626:Claudius
1621:Caligula
1616:Tiberius
1611:Augustus
1533:Iohannes
1498:Majorian
1492:455–456
1486:Western
1412:44170681
1281:Hydatius
1229:, ii.11.
1080:writes (
1078:Hydatius
828:Hydatius
804:Piacenza
798:says to
796:Hydatius
777:Palatium
773:Remistus
764:Majorian
757:and the
740:Piacenza
726:Majorian
673:Hispania
628:Gaiseric
604:Iohannes
593:Gaiseric
581:Majorian
560:Remistus
524:Gaiseric
503:Toulouse
439:Narbonne
411:and the
409:Juthungi
335:Agricola
327:Agricola
323:nobility
316:Clermont
293:Hispania
280:in 455.
226:Religion
219:Agricola
183:Ecdicius
178:Agricola
137:Arvernis
108:Majorian
2918:Eastern
2818:Matthew
2712:Alexios
2560:Stephen
2522:Basil I
2407:Leo III
2282:Maurice
2225:Marcian
2208:395–610
2132:Joannes
2091:395–480
2045:Gratian
1918:284–610
1900:Carinus
1880:Tacitus
1756:235–285
1676:Hadrian
1537:Varanes
1192:Letters
1142:, 579;
1118:, 1977.
1103:History
1099:Priscus
1043:, 1264.
971:iuvenis
967:iuvenis
963:Carmina
934:in his
928:Banduri
844:Brioude
836:Avernia
800:Arelate
775:in the
755:Ricimer
736:Ricimer
695:Astorga
656:Corsica
636:Ricimer
620:Marcian
608:Varanes
589:Vandals
585:Ricimer
577:Marcian
547:Ravenna
543:Noricum
528:Arelate
520:Vandals
518:by the
427:Avernia
403:in his
347:(later
278:Vandals
276:by the
250:senator
244:of the
121:Marcian
117:emperor
115:Eastern
70:in the
51:avitus
43:Solidus
2680:&
2656:&
2563:&
2534:Leo VI
2510:Thekla
2466:&
2433:Leo IV
2355:&
2294:Phocas
2250:Marcus
2235:Leo II
2151:Avitus
2068:Victor
2033:Valens
2023:Jovian
2018:Julian
1890:Probus
1825:&
1805:Decius
1753:Crisis
1671:Trajan
1445:carmen
1432:Avitus
1410:
1402:
1376:
1322:
1216:, 183.
1023:Julian
920:Eckhel
781:Classe
640:Sicily
539:Gothic
454:Attila
435:Hunnic
413:Norics
401:Aetius
343:) and
331:consul
254:Gallic
215:Father
162:Brivas
157:Burial
31:Avitus
2476:Leo V
2443:Irene
2230:Leo I
1895:Carus
1666:Nerva
1656:Titus
1636:Galba
1588:Roman
1549:Rufus
1531:with
1408:JSTOR
1374:S2CID
1360:Lexis
916:(sic)
888:Rossi
814:Death
683:Suebi
678:comes
646:near
632:Capua
269:Italy
201:Names
170:Issue
150:456/7
86:Reign
2832:(w.
2815:(w.
2763:(w.
2734:John
2731:(w.
2709:(w.
2697:(w.
2668:(w.
2650:(w.
2551:(w.
2524:(w.
2507:(w.
2495:(w.
2478:(w.
2460:(w.
2421:(w.
2382:(w.
2349:(w.
2332:(w.
2284:(w.
2247:(w.
2240:Zeno
2107:(w.
2064:(w.
1855:(w.
1819:(w.
1807:(w.
1795:(w.
1728:(w.
1721:Geta
1641:Otho
1631:Nero
1590:and
1535:and
1400:ISSN
1320:ISBN
1179:s.a.
1175:s.a.
1148:, 1.
1097:See
1055:, 7.
1019:torc
880:and
865:PLRE
711:Fall
654:off
606:and
583:and
555:and
450:Huns
353:and
147:Died
141:Gaul
131:Born
78:East
72:West
59:aug·
56:p·f·
53:per·
49:d·n·
2653:Leo
2598:Zoe
1844:(?)
1528:456
1364:doi
883:RIC
877:OCD
779:at
591:of
522:of
267:to
252:of
2944::
2674:,
2557:,
1461:,
1406:.
1396:51
1394:.
1372:.
1358:.
1333:,
1292:,
1283:,
1269:,
1173:,
1101:,
922:,
918:,
905:RE
890:,
874:,
871:RE
868:,
810:.
728:,
658:.
595:.
534:.
385:,
329:,
260:.
139:,
80:)
2838:)
2821:)
2769:)
2737:)
2715:)
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2569:)
2530:)
2513:)
2501:)
2484:)
2472:)
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2388:)
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2290:)
2253:)
2115:)
2072:)
1861:)
1831:)
1813:)
1801:)
1734:)
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1414:.
1380:.
1366::
1356:"
1352:"
961:(
907:(
23:.
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