APL (programming language)

4148:, Volume 17, Number 4, July 1973. "These environmental defined functions were based on the use of still another class of functions—called "I-beams" because of the shape of the symbol used for them—which provide a more general facility for communication between APL programs and the less abstract parts of the system. The I-beam functions were first introduced by the system programmers to allow them to execute System/360 instructions from within APL programs, and thus use APL as a direct aid in their programming activity. The obvious convenience of functions of this kind, which appeared to be part of the language, led to the introduction of the monadic I-beam function for direct use by anyone. Various arguments to this function yielded information about the environment such as available space and time of day." 2877:

called that. Where had he got the idea it was well known? And who had decided to call it that? In fact, why did it have to be called anything? Quite a while later I heard how it was named. When the implementation effort started in June of 1966, the documentation effort started, too. I suppose when they had to write about "it", Falkoff and Iverson realized that they would have to give "it" a name. There were probably many suggestions made at the time, but I have heard of only two. A group in SRA in Chicago which was developing instructional materials using the notation was in favor of the name "Mathlab". This did not catch on. Another suggestion was to call it "Iverson's Better Math" and then let people coin the appropriate acronym. This was deemed facetious.

34: 8084: 2917: 11180: 8851: 8517: 587: 8823: 8507: 348: 595: 1605:(badly written and almost incomprehensible code) are almost invariably examples of poor programming practice or novice mistakes, which can occur in any language. Advocates also claim that they are far more productive with APL than with more conventional computer languages, and that working software can be implemented in far less time and with far fewer programmers than using other technology. 7923: 977:, APL2 was almost always the standard chosen for new APL interpreter developments. Even today, most APL vendors or their users cite APL2 compatibility as a selling point for those products. IBM cites its use for problem solving, system design, prototyping, engineering and scientific computations, expert systems, for teaching mathematics and other subjects, visualization and database access. 1175:, keyboard mappings, virtual/on-screen APL symbol sets, or easy-reference printed keyboard cards which can frustrate beginners accustomed to other programming languages. With beginners who have no prior experience with other programming languages, a study involving high school students found that typing and using APL characters did not hinder the students in any measurable way. 3181:, a time-sharing and consulting service company formed in 1969 by Lawrence Breed and others. Together the two developed APL*Plus and thereafter continued to work together but develop APL separately as APL*Plus and Sharp APL. STSC ported APL*Plus to many platforms with versions being made for the VAX 11, PC and UNIX, whereas IPSA took a different approach to the arrival of the 776:(TCC). CompuServe also entered the market in 1978 with an APL Interpreter based on a modified version of Digital Equipment Corp and Carnegie Mellon's, which ran on DEC's KI and KL 36-bit machines. CompuServe's APL was available both to its commercial market and the consumer information service. With the advent first of less expensive mainframes such as the 1271:. In a workspace the user can define programs and data, i.e., the data values exist also outside the programs, and the user can also manipulate the data without having to define a program. In the examples below, the APL interpreter first types six spaces before awaiting the user's input. Its own output starts in column one. 619:

representations of them. Falkoff and Iverson had the special APL Selectric typing elements, 987 and 988, designed in late 1964, although no APL computer system was available to use them. Iverson cited Falkoff as the inspiration for the idea of using an IBM Selectric typing element for the APL character set.

3333:, Ontario around 1968, running on IBM 360 mainframes. One notable difference between it and APL\360 was that it defined the "shape" (ρ) of a scalar as 1 whereas APL\360 defined it as the more mathematically correct 0 — this made it easier to write functions that acted the same with scalars and vectors. 3224:

In 1972, APLGOL was released as an experimental version of APL that added structured programming language constructs to the language framework. New statements were added for interstatement control, conditional statement execution, and statement structuring, as well as statements to clarify the intent

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APL2 was a significant re-implementation of APL by IBM which was developed from 1971 and first released in 1984. It provides many additions to the language, of which the most notable is nested (non-rectangular) array support. The entire APL2 Products and Services Team was awarded the Iverson Award in

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of APL has been the subject of research and experiment since the language first became available; the first compiler is considered to be the Burroughs APL-700 which was released around 1971. In order to be able to compile APL, language limitations have to be imposed. APEX is a research APL compiler

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Weak typing in APL means that a name may reference an array (of any datatype), a function or an operator. In general, the interpreter cannot know in advance which form it will be and must therefore perform analysis, syntax checking etc. at run-time. However, in certain circumstances, it is possible

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Then one day Adin Falkoff walked into Ken's office and wrote "A Programming Language" on the board, and underneath it the acronym "APL". Thus it was born. It was just a week or so after this that Eric Iverson asked me his question, at a time when the name hadn't yet found its way the thirteen miles

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As I walked by the office the three students shared, I could hear sounds of an argument going on. I poked my head in the door, and Eric asked me, "Isn't it true that everyone knows the notation we're using is called APL?" I was sorry to have to disappoint him by confessing that I had never heard it

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In defense of APL, it requires fewer characters to type, and keyboard mappings become memorized over time. Special APL keyboards are also made and in use today, as are freely downloadable fonts for operating systems such as Microsoft Windows. The reported productivity gains assume that one spends

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operating system. This work was finished in late 1965 and later named IVSYS (for Iverson system). The basis of this implementation was described in detail by Abrams in a Stanford University Technical Report, "An Interpreter for Iverson Notation" in 1966. The academic aspect of this was formally

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terminal. Keycaps could be placed over the normal keys to show which APL characters would be entered and typed when that key was struck. For the first time, a programmer could type in and see proper APL characters as used in Iverson's notation and not be forced to use awkward English keyword

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consisting of a select number (left argument: 6 in this case) of random integers ranging from 1 to a specified maximum (right argument: 40 in this case), which, if said maximum ≥ vector length, is guaranteed to be non-repeating; thus, generate/create 6 random integers ranging from 1 to

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APL*Plus and Sharp APL are versions of APL\360 with added business-oriented extensions such as data formatting and facilities to store APL arrays in external files. They were jointly developed by two companies, employing various members of the original IBM APL\360 development team.

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is another production house that worked on Tron. They used a laser-scanning system to digitize, store and reproduce images. Judson Rosebush, president of Digital Effects, is the primary designer of APL VISION and FORTRAN VISION, two computer animation packages that are currently

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They also may claim that because it is compact and terse, APL lends itself well to larger-scale software development and complexity, because the number of lines of code can be reduced greatly. Many APL advocates and practitioners also view standard programming languages such as

1264:: ιN when applied to a scalar positive integer yields a one-dimensional array (vector), 1 2 3 ... N. More recent implementations of APL generally include comprehensive control structures, so that data structure and program control flow can be clearly and cleanly separated. 519:

computer, and it was used by students in a special high school course on calculating transcendental functions by series summation. Students tested their code in Hellerman's lab. This implementation of a part of the notation was called Personalized Array Translator (PAT).

3399:(VLSI), and from the outset APL has been regarded as a high-performance language – for example, it was noted for the speed with which it could perform complicated matrix operations "because it operates on arrays and performs operations like matrix inversion internally". 1680:. Most primitives are either functions or operators. Coding APL is largely a process of writing non-primitive functions and (in some versions of APL) operators. However a few primitives are considered to be neither functions nor operators, most noticeably assignment. 682:, as distinct from being implemented entirely by higher-level software. Somewhat later, as suitably performing hardware was finally growing available in the mid- to late-1980s, many users migrated their applications to the personal computer environment. 1998:

Naturally, one would define this expression as a function for repeated use rather than rewriting it each time. Further, since assignment is an operator, it can appear within an expression, so the following would place suitable values into T, AV and SD:

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in 1964. After this was published, the team turned their attention to an implementation of the notation on a computer system. One of the motivations for this focus of implementation was the interest of John L. Lawrence who had new duties with

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Early IBM APL interpreters for IBM 360 and IBM 370 hardware implemented their own multi-user management instead of relying on the host services, thus they were their own timesharing systems. First introduced for use at IBM in 1966, the

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As early as 1962, the first attempt to use the notation to describe a complete computer system happened after Falkoff discussed with William C. Carter his work to standardize the instruction set for the machines that later became the

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to access non-ASCII characters. Historically, the APL font has been distinctive, with uppercase italic alphabetic characters and upright numerals and symbols. Most vendors continue to display the APL character set in a custom font.

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system was a multi-user interpreter. The ability to programmatically communicate with the operating system for information and setting interpreter system variables was done through special privileged "I-beam" functions, using both

938:, where an array can contain other arrays, and new language features which facilitated integrating nested arrays into program workflow. Ken Iverson, no longer in control of the development of the APL language, left IBM and joined 1129:

APL has been criticized and praised for its choice of a unique, non-standard character set. In the 1960s and 1970s, few terminal devices or even displays could reproduce the APL character set. The most popular ones employed the

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Since there is no function to the left of the left-most x to tell APL what to do with the result, it simply outputs it to the display (on a single line, separated by spaces) without needing any explicit instruction to do that.

3976:– Computer History Museum. "Iverson credited him for choosing the name APL and the introduction of the IBM golf-ball typewriter with the replacement typehead, which provided the famous character set to represent programs." 2968:

getting one in 2020, British APL Association launched a campaign in the second half of 2021, to establish such a logo for APL, and after a community election and multiple rounds of feedback, a logo was chosen in May 2022.

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Applied mathematics is largely concerned with the design and analysis of explicit procedures for calculating the exact or approximate values of various functions. Such explicit procedures are called algorithms or

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operation or mapping that takes zero, one (right) or two (left & right) arguments which may be scalars, arrays, or more complicated structures, and may return a similarly complex result. A function may be:

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with APL keytops to write APL code. Although there are various ways to write APL code using only ASCII characters, in practice it is almost never done. (This may be thought to support Iverson's thesis about

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mainframe computers. In 1974, student Alan Stebbens was assigned the task of implementing an internal function. Xerox APL was available from June 1975 for Xerox 560 and Sigma 6, 7, and 9 mainframes running

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APL has explicit representations of functions, operators, and syntax, thus providing a basis for the clear and explicit statement of extended facilities in the language, and tools to experiment on them.

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microcomputer offered APL\360 as one of two built-in ROM-based interpreted languages for the computer, complete with a keyboard and display that supported all the special symbols used in the language.

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expressions. Freeware versions include GNU APL for Linux and NARS2000 for Windows (which runs on Linux under Wine). Both of these are fairly complete versions of APL2 with various language extensions.

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interchangeable typing element with all the special APL characters on it. This was used on paper printing terminal workstations using the Selectric typewriter and typing element mechanism, such as the

570:. Like Hellerman's PAT system earlier, this implementation did not include the APL character set but used special English reserved words for functions and operators. The system was later adapted for a 11849: 10506: 2666:. It demonstrates the power of APL to implement a complex algorithm in very little code, but understanding it requires some advanced knowledge of APL (as the same program would in many languages). 3510:(IEC), ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 Subcommittee 22 Working Group 3. The Core APL language is specified in ISO 8485:1989, and the Extended APL language is specified in ISO/IEC 13751:2001. 666:

APL gained its foothold on mainframe timesharing systems from the late 1960s through the early 1980s, in part because it would support multiple users on lower-specification systems that had no

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Despite all these community efforts, no universal vendor-agnostic logo for the programming language emerged. As popular programming languages increasingly have established recognisable logos,

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The 'Hello, world' string constant above displays, because display is the default action on any expression for which no action is specified explicitly (e.g. assignment, function parameter).

636:(shift-M). This was necessary because the APL character set was much larger than the 88 characters allowed on the typing element, even when letters were restricted to upper-case (capitals). 7945: 1179:

enough time working in the language to make it worthwhile to memorize the symbols, their semantics, and keyboard mappings, not to mention a substantial number of idioms for common tasks.

3105:(ACM). It was given "for their work in the design and implementation of APL\360, setting new standards in simplicity, efficiency, reliability and response time for interactive systems." 3799: 764:

In the 1960s and 1970s, several timesharing firms arose that sold APL services using modified versions of the IBM APL\360 interpreter. In North America, the better-known ones were

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and Peter Donnelly – were awarded the Iverson Award for their work on the interpreter. Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016.

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function (which returns the larger of two numbers) derives a function which returns the largest of a group (vector) of numbers. In the J language, Iverson substituted the terms

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Through the choice of APL as a technical platform, it is relatively easy to quickly build a solution that can be called a executable prototype (translated from the original)

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Sofia is a front-to-back investment management platform like SimCorp Dimension. ... Sofia is based on the APL coding language just like some parts of SimCorp Dimension.

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as a means to access facilities outside of the APL system, such as operating system files. In the mid-1970s, the IBM mainframe interpreter was even adapted for use on the

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Many APL symbols, even with the APL characters on the Selectric typing element, still had to be typed in by over-striking two extant element characters. An example is the

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in one line of code. In nearly all versions of APL, it is theoretically possible to express any computable function in one expression, that is, in one line of code.

5967: 3447:. The interpreter will execute the bytecode when present and when any assumptions which have been made are met. Dyalog APL includes support for optimised bytecode. 1913:

is a dyadic operator, the term to its left is required as well. It is surrounded by parentheses since otherwise X would be taken (so that the summation would be of

3676: 542:, an educational company bought by IBM in 1964. Lawrence asked Iverson and his group to help use the language as a tool to develop and use computers in education. 3836: 1873:

in other languages), most programming languages one would see this as a syntax error. APL, however, assumes the missing base to be the natural logarithm constant

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operation or mapping that takes one (left) or two (left & right) function or array valued arguments (operands) and derives a function. An operator may be:

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There has always been cooperation between APL vendors, and joint conferences were held on a regular basis from 1969 until 2010. At such conferences, APL

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symbols, which are an extension of traditional arithmetic and algebraic notation. Having single character names for single instruction, multiple data (

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VLSI module generators are described. APL and C, as examples of interpreted and compiled languages, can be interfaced to an advanced graphics display.

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GCA – Global Cellular Automation. Inherently massively parallel. 'APL has been chosen because of the ability to express matrix and vector' structures.

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Nevertheless, APL is rarely purely interpreted and compilation or partial compilation techniques that are, or have been, used include the following:

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The first APL interactive login and creation of an APL workspace was in 1966 by Larry Breed using an IBM 1050 terminal at the IBM Mohansic Labs near

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to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling,

12119: 11714: 10013: 6959: 6839: 942:, where one of his major contributions was directing the evolution of Sharp APL to be more in accord with his vision. APL2 was first released for 11216: 10235: 8555: 10023: 4094: 12134: 9518: 8896: 7484: 3503: 1210:(functions and operators) that are indicated by a single symbol or a combination of a few symbols. All primitives are defined to have the same 6429: 4800: 2858:, rather than the implemented programming language described in this article. The name is used only for actual implementations, starting with 663:

for free but without liability or support. It would run in as little as 8k 16-bit words of memory, and used a dedicated 1 megabyte hard disk.

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was formed to support Sharp APL and it developed Sharp APL into SAX (Sharp APL for Unix). As of 2018, APL*Plus continues as APL2000 APL+Win.

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was often handed out, featuring APL motifs or collection of vendor logos. Common were apples (as a pun on the similarity in pronunciation of

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IBM was chiefly responsible for introducing APL to the marketplace. The first publicly available version of APL was released in 1968 for the

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for full support of all its system functions or as a native 64-bit Windows binary with some of its system functions missing). GNU APL uses

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In 1973–1974, Patrick E. Hagerty directed the implementation of the University of Maryland APL interpreter for the 1100 line of the Sperry

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was available from IP Sharp Associates, first as a timesharing service in the 1960s, and later as a program product starting around 1979.

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A design theme in APL is to define default actions in some cases that would produce syntax errors in most other programming languages.

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GNU APL is a free implementation of Extended APL as specified in ISO/IEC 13751:2001 and is thus an implementation of APL2. It runs on

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History of Programming Languages: Proceedings of the History of Programming Languages Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., June 1-3, 1978

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Some words used in APL literature have meanings that differ from those in both mathematics and the generality of computer science.

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company MicroAPL in 2002. Although no longer in development or on commercial sale it is now available free of charge from Dyalog.

1633:. Functions take arrays (variables or constants or expressions) as arguments, and return arrays as results. Operators (similar to 1498: 8887: 8844: 7788: 7764: 6241: 3990: 3024:, where graphic transformations can be encoded as matrix multiplications. One of the first commercial computer graphics houses, 12114: 11523: 11066: 9256: 8017: 5659: 3439:

which can be executed with reduced run-time overhead. This bytecode can also be optimised using compilation techniques such as

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APL also identifies those features built into the language, and represented by a symbol, or a fixed combination of symbols, as

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constructs was often not necessary, since an operation could be performed on a full array in one statement. For example, the

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Rodriguez, P.; Rojas, J.; Alfonseca, M.; Burgos, J. I. (1989). "An Expert System in Chemical Synthesis written in APL2/PC".

2780:'<html><body><p>This is <em>emphasized</em> text.</p></body></html>' 2662:

The following function "life", written in Dyalog APL, takes a Boolean matrix and calculates the new generation according to

12104: 11824: 11135: 10936: 10459: 9842: 9433: 9403: 8341: 3273: 1573:) vector functions is one way that APL enables compact formulation of algorithms for data transformation such as computing 553:

of Stanford University joined the team at IBM Research, they continued their prior work on an implementation programmed in

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Janko, Wolfgang (May 1987). "Investigation into the efficiency of using APL for the programming of an inference machine".

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support, the APL character font problem has largely been eliminated. However, entering APL characters requires the use of

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Gamble, D.J.; Hobson, R.F. (1989). "Towards a graphics/Procedural environment for constructing VLSI module generators".

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became the dominant programming language. Nevertheless, some microcomputers provided APL instead – the first being the

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Blelloch, Guy E.; Sabot, Gary W. (1990). "Compiling Collection-Oriented Languages onto Massively Parallel Computers".

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As above, APL's interpreter displays the result because the expression's value was not assigned to a variable (with a

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desktop computer, which had a small CRT and an APL keyboard, when most other small computers of the time only offered

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These operations can be combined into one statement, remembering that APL evaluates expressions right to left: first

7464: 4573: 3085:, and was completed in November 1966 though at that time remained in use only within IBM. In 1973 its implementors, 2627:(Note, this assumes the APL origin is 1, i.e., indices start with 1. APL can be set to use 0 as the origin, so that 1617:

as being comparatively tedious. APL is often found where time-to-market is important, such as with trading systems.

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In 1963, Herbert Hellerman, working at the IBM Systems Research Institute, implemented a part of the notation on an

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uses APL to implement its core logic, its interfacing to the rendering pipeline middleware and a major part of its

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NARS2000 is an open-source APL interpreter written by Bob Smith, a prominent APL developer and implementor from

12144: 11969: 11202: 10966: 10961: 10720: 10668: 8854: 8786: 8659: 8541: 8386: 3392: 3363:, was an early adopter of APL, using it to write a text editor as a high school student in the summer of 1969. 1087: 931: 692: 20: 7215: 4752: 12124: 11729: 11259: 10760: 10090: 9603: 9251: 8829: 8807: 8761: 8734: 8709: 8669: 8269: 8068: 6792:

Ju, Dz-Ching; Ching, Wai-Mee (1991). "Exploitation of APL data parallelism on a shared-memory MIMD machine".

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sponsored regular meetings of the APL implementers' community at Syracuse's Minnowbrook Conference Center in

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using a very compact notation: read +/ as "plus, over..." and a slight change would be "multiply, over..."

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which was released in 1974 and which was primarily used in education. Another machine of this time was the

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tool and not a programming language; its symbolic nature and array capabilities have made it popular with

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APL Compiler is a hybrid of a bytecode optimiser and a compiler – it enables compilation of functions to

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operator is dyadic (binary) and the interpreter first evaluates its left argument (fully in parentheses):

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Driscoll, Graham C. Jr.; Orth, Donald L. (November 1986). "Compiling APL: The Yorktown APL Translator".

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Unlike traditionally structured programming languages, APL code is typically structured as chains of

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Conference Proceeding IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing

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in the 1970s and 1980s. NARS2000 contains advanced features and new datatypes and runs natively on

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APL interpreters were available from other mainframe and mini-computer manufacturers also, notably

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A programmer's view of the IBM 2741 keyboard layout with the APL typing element print head inserted

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recognition and evaluate common idioms as single operations. For example, by evaluating the idiom

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function, which has as its right argument everything to the right of it up to the next unbalanced

1593:.) Most if not all modern implementations use standard keyboard layouts, with special mappings or 602:

A key development in the ability to use APL effectively, before the wide use of cathode ray tube (

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Today, APL remains in use in a wide range of commercial and scientific applications, for example

2986: 1491:, then 3 is added to each component, which are summed together and the result stored in variable 749: 575: 364: 780:, and later the personal computer, by the mid-1980s, the timesharing industry was all but gone. 11183: 10951: 10941: 10070: 9488: 9069: 8873: 8635: 8286: 8047: 7399:

Wai-Mee, Ching (November 1986). "Program Analysis and Code Generation in an APL/370 Compiler".

6916: 6398: 4429: 3376: 3262: 3174: 3160: 1793: 1249: 1195: 939: 896: 667: 408: 400: 372: 54: 50: 5577: 2223:, which simply returns one random integer between 1 and its sole operand , inclusive. Thus, a 465:

This notation was used inside IBM for short research reports on computer systems, such as the

12129: 11774: 11664: 11225: 10372: 9882: 9104: 9074: 8967: 8957: 8918: 8910: 8212: 7561: 7523: 7492: 7146: 5893: 4505: 3296:. It is named after a development tool from the 1980s, NARS (Nested Arrays Research System). 3177:(IPSA), an APL\360 services company formed in 1964 by Ian Sharp, Roger Moore and others, and 3053: 3042: 1747:

requiring only one argument; on the right for a function, on the left for an operator, unary

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Lee, Georges; Lelouche, Ruddy; Meissonnier, Vincent; Zarri, Gian Piero (September 1, 1982).

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The first implementation of APL using recognizable APL symbols was APL\360 which ran on the

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Minker, Jack (January 2004). "2.3.4 Computer Software Developments in the CSC, 1962–1973".

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In the following example, also Dyalog, the first line assigns some HTML code to a variable

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In 1968, APL\1130 became the first publicly available APL system, created by IBM for the

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capable of use in a monadic or dyadic context, permitting its left argument to be elided

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Over time, with the universal use of high-quality graphic displays, printing devices and

1040: 947: 837: 765: 730: 533: 86: 58: 5038: 3973: 1921:

gives the sum of the elements of X. Building on this, the following expression computes

1637:) take functions or arrays as arguments, and derive related functions. For example, the 411:, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages. 11949: 11929: 10916: 10851: 9191: 8407: 7801: 7629: 7588: 7577: 7534: 7416: 7355: 7278: 7196: 7148:

Automatic Algorithm Recognition and Replacement: A New Approach to Program Optimization

7063: 7010: 6809: 6523: 5971: 5423: 5310: 4910:

Brown, James A.; Hawks, Brent; Trimble, Ray (1993). "Extending the APL character set".

4703: 4555: 3885: 3577: 3388: 3021: 3017: 2978: 1922: 1153: 1086:, a low-code block-based programming language, born as an extended reimplementation of 892: 818: 433: 429: 392: 158: 77: 70: 7179:

Snyder, Lawrence (1982). "Recognition and Selection of Idioms for Code Optimization".

6295: 4629: 3957: 2146:

The first to be executed (APL executes from rightmost to leftmost) is dyadic function

531:

series machine architecture and functionality, which resulted in a paper published in

9745: 8620: 8371: 7815: 7805: 7676: 7614: 7598: 7152: 7030: 7000: 6930: 6746: 6513: 6261: 6253: 6237: 5903: 5762: 5695: 5407: 5403: 4722:"APL2: A Programming Language for Problem Solving, Visualization and Database Access" 4328: 4119: 4010: 4002: 3742: 3591: 3587: 3411: 3289: 3266: 3254: 3182: 3086: 2224: 1585: 1556:. Recall that mathematical expressions are not read or evaluated from right-to-left. 1302: 1135: 562: 546: 82: 46: 7420: 7014: 6527: 5454: 5314: 4707: 4559: 4082:, IBM Research, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, August 1968. 1309:, an array create operation. An equivalent yet more concise APL expression would be 11599: 10479: 10220: 9548: 8865: 8417: 8361: 8073: 7724: 7652: 7553: 7515: 7408: 7359: 7347: 7282: 7270: 7200: 7188: 7067: 7055: 6992: 6926: 6877: 6813: 6801: 6648:"APLX has been withdrawn from commercial sale but can be downloaded free of charge" 6505: 6410: 5842: 5774: 5741: 5707: 5266: 5221: 5172: 4919: 4695: 4547: 3964:, Association for Computing Machinery, Volume 22, Number 1, September 1991, p. 2–4. 3936: 3889: 3875: 3646: 3609: 3554: 3440: 3384: 3356: 3057: 2886: 1192: 1161: 1098: 649: 550: 474: 333: 170: 8083: 7025:

Brenner, Norman (1984). "VLSI circuit design using APL with fortran subroutines".

6987:

Brenner, Norman (1984). "VLSI circuit design using APL with fortran subroutines".

4973: 4729: 3916: 3032:, which was used to create television commercials and animation for the 1982 film 33: 11829: 11089: 10810: 10715: 10469: 10397: 10392: 10387: 9872: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 8435: 8366: 8063: 8052: 7840: 7732: 7488: 7473: 6464: 6188: 5921: 5899: 5604: 5533: 4381: 4322: 4268: 4098: 4079: 4037: 3803: 3601: 3483: 3460: 3435:

to deduce in advance what type a name is expected to reference and then generate

3330: 3293: 3124: 1562:

The user can save the workspace with all values, programs, and execution status.

1203: 1188: 1061:, a high-level array programming language with a functional programming notation. 994: 969:

As other vendors were busy developing APL interpreters for new hardware, notably

919: 822: 795: 707: 466: 65: 6012: 4858: 3135:

platforms until its final release in 1983, after which it was replaced by APL2.

10377: 10125: 9937: 9800: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9124: 9114: 5955:

Stormwind is a that has gained a huge amount of interest in the APL community.

4995: 4506:"APL2: The Early Years: Can you and should you compromise on technical issues?" 4196: 3318: 3317:

of APL, based on APL2 and with several extensions, which was first released by

3311: 3234: 3212:

In 2021, IBM sold APL2 to Log-On Software, who develop and sell the product as

3128: 3116: 3082: 3046: 3006: 2282: 1120: 985:

Various implementations of APL by APLX, Dyalog, et al., include extensions for

758: 671: 632: 528: 509: 163: 7899: 7883: 7863: 7851: 7752: 7059: 6069: 5847: 5828: 5564: 5537: 5480: 4831: 3903: 993:, XML-array conversion primitives, graphing, operating system interfaces, and 12088: 12052: 12047: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12019: 12014: 12004: 11989: 11984: 11939: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11904: 11894: 11884: 11879: 11859: 11854: 11844: 11819: 11809: 11799: 11764: 11759: 11749: 11744: 11734: 11709: 11704: 11165: 11140: 11125: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 10886: 10831: 10800: 10790: 10653: 10643: 10613: 10608: 10558: 10538: 10516: 10501: 10454: 10419: 10362: 10357: 10347: 10225: 10170: 10145: 10140: 10120: 9993: 9533: 8972: 8942: 8739: 8473: 6323: 6257: 4264:"Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal" 4006: 3499: 3197: 3065: 3002: 2930: 2429: 2106: 1581: 1131: 974: 915: 888:, released in 1977, which was supplied with its dialect of APL called APL/S. 567: 470: 7996: 7448: 6509: 5968:"OP-Pohjola ja Tieto hoitivat sovelluksen muutostyöt sujuvalla yhteistyöllä" 5195: 3613: 3605: 3115:

Significant developments to APL\360 included CMS/APL, which made use of the

2127: 11999: 11979: 11699: 11674: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11284: 11026: 10996: 10856: 10200: 10195: 10058: 10053: 10048: 9967: 9912: 9862: 9795: 9750: 9725: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9593: 9558: 9468: 9463: 9291: 9099: 8791: 8630: 8391: 7274: 6622:"Nested Arrays Research System – NARS2000: An Experimental APL Interpreter" 6557: 4946: 4664: 4050: 3475: 3246: 3127:, system variables and system functions. It was subsequently ported to the 2958: 2865: 2240: 1813: 1495:, finally displayed. In normal mathematical notation, it is equivalent to: 1233: 1157: 1134:

print mechanism used with a special APL type element. One of the early APL

918:

but had "very little incentive to make available to hobbyists" because of

810: 571: 496: 441: 7728: 7373: 7261:

Strawn, George O. (March 1977). "Does APL really need run-time parsing?".

6996: 6805: 6211: 5746: 5733: 5711: 5180: 5176: 4923: 4160:

Beginning of Computing and Computer Sciences at the University of Maryland

3880: 3863: 2204:, which we saved earlier for this purpose, thereby selecting its items in 1837:

Another example of this theme is that exponentiation in APL is written as

930:

Starting in the early 1980s, IBM APL development, under the leadership of

790:

was an advanced APL implementation with many language extensions, such as

11574: 11366: 11336: 11329: 11324: 11001: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10272: 10189: 9161: 8460: 8430: 8381: 5285: 5270: 4581: 4354: 3986: 3819: 3486:

and to execute functions which do not meet the compilation requirements.

3360: 3061: 2998: 1102: 857: 485: 404: 358: 151: 146: 8533: 7557: 7519: 7449:"APL Compiler (message from Jim Weigang to the comp.lang.apl Newsgroup)" 7434: 7412: 7351: 6881: 6414: 5779: 5630: 5607:. Paper for CS5314 (Concepts of Programming Languages) at Virginia Tech. 4774: 4699: 4551: 3940: 3650: 2916: 678:

in which some support for APL execution was included in the processor's

578:

computer running in a time-sharing mode and was used internally at IBM.

527:, all working at IBM, used the notation for a formal description of the 11944: 11869: 11784: 11724: 10991: 10896: 10603: 10578: 10342: 10297: 10033: 9690: 9503: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9346: 9321: 9196: 8952: 8699: 8291: 8264: 7860:– a 1974 talk show style interview with the original developers of APL. 7656: 7192: 6212:"Chronology of APL and its Influences on Computer Language Development" 5376: 2126:

The above does a lot, concisely, although it may seem complex to a new

1731:

order in which each item is a primitive scalar datum or another array.

1724: 911: 877: 853: 586: 554: 6572: 4453: 872:

On microcomputers, which became available from the mid-1970s onwards,

12057: 11834: 11769: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11528: 11518: 11513: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11453: 11448: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11361: 11356: 11346: 11319: 11314: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11279: 11274: 11264: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11120: 11110: 11071: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10891: 10881: 10866: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10785: 10730: 10725: 10705: 10683: 10663: 10618: 10598: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10511: 10474: 10464: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10424: 10409: 10404: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10302: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10267: 10262: 10210: 10205: 10185: 10155: 10130: 10115: 10085: 10038: 10028: 10008: 10003: 9988: 9983: 9897: 9618: 9613: 9508: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 8796: 8402: 7710:"OOPAL: Integrating array programming in object-oriented programming" 6947:

Jendrsczok, Johannes; Hoffmann, Rolf; Ediger, Patrick; Keller, Jörg.

5617: 5507: 2982: 2910: 1841:, which indicates raising 2 to the power 3 (this would be written as 1261: 1005:

APL has formed the basis of, or influenced, the following languages:

844:. In later years, Eugene McDonnell organized similar meetings at the 6042: 3353:

internally and can be scripted. It was written by Jürgen Sauermann.

2098:

This following immediate-mode expression generates a typical set of

11909: 11483: 11463: 11423: 11378: 11309: 11254: 10795: 10573: 10277: 10105: 9942: 9932: 9917: 9892: 9877: 9852: 9847: 9730: 9705: 9700: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9665: 9630: 9625: 9608: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9553: 9538: 9528: 9523: 9513: 9498: 9493: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9423: 9408: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9341: 9336: 9316: 9311: 9301: 9296: 9286: 9281: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9236: 9226: 9119: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 7952:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

6683: 4760: 4400: 3455: 3436: 3380: 3144: 3109: 2994: 2243:

from 1 to R. In both time and space, the calculation complexity is

1067:, an interactive, extensible language with a similar base language. 1022: 895:, introduced in 1981, included an APL interpreter developed by the 849: 777: 738: 711: 679: 656: 615: 611: 558: 516: 502: 8002: 7892:– a 2009 tutorial by John Scholes of Dyalog Ltd. which implements 7745:

An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming For APL Programmers

6766: 6358: 3426:

is an array), the creation of two intermediate arrays is avoided.

3225:

of the algorithm. It was implemented for Hewlett-Packard in 1977.

706:, which was a continuation of the same product, but which offered 11934: 11899: 11889: 11458: 11371: 11084: 10876: 10861: 10658: 10648: 10638: 10414: 10230: 10075: 10063: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9129: 9084: 9079: 9064: 9059: 9054: 8689: 8679: 6354: 5543: 4663:. Vector – Journal of the British APL Association. Archived from 3350: 3238: 2965: 2644: 2585:) values in the vector (change zeros to ones and ones to zeros) ( 2571: 2350: 2109: 2102: 1779:

Defined: as a named and ordered collection of program statements.

1710:

Defined: as a named and ordered collection of program statements;

1168: 955: 826: 696: 11194: 7819: 6949:"Implementing APL-like data parallel functions on a GCA machine" 5093: 4945:. Vector, Journal of the British APL Association. Archived from 2868:

coined the name in 1966 during the implementation of APL\360 at

1917:—each element of X divided by the number of elements in X), and 11964: 11959: 11954: 11864: 11804: 11794: 11789: 11779: 11739: 11689: 10946: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10593: 10568: 10496: 10352: 10337: 10317: 10312: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10135: 10100: 9947: 9598: 9413: 8977: 8756: 8724: 8608: 8296: 6357:

Chapter on Array Programming Languages (SIGAPL). Archived from

5643: 4263: 3346: 3196:

In 1985, Ian Sharp, and Dan Dyer of STSC, jointly received the

3185:

and made Sharp APL available on this platform using additional

2193:

is the indices that will put its argument into ascending order.

1052: 881: 574:

system and, by November 1966, it had been reprogrammed for the

290: 7123: 6351:"Kenneth E. Iverson Award for Outstanding Contribution to APL" 3797:"Automatic Data Processing: Chapter 6: A programming language" 3237:

company Dyalog Ltd. in 1983 and, as of 2018, is available for

670:

hardware. Additional improvements in performance for selected

11814: 11694: 11684: 11679: 11669: 11579: 11508: 10981: 10956: 10678: 10563: 10434: 10215: 10080: 9952: 9927: 9922: 9902: 9276: 9246: 9241: 8962: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8664: 8654: 8625: 8603: 8179: 7501:"Language as an intellectual tool: From hieroglyphics to APL" 7217:

Idiom matching: an optimization technique for an APL compiler

6866:"Execution of automatically parallelized APL programs on RP3" 5983: 4685: 4101:, IBM Research, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, March 1967. 3635:"Language as an Intellectual Tool: From Hieroglyphics to APL" 3342: 3250: 3242: 2769:

and then uses an APL expression to remove all the HTML tags:

2595: 1610: 1566: 1036: 1026: 959: 873: 830: 715: 594: 270: 7838: 7027:

Proceedings of the international conference on APL – APL '84

6989:

Proceedings of the international conference on APL - APL '84

4165:(Report). University of Maryland. p. 38. Archived from 3345:, macOS, several BSD dialects, and on Windows (either using 3198:

Kenneth E. Iverson Award for Outstanding Contribution to APL

1713:

Derived: as a combination of an operator with its arguments.

1549:{\displaystyle \displaystyle m=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{4}(i+3)} 1248:

constructs. Instead, they used array operations, and use of

11839: 11754: 11351: 10628: 10491: 10484: 10150: 10095: 9695: 9306: 8746: 8112: 6647: 6621: 6288:"History of I. P. Sharp Associates Timesharing and Network" 5693: 3471: 3305: 3257:

platforms. It is based on APL2, with extensions to support

3039: 3034: 2342: 1849:

in some languages, or relegated to a function call such as

1058: 1049:, a proprietary variant of APL developed by Arthur Whitney. 1012:, an alternative APL, the latter with graphical extensions. 990: 970: 951: 742: 734: 590:

IBM typeballs and typewheel containing APL Greek characters

295: 232: 7804:(original issue) / WhitePubs Enterprises, Inc. (reissue). 6946: 6443: 4801:"TI 745 full page ad: Introducing a New Set of Characters" 4538:

Falkoff, Adin D. (1991). "The IBM family of APL systems".

1865:. However, if no base is specified (as with the statement 1160:

service or remote mainframe to run a remote computer job,

1021:

Ivy, an interpreter for an APL-like language developed by

11533: 11115: 10805: 9857: 8781: 8751: 8281: 6399:"APLGOL, an Experimental Structured Programming Language" 5891: 4241: 3931:

Haigh, Thomas (2005). "Biographies: Kenneth E. Iverson".

2881:

up the Taconic Parkway from IBM Research to IBM Mohansic.

2869: 2850:

APL derives its name from the initials of Iverson's book

2647:

a word list stored in matrix X according to word length:

480:

Iverson also used his notation in a draft of the chapter

437: 7627: 3366: 860:, California. The SIGAPL special interest group of the 557:

for a part of the notation which had been done for the

190: 7990: 7476:(1970 Stanford doctoral dissertation by Philip Abrams) 6502:

Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Dynamic languages

1776:

Primitive: built-in and represented by a single glyph;

1707:

Primitive: built-in and represented by a single glyph;

1649:

function. Applying the same reduction operator to the

1601:

Advocates of APL claim that the examples of so-called

7708:

Mougin, Philippe; Ducasse, Stephane (November 2003).

6138:. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from 6120:. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from 6102:. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from 5696:"Using APL in an Artificial Intelligence environment" 5005: 5003: 3806:, 1960, Draft copy for Brooks and Iverson 1963 book, 3269:. Licences are free for personal/non-commercial use. 2920:

British APL Association (BAPLA) conference laptop bag

2249: 1502: 1501: 1142:

full screen) was the Texas Instruments TI Model 745 (

1035:, which was also designed by Iverson, and which uses 8895: 6601:"2016 Iverson Award Recognises Dyalog's CEO and CXO" 4218:"Xerox APL Language and Operations Reference Manual" 477:

were being evaluated by IBM for upcoming computers.

6430:"APLGOL: Structured Programming Facilities for APL" 6427: 5892:Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia; Thalmann, Daniel (1985). 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 3864:"Experimental Personalized Array Translator System" 1755:requiring both a left and a right argument, binary 7294: 7292: 5000: 4970:"Computer Science Outreach and Education with APL" 3576: 2273: 1548: 1214:, and always associate to the right. Thus, APL is 7936:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 7908:– a 2009 introduction to APL by Graeme Robertson. 6345: 6343: 6341: 6070:"There's DNA Everywhere – an Opportunity for APL" 5398: 5396: 5394: 4909: 4798: 2270: 1433:APL displays the sum of components of the vector 1149:) with the full APL character set which featured 12086: 7751:. Dyalog Limited. September 2006. Archived from 7333: 7331: 6492: 4524: 4065: 3478:provided that its sub-functions and globals are 2553:in each place where the corresponding number in 1095:, a numerical computing interactive environment. 950:in 1984. The APL2 Workstation edition (Windows, 503:Development into a computer programming language 7289: 6935:Collection oriented languages include APL, APL2 5731: 5036: 2116:, and displays them sorted in ascending order: 1739:not taking or requiring any arguments, nullary 7593:Brooks, Frederick P.; Kenneth Iverson (1965). 6338: 6049:. Presentation at the 2005 APL User Conference 5391: 4510:SIGPLAN Chapter on Array-Programming Languages 3504:International Organization for Standardization 2635:, which is convenient for some calculations.) 606:) terminals, was the development of a special 11210: 8881: 8549: 8018: 7707: 7595:Automatic Data Processing, System/360 Edition 7328: 6909:Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 6906: 3773:. Kx Systems. January 4, 2004. Archived from 1909:gives the number of elements in X, and since 1336:without formal loops or control flow language 126:ISO/IEC 13751:2001 / February 1, 2001 7787: 7337: 7049: 6573:"Translation of D-functions into tacit form" 6396: 4996:https://www.dyalog.com/apl-font-keyboard.htm 6371: 6282: 6236: 3524: 3522: 3009:who do not have or require the skills of a 1109: 12140:Programming languages with an ISO standard 11217: 11203: 8888: 8874: 8822: 8556: 8542: 8025: 8011: 7794:Advanced Logical Circuit Design Techniques 7765:"The APL Programming Language Source Code" 7144: 7019:APL for interactiveness and ease of coding 6316: 6176: 5734:"Artificial Intelligence Development Aids" 5654: 5652: 5565:APL Wiki's article "Conway's Game of Life" 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 4404:. Small System Services Inc. December 1981 3952: 3950: 3375:, having language characteristics such as 3071: 2855: 1404:, creating a 4-element vector {8 9 10 11}. 772:(STSC), Time Sharing Resources (TSR), and 639: 16:Functional programming language for arrays 12074:International Electrotechnical Commission 8563: 7972:Learn how and when to remove this message 7671:Wexelblat, Richard L, ed. (1981). "XIV". 7670: 6920: 6870:IBM Journal of Research & Development 6705: 6614: 6474:. British APL Association. September 2008 5864:"Design Patterns vs. Anti-pattern in APL" 5846: 5778: 5760: 5745: 4320: 4109: 4107: 3879: 3861: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3508:International Electrotechnical Commission 3482:, but the interpreter is still used as a 3154: 3028:, produced an APL graphics product named 2337:Executed from right to left, this means: 2269: 2090: 1400:4 is now added to all elements of vector 980: 484:, written for a book he was writing with 448:in 1962. The preface states its premise: 428:for manipulating arrays was developed by 7608: 7498: 6662: 5974:and Tieto enabled app modification] 3700: 3698: 3632: 3519: 2977:APL is used for many purposes including 2915: 864:continues to support the APL community. 593: 585: 419: 12120:Dynamically typed programming languages 7800:(retyped electronic reissue ed.). 7762: 7533: 7401:IBM Journal of Research and Development 7398: 7340:IBM Journal of Research and Development 7145:Metzger, Robert; Wen, Zhaofang (2000). 7024: 6986: 6863: 6791: 6403:IBM Journal of Research and Development 6374:"Log-On Software announces Log-On APL2" 6067: 6043:"DNA Identification Technology and APL" 5936: 5649: 5596:Acharya, R; Pereira, (904567457) N.E. 5532: 5422: 5332: 5309: 5158: 5142:"A list of APL Transliteration Schemes" 4537: 4350:"PCs That Paved the Way for the Altair" 4146:IBM Journal of Research and Development 3947: 3933:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 3902:Falkoff, Adin D.; Iverson, Kenneth E., 3765: 3763: 3736: 3734: 3677:"ACM Award Citation – John Backus" 3272:In 1995, two of the development team – 2609:for which the corresponding element is 1000: 626:character, which had to be made from a 369:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 12087: 7872:– a 1975 live demonstration of APL by 7775:from the original on September 6, 2017 7698: 7694:. Rio de Janeiro: Campus. p. 141. 7260: 7178: 6558:"D: A functional subset of Dyalog APL" 5895:Computer Animation Theory and Practice 5826: 5402:"Programmera i APL", Bohman, Fröberg, 5139: 4994:Dyalog, Inc. APL fonts and keyboards. 4787:LISP and APL were two early influences 4347: 4157: 4138:Falkoff, Adin D.; Iverson, Kenneth E., 4104: 3679:. Awards.acm.org. 1977. Archived from 3565: 1625:APL makes a clear distinction between 1330:. Multiple values are stored in array 440:where he developed this notation with 12135:Programming languages created in 1964 11198: 8869: 8537: 8006: 7689: 7213: 6826: 6184:"Welcome, IBM, to personal computing" 5256: 5193: 5062: 4654: 4627: 4422: 4348:Miller, Michael (December 17, 2014). 4113: 3985: 3930: 3918:An interpreter for "Iverson notation" 3695: 3496:American National Standards Institute 3429: 3367:Interpretation and compilation of APL 2219:also has a monadic equivalent called 8506: 8318:Telecompute Integrated Systems, Inc. 7999:, a source of links to APL compilers 7916: 7638:"A Formal Description of System/360" 6738: 6711: 6676: 6493:Kromberg, Morten (22 October 2007). 6068:Brenner, Charles (17 October 2014). 5800: 5740:. APL 85 Conf. Proc. (15): 106–113. 5452: 5283: 5009: 4936: 4750: 4327:. McGill Queens's University Press. 4190: 4118:. Science Research Associates, Inc. 4071:Falkoff, Adin; Iverson, Kenneth E., 3760: 3731: 3405: 2760: 2189:or close-parenthesis. The result of 1888: 1641:function is derived by applying the 1018:, a functional programming language. 492:, which would be published in 1963. 8308:Scientific Time Sharing Corporation 8232:Association for Computing Machinery 8032: 7984: 7690:Banon, Gerald Jean Francis (1989). 7083: 6570: 6555: 6317:Blumenthal, Marcia (May 18, 1981). 6040: 5939:"Stormwind Simulator at Dyalog '16" 5861: 5855: 4885:"Introduction to APL – APL Symbols" 3165:Scientific Time Sharing Corporation 3103:Association for Computing Machinery 2997:. It has been argued that APL is a 2239:The following expression finds all 1723:data valued object of zero or more 1510: 1156:modes, for interacting with an APL 902:In 1976, Bill Gates claimed in his 862:Association for Computing Machinery 770:Scientific Time Sharing Corporation 13: 7458: 6829:"Revisiting APL in the Modern Era" 6827:Hsu, Aaron W.; Bowman, William J. 6118:"Awards – 1973 – Richard Lathwell" 5732:Fordyce, K.; Sullivan, G. (1985). 5629:Jacob Williams. Degenerate Conic: 5219: 4829: 4324:Inventing the PC: The MCM/70 Story 3906:, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 13, 1978-08. 3771:"An Interview with Arthur Whitney" 2953:which are the symbols produced by 2897:is occasionally re-interpreted as 2545:Build a vector the same length as 1305:of values, {4 5 6 7}, to variable 14: 12161: 11224: 7912: 7763:Shustek, Len (October 10, 2012). 7263:Software: Practice and Experience 6428:Johnston, Ronald L. (July 1977). 5937:Gutsell, Sam (October 17, 2017). 4856: 3704: 3494:APL has been standardized by the 3233:Dyalog APL was first released by 2854:, even though the book describes 2227:program might use the expression 1857:to signify multiplication, as in 1832: 867: 12150:Homoiconic programming languages 11179: 11178: 8850: 8849: 8821: 8516: 8515: 8505: 8197:Polymorphic Programming Language 8082: 7921: 7441: 7427: 7392: 7366: 7254: 7232: 7207: 7172: 7138: 7108: 7077: 7043: 6991:. Vol. 14. pp. 77–79. 6980: 6940: 6900: 6857: 6820: 6785: 6759: 6732: 6640: 6593: 6579: 6564: 6549: 6486: 6457: 6436: 6421: 6390: 6365: 6310: 6276: 6246:Vector (British APL Association) 6230: 6204: 6100:"Awards – 1973 – Lawrence Breed" 5970:[Smooth cooperation between 5862:Hsu, Aaron (November 18, 2017). 5829:"Is APL a Programming Language?" 4423:Gates, Bill (January 31, 1976). 4230:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3995:Vector (British APL Association) 3958:"The First APL Terminal Session" 3839:. Awards.acm.org. Archived from 3445:common subexpression elimination 2557:is in the outer product matrix ( 2234: 2181:in ascending order by a monadic 2130:. It combines the following APL 1368:, currently an array or vector. 1267:The APL environment is called a 1114: 1065:Polymorphic Programming Language 646:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 346: 32: 12100:APL programming language family 7829:from the original on 2017-04-14 7791:; White, Donnamaie E. (2016) . 7316:from the original on 2022-10-09 7220:(Thesis). Iowa State University 6845:from the original on 2022-10-09 6537:from the original on 2022-10-09 6319:"VAX-11s Acquire APL Processor" 6146: 6128: 6110: 6092: 6080:from the original on 2021-11-14 6061: 6034: 6005: 5960: 5930: 5885: 5820: 5794: 5761:Alfonseca, Manuel (July 1990). 5754: 5725: 5687: 5672:from the original on 2022-10-09 5636: 5623: 5610: 5590: 5570: 5557: 5526: 5508:"Systematically Random Numbers" 5505: 5499: 5473: 5446: 5416: 5365: 5303: 5277: 5250: 5238:from the original on 2022-10-09 5213: 5187: 5161:"Notation as a Tool of Thought" 5152: 5133: 5108: 5082: 5056: 5030: 4988: 4967: 4961: 4930: 4903: 4877: 4850: 4823: 4792: 4767: 4744: 4714: 4679: 4648: 4621: 4595: 4566: 4498: 4472: 4451: 4445: 4416: 4388: 4385:, November 1978, advertisement. 4370: 4341: 4314: 4284: 4256: 4234: 4210: 4184: 4151: 4132: 4085: 4043: 4024: 3979: 3967: 3924: 3909: 3896: 3855: 3829: 3813: 3740: 2856:Iverson's mathematical notation 2657: 1853:in others). Many languages use 1807: 1584:, many programmers use special 1232:or so) had no programming loop- 1055:, a numerical computation tool. 674:mainframe systems included the 523:In 1963, Falkoff, Iverson, and 7611:System Building with APL + Win 7609:Askoolum, Ajay (August 2006). 6958:. pp. 1–6. Archived from 6794:Newsletter ACM SIGPLAN Notices 6587:"Dyalog – Prices and Licences" 5567:. Retrieved November 20, 2021. 3789: 3669: 3626: 3547: 3530:"APL Quotations and Anecdotes" 3450: 3410:Most APL interpreters support 3329:York APL was developed at the 2379:first element of this vector ( 2266: 2253: 2200:is used to index the variable 1620: 1542: 1530: 1101:, the programming language of 495:In 1979, Iverson received the 395:. Its central datatype is the 21:Address (programming language) 1: 12115:Dynamic programming languages 8270:Digital Equipment Corporation 6864:Ching, W.-M.; Ju, D. (1991). 6294:. Roger Moore. Archived from 6136:"Awards – 1973 – Roger Moore" 5665:. SimCorp. February 1, 2018. 5563:Further technical details in 5481:"APL Font – Extra APL Glyphs" 5159:Iverson, K.E. (August 1980). 4972:. Dyalog, Ltd. Archived from 4425:"An Open Letter to Hobbyists" 4321:Stachniak, Stachniak (2011). 3743:"A Bibliography of APL and J" 3513: 3418:as a single operation (where 3228: 3147:. It became the most popular 2441:, i.e., a matrix that is the 2365:at the start of the program, 2174:, because it is needed later. 1897:is an array of numbers. Then 1687:Terminology of APL operators 1591:notation as a tool of thought 1226: 1143: 910:was implementing APL for the 815:Digital Equipment Corporation 727:Conversational Monitor System 469:and its stack mechanism when 444:and published it in his book 436:. In 1960, he began work for 8321:Time Sharing Resources (TSR) 7885:Conway's Game Of Life in APL 7499:McIntyre, Donald B. (1991). 7086:"Two Implementations of APL" 6931:10.1016/0743-7315(90)90087-6 5539:Conway's Game of Life in APL 5092:. Catpad.net. Archived from 4657:"A Personal View of APL2010" 4630:"Overview of the APL System" 4580:. 2019-10-09. Archived from 4377:"VideoBrain Family Computer" 3837:"Turing Award Citation 1979" 3826:, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 3822:; Iverson, Kenneth, (1963), 3633:McIntyre, Donald B. (1991). 3489: 3397:very-large-scale integration 3292:, and other platforms under 3151:software that IBM released. 3123:and APLSV, which introduced 2957:layout when holding the APL 2859: 2349:creates a vector containing 2274:{\displaystyle O(R^{2})\,\!} 2231:to roll a twenty-sided die. 2154:when dyadic) that returns a 842:Blue Mountain Lake, New York 7: 12105:Array programming languages 8303:Science Research Associates 7692:Bases da Computacao Grafica 7116:"The APL Computer Language" 6192:. December 1975. p. 90 3862:Hellerman, H. (July 1964). 3463:and is available under the 3324: 3279: 3259:object-oriented programming 3138: 1901:gives its average. Reading 1802: 1276: 1225:Early APL implementations ( 1206:. APL has many nonstandard 1138:(line-mode operation only, 1043:instead of special symbols. 987:object-oriented programming 856:, and at Pajaro Dunes near 846:Asilomar Conference Grounds 668:dynamic address translation 581: 540:Science Research Associates 399:. It uses a large range of 10: 12166: 12095:.NET programming languages 8336:Carnegie Mellon University 7701:Applied A.P.L. Programming 7699:LePage, Wilbur R. (1978). 7214:Cheng, Feng Sheng (1981). 6560:. British APL Association. 6432:. Hewlett-Packard Journal. 6372:Mark Schora (2021-01-26). 5803:"Robot Programming in APL" 5428:"APL Syntax and Semantics" 5375:. Nial.com. Archived from 4799:Texas Instruments (1977). 3465:GNU General Public License 3336: 3303: 3158: 3076: 2899:Array Programming Language 2638: 1791: 1334:, the operation performed 1118: 886:VideoBrain Family Computer 414: 391:developed in the 1960s by 18: 12066: 11567: 11232: 11174: 11098: 10824: 9976: 8925: 8907: 8817: 8594: 8571: 8486: 8469: 8354: 8328: 8251: 8244: 8220: 8211: 8133: 8100: 8091: 8080: 8040: 7481:A Personal History Of APL 7060:10.1109/PACRIM.1989.48437 5827:Holmes, W.N. (May 1978). 5767:ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 5700:ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 5259:ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 5165:Communications of the ACM 4939:"Unicode Support for APL" 4912:ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 4832:"APL Fonts and Keyboards" 4688:ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 4454:"Remembering Ken Iverson" 4092:"APL\360 Terminal System" 3868:Communications of the ACM 3824:Automatic Data Processing 3808:Automatic Data Processing 3219: 3203: 3099:Grace Murray Hopper Award 2942: 2903:Array Processing Language 2845: 2643:The following expression 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:, but APL chooses to use 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1787: 1769: 1759: 1751: 1743: 1735: 1719: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1489: 1480: 1310: 1182: 922:. It was never released. 490:Automatic Data Processing 261: 256: 249: 244: 207: 199: 185: 169: 157: 145: 141: 119: 115: 97: 76: 64: 40: 31: 7896:in a single line of APL. 7845: 7539:"A Personal view of APL" 6242:"How We Got To APL\1130" 5943:www.optima-systems.co.uk 5763:"Neural networks in APL" 5646:. Retrieved 20 May 2022. 5633:. Retrieved 13 Oct 2021. 5620:. Retrieved 13 Oct 2021. 5598:APL Programming Language 5434:. I. P. Sharp Associates 4751:Pike, Rob (2018-03-25). 4292:"MCM Computers M70/M700" 4116:APL\360 Reference Manual 3991:"How We Got to APL\1130" 3422:is a Boolean vector and 3371:APL is traditionally an 2955:the classic APL keyboard 2771: 2668: 2649: 2287: 2118: 2114:guaranteed non-repeating 2001: 1927: 1818: 1446: 1415: 1373: 1364:Display the contents of 1343: 1277: 1218:or best understood from 1110:Language characteristics 904:Open Letter to Hobbyists 807:Control Data Corporation 608:IBM Selectric typewriter 561:computer running on the 525:Edward H. Sussenguth Jr. 19:Not to be confused with 8297:Micro Computer Machines 8237:British APL Association 7878:Imperial College London 7769:Computer History Museum 7084:Lee, Robert S. (1983). 6692:Free Software Directory 6628:. Sudley Place Software 6510:10.1145/1297081.1297087 5848:10.1093/comjnl/21.2.128 5222:"APL Great Programming" 3299: 3173:The two companies were 3072:Notable implementations 2987:artificial intelligence 2941:) and the code snippet 2924: 1260:) can replace for-loop 925: 750:UNIVAC 1100/2200 series 640:Commercial availability 576:IBM System/360 Model 50 401:special graphic symbols 8342:University of Maryland 8287:I. P. Sharp Associates 8048:APL syntax and symbols 7993:, an online APL primer 7573:A Programming Language 7275:10.1002/spe.4380070207 6739:Budd, Timothy (1988). 5200:www.ekevanbatenburg.nl 5116:"Entering APL Symbols" 4865:. Bob Smith / NARS2000 4775:"Wolfram Language FAQ" 4430:Homebrew Computer Club 4114:Pakin, Sandra (1968). 3904:"The Evolution of APL" 3707:"The Growth of MATLAB" 3583:A Programming Language 3263:functional programming 3175:I. P. Sharp Associates 3161:I. P. Sharp Associates 3155:APL*Plus and Sharp APL 3016:APL is well suited to 2972: 2921: 2892: 2852:A Programming Language 2275: 2112:ranging from 1 to 40, 1821:'Hello, world' 1794:APL syntax and symbols 1635:higher-order functions 1565:APL uses a set of non- 1550: 1529: 1250:structured programming 981:Modern implementations 940:I. P. Sharp Associates 897:University of Waterloo 725:enjoyed wide use with 702:In 1973, IBM released 648:, the home of APL, in 599: 591: 482:A Programming Language 463: 446:A Programming Language 432:, starting in 1957 at 409:functional programming 397:multidimensional array 385:A Programming Language 383:(named after the book 354:This article contains 128:; 23 years ago 103:; 57 years ago 101:November 27, 1966 12145:Programming languages 8565:Programming languages 7894:Conway's Game of Life 7738:on November 14, 2006. 7729:10.1145/949343.949312 7666:on February 27, 2008. 7634:Sussenguth, Edward H. 7567:on February 27, 2008. 7493:Michael S. Montalbano 7300:"Compiler User Guide" 6997:10.1145/800058.801079 6806:10.1145/109625.109633 6712:Stallman, Richard M. 6397:Kelley, R.A. (1973). 6361:on February 26, 2012. 5747:10.1145/255315.255347 5712:10.1145/390006.802242 5373:"Nested array theory" 5315:"A Dictionary of APL" 5177:10.1145/358896.358899 5039:"Primitive Functions" 5037:Primitive Functions. 4943:archive.vector.org.uk 4924:10.1145/166198.166203 4728:. IBM. Archived from 4661:archive.vector.org.uk 4484:ACM A.M. Turing Award 4073:"APL\360 Users Guide" 3974:19, 2009 Adin Falkoff 3881:10.1145/364520.364573 3802:June 4, 2009, at the 3795:Iverson, Kenneth E., 3459:which was written by 3054:investment management 2919: 2874: 2664:Conway's Game of Life 2276: 1575:Conway's Game of Life 1551: 1509: 908:Microsoft Corporation 597: 589: 499:for his work on APL. 450: 426:mathematical notation 420:Mathematical notation 251:Mathematical notation 12125:Functional languages 8501:Open-source software 8447:Edward H. Sussenguth 8314:Soliton Incorporated 8258:Analogic Corporation 7942:improve this article 7874:Professor Bob Spence 7126:on February 13, 2015 7054:. pp. 606–611. 6956:www.fernuni-hagen.de 6836:www.cs.princeton.edu 6720:on November 26, 2018 6444:"Dyalog Ltd website" 6015:[We today]. 5834:The Computer Journal 5660:"2017 Annual Report" 5583:, APL Press, 1981. ( 5580:A Source Book in APL 5576:McDonnell, E.E. The 5536:(January 26, 2009). 5271:10.1145/384282.28372 5140:Dickey, Lee (1993). 4732:on November 22, 2013 4480:"Kenneth E. Iverson" 4396:"A Look at SuperPet" 3683:on February 12, 2008 3377:weak variable typing 3373:interpreted language 3191:Soliton Incorporated 3149:IBM Type-III Library 2605:Select the items in 2444:multiplication table 2247: 2177:This vector is then 2162:This vector is then 1595:input method editors 1499: 1439:22 (= 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) 1236:structures, such as 1173:input method editors 1151:half and full duplex 1001:Derivative languages 774:The Computer Company 718:. In the 1980s, the 676:APL Assist Microcode 459:programming language 389:programming language 7954:footnote references 7758:on October 4, 2007. 7717:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 7645:IBM Systems Journal 7630:Iverson, Kenneth E. 7558:10.1147/sj.304.0582 7546:IBM Systems Journal 7535:Iverson, Kenneth E. 7520:10.1147/sj.304.0554 7508:IBM Systems Journal 7413:10.1147/rd.306.0594 7374:"Chronology of APL" 7352:10.1147/rd.306.0583 7240:"Idiom Recognition" 6965:on January 22, 2015 6882:10.1147/rd.355.0767 6745:. Springer-Verlag. 6495:"Arrays of objects" 6415:10.1147/rd.171.0069 5780:10.1145/97811.97816 5424:Iverson, Kenneth E. 5311:Iverson, Kenneth E. 5290:www.aplborealis.com 5043:www.microapl.co.uk/ 4949:on January 20, 2015 4863:www.sudleyplace.com 4859:"NARS2000 Keyboard" 4700:10.1145/75144.75185 4655:Robertson, Graeme. 4552:10.1147/sj.304.0416 4540:IBM Systems Journal 3941:10.1109/MAHC.2005.4 3915:Abrams, Philip S., 3747:jsoftware.com/jwiki 3651:10.1147/sj.304.0554 3639:IBM Systems Journal 3580:(1 December 1962). 3379:not well suited to 3189:hardware. In 1993, 3097:, were awarded the 3011:computer programmer 2403:to the new vector ( 2196:Then the output of 1688: 1580:Due to the unusual 838:Syracuse University 766:IP Sharp Associates 731:Time Sharing Option 534:IBM Systems Journal 98:First appeared 28: 8901:by standard number 8408:Kenneth E. Iverson 8396:Patrick E. Hagerty 7853:The Origins of APL 7802:Garland STPM Press 7657:10.1147/sj.32.0198 7628:Falkoff, Adin D.; 7589:Kenneth E. Iverson 7578:Kenneth E. Iverson 7487:2023-11-07 at the 7472:2024-01-27 at the 7435:"The APEX Project" 7193:10.1007/BF00264357 7023: • 6041:Brenner, Charles. 5868:functionalconf.com 5801:Kromberg, Morten. 5603:2021-11-03 at the 5459:www.microapl.co.uk 5120:www.microapl.co.uk 5069:www.microapl.co.uk 5016:www.microapl.co.uk 4976:on August 17, 2016 4937:Kromberg, Morten. 4889:www.microapl.co.uk 4603:"APL2: What's New" 4193:"How it all began" 4097:2010-07-11 at the 4078:2012-02-29 at the 4036:2011-02-21 at the 3578:Kenneth E. Iverson 3430:Optimised bytecode 3395:applications, and 3393:massively parallel 3389:parallel computing 3245:(including on the 3022:computer animation 3018:image manipulation 2961:and typing "APL". 2922: 2819:'<>' 2581:Logically negate ( 2411:primitive), i.e., 2271: 2170:) to the variable 1923:standard deviation 1686: 1546: 1545: 1488:creates an array, 1154:telecommunications 1125:syntax and symbols 966:) followed later. 893:Commodore SuperPET 600: 592: 434:Harvard University 430:Kenneth E. Iverson 393:Kenneth E. Iverson 71:Kenneth E. Iverson 26: 12082: 12081: 11192: 11191: 8915:ISO romanizations 8863: 8862: 8845:Non-English-based 8531: 8530: 8482: 8481: 8457:William Yerazunis 8440:J. Henri Schueler 8399:Herbert Hellerman 8350: 8349: 8207: 8206: 7982: 7981: 7974: 7865:APL demonstration 7811:978-0-8240-7014-4 7620:978-0-470-03020-2 7584:APL in Exposition 7491:(1982 article by 7151:. The MIT press. 6752:978-0-387-96643-4 6688:directory.fsf.org 6164:on April 30, 2018 6158:old-computers.com 6142:on April 2, 2012. 6124:on April 2, 2012. 6106:on April 2, 2012. 5874:on March 23, 2018 5485:wiki.nars2000.org 5432:www.jsoftware.com 5404:Studentlitteratur 5319:www.jsoftware.com 4334:978-0-7735-3852-8 4296:old-computers.com 4141:The Design of APL 4125:978-0-574-16135-2 4051:"Remembering APL" 3719:on April 11, 2009 3597:978-0-471-43014-8 3406:Idiom recognition 3359:, founder of the 3290:Microsoft Windows 3267:tacit programming 3255:Microsoft Windows 3183:personal computer 3043:boating simulator 2905:, thereby making 2761:HTML tags removal 2620:operator), i.e., 2599:operator), i.e., 2575:operator), i.e., 2542: 2541: 2383:function), i.e., 2225:role-playing game 1889:Simple statistics 1877:, and interprets 1785: 1784: 1560: 1559: 1025:, and which uses 547:Lawrence M. Breed 475:register machines 365:rendering support 342: 341: 147:Typing discipline 12157: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11196: 11195: 11182: 11181: 8902: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8853: 8852: 8825: 8824: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8535: 8534: 8519: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8418:Eugene McDonnell 8249: 8248: 8218: 8217: 8098: 8097: 8086: 8074:Shared Variables 8027: 8020: 8013: 8004: 8003: 7985:Online resources 7977: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7957: 7925: 7924: 7917: 7902: 7886: 7866: 7854: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7828: 7799: 7789:Svoboda, Antonín 7784: 7782: 7780: 7759: 7757: 7750: 7739: 7737: 7731:. Archived from 7714: 7704: 7703:. Prentice Hall. 7695: 7686: 7667: 7665: 7659:. Archived from 7642: 7624: 7568: 7566: 7560:. Archived from 7543: 7530: 7528: 7522:. Archived from 7505: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7315: 7304: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7181:Acta Informatica 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7122:. Archived from 7120:MARTHA and LLAMA 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7021: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6953: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6924: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6888:on March 3, 2016 6884:. Archived from 6876:(5/6): 767–777. 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6833: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6716:. Archived from 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6499: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6469: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6347: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298:on April 4, 2019 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6260:. Archived from 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6160:. Archived from 6150: 6144: 6143: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5986:. Archived from 5977: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5945:. Optima Systems 5934: 5928: 5927: 5918: 5916: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5870:. Archived from 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5594: 5588: 5578:introduction to 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5455:"APL Primitives" 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5420: 5414: 5400: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5353:. Microapl.co.uk 5347: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5196:"APL Efficiency" 5191: 5185: 5184: 5179:. Archived from 5156: 5150: 5149: 5144:. Archived from 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5007: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4759:. Archived from 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4667:on April 2, 2015 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4535: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4392: 4386: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4302:on April 3, 2018 4298:. Archived from 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4272:. April 29, 2014 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4195:. Archived from 4191:Stebbens, Alan. 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4172:on June 10, 2011 4171: 4164: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4111: 4102: 4089: 4083: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4009:. Archived from 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3883: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3817: 3811: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3777:on April 4, 2009 3767: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3712:. Archived from 3711: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3657:on March 4, 2016 3653:. Archived from 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3574: 3563: 3562: 3559:cppreference.com 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3526: 3441:constant folding 3425: 3421: 3417: 3357:Richard Stallman 3125:shared variables 3119:capabilities of 3058:asset management 3038:. Latterly, the 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2890: 2887:Eugene McDonnell 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2768: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2653: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2588: 2578: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2455: 2454: 2451:operator), i.e., 2450: 2440: 2436: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2264: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2173: 2169: 2153: 2149: 2122: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1822: 1762:or monadic 1689: 1685: 1645:operator to the 1555: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1528: 1523: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1409: 1403: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1367: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1274: 1273: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1228: 1148: 1145: 1099:Wolfram Language 836:Garth Foster of 796:shared variables 708:shared variables 650:Yorktown Heights 630:(shift-H) and a 551:Philip S. Abrams 371: instead of 350: 349: 334:Wolfram Language 195: 192: 136: 134: 129: 111: 109: 104: 66:Designed by 36: 29: 25: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12154: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12062: 11563: 11228: 11223: 11193: 11188: 11170: 11094: 10820: 9972: 8921: 8903: 8900: 8894: 8864: 8859: 8813: 8590: 8567: 8562: 8532: 8527: 8504: 8478: 8465: 8377:Charles Brenner 8346: 8324: 8240: 8223: 8203: 8129: 8093:Implementations 8087: 8078: 8064:Iverson bracket 8053:Direct function 8036: 8034:APL programming 8031: 7987: 7978: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7939: 7930:This article's 7926: 7922: 7915: 7901:50 Years of APL 7900: 7884: 7864: 7852: 7848: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7812: 7797: 7778: 7776: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7712: 7683: 7663: 7640: 7621: 7564: 7541: 7529:on May 4, 2006. 7526: 7503: 7489:Wayback Machine 7474:Wayback Machine 7461: 7459:Further reading 7456: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7336: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7212: 7208: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7082: 7078: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7022: 7007: 6985: 6981: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6742:An APL Compiler 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6571:Scholes, John. 6569: 6565: 6556:Scholes, John. 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6520: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6472:Vector Magazine 6467: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6426: 6422: 6395: 6391: 6382: 6380: 6378:Log-On Software 6370: 6366: 6349: 6348: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6264:on May 12, 2008 6240:(August 2006). 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6074:www.youtube.com 6066: 6062: 6052: 6050: 6039: 6035: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5948: 5946: 5935: 5931: 5922:Digital Effects 5914: 5912: 5910: 5900:Springer-Verlag 5890: 5886: 5877: 5875: 5860: 5856: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5807:www.dyalog.com/ 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5759: 5755: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5692: 5688: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5641: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5605:Wayback Machine 5595: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5421: 5417: 5401: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5282: 5278: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5192: 5188: 5157: 5153: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5096:on July 8, 2013 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5065:"The Workspace" 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4931: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4793: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4536: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4382:Popular Science 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4112: 4105: 4099:Wayback Machine 4090: 4086: 4080:Wayback Machine 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4053:. Quadibloc.com 4049: 4048: 4044: 4038:Wayback Machine 4031:APL\1130 Manual 4029: 4025: 4016: 4014: 3989:(August 2006). 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3955: 3948: 3929: 3925: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3804:Wayback Machine 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3598: 3575: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3492: 3484:runtime library 3461:Robert Bernecky 3453: 3432: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3369: 3339: 3331:York University 3327: 3308: 3302: 3282: 3231: 3222: 3206: 3167: 3159:Main articles: 3157: 3141: 3117:virtual storage 3079: 3074: 3026:Digital Effects 3007:data scientists 2991:neural networks 2975: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2927: 2891: 2885: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2586: 2576: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2448: 2438: 2434: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2171: 2167: 2151: 2147: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2096: 2094:lottery numbers 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1891: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1812:This displays " 1810: 1805: 1796: 1790: 1761: 1623: 1603:write-only code 1524: 1513: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1185: 1146: 1127: 1119:Main articles: 1117: 1112: 1003: 995:lambda calculus 983: 928: 920:software piracy 870: 823:Hewlett-Packard 723:program product 659:. IBM provided 642: 584: 505: 467:Burroughs B5000 422: 417: 378: 377: 376: 363:Without proper 351: 347: 338: 240: 202:implementations 189: 137: 132: 130: 127: 107: 105: 102: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12163: 12153: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12110:Command shells 12107: 12102: 12097: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12070: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 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8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8601: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8561: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8496: 8494:= discontinued 8487: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8455: 8453:Arthur Whitney 8450: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8422:Robert Metzger 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8311: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8228: 8226: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8158: 8152: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8121: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7994: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7934:external links 7929: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7913:External links 7911: 7910: 7909: 7897: 7881: 7861: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7810: 7785: 7760: 7740: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7682:978-0127450407 7681: 7668: 7651:(2): 198–261. 7625: 7619: 7606: 7591: 7580: 7569: 7552:(4): 582–593. 7531: 7514:(4): 554–581. 7496: 7477: 7466:An APL Machine 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7451:. Apr 5, 1994. 7440: 7426: 7407:(6): 594–602. 7391: 7378:www.sigapl.org 7365: 7346:(6): 583–593. 7327: 7309:. Dyalog Ltd. 7307:www.dyalog.com 7288: 7269:(2): 193–200. 7253: 7231: 7206: 7171: 7157: 7137: 7107: 7076: 7042: 7036:978-0897911375 7035: 7029:. ACM SIGAPL. 7005: 6979: 6939: 6922:10.1.1.51.5088 6915:(2): 119–134. 6899: 6856: 6819: 6784: 6771:www.sigapl.org 6767:"What is APL?" 6758: 6751: 6731: 6714:"RMS Berättar" 6704: 6675: 6661: 6650:. Microapl.com 6639: 6613: 6592: 6578: 6563: 6548: 6518: 6504:. p. 20. 6485: 6465:"Dyalog at 25" 6456: 6435: 6420: 6389: 6364: 6337: 6309: 6292:Rogerdmoore.ca 6275: 6229: 6216:www.sigapl.org 6203: 6175: 6145: 6127: 6109: 6091: 6060: 6033: 6017:profdoccare.se 6004: 5982:(in Finnish). 5959: 5929: 5908: 5902:. p. 38. 5884: 5854: 5841:(2): 128–131. 5819: 5793: 5753: 5738:APL Quote Quad 5724: 5706:(1): 183–191. 5686: 5648: 5635: 5622: 5618:APL Conference 5609: 5589: 5585:full book scan 5569: 5556: 5525: 5512:www.sigapl.org 5506:Fox, Ralph L. 5498: 5472: 5445: 5415: 5390: 5364: 5351:"APL concepts" 5331: 5302: 5276: 5265:(4): 450–456. 5249: 5212: 5186: 5183:on 2013-09-20. 5171:(8): 444–465. 5151: 5148:on 2006-09-29. 5132: 5107: 5081: 5055: 5029: 4999: 4987: 4960: 4929: 4902: 4891:. MicroAPL Ltd 4876: 4849: 4836:www.dyalog.com 4822: 4791: 4766: 4763:on 2019-08-13. 4743: 4726:www-03.ibm.com 4713: 4694:(4): 299–303. 4678: 4647: 4620: 4594: 4565: 4546:(4): 416–432. 4523: 4497: 4471: 4444: 4415: 4387: 4369: 4340: 4333: 4313: 4283: 4255: 4233: 4209: 4183: 4150: 4131: 4124: 4103: 4084: 4064: 4042: 4023: 3978: 3966: 3962:APL Quote Quad 3956:Breed, Larry, 3946: 3923: 3908: 3895: 3874:(7): 433–438. 3854: 3828: 3812: 3788: 3759: 3730: 3705:Moler, Cleve. 3694: 3668: 3645:(4): 554–581. 3625: 3596: 3564: 3546: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3491: 3488: 3452: 3449: 3431: 3428: 3407: 3404: 3368: 3365: 3338: 3335: 3326: 3323: 3312:cross-platform 3304:Main article: 3301: 3298: 3281: 3278: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3205: 3202: 3156: 3153: 3140: 3137: 3129:IBM System/370 3083:IBM System/360 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3047:physics engine 3003:domain experts 2985:applications, 2974: 2971: 2926: 2923: 2883: 2847: 2844: 2772: 2762: 2759: 2669: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2640: 2637: 2625: 2624: 2603: 2579: 2540: 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1044: 1030: 1019: 1013: 1002: 999: 989:, support for 982: 979: 975:microcomputers 927: 924: 869: 868:Microcomputers 866: 759:Honeywell CP-6 672:IBM System/370 641: 638: 633:Sheffer stroke 583: 580: 566:supervised by 529:IBM System/360 510:IBM System/360 504: 501: 471:stack machines 421: 418: 416: 413: 367:, you may see 352: 345: 344: 343: 340: 339: 337: 336: 331: 326: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 259: 258: 254: 253: 247: 246: 242: 241: 239: 238: 235: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 204: 197: 196: 187: 183: 182: 173: 167: 166: 164:Cross platform 161: 155: 154: 149: 143: 142: 139: 138: 125: 123: 121:Stable release 117: 116: 113: 112: 99: 95: 94: 80: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 44: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12162: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12065: 12059: 12056: 12054: 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11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11226:IEC standards 11220: 11215: 11213: 11208: 11206: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11185: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 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8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8554: 8552: 8547: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8524: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8475: 8474:Iverson Award 8472: 8471: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8413:Dick Lathwell 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8245:Organizations 8243: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 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Dyalog Ltd. 6574: 6567: 6559: 6552: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6519:9781595938688 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6326: 6325: 6324:Computerworld 6320: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5993:on 2022-10-09 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980:www.tieto.com 5973: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5923: 5911: 5909:9784431684336 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5560: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5534:Scholes, John 5529: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5412:91-44-13162-3 5409: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5379:on 2011-07-09 5378: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5234: 5230: 5229:www.vaxman.de 5223: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5004: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4805:Computerworld 4802: 4795: 4788: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4584:on 2021-11-17 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4243: 4237: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4199:on 2016-03-04 4198: 4194: 4187: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4013:on 2008-05-12 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3843:on 2009-12-23 3842: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3535: 3534:jsoftware.com 3531: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:working group 3497: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3427: 3413: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3108:In 1975, the 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091:Dick Lathwell 3088: 3084: 3069: 3067: 3066:DNA profiling 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2770: 2667: 2665: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2619: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2563:set inclusion 2544: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2446: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2430:outer product 2426: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2399: 2396: 2378: 2375: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2286: 2284: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2241:prime numbers 2235:Prime numbers 2232: 2226: 2214: 2207: 2195: 2188: 2187:close-bracket 2180: 2176: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2134:(also called 2133: 2129: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2107:pseudo-random 2105:numbers: six 2104: 2101: 2093: 2000: 1926: 1924: 1904: 1903:right-to-left 1893:Suppose that 1886: 1876: 1830: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1800: 1795: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1582:character set 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1506: 1503: 1478: 1445: 1444: 1432: 1414: 1413: 1399: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1304: 1300: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1251: 1235: 1223: 1221: 1220:right-to-left 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1162:called an RJE 1159: 1155: 1152: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:IBM Selectric 1126: 1122: 1115:Character set 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 998: 996: 992: 988: 978: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936:nested arrays 933: 923: 921: 917: 916:Motorola 6800 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 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87:Dick Lathwell 84: 81: 79: 75: 72: 69: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 45: 43: 39: 35: 30: 22: 12130:IBM software 12010:27000-series 11037:27000 series 8840:Generational 8830:Alphabetical 8826: 8806: 8631:Visual Basic 8615: 8520: 8510: 8498: 8493: 8490: 8436:John Scholes 8392:Adin Falkoff 8367:Bob Bernecky 8224:associations 8222:Professional 8195: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8033: 7968: 7959: 7944:by removing 7931: 7831:. Retrieved 7793: 7779:September 6, 7777:. Retrieved 7753:the original 7744: 7733:the original 7720: 7716: 7700: 7691: 7672: 7661:the original 7648: 7644: 7610: 7594: 7583: 7572: 7562:the original 7549: 7545: 7524:the original 7511: 7507: 7480: 7465: 7443: 7429: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7382:. Retrieved 7377: 7368: 7343: 7339: 7318:. Retrieved 7306: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7244:. Retrieved 7242:. dyalog.com 7234: 7222:. Retrieved 7216: 7209: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7162:. Retrieved 7147: 7140: 7128:. Retrieved 7124:the original 7119: 7110: 7098:. Retrieved 7093: 7089: 7079: 7071: 7051: 7045: 7026: 7018: 6988: 6982: 6974: 6967:. Retrieved 6960:the original 6955: 6942: 6934: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6890:. Retrieved 6886:the original 6873: 6869: 6859: 6847:. Retrieved 6835: 6822: 6800:(7): 61–72. 6797: 6793: 6787: 6775:. Retrieved 6770: 6761: 6741: 6734: 6722:. Retrieved 6718:the original 6707: 6695:. Retrieved 6687: 6678: 6664: 6652:. Retrieved 6642: 6630:. Retrieved 6625: 6616: 6604:. 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Retrieved 5638: 5625: 5612: 5592: 5579: 5572: 5559: 5549:November 20, 5547:. Retrieved 5538: 5528: 5516:. Retrieved 5511: 5501: 5489:. Retrieved 5484: 5475: 5463:. Retrieved 5458: 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5431: 5418: 5381:. Retrieved 5377:the original 5367: 5355:. Retrieved 5322:. Retrieved 5318: 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5289: 5279: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5228: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5199: 5189: 5181:the original 5168: 5164: 5154: 5146:the original 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5119: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5094:the original 5084: 5072:. Retrieved 5068: 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5042: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5015: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4974:the original 4968:Hsu, Aaron. 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4947:the original 4942: 4932: 4918:(1): 41–46. 4915: 4911: 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4888: 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4862: 4857:Smith, Bob. 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4835: 4825: 4813:. Retrieved 4808: 4804: 4794: 4786: 4781:February 20, 4779:. Retrieved 4769: 4761:the original 4756: 4746: 4734:. Retrieved 4730:the original 4725: 4716: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4665:the original 4660: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4634:microapl.com 4633: 4623: 4611:. Retrieved 4606: 4597: 4586:. Retrieved 4582:the original 4577: 4568: 4543: 4539: 4514:. Retrieved 4509: 4500: 4488:. Retrieved 4483: 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4457: 4452:Hui, Roger. 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4428: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4399: 4390: 4380: 4372: 4360:. Retrieved 4358:. Ziff Davis 4353: 4343: 4323: 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4300:the original 4295: 4286: 4274:. Retrieved 4267: 4258: 4246:. Retrieved 4244:. Sigapl.org 4236: 4212: 4201:. Retrieved 4197:the original 4186: 4174:. Retrieved 4167:the original 4153: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4115: 4087: 4067: 4055:. Retrieved 4045: 4026: 4015:. Retrieved 4011:the original 3998: 3994: 3987:Breed, Larry 3981: 3969: 3961: 3932: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3845:. Retrieved 3841:the original 3831: 3823: 3820:Brooks, Fred 3815: 3807: 3791: 3779:. Retrieved 3775:the original 3750:. 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Retrieved 3533: 3493: 3476:machine code 3469: 3454: 3433: 3409: 3401: 3370: 3355: 3340: 3328: 3309: 3283: 3274:John Scholes 3271: 3247:Raspberry Pi 3232: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3195: 3172: 3168: 3142: 3114: 3107: 3080: 3051: 3033: 3029: 3015: 2976: 2963: 2959:modifier key 2938: 2934: 2928: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2879: 2875: 2866:Adin Falkoff 2864: 2851: 2849: 2764: 2661: 2658:Game of Life 2642: 2626: 2617: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2442: 2428: 2421: 2408: 2397: 2376: 2341: 2336: 2238: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2186: 2178: 2163: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2113: 2099: 2097: 2091: 1997: 1902: 1892: 1836: 1828: 1825: 1814:Hello, world 1811: 1808:Hello, world 1797: 1695:Description 1682: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1579: 1564: 1561: 1335: 1268: 1266: 1246:if-then-else 1234:flow control 1224: 1215: 1207: 1186: 1177: 1166: 1158:time-sharing 1139: 1128: 1082: 1004: 984: 968: 935: 929: 901: 890: 871: 835: 833:and others. 811:Data General 800: 791: 787: 783: 782: 763: 747: 719: 703: 701: 699:operations. 687: 684: 675: 665: 660: 654: 652:, New York. 643: 631: 627: 623: 621: 601: 572:time-sharing 544: 532: 522: 514: 506: 497:Turing Award 494: 489: 481: 479: 464: 458: 454: 451: 445: 442:Adin Falkoff 423: 405:spreadsheets 384: 380: 379: 355: 353: 322: 10825:20000–29999 9977:10000–19999 8835:Categorical 8461:Rodnay Zaks 8431:Alan Perlis 8426:Roger Moore 8382:Fred Brooks 8372:Larry Breed 8362:Phil Abrams 8278:Dyalog Ltd. 8275:DNA Systems 8126:→ NARS2000° 7962:August 2020 7130:January 20, 7100:January 20, 7090:PC Magazine 6969:January 22, 6892:January 20, 6849:January 20, 6777:January 20, 6284:Roger Moore 6238:Larry Breed 6076:. YouTube. 5518:January 11, 5491:January 11, 5465:January 11, 5438:January 11, 5383:February 3, 5357:February 3, 5324:January 20, 5194:Batenburg. 5063:Workspace. 5022:January 12, 5012:"Operators" 4869:January 19, 4842:January 19, 4815:January 20, 4736:January 10, 4671:January 10, 4640:January 10, 4636:. Micro APL 4628:Micro APL. 4516:January 10, 4490:January 10, 4464:January 10, 4355:PC Magazine 3847:February 3, 3723:February 3, 3687:February 3, 3555:"std::iota" 3456:Compilation 3451:Compilation 3385:parallelism 3381:compilation 3361:GNU Project 3214:Log-On APL2 3095:Roger Moore 3087:Larry Breed 3062:health care 2999:calculation 2931:merchandise 2633:0 1 2 3 4 5 2447:of R by R ( 2371:1 2 3 4 5 6 1869:in APL, or 1667:conjunction 1621:Terminology 1244:loops, and 1230: 1970 1147: 1977 1103:Mathematica 858:Watsonville 486:Fred Brooks 373:APL symbols 359:source code 180:open source 176:Proprietary 91:Roger Moore 83:Larry Breed 12089:Categories 10604:16949 (TS) 10201:11941 (TR) 8899:standards 8700:JavaScript 8576:Comparison 8292:Kx Systems 8265:CompuServe 8154:APLNext → 8107:Dyalog APL 8059:Code pages 7991:TryAPL.org 7833:2017-04-15 6670:"York APL" 6383:2021-11-17 6154:"IBM 5100" 6084:January 9, 6053:January 9, 5972:OP-Pohjola 5878:2018-04-07 5812:January 6, 5773:(4): 2–6. 5642:APL Wiki. 5616:APL Wiki. 5487:. NARS2000 5461:. MicroAPL 5453:MicroAPL. 5295:January 1, 5286:"Why APL?" 5284:Borealis. 5242:January 1, 5205:January 1, 5125:January 1, 5074:January 1, 5048:January 1, 5018:. 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