1019:
gamma subunits, with GDP bound to the alpha subunit. In order to become active, a ligand must bind to the receptor and cause a conformational change. This conformational change causes the alpha subunit to dissociate from the complex and become bound to GTP. This G-alpha-GTP complex then binds to adenylyl cyclase and causes activation and the release of cAMP. Since a good signal requires the help of enzymes, which turn on and off signals quickly, there must also be a mechanism in which adenylyl cyclase deactivates and inhibits cAMP. The deactivation of the active G-alpha-GTP complex is accomplished rapidly by GTP hydrolysis due to the reaction being catalyzed by the intrinsic enzymatic activity of GTPase located in the alpha subunit. It is also regulated by
1364:
4196:
370:
911:
29:
939:
The reaction happens with two metal cofactors (Mg or Mn) coordinated to the two aspartate residues on C1. They perform a nucleophilic attack of the 3'-OH group of the ribose on the α-phosphoryl group of ATP. The two lysine and aspartate residues on C2 selects ATP over GTP for the substrate, so that
1018:
Adenylyl cyclase is regulated by G proteins, which can be found in the monomeric form or the heterotrimeric form, consisting of three subunits. Adenylyl cyclase activity is controlled by heterotrimeric G proteins. The inactive or inhibitory form exists when the complex consists of alpha, beta, and
1009:
These are also sometimes called simply AC1, AC2, etc., and, somewhat confusingly, sometimes Roman numerals are used for these isoforms that all belong to the overall AC class III. They differ mainly in how they are regulated, and are differentially expressed in various tissues throughout mammalian
922:
with 12 transmembrane segments. The protein is organized with 6 transmembrane segments, then the C1 cytoplasmic domain, then another 6 membrane segments, and then a second cytoplasmic domain called C2. The important parts for function are the N-terminus and the C1 and C2 regions. The C1a and C2a
897:
and can be expressed in other organisms through genetic manipulation. Shining blue light on a cell containing PAC activates it and abruptly increases the rate of conversion of ATP to cAMP. This is a useful technique for researchers in neuroscience because it allows them to quickly increase the
927:
and many other bacterial cases, the AC-III polypeptide is only half as long, comprising one 6-transmembrane domain followed by a cytoplasmic domain, but two of these form a functional homodimer that resembles the mammalian architecture with two active sites. In non-animal class III ACs, the
898:
intracellular cAMP levels in particular neurons, and to study the effect of that increase in neural activity on the behavior of the organism. A green-light activated rhodopsin adenylyl cyclase (CaRhAC) has recently been engineered by modifying the nucleotide binding pocket of rhodopsin
538:
Some indirect structural information is available for this class. It is known that the N-terminal half is the catalytic portion, and that it requires two Mg ions. S103, S113, D114, D116 and W118 are the five absolutely essential residues. The class I catalytic domain
1070:, meaning that they are activated only by several different signals occurring together. In peripheral cells and tissues adenylyl cyclases appear to form molecular complexes with specific receptors and other signaling proteins in an isoform-specific manner.
1078:
Individual transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms have been linked to numerous physiological functions. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, AC10) has a critical role in sperm motility. Adenylyl cyclase has been implicated in memory formation, functioning as a
877:, which are coupled to membrane receptors and thus can respond to hormonal or other stimuli. Following activation of adenylyl cyclase, the resulting cAMP acts as a second messenger by interacting with and regulating other proteins such as
940:
the enzyme is not a guanylyl cyclase. A pair of arginine and asparagine residues on C2 stabilizes the transition state. In many proteins, these residues are nevertheless mutated while retaining the adenylyl cyclase activity.
535:, also known as CAP. Class I AC's are large cytosolic enzymes (~100 kDa) with a large regulatory domain (~50 kDa) that indirectly senses glucose levels. As of 2012, no crystal structure is available for class I AC.
606:
during infections. These bacteria also secrete proteins that enable the AC-II to enter host cells, where the exogenous AC activity undermines normal cellular processes. The genes for Class II ACs are known as
1352:, respectively) and have not been extensively characterized. There are a few extra members (~400 in Pfam) known to be in class VI. Class VI enzymes possess a catalytic core similar to the one in Class III.
831:
where they appear to have a key role in pathogenesis. Most AC-III's are integral membrane proteins involved in transducing extracellular signals into intracellular responses. A Nobel Prize was awarded to
530:
deprived of glucose produce cAMP that serves as an internal signal to activate expression of genes for importing and metabolizing other sugars. cAMP exerts this effect by binding the transcription factor
3479:
836:
in 1971 for discovering the key role of AC-III in human liver, where adrenaline indirectly stimulates AC to mobilize stored energy in the "fight or flight" response. The effect of adrenaline is via a
844:). The outside signal (in this case, adrenaline) binds to a receptor, which transmits a signal to the G protein, which transmits a signal to adenylyl cyclase, which transmits a signal by converting
3342:
2583:
3610:
1050:(sAC) is not a transmembrane form and is not regulated by G proteins or forskolin, instead acts as a bicarbonate/pH sensor. It is anchored at various locations within the cell and, with
1650:
Khanppnavar B, Datta S (September 2018). "Crystal structure and substrate specificity of ExoY, a unique T3SS mediated secreted nucleotidyl cyclase toxin from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa".
1742:
Drum CL, Yan SZ, Bard J, Shen YQ, Lu D, Soelaiman S, et al. (January 2002). "Structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin".
350:
are generally required and appear to be closely involved in the enzymatic mechanism. The cAMP produced by AC then serves as a regulatory signal via specific cAMP-binding
2576:
1289:
793:
484:
222:
825:
These adenylyl cyclases are the most familiar based on extensive study due to their important roles in human health. They are also found in some bacteria, notably
1066:
for faster reaction to Ca influx; they are suspected of playing an important role in learning processes. This is supported by the fact that adenylyl cyclases are
931:
Class III adenylyl cyclase domains can be further divided into four subfamilies, termed class IIIa through IIId. Animal membrane-bound ACs belong to class IIIa.
3642:
2569:
3863:
2017:
Hogan DA, Muhlschlegel FA (December 2011). "Candida albicans developmental regulation: adenylyl cyclase as a coincidence detector of parallel signals".
3484:
3873:
2315:
Gallagher DT, Smith NN, Kim SK, Heroux A, Robinson H, Reddy PT (September 2006). "Structure of the class IV adenylyl cyclase reveals a novel fold".
749:
737:
2844:
2592:
241:
3635:
3665:
3868:
3795:
3080:
2635:
681:
3587:
3223:
3131:
3028:
2742:
2698:
1363:
1044:
Isoforms I, V and VI are most clearly inhibited by Gi, while other isoforms show less dual regulation by the inhibitory G protein.
316:. The best known class of adenylyl cyclases is class III or AC-III (Roman numerals are used for classes). AC-III occurs widely in
3545:
3400:
2941:
234:
3423:
3179:
3174:
2936:
2625:
3628:
1810:
1145:
1080:
705:
1309:
813:
504:
185:
3524:
3447:
1455:"Physiological roles for G protein-regulated adenylyl cyclase isoforms: insights from knockout and overexpression studies"
3828:
840:
signaling cascade, which transmits chemical signals from outside the cell across the membrane to the inside of the cell (
3810:
3567:
2523:
3915:
2976:
3106:
2160:
Willoughby D, Cooper DM (July 2007). "Organization and Ca2+ regulation of adenylyl cyclases in cAMP microdomains".
2352:"High inorganic triphosphatase activities in bacteria and mammalian cells: identification of the enzymes involved"
3752:
2207:"The role of Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulable adenylyl cyclases as molecular coincidence detectors in memory formation"
1369:
888:
565:
3535:
2737:
2713:
2693:
849:
336:
179:
161:
58:
1297:
801:
492:
4071:
3294:
2747:
1928:
Linder JU, Schultz JE (December 2003). "The class III adenylyl cyclases: multi-purpose signalling modules".
166:
4226:
3500:
3475:
3466:
3328:
2981:
3359:
2608:
363:
686:
246:
4186:
1876:
Schröder-Lang S, Schwärzel M, Seifert R, Strünker T, Kateriya S, Looser J, et al. (January 2007).
1293:
827:
797:
488:
154:
1513:
Zhang G, Liu Y, Ruoho AE, Hurley JH (March 1997). "Structure of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic core".
4172:
4159:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4056:
3878:
2514:
Sodeman W, Sodeman T (2005). "Physiologic- and
Adenylate Cyclase-Coupled Beta-Adrenergic Receptors".
2103:"Mice deficient for soluble adenylyl cyclase are infertile because of a severe sperm-motility defect"
1695:"Structural basis for the interaction of Bordetella pertussis adenylyl cyclase toxin with calmodulin"
1564:
Linder JU (November 2008). "Structure-function relationships in
Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase".
1165:
1158:
718:
89:
2276:
2174:
1170:
928:
catalytic cytoplasmic domain is seen associated with other (not necessarily transmembrane) domains.
4066:
4020:
3963:
3777:
3656:
3582:
3169:
2672:
2654:
2544:
1047:
72:
182:
4221:
3968:
3375:
3085:
3055:
3040:
3003:
2411:"Identification of a novel adenylate cyclase in the ruminal anaerobe, Prevotella ruminicola D31d"
2101:
Esposito G, Jaiswal BS, Xie F, Krajnc-Franken MA, Robben TJ, Strik AM, et al. (March 2004).
1201:
106:
2561:
582:
binding, structural stabilization, DxD motif for metal ion binding, and finally ribose binding.
2663:
2271:
2169:
845:
579:
374:
332:
54:
3989:
3908:
3456:
3267:
3035:
2540:
532:
923:
subdomains are homologous and form an intramolecular 'dimer' that forms the active site. In
4061:
3818:
2859:
2363:
2114:
2052:
Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS (April 2022).
1751:
1522:
1276:
780:
471:
355:
1186:
has been reported. These are the smallest of the AC enzyme classes; the AC-IV (CyaB) from
142:
8:
4025:
3438:
3311:
866:
554:
84:
2555:
2367:
2231:
2206:
2118:
1755:
1526:
118:
3958:
3858:
2809:
2427:
2410:
2386:
2351:
2297:
2262:
Neve KA, Seamans JK, Trantham-Davidson H (August 2004). "Dopamine receptor signaling".
2244:
2078:
2053:
1991:
1964:
1905:
1775:
1719:
1694:
1675:
1632:
1546:
1479:
1454:
1092:
1051:
742:
77:
38:
34:
2481:
2457:"The Rhizobium etli cyaC product: characterization of a novel adenylate cyclase class"
2456:
2137:
2102:
1941:
1854:
1802:
1795:
197:
4216:
3766:
2732:
2688:
2519:
2486:
2472:
2455:
Téllez-Sosa J, Soberón N, Vega-Segura A, Torres-Márquez ME, Cevallos MA (July 2002).
2432:
2391:
2332:
2289:
2236:
2187:
2142:
2083:
2034:
1996:
1945:
1897:
1858:
1841:
Hanoune J, Defer N (April 2001). "Regulation and role of adenylyl cyclase isoforms".
1806:
1767:
1724:
1667:
1624:
1581:
1538:
1484:
1284:
1192:
1150:
788:
710:
570:
479:
313:
173:
3620:
2301:
2248:
1909:
1679:
1636:
1320:
1238:
649:
561:
543:
421:
4004:
3999:
3973:
3901:
2703:
2681:
2677:
2476:
2468:
2422:
2381:
2371:
2324:
2281:
2226:
2218:
2179:
2132:
2122:
2073:
2065:
2026:
1986:
1976:
1937:
1889:
1850:
1759:
1714:
1706:
1659:
1616:
1573:
1550:
1530:
1474:
1466:
1272:
899:
893:
878:
870:
853:
776:
550:
467:
321:
2350:
Kohn G, Delvaux D, Lakaye B, Servais AC, Scholer G, Fillet M, et al. (2012).
1779:
754:
730:
662:
4051:
4035:
3948:
3418:
3150:
3145:
3111:
3008:
2760:
2376:
1663:
1250:
1126:
833:
674:
433:
2496:
2442:
201:
4200:
4089:
4030:
3122:
2183:
2107:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2069:
290:
217:
46:
2328:
2030:
1620:
4210:
3994:
3953:
3140:
3013:
1981:
1710:
1133:
612:
340:
192:
3201:
2127:
526:). This was the first class of AC to be characterized. It was observed that
3943:
3157:
2995:
2490:
2454:
2395:
2336:
2293:
2240:
2191:
2146:
2087:
2038:
2000:
1949:
1901:
1862:
1771:
1728:
1671:
1628:
1585:
1488:
590:
These adenylyl cyclases are toxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria such as
2436:
2285:
2222:
2054:"Physiological roles of mammalian transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms"
1542:
1154:
714:
4167:
4102:
3938:
3060:
2630:
2552:
1348:
1336:
1063:
1038:
Isoforms V and VI are inhibited by Ca in a calmodulin-independent manner.
882:
522:
309:
42:
1041:
Isoforms II, IV and IX are stimulated by alpha subunit of the G protein.
3250:
3045:
2722:
1965:"pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated "soluble" adenylyl cyclase (sAC)"
1877:
1604:
1577:
1330:
1032:
859:
445:
378:
130:
1693:
Guo Q, Shen Y, Lee YS, Gibbs CS, Mrksich M, Tang WJ (September 2005).
1470:
1196:
578:) allows for assignment of the residues to specific functions:
574:
516:
The first class of adenylyl cyclases occur in many bacteria including
4141:
4115:
3572:
3514:
2727:
2645:
1893:
1875:
1534:
1342:
1020:
874:
863:
841:
837:
698:
344:
328:
317:
302:
294:
50:
1763:
564:). Aligning its sequence onto the structure onto a related archaeal
4195:
1245:
1190:
is a dimer of 19 kDa subunits with no known regulatory components (
1121:
910:
669:
428:
369:
1138:
1062:, calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclases are located next to calcium
3800:
3790:
3785:
3592:
3316:
3162:
2591:
1391:
1028:
919:
693:
440:
351:
149:
2100:
1591:
4154:
3924:
3823:
3736:
3597:
3385:
3380:
3090:
1607:, Kumar P, Bhatnagar R (2004). "The adenylate cyclase toxins".
1304:
1059:
1002:
949:
808:
499:
359:
298:
274:
229:
125:
113:
101:
4128:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3652:
3611:
deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
3395:
3390:
3352:
3337:
3304:
3299:
3260:
3255:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3194:
3189:
3184:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2906:
2901:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
2261:
3837:
3832:
3577:
3562:
3347:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3211:
3206:
3050:
3023:
3018:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2819:
2814:
2804:
1878:"Fast manipulation of cellular cAMP level by light in vivo"
1328:
These forms of AC have been reported in specific bacteria (
1266:
1233:
1091:"CyaB" redirects here. For the airport with code CYAB, see
770:
725:
656:
644:
608:
558:
547:
540:
461:
416:
306:
279:
ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-AMP-forming)
137:
3893:
615:. Several crystal structures are known for AC-II enzymes.
2051:
347:
2349:
873:. Adenylyl cyclases are often activated or inhibited by
2314:
28:
2516:
Sodeman's
Pathologic Physiology: Mechanisms of Disease
1652:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
4184:
3864:
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase
3650:
2408:
948:
There are ten known isoforms of adenylyl cyclases in
2264:
Journal of
Receptor and Signal Transduction Research
1603:
1512:
1200:). AC-IV forms a superfamily with mammalian
918:Most class III adenylyl cyclases are transmembrane
3485:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
2204:
1794:
3874:Glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase
2016:
1027:Isoforms I, III, and VIII are also stimulated by
53:associates with adenylyl cyclase, which converts
4208:
2409:Cotta MA, Whitehead TR, Wheeler MB (July 1998).
2159:
1649:
301:: six distinct classes have been described, all
1962:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1741:
1692:
1023:, as well as other isoform-specific effectors:
289:It has key regulatory roles in essentially all
2513:
1452:
16:Enzyme with key regulatory roles in most cells
3909:
3636:
2593:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
2577:
2550:Interactive 3D views of Adenylate cyclase at
1927:
1801:. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. pp.
1792:
1204:called CYTH (CyaB, thiamine triphosphatase).
373:Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of
305:the same reaction but representing unrelated
2205:Mons N, Guillou JL, Jaffard R (April 1999).
1963:Rahman N, Buck J, Levin LR (November 2013).
1956:
1916:
1869:
1843:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
1840:
1392:"PDB101: Molecule of the Month: G Proteins"
45:binds its receptor, that associates with a
3916:
3902:
3643:
3629:
3480:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase
2584:
2570:
1178:AC-IV was first reported in the bacterium
3869:Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase
3081:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
2543:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2480:
2426:
2385:
2375:
2275:
2230:
2173:
2136:
2126:
2077:
1990:
1980:
1718:
1478:
626:Adenylyl cyclase class-3/guanylyl cyclase
33:Adenylate cyclase (calmodulin sensitive)
3588:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
3224:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
2636:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
1786:
909:
368:
1453:Sadana R, Dessauer CW (February 2009).
1432:
281:. It catalyzes the following reaction:
4209:
3343:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase
2626:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
1563:
1182:, and the structure of the AC-IV from
1054:, forms local cAMP signalling domains.
320:and has important roles in many human
3897:
3624:
2565:
2518:. W B Saunders Co. pp. 143–145.
2012:
2010:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
2211:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1355:
883:cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels
285:ATP = 3′,5′-cyclic AMP + diphosphate
261:(EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as
1207:
546:) belongs to the same superfamily (
13:
3811:guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor
3568:Signal transducing adaptor protein
2743:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase
2699:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase
2506:
2428:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13095.x
2007:
1819:
14:
4238:
3563:Activating transcription factor 6
2977:G protein-coupled receptor kinase
2534:
1855:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.145
1495:
1441:
1409:
4194:
3107:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C
2473:10.1128/jb.184.13.3560-3568.2002
1609:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1362:
358:, enzymes (e.g., cAMP-dependent
327:All classes of adenylyl cyclase
27:
3753:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
2448:
2402:
2343:
2308:
2255:
2198:
2153:
2094:
2045:
2019:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1370:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
889:Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase
566:CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase
314:sequence or structural homology
3546:GTP-binding protein regulators
3536:GTP-binding protein regulators
1735:
1686:
1643:
1597:
1557:
1384:
850:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1:
3295:Rho-associated protein kinase
1942:10.1016/s0898-6568(03)00130-x
1377:
1261:Available protein structures:
1013:
914:Structure of adenylyl cyclase
765:Available protein structures:
456:Available protein structures:
3501:Dual-specificity phosphatase
3476:protein tyrosine phosphatase
2982:AMP-activated protein kinase
2377:10.1371/journal.pone.0043879
2317:Journal of Molecular Biology
1793:Reece J, Campbell N (2002).
1664:10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.05.021
934:
905:
862:is an important molecule in
618:
7:
3923:
3525:apoptosis signaling pathway
1086:
1073:
852:(cAMP). cAMP is known as a
585:
10:
4243:
2184:10.1152/physrev.00049.2006
2070:10.1152/physrev.00013.2021
1090:
925:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
828:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
398:Adenylate cyclase, class-I
390:
385:
4080:
4072:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4044:
4013:
3982:
3931:
3879:FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing)
3851:
3809:
3776:
3765:
3745:
3684:
3673:
3664:
3606:
3555:
3534:
3513:
3493:
3465:
3446:
3436:
3411:
3369:Serine/threonine/tyrosine
3368:
3327:
3130:
3120:
3099:
3073:
2994:
2972:
2855:
2756:
2712:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2618:
2599:
2415:FEMS Microbiology Letters
2329:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.008
2031:10.1016/j.mib.2011.09.014
1621:10.1080/10408410490468795
1319:
1303:
1283:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1164:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1102:
807:
787:
769:
764:
760:
748:
736:
724:
704:
692:
680:
668:
655:
643:
635:
630:
625:
498:
478:
460:
455:
451:
439:
427:
415:
407:
402:
397:
240:
228:
216:
211:
207:
191:
172:
160:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
95:
83:
71:
66:
26:
21:
3964:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3778:soluble guanylyl cyclase
3583:Olfactory marker protein
3170:Glycogen synthase kinase
2673:Heterotrimeric G protein
2545:Medical Subject Headings
1982:10.3389/fphys.2013.00343
1711:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600800
943:
891:(PAC) was discovered in
553:) as the palm domain of
3376:Dual-specificity kinase
3086:Cyclin-dependent kinase
2461:Journal of Bacteriology
2128:10.1073/pnas.0400050101
1969:Frontiers in Physiology
1566:The Biochemical Journal
1202:thiamine-triphosphatase
61:, spreading the signal.
1433:Hancock, John (2010).
915:
846:adenosine triphosphate
600:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
382:
333:adenosine triphosphate
4057:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
3990:Allosteric regulation
3457:Protein phosphatase 2
3268:p21-activated kinases
2286:10.1081/RRS-200029981
2223:10.1007/s000180050311
2162:Physiological Reviews
2058:Physiological Reviews
1215:AC Class VI (DUF3095)
1103:Adenylyl cyclase CyaB
1068:coincidence detectors
913:
372:
356:transcription factors
277:with systematic name
4067:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2860:G beta-gamma complex
1180:Aeromonas hydrophila
1081:coincidence detector
596:Bordetella pertussis
4227:Signal transduction
3439:protein phosphatase
3312:Ribosomal s6 kinase
2368:2012PLoSO...743879K
2119:2004PNAS..101.2993E
1930:Cellular Signalling
1756:2002Natur.415..396D
1527:1997Natur.386..247Z
1437:. pp. 189–195.
867:signal transduction
555:DNA polymerase beta
4026:Enzyme superfamily
3959:Enzyme promiscuity
3859:Cytidylate cyclase
3651:Phosphorus–oxygen
2609:MAP kinase pathway
1578:10.1042/BJ20080350
1321:contact prediction
1093:Arctic Bay Airport
1052:phosphodiesterases
916:
611:, one of which is
592:Bacillus anthracis
383:
331:the conversion of
39:Bacillus anthracis
4182:
4181:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3847:
3846:
3767:Guanylate cyclase
3761:
3760:
3675:Adenylate cyclase
3618:
3617:
3573:I-kappa B protein
3509:
3508:
3432:
3431:
3069:
3068:
2990:
2989:
2733:Guanylate cyclase
2689:Adenylate cyclase
2541:Adenylyl Cyclases
2467:(13): 3560–3568.
1936:(12): 1081–1089.
1812:978-0-8053-6624-2
1750:(6870): 396–402.
1705:(18): 3190–3201.
1521:(6622): 247–253.
1471:10.1159/000166277
1356:Additional images
1326:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1310:structure summary
1176:
1175:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:structure summary
604:Vibrio vulnificus
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:structure summary
293:. It is the most
259:Adenylate cyclase
256:
255:
252:
251:
155:metabolic pathway
22:Adenylate cyclase
4234:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4062:Hanes–Woolf plot
4005:Enzyme activator
4000:Enzyme inhibitor
3974:Enzyme catalysis
3918:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3774:
3773:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3448:Serine/threonine
3444:
3443:
3132:Serine/threonine
3128:
3127:
2748:Protein kinase G
2704:Protein kinase A
2660:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2556:Adenylyl_cyclase
2529:
2500:
2494:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2430:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2279:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2113:(9): 2993–2998.
2098:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1894:10.1038/nmeth975
1873:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1817:
1816:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1699:The EMBO Journal
1690:
1684:
1683:
1658:(9): 2090–2103.
1647:
1641:
1640:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1535:10.1038/386247a0
1510:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1366:
1351:
1339:
1258:
1257:
1212:
1211:
1208:Classes V and VI
1199:
1100:
1099:
900:guanylyl cyclase
894:Euglena gracilis
879:protein kinase A
871:second messenger
854:second messenger
762:
761:
623:
622:
577:
525:
453:
452:
395:
394:
379:3',5'-cyclic AMP
337:3',5'-cyclic AMP
267:adenylyl cyclase
209:
208:
31:
19:
18:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4090:Oxidoreductases
4076:
4052:Enzyme kinetics
4040:
4036:List of enzymes
4009:
3978:
3949:Catalytic triad
3927:
3922:
3892:
3883:
3843:
3805:
3769:
3757:
3741:
3677:
3660:
3649:
3619:
3614:
3602:
3551:
3530:
3505:
3489:
3461:
3428:
3419:Arginine kinase
3407:
3364:
3323:
3116:
3112:Phospholipase C
3095:
3065:
2986:
2968:
2898:
2865:
2851:
2766:
2761:G alpha subunit
2752:
2708:
2640:
2614:
2595:
2590:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2509:
2507:Further reading
2504:
2503:
2453:
2449:
2407:
2403:
2348:
2344:
2313:
2309:
2277:10.1.1.465.5011
2260:
2256:
2203:
2199:
2175:10.1.1.336.3746
2168:(3): 965–1010.
2158:
2154:
2099:
2095:
2050:
2046:
2015:
2008:
1961:
1957:
1926:
1917:
1874:
1870:
1839:
1820:
1813:
1791:
1787:
1764:10.1038/415396a
1740:
1736:
1691:
1687:
1648:
1644:
1602:
1598:
1562:
1558:
1511:
1496:
1451:
1442:
1431:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1347:
1335:
1210:
1191:
1184:Yersinia pestis
1096:
1089:
1076:
1016:
1007:
946:
937:
908:
834:Earl Sutherland
738:OPM superfamily
621:
588:
569:
521:
393:
388:
62:
49:G protein. The
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4222:Cell signaling
4219:
4204:
4203:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4137:
4124:
4111:
4098:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4014:Classification
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3123:protein kinase
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2655:Heterotrimeric
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2536:
2535:External links
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:978-0721610108
2524:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2447:
2421:(2): 257–260.
2401:
2342:
2323:(1): 114–122.
2307:
2270:(3): 165–205.
2254:
2217:(4): 525–533.
2197:
2152:
2093:
2064:(2): 815–857.
2044:
2025:(6): 682–686.
2006:
1955:
1915:
1882:Nature Methods
1868:
1849:(1): 145–174.
1818:
1811:
1785:
1734:
1685:
1642:
1615:(3): 187–196.
1596:
1572:(3): 449–454.
1556:
1494:
1440:
1435:Cell Signaling
1408:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
945:
942:
936:
933:
907:
904:
869:, a so-called
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
805:
804:
791:
785:
784:
774:
767:
766:
758:
757:
752:
746:
745:
740:
734:
733:
728:
722:
721:
708:
702:
701:
696:
690:
689:
684:
678:
677:
672:
666:
665:
660:
653:
652:
647:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
628:
627:
620:
617:
587:
584:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
496:
495:
482:
476:
475:
465:
458:
457:
449:
448:
443:
437:
436:
431:
425:
424:
419:
413:
412:
411:Adenylate_cycl
409:
405:
404:
400:
399:
392:
389:
387:
384:
312:with no known
287:
286:
269:, abbreviated
263:adenyl cyclase
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
205:
204:
195:
189:
188:
177:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
47:heterotrimeric
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4239:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Enzyme family
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Cooperativity
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Oxyanion hole
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:extracellular
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:intracellular
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:Casein kinase
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:(9): e43879.
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:Neuro-Signals
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1396:RCSB: PDB-101
1393:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1010:development.
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
941:
932:
929:
926:
921:
912:
903:
901:
896:
895:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
829:
815:
812:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
763:
759:
756:
753:
751:
747:
744:
741:
739:
735:
732:
729:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
709:
707:
703:
700:
697:
695:
691:
688:
685:
683:
679:
676:
673:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
651:
648:
646:
642:
639:Guanylate_cyc
638:
634:
629:
624:
616:
614:
613:anthrax toxin
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
581:
576:
572:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
536:
534:
529:
524:
519:
506:
503:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
454:
450:
447:
444:
442:
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
423:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
396:
380:
376:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
341:pyrophosphate
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
283:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
248:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
194:
193:Gene Ontology
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
131:NiceZyme view
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
4168:Translocases
4165:
4152:
4139:
4126:
4113:
4103:Transferases
4100:
4087:
3944:Binding site
3674:
3608:
3543:
3522:
3158:eIF-2 kinase
2606:
2551:
2515:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2022:
2018:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1933:
1929:
1888:(1): 39–42.
1885:
1881:
1871:
1846:
1842:
1796:
1788:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1518:
1514:
1462:
1458:
1434:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1341:
1329:
1327:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1097:
1077:
1067:
1064:ion channels
1057:
1017:
1008:
947:
938:
930:
924:
917:
892:
887:
858:
826:
824:
603:
599:
595:
591:
589:
537:
527:
517:
515:
364:transporters
326:
295:polyphyletic
288:
278:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
119:BRENDA entry
3939:Active site
2845:GNA15/GNA16
2631:Calcineurin
2553:Proteopedia
1465:(1): 5–22.
1220:Identifiers
1108:Identifiers
750:OPM protein
631:Identifiers
580:Îł-phosphate
403:Identifiers
339:(cAMP) and
107:IntEnz view
67:Identifiers
43:Epinephrine
4211:Categories
4142:Isomerases
4116:Hydrolases
3983:Regulation
3251:Lim kinase
3202:IÎşB kinase
2723:Transducin
1378:References
1333:ruminicola
1331:Prevotella
1273:structures
1048:Soluble AC
1033:calmodulin
1014:Regulation
875:G proteins
864:eukaryotic
860:Cyclic AMP
777:structures
468:structures
362:), or ion
318:eukaryotes
303:catalyzing
176:structures
143:KEGG entry
90:9012-42-4
4021:EC number
3770:(4.6.1.2)
3678:(4.6.1.1)
3609:see also
3515:Apoptosis
2996:Monomeric
2728:Gustducin
2646:G protein
2272:CiteSeerX
2170:CiteSeerX
1592:alignment
1401:24 August
1343:Rhizobium
1251:IPR021445
1127:IPR008173
1021:forskolin
935:Mechanism
906:Structure
842:cytoplasm
838:G protein
675:IPR001054
619:Class III
520:(as CyaA
446:PDOC00837
434:IPR000274
354:, either
345:Magnesium
335:(ATP) to
96:Databases
51:G protein
4217:EC 4.6.1
4045:Kinetics
3969:Cofactor
3932:Activity
3467:Tyrosine
3412:Arginine
3329:Tyrosine
2497:AF299113
2495:GenBank
2491:12057950
2443:AF056932
2441:GenBank
2396:22984449
2356:PLOS ONE
2337:16905149
2302:12407397
2294:15521361
2249:10849274
2241:10357223
2232:11147090
2192:17615394
2147:14976244
2088:34698552
2039:22014725
2001:24324443
1950:14575863
1910:10616442
1902:17128267
1863:11264454
1772:11807546
1729:16138079
1680:44151852
1672:29859257
1637:23893594
1629:15490970
1586:18620542
1489:18948702
1290:RCSB PDB
1246:InterPro
1188:Yersinia
1122:InterPro
1087:Class IV
1074:Function
920:proteins
794:RCSB PDB
670:InterPro
586:Class II
485:RCSB PDB
429:InterPro
352:proteins
329:catalyse
310:families
273:) is an
247:proteins
235:articles
223:articles
180:RCSB PDB
4201:Biology
4155:Ligases
3925:Enzymes
3801:GUCY1B3
3796:GUCY1B2
3791:GUCY1A3
3786:GUCY1A2
3593:EDARADD
3578:Mucin-4
3317:RPS6KA1
3163:EIF2AK3
2619:Calcium
2437:9682474
2387:3440374
2364:Bibcode
2115:Bibcode
2079:8759965
1992:3838963
1975:: 343.
1797:Biology
1752:Bibcode
1720:1224690
1605:Ahuja N
1551:4329051
1543:9069282
1523:Bibcode
1480:2790773
1372:pathway
1239:PF11294
1228:DUF3095
1171:cd07890
1060:neurons
950:mammals
699:PS50125
694:PROSITE
687:SM00044
650:PF00211
562:PF18765
544:PF12633
528:E. coli
518:E. coli
441:PROSITE
422:PF01295
391:Class I
386:Classes
360:kinases
322:tissues
202:QuickGO
167:profile
150:MetaCyc
85:CAS no.
78:4.6.1.1
4187:Portal
4129:Lyases
3824:GUCY2D
3819:GUCY2C
3737:ADCY10
3653:lyases
3598:PRKCSH
3437:Other
3386:DYRK1B
3381:DYRK1A
3121:Other
3091:Cyclin
3074:Cyclin
2547:(MeSH)
2522:
2489:
2482:135151
2479:
2435:
2394:
2384:
2335:
2300:
2292:
2274:
2247:
2239:
2229:
2190:
2172:
2145:
2138:365733
2135:
2086:
2076:
2037:
1999:
1989:
1948:
1908:
1900:
1861:
1809:
1780:773562
1778:
1770:
1744:Nature
1727:
1717:
1678:
1670:
1635:
1627:
1584:
1549:
1541:
1515:Nature
1487:
1477:
1349:Q8KY20
1337:O68902
1305:PDBsum
1279:
1269:
1225:Symbol
1159:SUPFAM
1113:Symbol
1003:ADCY10
809:PDBsum
783:
773:
731:8.A.85
719:SUPFAM
663:CL0276
636:Symbol
602:, and
551:CL0260
523:P00936
500:PDBsum
474:
464:
408:Symbol
299:enzyme
297:known
275:enzyme
230:PubMed
212:Search
198:AmiGO
186:PDBsum
126:ExPASy
114:BRENDA
102:IntEnz
73:EC no.
35:trimer
4081:Types
3852:Other
3732:ADCY9
3727:ADCY8
3722:ADCY7
3717:ADCY6
3712:ADCY5
3707:ADCY4
3702:ADCY3
3697:ADCY2
3692:ADCY1
3666:4.6.1
3556:Other
3494:both:
3401:DYRK4
3396:DYRK3
3391:DYRK2
3353:PTK2B
3338:ZAP70
3305:ROCK2
3300:ROCK1
3261:LIMK2
3256:LIMK1
3244:IRAK4
3239:IRAK3
3234:IRAK2
3229:IRAK1
3217:IKBKG
3195:GSK3B
3190:GSK3A
3185:GSK-3
3100:Lipid
3051:Rhebs
2962:BSCL2
2957:GNG13
2952:GNG12
2947:GNG11
2942:GNG10
2907:GNGT2
2902:GNGT1
2840:GNA14
2835:GNA13
2830:GNA12
2825:GNA11
2800:GNAT3
2795:GNAT2
2790:GNAT1
2785:GNAI3
2780:GNAI2
2775:GNAI1
2770:GNAO1
2298:S2CID
2245:S2CID
1906:S2CID
1776:S2CID
1676:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1155:SCOPe
1146:SCOP2
998:ADCY9
993:ADCY8
988:ADCY7
983:ADCY6
978:ADCY5
973:ADCY4
968:ADCY3
963:ADCY2
958:ADCY1
944:Types
715:SCOPe
706:SCOP2
682:SMART
291:cells
162:PRIAM
4173:list
4166:EC7
4160:list
4153:EC6
4147:list
4140:EC5
4134:list
4127:EC4
4121:list
4114:EC3
4108:list
4101:EC2
4095:list
4088:EC1
3838:NPR2
3833:NPR1
3659:4.6)
3544:see
3523:see
3424:McsB
3348:PTK2
3288:PAK4
3283:PAK3
3278:PAK2
3273:PAK1
3212:IKK2
3207:CHUK
3180:GSK2
3175:GSK1
3061:RGKs
3056:Raps
3041:Arfs
3036:Rhos
3029:NRAS
3024:KRAS
3019:HRAS
3009:Rabs
3004:ARFs
2937:GNG8
2932:GNG7
2927:GNG5
2922:GNG4
2917:GNG3
2912:GNG2
2889:GNB5
2884:GNB4
2879:GNB3
2874:GNB2
2869:GNB1
2820:GNAQ
2815:GNAL
2810:GNAS
2805:GNAZ
2738:cGMP
2714:cGMP
2694:cAMP
2664:cAMP
2607:see
2520:ISBN
2487:PMID
2433:PMID
2392:PMID
2333:PMID
2290:PMID
2237:PMID
2188:PMID
2143:PMID
2084:PMID
2035:PMID
1997:PMID
1946:PMID
1898:PMID
1859:PMID
1807:ISBN
1768:PMID
1725:PMID
1668:PMID
1656:1862
1625:PMID
1582:PMID
1539:PMID
1485:PMID
1403:2020
1345:etli
1340:and
1298:PDBj
1294:PDBe
1277:ECOD
1267:Pfam
1234:Pfam
1197:2FJT
1151:2ACA
1139:1YEM
1134:CATH
1116:CyaB
881:and
802:PDBj
798:PDBe
781:ECOD
771:Pfam
755:6r3q
726:TCDB
711:1tl7
659:clan
657:Pfam
645:Pfam
609:cyaA
575:1R89
559:Pfam
548:Pfam
541:Pfam
493:PDBj
489:PDBe
472:ECOD
462:Pfam
417:Pfam
348:ions
307:gene
265:and
242:NCBI
183:PDBe
138:KEGG
59:cAMP
3829:ANP
3360:BTK
3046:Ran
3014:Ras
2600:MAP
2477:PMC
2469:doi
2465:184
2423:doi
2419:164
2382:PMC
2372:doi
2325:doi
2321:362
2282:doi
2227:PMC
2219:doi
2180:doi
2133:PMC
2123:doi
2111:101
2074:PMC
2066:doi
2062:102
2027:doi
1987:PMC
1977:doi
1938:doi
1890:doi
1851:doi
1803:207
1760:doi
1748:415
1715:PMC
1707:doi
1660:doi
1617:doi
1574:doi
1570:415
1531:doi
1519:386
1475:PMC
1467:doi
1285:PDB
1193:PDB
1166:CDD
1058:In
848:to
789:PDB
743:546
571:PDB
533:CRP
480:PDB
377:to
375:ATP
218:PMC
174:PDB
57:to
55:ATP
4213::
3657:EC
3478::
2682:Gi
2678:Gs
2485:.
2475:.
2463:.
2459:.
2431:.
2417:.
2413:.
2390:.
2380:.
2370:.
2358:.
2354:.
2331:.
2319:.
2296:.
2288:.
2280:.
2268:24
2266:.
2243:.
2235:.
2225:.
2215:55
2213:.
2209:.
2186:.
2178:.
2166:87
2164:.
2141:.
2131:.
2121:.
2109:.
2105:.
2082:.
2072:.
2060:.
2056:.
2033:.
2023:14
2021:.
2009:^
1995:.
1985:.
1971:.
1967:.
1944:.
1934:15
1932:.
1918:^
1904:.
1896:.
1884:.
1880:.
1857:.
1847:41
1845:.
1821:^
1805:.
1774:.
1766:.
1758:.
1746:.
1723:.
1713:.
1703:24
1701:.
1697:.
1674:.
1666:.
1654:.
1631:.
1623:.
1613:30
1611:.
1580:.
1568:.
1545:.
1537:.
1529:.
1517:.
1497:^
1483:.
1473:.
1463:17
1461:.
1457:.
1443:^
1411:^
1394:.
1296:;
1292:;
1275:/
1195::
1157:/
1153:/
1083:.
1029:Ca
952::
902:.
885:.
856:.
800:;
796:;
779:/
717:/
713:/
598:,
594:,
573::
491:;
487:;
470:/
366:.
343:.
324:.
271:AC
200:/
37:,
4189::
4175:)
4171:(
4162:)
4158:(
4149:)
4145:(
4136:)
4132:(
4123:)
4119:(
4110:)
4106:(
4097:)
4093:(
3917:e
3910:t
3903:v
3840:)
3831:(
3655:(
3644:e
3637:t
3630:v
3469::
3450::
3331::
3151:2
3146:1
3134::
2897:Îł
2895:G
2864:β
2862:G
2765:α
2763:G
2716::
2680:/
2666::
2585:e
2578:t
2571:v
2528:.
2499:.
2493:.
2471::
2445:.
2439:.
2425::
2398:.
2374::
2366::
2360:7
2339:.
2327::
2304:.
2284::
2251:.
2221::
2194:.
2182::
2149:.
2125::
2117::
2090:.
2068::
2041:.
2029::
2003:.
1979::
1973:4
1952:.
1940::
1912:.
1892::
1886:4
1865:.
1853::
1815:.
1782:.
1762::
1754::
1731:.
1709::
1682:.
1662::
1639:.
1619::
1594:)
1590:(
1588:.
1576::
1553:.
1533::
1525::
1491:.
1469::
1405:.
1095:.
1035:.
1031:/
568:(
557:(
539:(
381:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
