795:, whose mission is "supporting Israel around the world â through education and fighting anti-Semitism", states that "most of the migrants came to Israel seeking work opportunities, not as refugees escaping war"; as StandWithUs elaborates, "unlike refugees who are fleeing war or persecution, economic migrants leave their countries in search of better work opportunities." However, globally, national authorities have found asylum seekers from Eritrea deserving of refugee status in 84% of applications, and have granted refugee status to Sudanese asylum seekers 56% of the time, whereas Israel has only granted 1% of asylum petitions from these asylum seekers. Mandatory lifetime conscription is among the human-rights abuses in Eritrea from which they may be fleeing. The
119:(UNHCR) that Eritrea has a difficult internal situation and a forced recruitment and therefore the Eritrean immigrants are defined as a "temporary humanitarian protection group". Israeli authorities have stated that they could not deport Sudanese directly back to Sudan because Israel has no diplomatic ties to Sudan. Accordingly, the Israeli authorities grant temporary residence through "conditional release permits" which must be renewed every one to four months, depending on the discretion of the individual immigration official. Various authorities in Israel estimate that 80â90% of the undocumented workers live primarily in two centers: more than 60% in
196:
undocumented workers who immigrated from Africa to Israel by crossing the
Egyptian border. In 2006 about 1,000 undocumented workers were detained; in 2007 about 5,000 were detained; in 2008 about 8,700 were detained; and in 2009 about 5,000 were detained. In the first half of 2010 the migration rate even further increased in the first seven months when over 8,000 undocumented workers were caught. The total number of undocumented workers is clearly greater than these figures, because many were not apprehended. The early wave of undocumented workers came mainly from Sudan, while in 2009 the majority of the immigrants were from
544:âIsrael). The ruling said that conditions at the facility were an "unbearable violation of basic rights, first and foremost the right to freedom and the right to dignity". Illegal migrants can no longer be detained for up to a year without trial, however detention continues within legal boundaries. The detentions in Holot continued, with illegal immigrants being detained for a year and then prevented from living in Tel Aviv and Eilat upon their release. In November 2017, the Israeli government announced that it would be closing the Holot Detention Center within four months.
829:
733:
448:
migrant and the rape of 83-year-old Ester Nahman by a 17-year-old
Eritrean migrant in 2013. There was also a rise in crimes committed by migrants against members of their own communities. According to the local police commander of south Tel Aviv, the number of police officers rose from four or five before the wave of immigrants, to over than 200 in 2017, and they were on duty around the clock. He stated that most of the crimes involved theft, drug sales and domestic violence.
479:
5083:
815:
5093:
520:
summonses of
African migrants to the Holot facility, and froze others until appeals could be heard. Judges also criticized the summons process for fundamental problems, including the failure to examine individual circumstances and the lack of hearings. The government stated that hearings were not necessary because ordering the migrants to travel to Holot did not violate their human rights.
160:
status for fleeing forced, open-ended conscription in
Eritrea or ethnic cleansing in the Darfur region of Sudan, but the government of Israel maintains that these areas merely have a poor human rights record, which does not automatically entitle one to asylum. To qualify, applicants must establish that they face the risk of personal harm or persecution if they return to their country. The
22:
345:(RSD) Unit that works closely with the United Nations. The Israeli Immigration and Border Authority processes all asylum requests and authorizes temporary group protection. Most of the Sudanese and Eritrean refugees fell into the latter category, a categorization that significantly delays registration as refugees.
268:, and murder. Both male and female migrants have also reported many cases of sexual and physical assault, rape, and the forced removal of bodily organs (kidneys, for example). Another danger for the migrants includes the Egyptian army policy shooting at them in order to prevent crossing the Egypt/Israel border.
211:. Officially, the visa allows them only to stay in the country, but in practice the state also allows the refugees to work and avoids imposing fines on the Israeli employers who employ them. This special visa requires renewal every three months. The Israeli immigration police patrols the neighborhoods of south
385:
As of April 2012, 59,858 illegal immigrants who were never imprisoned in detention facilities have illegally entered into Israel (in August 2010 the number of the imprisoned was 1,900). Several thousand of them did not end up staying in the country. The
Israeli department of immigration does not keep
439:
in the general population, there was a dramatic increase among the illegal immigrants. Due to a rise in crime and the feeling of insecurity among residents of southern Tel Aviv, the police established a new station near the central bus station and the
Shapira neighborhood. The station was staffed by
315:
The rapid increase in the number of
Eritrean and Sudanese immigrants beginning in 2006 changed the Israeli policy towards refugees from these two countries. From then on, the Israeli government began to work towards creating an environment that would be undesirable to refugees. However, in 2007, the
159:
According to the government, the majority of the migrants are seeking economic opportunity. This is not the case among Israel's allies such as the United States, where the vast majority of
Eritrean and Sudanese applicants are accepted as refugees. Once in Israel, African migrants have sought refugee
82:
Israeli citizens living in neighborhoods with large refugee populations have mixed attitudes towards them. Some have claimed refugees are "rapists" and "criminals", while others living in the same neighborhood described them as "peaceful" and "kind." With tensions rising and shifting
Israeli policy,
622:
a member of
Knesset attended the protest and described the Sudanese as a "cancer" in our body. This protest became violent leading to assault and destruction of property and businesses owned by Sudanese and Eritrean people. In 2015, an immigrant from Eritrea, Habtom Zarhum, was beaten to death by a
494:
Israel also began deporting illegal immigrants. In 2017 Israel announced its intent to deport thousands of illegal immigrants by March 2018. African migrants were told to choose between returning to their home countries or being sent to Rwanda and Uganda. Those who did not leave by March 2018 would
447:
Mass protests were held supporting the immigrants and their remaining in Israel. Other Israelis called for their deportation due to the rise in crime. The cases cited included the murder of 68-year-old Esther Galili who was beaten to death near her South Tel Aviv home in 2010 by a drunken Sudanese
352:
to deter the illegal migration of African refugees. The fence has significantly decreased the influx of Sudanese and Eritrean refugees into Israel. Later that same year, an emergency plan was set in motion to deport refugees to their home countries. Voluntary deportees would be given an opportunity
319:
This policy ensured that refugees were protected from deportation to their countries of origin, but they could not legally work in Israel. Due to the precarious legal work status of refugees, they are often discriminated against for job opportunities and have to rely on infrequent jobs to make ends
672:
economic reporter Nehemiah Strassler wrote that illegal immigrants take the place of manual workers, causing loss of jobs and a reduction in wages. He also said that they burden the health care, welfare and education systems. "We would never be able to raise the standard of living of the needy and
490:
along sections of its border with Egypt to curb the influx of refugees from African countries. Construction was completed in January 2013. 230 km of fence have been built. While 9,570 Africans entered Israel illegally in the first half of 2012, only 34 entered in the first six months of 2013
328:
Prior to 2006 and throughout 2007, Israeli policy was to detain all refugees from "enemy states" for months at a time. This policy was later discontinued. In addition, there existed a policy to return refugees to the Sinai desert if they had crossed the border into Israel, but this policy was also
195:
The Israeli government originally tolerated the new arrivals from Africa. It allowed their entry and many migrants found menial jobs in hotels and restaurants. But after their numbers swelled, concerns were raised. In the second half of the 2000s, there was a significant increase in the number of
275:
commenced in 2012 and was completed in 2015. 9,570 citizens of various African countries entered Israel illegally in the first half of 2012, while only 34 did the same in the first six months of 2013, after construction of the main section of the barrier was completed. After the entire fence was
690:
In mid-2010, Eilat residents demonstrated against the inaction of the Israeli government saying they were afraid to walk outside at night in certain neighborhoods. In the Shapira and Kiryat Shalom neighborhoods in southern Tel Aviv a number of real estate agents stated that they would not rent
519:
declared that long-term custody in Sahronim was unconstitutional, the government opened Holot detention center in December 2013. The 1,800 residents at Holot were allowed to leave but were required to sign in once a day and return for an evening curfew. Israeli courts temporarily cancelled the
617:
In 2010, Israelis protested the construction of the Holot detention facility, stating that its construction goes against Human Rights values. At the same time, residents of South Tel Aviv demonstrated against the presence of foreigners in their communities. In 2012, nearly 1,000 Israelis from
613:
The situation underscores the tension between two strong feelings in Israel. Israel was founded in the wake of the Holocaust and has provided refuge to Jews fleeing oppression around the world. On one hand, many Israelis feel Israel has a special responsibility to assist refugees in such dire
98:
As of January 2018, according to the Population and Immigration Authority (PIBA) there were 37,288 African migrants in Israel, not including children born to migrants in Israel. Most African migrants are regarded to be legitimate asylum seekers by human rights organizations, but the Israeli
791:, whose Israeli branch has been actively assisting African asylum seekers, has vocally opposed the Israeli government's policy toward the asylum seekers and has called on Israel to evaluate their refugee status claims in accordance with international law. The Los Angeles-based organization
595:, located in south Tel Aviv, has helped asylum seekers as well as Israeli citizens understand refugee rights, and has undertaken advocacy and educational activities including frequent trips for Israelis to visit the Holot Detention Center. Most of these organization are funded by the
523:
On 22 September 2014, the High Court struck down the anti-infiltration law and ordered the state to close Holot within 90 days. The court addressed whether to limit the detention of migrants and whether to close Holot. On both measures, the court sided with the petitioners (the
799:, the clergy organization of Conservative Judaism, passed a resolution in 2016 stating that "Israelâs Ministry of the Interior has been very reluctant to grant refugee status to bona fide asylum seekers" and calling on Israel to do so. The rabbinic human-rights organization
187:, although since then the validity of this status has expired. Regarding the other asylum requests filed by citizens of other countries and examined individually, the Interior Ministry stated that only a fraction of them were actually eligible for refugee status.
728:
In a Channel 2 interview in November 2013, Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai scoffed at government policy, saying, "Can 50,000 people be a demographic threat? That's a mockery. ... The truth is they will remain here. They are human beings and I must take care of them."
316:
Israeli government was still issuing three-month renewable "conditional release" visas, which allowed Eritrean and Sudanese refugees to work. Beginning 2010, all visas upon renewal were issued with a stamp indicating that "this visa is not a working permit."
2941:
398:
does not keep detailed documentation regarding their place of residence, but according to estimates from 2011, which are based on data from the Israeli police, the local authorities and the NGOs, circa 15,000â17,000 illegal immigrants lived in
2091:
759:
On 15 January 2014, the Knesset Committee on Foreign Workers met to discuss the Immigration and Border Authority policy and its impact on the business sector. African migrants participated in the Knesset meeting. They were supported by MK
514:
said that migrants received adequate food and medical care and were not mistreated, but said that sending migrants there instead of prisoners was inhumane, though Israeli officials maintained that conditions there were adequate. After the
377:(UNHCR) to relocate many refugees into western nations over a period of five years. Israel agreed to grant temporary residency to those who remained. The deal soon fell apart due to pressure from within Netanyahu's own government.
171:. Israel does not review the status of the individual immigrants originating from Eritrea or Sudan, who constitute about 83% of the total people coming to Israel across the Egyptian border, and instead automatically grants them a
386:
continuous supervision over their place of residence but, according to estimates based on data from the Israeli police, the local authorities and the aid organizations, approximately 34,000 illegal immigrants originated from
599:. Relief organizations have been involved in discussions held in Knesset committees on this issue and have submitted a petition against the measures the state has taken to put a halt to the phenomenon of immigration.
293:(UNHCR). Until 2006, there were no challenges to this system due to the low number of refugees. Later, a new law was established in which the UNHCR would process asylum applications and send a recommendation to the
1907:
566:
to expel around 16,000 African migrants to Western countries in exchange for granting temporary residency in Israel to the same number. Shortly after, however, the deal was cancelled by the Israeli government.
361:
By 2015, the Israeli government began giving Sudanese and Eritrean refugees a choice to either return to their home countries, move to another state, or be imprisoned. Many migrants lived in facilities such as
1146:
114:
cannot be forcibly deported from Israel. Under international law, Eritrean citizens (who, since 2009, form the majority of the undocumented workers in Israel) cannot be deported due to the opinion of the
2099:
83:
both deterrence and support for the refugees has increased. Israeli policy toward African refugees have been heavily influenced by the advocacy and legal work of several nonprofits, including the
2539:
1776:
294:
44:
in order to settle or reside there. This phenomenon began in the second half of the 2000s, when a large number of people from Africa entered Israel, mainly through the then-lightly fenced
440:
100-150 police officers. According to the Israeli Police report to the Knesset in March 2012, there was a steady increase in crime among the illegal immigrants from 2007. In 2011, 1,200
2585:
175:
status. This status allows these people to have temporary residence right within Israel, which must be renewed every 3 months; usually this also means that they would be eligible for a
4803:
1657:[Victims of exploitation for sexual purposes and slavery among the infiltrators and asylum seekers in Israel] (in Hebrew). Knesset Research and Information Center. 8 June 2010
779:
story and call attention to the plight of the migrants. Similar seders were held in support of the migrants in Tel Aviv and Washington. Similar events took place in 2015 and 2016.
304:
granted only 170 permits of this kind between 2002-2005. Moreover, individuals identified as "citizens of enemy states" were not allowed to seek asylum. This was the status of all
680:, who headed the government committee on issue of illegal asylum seekers, proposed establishing a city near the Egyptian border where the immigrants would live until deportation.
75:. Israeli policy concerning these refugees has evolved from a policy of neutrality to a policy of deterrence. These refugees began arriving in Israel in the 21st century, led by
260:
smugglers to transfer them to the border between Egypt and Israel. There have been cases of abuse against male and female migrants committed by the Bedouin smugglers, including
996:
395:
342:
657:
warned that the migrants could serve as informants or operatives of terrorist organizations. He stated that they were contributing to congestion in the cities and a rise in
203:
In early May 2010, it was estimated that 24,339 undocumented workers resided in Israel, of whom the number of Sudanese and Eritrean refugees who are not deportable under
3430:
2610:
289:
Prior to 2000, the Israeli government had not created any specific policies for handling incoming refugees. The determination of refugee status was outsourced to the
502:
passed an "anti-infiltration law" which meant that many Africans who entered after the bill's passage or those whose visas have expired were sent to the neighboring
3500:
721:
issued a condemnation of the violence and called to refrain from racism and incitement. He said: "Hatred of foreigners contradicts the fundamental principles of
1679:
1866:
650:. In late 2017, early 2018, North American Jewish organizations joined with Israeli NGOs to decry Israel's decision to close Holot and deport asylum seekers.
1885:
1056:
2543:
1773:
444:
were opened against illegal immigrants from Africa, half of them in the Tel Aviv district. This was an increase of 54% in comparison to the previous year.
887:
3655:
1355:
1260:
592:
207:
was 18,959: 5,649 Sudanese and 13,310 Eritreans. 16,766 of them received a special visa (ץ 2× 5) granted to illegal immigrants who are non-deportable
56:, 26,635 people arrived illegally in this way by July 2010, and over 55,000 by January 2012. In an attempt to curb the influx, Israel constructed the
3562:
1171:
1042:
172:
2904:
1221:
60:. Since its completion in December 2013, the barrier has almost completely stopped the immigration of Africans into Israel across the Sinai border.
470:
stated that regardless of the level of crime committed by infiltrators, the distress of residents of South Tel Aviv should not be underestimated.
2922:
3062:
1109:
745:
2791:
147:
in Israel. Lack of a valid work permit severely limits their economic opportunities. There was a case of a riot targeting African refugees in
618:
neighborhoods in South Tel Aviv staged a protest against illegal immigrants demanding the deportation and expulsion of migrants from Africa,
374:
290:
168:
116:
103:
3166:
1474:
1196:
229:
According to the IDF's Operations Division in 2008, most of the countries from where the illegal immigrants came are (in descending order):
1688:(in Hebrew). Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa. December 2009. Archived from
1024:
725:. I am well aware of the difficulties faced by the residents of south Tel Aviv and other similar areas, but violence is not the solution."
2595:
614:
conditions. On the other hand, many Israelis fear the continued migration of immigrants and refugees would threaten the Jewish majority.
1583:[Data on crimes made by illegal immigrants and asylum seekers and of crimes made against illegal immigrants and asylum seekers]
973:[Data on crimes made by illegal immigrants and asylum seekers and of crimes made against illegal immigrants and asylum seekers]
3774:
3114:
2039:
451:
In 2012, the police reported difficulties dealing with crimes committed by this sector due to a lack of interpreters proficient in the
1315:
5015:
4470:
4915:
4279:
1929:
1423:
665:. He predicted that failing to stop the illegal immigration waves at an early stage would lead to much larger waves in the future.
5042:
5000:
3192:
943:
5152:
4485:
2878:
1340:
1084:
842:
677:
588:
537:
525:
92:
3014:
4584:
3975:
3045:
3000:
2635:
2147:
1517:
1488:
602:
Unitaf creates early-childhood programs for refugee and stateless children living in Israel; the President of the board is
4254:
5117:
4950:
4171:
3992:
756:
detention facilities. Migrants said they feared their lives would be in danger if they returned to their home countries.
584:
215:
regularly and arrests asylum seekers who do not carry a valid visa; the punishment can be one to three months in prison.
2557:
1954:
4176:
3737:
3504:
1804:
580:
2273:
5096:
4559:
4269:
3953:
2668:
576:
529:
84:
3700:
1689:
4920:
4104:
3825:
3798:
1982:
740:
Demonstrations and rallies supporting the refugees have also been held. On 28 December 2013 thousands protested in
179:
in Israel. In the past Israel also granted an automatic "temporary protection group" status to all citizens of the
5122:
2486:
1382:
3604:
2715:
2324:
3767:
3536:
895:
803:, based in New York, has made it a priority to encourage Israel to evaluate all asylum seekers' claims fairly.
624:
3478:
2457:
366:
and similar ones, where they are free to leave during the day, but must return at night or face imprisonment.
4661:
4524:
4455:
4441:
4185:
4119:
2827:
2349:
1712:
161:
53:
1825:"Ordered disorder: African asylum seekers in Israel and discursive challenges to an emerging refugee regime"
4554:
1289:
867:
427:
range from 400 to 600 illegal immigrants. As of 2017, only 39,274 of those who entered the country remain.
2809:
2687:
5147:
4945:
4900:
4828:
4475:
4089:
3087:
305:
1707:
5127:
4975:
4879:
4839:
4514:
4114:
4099:
3882:
2429:
1761:
1627:
309:
167:
Most migrants request refugee status after arriving in Israel, in accordance with the United Nations's
45:
3456:
5086:
4726:
4579:
4574:
3760:
79:
smugglers. As of 2018, the non-Jewish African refugee population in Israel is approximately 36,000.
5142:
5137:
4629:
4353:
4064:
3803:
3032:
Sabar, Galia; Tsurkov, Elizabeth (May 2015). "Israel's Policies towards Asylum-Seekers:2012â2014".
487:
349:
272:
57:
748:
in South Tel Aviv to city center, decrying the detention without trial of African refugees in the
300:
Approved refugees received temporary residency and temporary work permits in Israel. However, the
5062:
4854:
4509:
4180:
3403:
3402:
Yoni Hirsch; Shlomo Cesana; Yori Yalon; Itsik Saban; Gideon Allon; Yael Branovsky (25 May 2012).
2436:
2406:
1652:
516:
330:
1867:"Netanyahu Defends Egypt Border Fence: Influx of African Migrants More Dangerous Than Terrorism"
5132:
4980:
4775:
4534:
4010:
3958:
3948:
3936:
3377:[Pandemonium and arrests at the demonstration in south Tel Aviv: Foreigners attacked].
2370:
2015:[Crime of infiltrators and asylum seekers and against infiltrators and asylum seekers]
847:
662:
5032:
4957:
4864:
4780:
4765:
4719:
4714:
4589:
4229:
4156:
4151:
4022:
3865:
3812:
2852:
2199:
2173:
2121:
1740:[The southern border phenomenon: the Egyptian army shoots infiltrators] (in Hebrew).
1319:
541:
3518:
1792:
4990:
4770:
4569:
4319:
1383:""Infiltrators" or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum-Seekers"
403:(mainly in southern Tel Aviv, though the number also includes illegal immigrants living in
151:, although the Israeli government has arrested and subsequently punished the perpetrators.
3675:
3372:
3310:
3279:
3248:
2514:
2298:
2247:
2079:
8:
4748:
4739:
4704:
4480:
4109:
3914:
2770:
2741:
2400:
1850:
1834:. Research Paper No. 205: 1â21 – via United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
1029:
857:
852:
796:
715:
3897:
917:
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against detention of asylum seekers from Sudan and Eritrea. The protesters marched from
5022:
4905:
4671:
4634:
4594:
4529:
4244:
2982:
2491:
1293:
1043:
Israel Completes 245 Mile, NIS 1.6 Billion Security Fence Along Sinai Border with Egypt
638:. Support is also demonstrated through the work of non-profit organizations, including
556:
370:
301:
64:
3877:
1845:
353:
for self-removal and receive 1,000 Euro to assist in repatriation to their homelands.
4985:
4925:
4785:
4651:
4519:
4410:
4166:
4141:
3041:
2974:
2643:
2590:
2010:
1578:
1547:
1405:
1103:
968:
452:
265:
204:
4190:
3341:
1606:
4758:
4427:
4380:
4348:
4274:
4212:
4195:
4161:
4094:
4059:
4054:
4032:
4027:
3963:
3941:
3845:
3820:
3783:
3018:
2540:"99.6% Drop in the Number of Infiltrators Entering Israel Due to Government Action"
1397:
1124:
862:
547:
A law passed in 2017 required that employers impose a 20 per cent deduction on the
503:
363:
4683:
435:
In December 2010, Police commissioner Dudi Cohen stated that despite a decline in
4709:
4641:
4564:
4446:
4422:
4390:
4385:
4336:
4309:
4299:
4205:
4084:
3904:
3887:
3850:
3840:
3284:[Huldai to Netanyahu: Residents abandoned in front of the infiltrators].
2823:
1780:
1774:
99.6% Drop in the Number of Infiltrators Entering Israel Due to Government Action
711:
695:
596:
559:
of 16 per cent. This money is accessible to workers only when they leave Israel.
49:
16:
Movement from Africa to Israel of people that are not natives or Israeli citizens
2225:
5052:
5037:
4549:
4539:
4497:
4465:
4460:
4400:
4304:
4249:
4239:
4200:
4042:
4037:
3926:
3835:
3746:"unitaf, Aid Organization for Refugees and stateless children living in Israel"
3346:[Realtors in south Tel Aviv: illegal aliens will not rent apartments].
3140:
772:
631:
563:
223:
208:
3253:[MK Katz: ball at the top of the Bedouins who help the infiltrators].
3217:
2792:"In dramatic ruling, High Court rejects Israel's policies on illegal migrants"
1824:
1147:"Israel scraps contested plan to deport tens of thousands of African migrants"
5111:
4753:
4678:
4614:
4544:
4405:
4395:
4375:
4363:
4331:
4126:
4047:
3980:
3909:
3870:
3401:
2978:
2647:
1409:
834:
820:
732:
441:
2905:"Israel reaches deal with U.N. to resettle asylum seekers in Western states"
2771:"High Court orders closure of detention facility for African asylum seekers"
2742:"Judges nix summonses of illegal immigrants, slam Israel's detention policy"
2669:"The new 'choice' for asylum seekers: Deportation or prison | +972 Magazine"
491:
after construction of the barrier. This represented a decrease of over 99%.
5010:
5005:
4844:
4502:
4492:
4224:
3830:
3408:
2562:
2046:
1524:
1172:"South Tel Aviv residents show mixed emotions about African refugee crisis"
1061:
761:
718:
707:
654:
603:
511:
424:
139:. Most non-Jewish African refugees have been granted "conditional release"
136:
72:
3701:"Resolution on African Asylum Seekers in Israel | The Rabbinical Assembly"
2923:"Netanyahu completes about-face on migrants, says UNHCR deal is cancelled"
1005:(in Hebrew). Israeli authority of population and immigration. January 2012
673:
reduce the gaps, if we keep on absorbing more and more destitute people."
5027:
4869:
4693:
4656:
4646:
4619:
4234:
4146:
3855:
2518:
792:
703:
482:
The entrance to Holot immigration detention center, Negev desert, Israel.
478:
242:
184:
180:
176:
144:
140:
41:
2986:
2586:"Israel begins deporting Eritrean refugees to troubled African homeland"
1735:
1381:
Yaron, Hadas; Hashimshony-Yaffe, Nurit; Campbell, John (15 April 2013).
555:. The deducted money is deposited in a fund along with an employer paid
4995:
4666:
4606:
4324:
3931:
3919:
3630:
3434:
2148:"South Tel Aviv Being Overtaken by Illegal Immigrants, Media is Silent"
1991:(in Hebrew). Israel Population and Immigration Authority. November 2011
1401:
699:
684:
619:
533:
467:
88:
2946:[The strategy 'Dawa' of the New Israel Fund] (in Hebrew). MIDA
2611:"Israel Tells African Migrants, Asylum-Seekers To Leave Or Go To Jail"
2558:"Israel planning to deport African migrants to 'east African country'"
575:
Israel has a number of organizations focused legal aid, including the
276:
completed, the number of migrant crossings had dropped to 16 in 2016.
4264:
800:
749:
507:
436:
420:
408:
132:
3605:"HIAS Calls for Protection of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel"
1963:(in Hebrew). Israel Population and Immigration Authority. April 2012
1497:(in Hebrew). Israel Population and Immigration Authority. April 2012
1472:
4415:
4368:
4314:
4131:
4015:
3985:
3968:
3752:
3730:"ASSAF, Aid Organization for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel"
3576:
3063:"Thousands in Tel Aviv Protest Plan for Refugee Detention Facility"
1908:"Israeli government to refugees: Go back to Africa or go to prison"
776:
741:
736:
Eritrean asylum seekers at Levinsky Park, Tel Aviv. January 8, 2014
635:
400:
238:
219:
212:
148:
120:
3860:
3167:"CTIVISTS HOLD SEDER FOR AFRICAN ASYLUM-SEEKERS AT HOLOT FACILITY"
2542:. Benjamin Netanyahu Official Website. 1 July 2013. Archived from
2325:"African migrant murdered in south Tel Aviv | The Times of Israel"
2226:"ת×׊×ת ×ר×× ×Ş× ×××× ××׊××× ×ת ××׊×ר×: "××× ×פ׊ר ××× ×ע ×ת ×¨×Ś× ×××""
1448:
639:
63:
The African refugee population in Israel is composed primarily of
5057:
5047:
3431:"Africans face uncertain Israeli future after perilous migration"
3348:
3224:
2775:
2462:
2019:(in Hebrew). Knesset Research and Information Center. 25 May 2011
1654:ק×ר×× ×ת × ×׌×× ×××ר×ת ××× ×ע×××ת ××§×¨× ×××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××§×Š× ××ק×× ××׊ר××
1607:"America Team for Displaced Eritreans Âť Surviving in Israel"
1580:× ×Ş×× ×× ×˘× ×¤×Š××˘× ×Š× ××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××§×Š× ×ק×× ××× ×× ×ץת × × ×× ××××§×Š× ×ק××
1556:(in Hebrew). Knesset Research and Information Center. 26 May 2010
970:× ×Ş×× ×× ×˘× ×¤×Š××˘× ×Š× ××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××§×Š× ×ק×× ××× ×× ×ץת × × ×× ××××§×Š× ×ק××
722:
669:
499:
456:
404:
387:
257:
246:
230:
197:
107:
102:
Many of the migrants seek asylum status under the United Nations
76:
68:
687:
demanded that the government take "immediate emergency action."
647:
4341:
4259:
4217:
3892:
3537:"Week after ban, African migrants take part in Knesset meeting"
2853:"Government approves closure of Holot facility within 4 months"
2299:"Eritrean Immigrant Held on Rape, Robbery of Disabled TA Woman"
1741:
1222:"20,000 Israelis Protest Deportation of African Asylum Seekers"
1125:"African Migration to Israel: Debt, Employment and Remittances"
765:
643:
459:. The Israeli legal system reported a similar problem in 2014.
416:
128:
37:
33:
3315:[Refugees want to stay in Eilat, "not all Sudanese"].
2636:"Rwanda, Uganda Deny Deal With Israel to Take Africa Migrants"
1380:
396:
Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration
4734:
4358:
3404:"No place for violence against African migrants and refugees"
3193:"NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH LEADERS: PLEASE DON'T DEPORT AFRICANS"
2174:"Masses expected to attend Tel Aviv migrant solidarity rally"
1930:"Israeli Leader Is Forced to Retreat on African Migrant Deal"
1341:
African migrants reel as Israeli law cuts into their salaries
1316:"Israel: New detention law violates rights of asylum-seekers"
1083:
AM, Yardena Schwartz On 10/13/15 at 10:54 (13 October 2015).
753:
658:
552:
548:
463:
412:
391:
271:
To contain the illegal entry of persons, construction of the
253:
234:
124:
111:
3141:"Two Dead, 11 Wounded in Shooting Attack in Southern Israel"
1552:[Treatment infiltrators from the border with Egypt]
1057:"Israel's border fence with Egypt has transformed the south"
99:
government says most of them are job seeking work-migrants.
3379:
3317:
3286:
3255:
3222:[Nehemiah Strassler | 4- Infiltrators a day].
2074:
788:
694:
On 23 May 2012, over a thousand people demonstrated in the
261:
164:
has failed to review the vast majority of asylum requests.
3745:
3729:
2073:[Police: up 23% of crime is foreign] (in Hebrew).
1708:"Human Rights Watch faults Egypt's 'shoot-to-stop' policy"
1684:[Refugees or migrant workers from African states]
21:
3519:
TA: Thousands protest against detention of asylum seekers
3115:"Demonstrators Attack African Migrants in South Tel Aviv"
2405:[State of Israel v. Byena Smarhart] (in Hebrew).
1424:"Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel"
256:, and then pay sums of up to twenty thousand dollars for
40:
of people that are not natives or do not possess Israeli
3479:"Muslim Refugees Demonstrating in Israel To Support Icc"
2122:"20,000 asylum seekers, supporters, protest in Tel Aviv"
2092:"Thousands of Africans protest Israeli deportation plan"
1793:
Israel to trade arms for migrants with African countries
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1123:
Furst-Nichols, Rebecca; Jacobsen, Karen (January 2011).
775:
with asylum seekers at the Holot facility to recall the
394:
and 10,000 originated from other countries. The Israeli
3370:
2080:
http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-4204802,00.html
1473:
David Mac Dougall and Josef Federman (7 January 2014).
2828:"Israel frees 1,200 migrants, bans them from Tel Aviv"
2012:פ׊××˘× ×Š× ××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××§×Š× ×ק×× ××× ×× ××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××§×Š× ×ק××
1783:, Israeli Prime Minister official website. 1 July 2013
963:
961:
634:
have been held each year during the Jewish holiday of
623:
mob after being misidentified as the perpetrator in a
2274:"Charge: Eritrean raped and beat 83-yr-old for hours"
1573:
1571:
1240:
1197:"Israel to African refugees: You're not welcome here"
1122:
423:
range from 1,000 to 8,000 illegal immigrants, and in
3563:"×××§×Š× ××ק×× ×Š×××××× ××´××××ת״ ××××× ××× ×××ר×ת ׊×××"
2487:"PM tours South, heralds completion of border fence"
810:
562:
In April 2018, Israel reached an agreement with the
2688:"Israeli: Detention center for Africans a 'prison'"
1886:"Israel rounds up African migrants for deportation"
1085:"Non-Jewish Refugees Get a Cold Shoulder in Israel"
958:
2879:"African migrant families battle hunger in Israel"
1568:
551:of workers who entered the country illegally from
297:, which was tasked with deciding refugee status.
3001:"Who Will Save the Refugee Children of Tel Aviv?"
2200:"3 Africans suspected of raping 15-year-old girl"
1674:
1672:
419:range from 1,500 to 2,000 illegal immigrants, in
249:. Most of the illegal immigrants (85%) were men.
5109:
2716:"African migrants in Israel hold Passover seder"
787:The Maryland-based refugee rights organization
3525:, 28 December 2013, Retrieved 29 December 2013
2789:
2713:
2512:
1805:ISRAEL COMPLETES HEIGHTENED EGYPT BORDER FENCE
1669:
1374:
1017:
3768:
3670:
3668:
3501:"African Refugees Protest in Israel protests"
2458:"Israel completes bulk of Egypt border fence"
2350:"Sudanese minor found dead in south Tel Aviv"
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1515:
1475:"African migrants in Israel have little hope"
1036:
625:terrorist attack at the Beersheva bus station
473:
375:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
291:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
169:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
117:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
104:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
3534:
3395:
3339:
3312:×פ××××× ×¨×׌×× ×××׊×ר ××××ת: "×× ×××× ×Ą××× ××"
3031:
2939:
1737:ת××¤×˘× ××××× ××ר×××: ×׌×× ×××Ś×¨× ×××¨× ×××Ą×Ş× × ××
1350:
1348:
3374:××××× ×ע׌×ר×× ××פ×× × ××ר×× ×Ş"×: ×ר×× ××תקפ×
3308:
3281:×××××× ×× ×Ş× ×××: ת×׊××× ××פקר×× ××× ×××Ą×Ş× × ××
3277:
3250:×"× ×"׼: ×××ר ×ר×׊ ××××××× ×Š×˘××ר×× ×××Ą×Ş× × ××
3015:"President of the Board at unitaf - unitaf"
2810:"Netanyahu, ministers mull new migrant law"
2484:
2068:
1733:
1108:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3775:
3761:
3665:
3628:
3246:
3017:. unitaf.org. 8 April 2020. Archived from
2685:
2515:"New Data Shows 99% Drop in Illegal Entry"
1809:
1705:
1290:"Israel: Asylum Seekers Blocked at Border"
369:During the spring of 2018, Prime Minister
348:In 2012, Israel built a fence along their
25:African migrants demonstrating in Tel Aviv
3371:Neri Brenner; Boaz Feiler (23 May 2012).
3343:×ת××××× ××ר×× ×Ş"×: ×× × ×Š××ר ××ר×ת ×׊×"×××
3138:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2739:
2037:
1864:
1345:
894:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
782:
714:spoke. Later the protest turned violent.
341:In 2009, the Israeli government formed a
71:refugees migrating to Israel through the
3656:"African Migrants in Israel â Factsheet"
3599:
3597:
3190:
2709:
2707:
2705:
1927:
1883:
1762:New Data Shows 99% Drop in Illegal Entry
946:. London, England: Refugee Council. 2016
731:
477:
20:
3423:
3088:"Israel: Amend 'Anti-Infiltration' Law"
2943:×ץ×ר××××ת ×'×ע×××' ×Š× ××§×¨× ××××Š× ××׊ר××
2802:
2373:×× ××׊×× ×פ×× ×׌×ת, ×××× ××× ×Š×××׊ ××××
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
977:(in Hebrew). 11 October 2010. p. 3
5110:
3164:
2822:
2759:
2679:
1522:[Agitators against refugees].
1144:
1054:
843:African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
589:Association for Civil Rights in Israel
526:Association for Civil Rights in Israel
93:Association for Civil Rights in Israel
3756:
3594:
2702:
2427:
1923:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1025:Sharon presses for fence across Sinai
771:In April 2014, activists organized a
608:
295:Israeli National Status Granting Body
5092:
3782:
3560:
3139:Ben Zikri, Almog (19 October 2015).
3112:
3060:
2790:Marissa Newman (22 September 2014).
2608:
1681:פ××××× ×× ××××¨× ×˘×××× ××××× ×ת ×פר×ק×
1459:
1268:Population and Immigration Authority
1134:: 1â20 – via Tufts University.
683:In December 2011, Mayor of Tel Aviv
570:
430:
3738:"Hotline for Refugees and Migrants"
3676:"Asylum Seekers in Israel | T'ruah"
3219:× ×××× ×Š×רץ×ר | 40 ××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××
3191:Eisenbud, Daniel (9 January 2018).
2248:"Murders by Illegals go Unreported"
1822:
1045:Algemeiner, 4 December 2013 2:58 PM
936:
591:. The secular Jewish organization
585:African Refugees Development Center
329:ended later by the decision of the
13:
1918:
1896:
1884:Hamilton, Douglas (11 June 2012).
1865:Ben Zikri, Almog (20 March 2018).
1628:"Migration data in Eastern Africa"
1516:Zahava Galeon (12 November 2010).
1082:
1055:Lappin, Yaakov (15 January 2019).
691:apartments to illegal immigrants.
581:Physicians for Human Rights-Israel
538:Physicians for Human RightsâIsrael
252:Most migrants initially arrive in
14:
5164:
3722:
2965:"National Jewish Organizations".
2609:Cook, Jesselyn (5 January 2018).
2428:Arbel, Edna (16 September 2013).
2071:××׊×ר×: ע×××× ×Š× 23% ×פ׊×עת ××ר××
1928:Kershner, Isabel (2 April 2018).
577:Hotline for Refugees and Migrants
530:Hotline for Refugees and Migrants
486:In 2010, Israel began building a
85:Hotline for Refugees and Migrants
32:is the international movement to
5091:
5082:
5081:
3964:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3693:
3648:
3622:
3569:
3554:
3535:Lazar Berman (15 January 2014).
3528:
3511:
3493:
3471:
3449:
3165:Sharon, Jeremy (17 April 2016).
2714:Tia Goldenberg (11 April 2014).
1846:"Refugee Law and Policy: Israel"
827:
813:
495:be jailed until leaving Israel.
466:, Israeli Supreme Court justice
3481:. World News Inc. 11 March 2009
3364:
3333:
3302:
3278:Gilad Morag (4 December 2011).
3271:
3247:Roni Sofer (28 December 2010).
3240:
3210:
3184:
3158:
3132:
3106:
3080:
3061:Lior, Ilan (24 December 2010).
3054:
3034:Instituto Affari Internazionali
3025:
3007:
2993:
2958:
2940:Akiva Bigman (1 January 2014).
2933:
2915:
2897:
2871:
2845:
2816:
2783:
2769:Ilan Lior (22 September 2014).
2733:
2661:
2628:
2602:
2578:
2566:. Associated Press. 3 June 2013
2550:
2532:
2506:
2478:
2450:
2421:
2393:
2363:
2342:
2317:
2291:
2266:
2240:
2218:
2192:
2166:
2140:
2114:
2084:
2062:
2044:[Fear in the streets].
2031:
2003:
1987:[Israeli Foreign Data]
1975:
1947:
1877:
1858:
1838:
1798:
1786:
1767:
1755:
1727:
1706:Liam Stack (13 November 2008).
1699:
1645:
1620:
1599:
1540:
1509:
1493:[Israeli foreign data]
1481:
1441:
1416:
1334:
1308:
1282:
1214:
1189:
1164:
1138:
1116:
1001:[Israeli foreign data]
506:without trial. After visiting
464:Holot "open detention facility"
390:, about 15,000 originated from
380:
154:
52:. According to the data of the
46:border between Israel and Egypt
3340:Noah Koshrik (2 August 2010).
3228:(in Hebrew). 24 September 2010
2740:Ilan Lior (20 February 2014).
2594:. 15 July 2013. Archived from
2513:Maayana Miskin (2 July 2013).
2485:Herb Keinon (2 January 2013).
2278:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
2069:Omri Efraim (19 March 2012).
1959:[Israel Foreign Data]
1906:Booth, William (14 May 2015).
1832:New Issues in Refugee Research
1734:Amir Bohbot (2 October 2011).
1453:United Nations Population Fund
1176:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1145:Eglash, Ruth (25 April 2018).
1132:Feinstein International Center
1076:
1048:
989:
910:
880:
1:
5153:Illegal immigration to Israel
3561:פ××ץ, ×׊ר×× (29 April 2016).
2967:The American Jewish Year Book
1713:The Christian Science Monitor
873:
30:African immigration to Israel
3309:Ahuva Mamus (11 July 2010).
2402:×××× ×Ş ×׊ר×× × ×× ×××× × ×Ą×ר×ר×
1823:Paz, Yonathan (March 2011).
1587:(in Hebrew). 11 October 2010
1356:"Make Their Lives Miserable"
868:Refugee kidnappings in Sinai
640:Kav LaOved (Worker's Hotline
411:) and 4,000â8,000 living in
356:
343:Refugee Status Determination
336:
323:
310:have no diplomatic relations
284:
218:141 immigrants, mostly from
173:"temporary protection group"
7:
3437:. Reuters. 22 December 2013
2686:Diaa Hadid (14 July 2013).
1795:, Ynetnews.com. 9 July 2013
1549:×××פ×× ×××Ą×Ş× × ×× ××××× ×׌ר××
806:
306:Sudanese refugees in Israel
279:
10:
5169:
5118:African diaspora in Israel
4976:African diaspora religions
4100:Indigenous Black Canadians
3705:www.rabbinicalassembly.org
3113:Lior, Ilan (24 May 2012).
2642:. Associated Press. 2018.
1764:, Arutz Sheva. 2 July 2013
1062:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
474:Handling of asylum seekers
190:
5077:
4966:
4951:African Hebrew Israelites
4936:
4890:
4827:
4816:
4796:
4727:Afro-Asians in South Asia
4692:
4605:
4440:
4290:
4075:
4001:
3811:
3797:
3790:
2038:Avi Cohen (18 May 2012).
1779:30 September 2013 at the
1270:(in Hebrew). January 2018
415:. While the estimates in
264:, kidnapping for ransom,
54:Israeli Interior Ministry
3993:Turks and Caicos Islands
3373:
3342:
3311:
3280:
3249:
3218:
3003:. Haaretz. 5 April 2015.
2942:
2401:
2070:
2040:
2011:
1983:
1955:
1736:
1680:
1653:
1579:
1548:
1518:
1489:
997:
969:
944:"Who's who: Definitions"
373:reached a deal with the
2437:Supreme Court of Israel
2407:Supreme Court of Israel
1390:International Migration
517:Supreme Court of Israel
5123:Demographics of Israel
4981:Anti-African sentiment
3631:"StandWithUs About Us"
2812:. AFP. 7 October 2014.
2096:www.washingtonpost.com
892:OxfordDictionaries.com
848:Demographics of Israel
783:International response
737:
483:
143:, which are not valid
26:
5033:Civil rights movement
4921:Afro-Caribbean people
4230:Chestnut Ridge people
4152:African-American Jews
3954:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3021:on 28 September 2020.
2546:on 30 September 2013.
2430:"Adam v. The Knesset"
2329:www.timesofisrael.com
1632:Migration data portal
1320:Amnesty International
924:. Merriam-Webster, In
735:
542:Amnesty International
481:
462:In her ruling on the
331:Israeli Supreme Court
308:since both countries
24:
4991:Atlantic slave trade
4679:United Arab Emirates
2303:Israel National News
2252:Israel National News
661:, and constituted a
653:Israeli demographer
273:EgyptâIsrael barrier
58:EgyptâIsrael barrier
4880:Sierra Leone Creole
4731:India and Pakistan
3976:Trinidad and Tobago
3826:Antigua and Barbuda
3635:www.standwithus.com
3541:The Times of Israel
2883:Middle East Monitor
2796:The Times of Israel
2720:The Times of Israel
2675:. 13 December 2017.
1912:The Washington Post
1851:Library of Congress
1477:. Associated Press.
1261:"× ×Ş×× × ×ר×× ××׊ר××"
1151:The Washington Post
1030:The Daily Telegraph
922:Merriam-Webster.com
858:Illegal immigration
853:Geography of Israel
797:Rabbinical Assembly
5148:Refugees in Israel
5023:Black Lives Matter
4630:Ethiopian Israelis
4280:African immigrants
4255:Louisiana Redbones
4191:Chickasaw freedmen
4120:African immigrants
3888:Dominican Republic
3092:Human Rights Watch
2859:. 19 November 2017
2690:. Associated Press
2640:The New York Times
2492:The Jerusalem Post
2180:. 23 February 2018
2128:. 25 February 2018
1934:The New York Times
1695:on 14 August 2011.
1402:10.1111/imig.12070
1362:. 9 September 2014
1360:Human Rights Watch
1294:Human Rights Watch
1228:. 24 February 2018
1033:, 7 December 2005.
898:on 5 November 2013
738:
663:demographic threat
609:Response in Israel
484:
371:Benjamin Netanyahu
302:Israeli government
123:and more than 20%
27:
5128:Economy of Israel
5105:
5104:
5073:
5072:
4986:Anti-Black racism
4926:British Jamaicans
4916:African Americans
4901:African Americans
4855:Americo-Liberians
4840:African Americans
4812:
4811:
4635:Sudanese refugees
4436:
4435:
4206:Seminole freedmen
4186:Cherokee freedmen
4167:Black Southerners
4142:African Americans
4090:African Americans
3517:Itay Blumenthal,
3047:978-88-98650-44-6
2973:: 467â524. 1996.
2885:. 8 November 2018
2591:Los Angeles Times
1984:× ×Ş×× × ×ר×× ××׊ר××
1956:× ×Ş×× × ×ר×× ××׊ר××
1519:×ץ×ת×× × ×× ×¤×××××
1490:× ×Ş×× × ×ר×× ××׊ר××
1322:. 10 January 2012
571:Aid organizations
453:Tigrinya language
431:Criminal activity
350:border with Egypt
205:international law
162:Interior Ministry
5160:
5095:
5094:
5085:
5084:
4825:
4824:
4213:Creoles of color
4196:Choctaw freedmen
4162:Black Mennonites
4095:Black Mennonites
3942:Jamaican Maroons
3898:SamanĂĄ Americans
3809:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3784:African diaspora
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3629:HagaiZamir.com.
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3577:"HIAS in Israel"
3573:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3507:on 29 July 2011.
3503:. Archived from
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2824:Liebermann, Oren
2820:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:on 17 July 2013.
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2466:. 2 January 2013
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2102:on 24 March 2018
2098:. Archived from
2088:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:. 8 October 2012
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1257:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1004:
998:ת×× × ×ר×× ××׊ר××
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
976:
965:
956:
955:
953:
951:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
884:
863:Racism in Israel
837:
832:
831:
830:
823:
818:
817:
816:
504:Saharonim prison
364:Saharonim Prison
127:, with a few in
5168:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5143:2010s in Israel
5138:2000s in Israel
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5069:
5043:Genetic history
4968:
4962:
4938:
4932:
4912:United Kingdom
4886:
4865:Afro-Brazilians
4820:
4818:
4808:
4792:
4697:
4688:
4601:
4444:
4432:
4292:
4286:
4157:Alabama Creoles
4077:
4071:
4003:
3997:
3802:
3786:
3781:
3744:
3736:
3732:. 19 June 2021.
3728:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3533:
3529:
3516:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3457:"Ann Tifa Rave"
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2929:. 3 April 2018.
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:. 2 April 2018.
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2615:Huffington Post
2607:
2603:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2409:. 13 March 2012
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2154:. 22 March 2017
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1878:
1863:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1781:Wayback Machine
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
974:
971:
967:
966:
959:
949:
947:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
916:
915:
911:
901:
899:
886:
885:
881:
876:
833:
828:
826:
819:
814:
812:
809:
785:
712:Michael Ben-Ari
696:Hatikva Quarter
611:
597:New Israel Fund
573:
476:
433:
383:
359:
339:
326:
287:
282:
193:
157:
50:Sinai Peninsula
17:
12:
11:
5:
5166:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5053:Pan-Africanism
5050:
5045:
5040:
5038:Creole peoples
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4754:Black Dutchmen
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4570:United Kingdom
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4201:Creek freedmen
4198:
4193:
4188:
4174:
4172:Black Hispanic
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4138:United States
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4043:Miskito people
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3851:Cayman Islands
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3724:
3723:External links
3721:
3718:
3717:
3692:
3664:
3647:
3621:
3593:
3568:
3553:
3527:
3510:
3492:
3470:
3448:
3422:
3394:
3363:
3332:
3301:
3270:
3239:
3209:
3197:Jerusalem Post
3183:
3171:Jerusalem Post
3157:
3131:
3105:
3094:. 10 June 2012
3079:
3053:
3046:
3024:
3006:
2992:
2957:
2932:
2927:Jerusalem Post
2914:
2909:Jerusalem Post
2896:
2870:
2844:
2815:
2801:
2782:
2758:
2732:
2701:
2678:
2660:
2627:
2601:
2577:
2549:
2531:
2505:
2477:
2449:
2420:
2392:
2362:
2341:
2316:
2305:. 17 July 2013
2290:
2265:
2239:
2217:
2191:
2165:
2139:
2113:
2083:
2061:
2030:
2002:
1974:
1946:
1917:
1895:
1876:
1857:
1837:
1808:
1797:
1785:
1766:
1754:
1726:
1698:
1668:
1644:
1619:
1598:
1567:
1539:
1508:
1480:
1458:
1440:
1415:
1396:(4): 144â157.
1373:
1344:
1333:
1307:
1281:
1239:
1213:
1188:
1163:
1137:
1115:
1075:
1047:
1035:
1023:Butcher, Tim.
1016:
988:
957:
935:
909:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
838:
824:
808:
805:
784:
781:
773:Passover seder
610:
607:
572:
569:
564:United Nations
475:
472:
442:criminal cases
432:
429:
382:
379:
358:
355:
338:
335:
325:
322:
286:
283:
281:
278:
224:refugee status
209:asylum seekers
192:
189:
156:
153:
106:. Citizens of
95:, and others.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5165:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5133:Law of Israel
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
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5054:
5051:
5049:
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5041:
5039:
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5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
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4965:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
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4944:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:Sierra Leone
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:Afro-American
4815:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4741:
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4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
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4713:
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4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
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4610:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
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888:"immigration"
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835:Africa portal
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4804:Saint Helena
4740:in Karnataka
4657:Saudi Arabia
4624:
4225:Brass Ankles
3866:Cape Verdean
3708:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3634:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3608:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:
3571:
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3544:. Retrieved
3540:
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3513:
3505:the original
3495:
3485:16 September
3483:. Retrieved
3473:
3463:16 September
3461:. Retrieved
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:Israel HaYom
3407:
3397:
3387:16 September
3385:. Retrieved
3378:
3366:
3356:16 September
3354:. Retrieved
3347:
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3325:16 September
3323:. Retrieved
3316:
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3292:. Retrieved
3285:
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3261:. Retrieved
3254:
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3230:. Retrieved
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3144:
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3118:
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3096:. Retrieved
3091:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:
3056:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3019:the original
3009:
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2950:16 September
2948:. Retrieved
2935:
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2908:
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2887:. Retrieved
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2856:
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2749:. Retrieved
2745:
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2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2692:. Retrieved
2681:
2672:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2604:
2596:the original
2589:
2580:
2570:16 September
2568:. Retrieved
2563:The Guardian
2561:
2552:
2544:the original
2534:
2524:16 September
2522:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:16 September
2496:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2442:16 September
2440:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:16 September
2411:. Retrieved
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2378:
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2353:. Retrieved
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
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2302:
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2281:. Retrieved
2277:
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2256:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2203:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2125:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2095:
2086:
2064:
2054:16 September
2052:. Retrieved
2047:Israel HaYom
2045:
2033:
2023:16 September
2021:. Retrieved
2005:
1995:16 September
1993:. Retrieved
1977:
1967:16 September
1965:. Retrieved
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1911:
1889:
1879:
1870:
1860:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1800:
1788:
1769:
1757:
1747:16 September
1745:. Retrieved
1729:
1719:16 September
1717:. Retrieved
1711:
1701:
1690:the original
1661:16 September
1659:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1601:
1591:16 September
1589:. Retrieved
1560:16 September
1558:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:16 September
1530:. Retrieved
1525:Israel HaYom
1523:
1511:
1501:16 September
1499:. Retrieved
1483:
1452:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1359:
1336:
1326:16 September
1324:. Retrieved
1310:
1300:16 September
1298:. Retrieved
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
1230:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:
1131:
1118:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1060:
1050:
1038:
1028:
1019:
1009:16 September
1007:. Retrieved
991:
981:16 September
979:. Retrieved
948:. Retrieved
938:
926:. Retrieved
921:
912:
900:. Retrieved
896:the original
891:
882:
786:
770:
762:Michal Rozin
758:
739:
727:
719:Shimon Peres
708:Ronit Tirosh
693:
689:
682:
678:Ya'akov Katz
675:
667:
655:Arnon Soffer
652:
629:
616:
612:
604:Aliza Olmert
601:
574:
561:
546:
522:
512:Michal Rozin
497:
493:
485:
461:
450:
446:
434:
384:
381:Demographics
368:
360:
347:
340:
327:
318:
314:
299:
288:
270:
251:
228:
217:
202:
194:
166:
158:
155:Legal status
145:work permits
101:
97:
81:
73:Sinai Desert
62:
29:
28:
18:
5063:Reparations
5028:Black power
4776:New Zealand
4607:Middle East
4560:Switzerland
4520:Netherlands
4235:Dominickers
4110:Nova Scotia
4028:El Salvador
3959:Saint Lucia
3949:Puerto Rico
3383:(in Hebrew)
3352:(in Hebrew)
3321:(in Hebrew)
3290:(in Hebrew)
3259:(in Hebrew)
2519:Arutz Sheva
2381:(in Hebrew)
2228:(in Hebrew)
2050:(in Hebrew)
2041:פ×× ×ר××××ת
1939:19 November
1528:(in Hebrew)
1449:"Migration"
950:7 September
918:"immigrate"
793:StandWithUs
704:Danny Danon
676:Israeli MK
266:trafficking
243:Ivory Coast
222:, received
185:South Sudan
181:Ivory Coast
177:work permit
42:citizenship
5112:Categories
4996:Coromantee
4411:Paramaccan
4325:Quilombola
4265:Melungeons
4023:Costa Rica
3932:Coromantee
3710:14 January
3685:14 January
3640:14 January
3614:14 January
3586:14 January
3459:. Facebook
3435:Al Arabiya
3415:11 January
3202:14 January
3176:14 January
3150:14 January
3124:14 January
3098:14 January
3072:14 January
2889:8 November
2863:14 January
2837:14 January
2673:972mag.com
2653:14 January
2620:14 January
1433:5 November
1366:21 January
1274:31 January
1232:5 November
1206:5 November
1181:5 November
1156:5 November
1094:28 January
874:References
700:Miri Regev
685:Ron Huldai
620:Miri Regev
534:Kav LaOved
468:Edna Arbel
455:spoken in
89:Kav LaOved
4817:Secondary
4781:Sri Lanka
4759:Mardijker
4749:Indonesia
4720:Hong Kong
4715:Guangzhou
4705:Australia
4652:Palestine
4580:Liverpool
4575:Cambridge
4428:Venezuela
4300:Argentina
4055:Nicaragua
4033:Guatemala
3813:Caribbean
3791:Geography
2979:0065-8987
2648:0362-4331
2470:2 January
1410:0020-7985
1201:USA TODAY
1068:15 August
750:Saharonim
716:President
668:In 2014,
579:, ASSAF,
532:, ASSAF,
508:Saharonim
437:robberies
421:Jerusalem
409:Bnei Brak
357:2015â2018
337:2009â2014
324:2006â2008
285:2000â2006
133:Jerusalem
5087:Category
4937:Asia and
4906:Haitians
4861:Nigeria
4851:Liberia
4821:diaspora
4797:Atlantic
4771:Malaysia
4672:Africans
4590:Scotland
4535:Portugal
4456:Abkhazia
4416:Saramaka
4391:Suriname
4381:Paraguay
4369:Saramaka
4337:Colombia
4315:Kalungas
4245:Garifuna
4181:Freedmen
4132:Mascogos
4065:CimarrĂłn
4038:Honduras
4016:Garifuna
3986:Merikins
3969:Garifuna
3883:Dominica
3841:Barbados
3821:Anguilla
3799:Americas
3523:YNetNews
3040:: 2â18.
2987:23605914
2857:Ynetnews
2385:24 March
2355:24 March
2334:24 March
2309:24 March
2283:24 March
2258:24 March
2232:24 March
2210:24 March
2204:Ynetnews
2184:24 March
2178:Ynetnews
2158:24 March
2132:24 March
2126:Ynetnews
2106:24 March
1777:Archived
1104:cite web
1089:Newsweek
928:27 March
807:See also
777:Passover
742:Tel Aviv
636:Passover
630:Refugee
401:Tel Aviv
280:Timeline
239:Ethiopia
220:Ethiopia
213:Tel Aviv
149:Tel Aviv
121:Tel Aviv
69:Eritrean
65:Sudanese
5097:Commons
5058:Slavery
5048:Maroons
4967:Related
4939:Oceania
4897:France
4786:Kaffirs
4698:Oceania
4565:Ukraine
4540:Romania
4510:Ireland
4493:Germany
4476:Finland
4471:Denmark
4466:Belgium
4461:Austria
4423:Uruguay
4401:Matawai
4349:Ecuador
4320:Macombo
4305:Bolivia
4293:America
4115:Ontario
4078:America
4004:America
4002:Central
3927:Jamaica
3915:Marabou
3905:Grenada
3878:Curaçao
3846:Bermuda
3836:Bahamas
3349:Haaretz
3225:Haaretz
3145:Haaretz
3119:Haaretz
3067:Haaretz
2776:Haaretz
2746:Haaretz
2463:Reuters
1890:Reuters
1871:Haaretz
1428:NPR.org
1226:Haaretz
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