296:
31:
129:
1902:
168:
1926:
232:
1938:
1914:
340:
Genetically
Modified Organisms (GMO's) are plants or living things that have been altered at a genomic level by scientists to improve the organisms characteristics. These characteristics include providing new vaccines for humans, increasing nutrients supplies, and creating unique plastics. They may
99:
encompasses the chemical reactions that occur within plants. In principle, knowledge at a molecular level informs technologies for providing food. Particular focus is on the biochemical differences between plants and other organisms as well as the differences within the plant kingdom, such as
348:
to produce fertilizer and pesticides. Due to an increased market interest in biotechnology in the 1970s, there was more technology and infrastructure developed, a decreased cost, and an advance in research. Since the early 1980s, genetically-modified crops have been incorporated. Increased
705:
Leghari, Shah Jahan; Wahocho, Niaz Ahmed; Laghari, Ghulam
Mustafa; HafeezLaghari, Abdul; MustafaBhabhan, Ghulam; HussainTalpur, Khalid; Bhutto, Tofique Ahmed; Wahocho, Safdar Ali; Lashari, Ayaz Ahmed (September 2016). "Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development: a review".
152:. Pesticides are chemicals that play an important role in increasing crop yield and mitigating crop losses. These work to keep insects and other animals away from crops to allow them to grow undisturbed, effectively regulating pests and diseases.
187:
and improving the quality of the crop. Soils are analyzed with attention to the inorganic matter (minerals), which comprise most of the mass of dry soil, and organic matter, which consists of living organisms, their degradation products,
341:
also be able to grow in climates that are typically not suitable for the original organism to grow in. Examples of GMO's include virus resistant tobacco and squash, delayed ripening tomatoes, and herbicide resistant soybeans.
352:
That being said, concerns with GMO's include potential antibiotic resistance from eating a GMO. There are also concerns about the long term effects on the human body since many GMO's were recently developed.
349:
biotechnological work calls for the union of biology and chemistry to produce improved crops, a main reason behind this being the increasing amount of food needed to feed a growing population.
211:. The use of these materials dramatically increased the rate at which crops are produced, which is able to support the growing human population. Common fertilizers include
470:
997:
799:
Upton, Brianna M.; Kasko, Andrea M. (2016). "Strategies for the
Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective".
1098:
1103:
88:
This aspect of agricultural chemistry deals with the role of molecular chemistry in agriculture as well as the negative consequences.
1081:
657:
Rouwenhorst, K.H.R.; Elishav, O.; Mosevitzky Lis, B.; Grader, G.S.; MounaĂŻm-Rousselle, C.; Roldan, A.; Valera-Medina, A. (2021).
572:
826:
Dicosimo, Robert; McAuliffe, Joseph; Poulose, Ayrookaran J.; Bohlmann, Gregory (2013). "Industrial Use of
Immobilized Enzymes".
1125:
80:
aspects are directed towards increasing yields and improving quality, which comes with multiple advantages and disadvantages.
783:
750:
681:
641:
437:
64:. Agricultural chemistry embraces the structures and chemical reactions relevant in the production, protection, and use of
1137:
1076:
990:
476:
159:). They may be toxic to non-target species, including birds, fish, pollinators, as well as the farmworkers themselves.
658:
919:
Meadows-Smith, Marcus; Meadows-Smith, Holly (3 July 2017). "Perspectives: Chemistry seeks its new level in agtech".
598:
1942:
317:
of corn-derived glucose. Emerging technologies are numerous, including enzymes for clarifying or debittering of
1821:
983:
1264:
1018:
17:
356:
Much controversy surrounds GMO's. In the United States, all foods containing GMO's must be labeled as such.
156:
733:
Murzin, Dmitry Yu.; Mäki-Arvela, Päivi; Simakova, Irina L. (2012). "Triglycerides and Oils for
Biofuels".
1541:
1028:
1918:
1467:
1438:
1418:
1371:
1056:
1811:
1727:
1366:
307:
295:
299:
Structure of fructose (left), which is produced on a multi-billion-ton scale from glucose (right).
1749:
1660:
1623:
1507:
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1254:
1237:
1180:
775:
406:
240:
1655:
1546:
1411:
1185:
1051:
1969:
1816:
1713:
1698:
1628:
1551:
1383:
1333:
1242:
1167:
1066:
429:
1964:
1806:
1761:
1536:
1356:
1286:
1043:
1023:
220:
30:
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Chemical materials developed to assist in the production of food, feed, and fiber include
8:
1829:
1783:
1708:
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1579:
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1514:
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1348:
1328:
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117:
96:
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314:
53:
742:
1930:
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1502:
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959:
928:
891:
883:
835:
808:
771:
738:
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425:
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Agricultural chemistry encompases the science and technology of producing not only
216:
180:
1788:
1744:
1739:
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1609:
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73:
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1303:
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329:
325:
284:
248:
204:
172:
155:
Disadvantages of pesticides include contamination of the ground and water (see
887:
507:
306:
is used to produce a number of food products. More than five biilion tons of
1958:
1877:
1766:
1722:
1447:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1147:
964:
947:
557:
540:
345:
324:
A variety of potentially useful chemicals are obtained by engineered plants.
236:
208:
105:
1754:
1604:
1519:
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1477:
1378:
1313:
1212:
1061:
905:
847:
525:
386:
303:
264:
200:
57:
466:
203:, their use has largely been displaced by chemicals produced from mining (
1152:
318:
193:
141:
128:
101:
61:
975:
872:"Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review"
1778:
839:
602:
591:
365:
189:
113:
109:
77:
656:
420:
Dreikorn, Barry A.; Owen, W. John (2000). "Fungicides, Agricultural".
199:
Fertilizers are a major consideration. While organic fertilizers are
167:
1840:
1142:
1007:
492:"Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards"
268:
149:
145:
137:
69:
49:
235:
Pathways for producing biofuels from fat. The processes start with
1862:
601:. Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON). Archived from
381:
704:
573:"NOAA: Gulf of Mexico 'Dead Zone' Predictions Feature Uncertainty"
490:
Aktar, Wasim; Sengupta, Dwaipayan; Chowdhury, Ashim (March 2009).
231:
179:
Agricultural chemistry often aims at preserving or increasing the
1882:
276:
260:
825:
666:
Techno-Economic
Challenges of Green Ammonia as an Energy Vector
280:
256:
575:. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). June 21, 2012. Archived from
41:, had a profound impact on crop yields, starting in the 1940s.
38:
34:
1857:
455:
212:
83:
65:
918:
565:
1867:
732:
272:
453:
al-Saleh, I. A. (1994). "Pesticides: a review article".
37:, an early synthetic herbicide inspired by the study of
539:
Bomgardner, Melody; Erickson, Britt (13 January 2020).
541:"Food brands and retailers will scrutinize pesticides"
489:
226:
247:. Alternatively, C16 and C18 diesel fuels arise by
538:
1956:
870:Bawa, A. S.; Anilakumar, K. R. (December 2013).
175:is caused by run-off of agricultural chemicals.
27:Agricultural sub-discipline of applied chemistry
768:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
735:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
626:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
422:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
344:GMO's came with an increased interest in using
183:with the goals of maintaining or improving the
869:
991:
776:10.1002/0471238961.0621051211120119.a01.pub2
419:
766:Paisley, Mark A. (2003). "Biomass Energy".
310:are produced annually by the action of the
287:is a promising precursor to new materials.
998:
984:
798:
407:"Scope, Journal of Agricultural Chemistry"
283:and other ag wastes by microbial action.
1005:
963:
895:
556:
515:
945:
452:
294:
230:
166:
132:A field after application of a herbicide
127:
84:Agricultural and environmental chemistry
29:
765:
430:10.1002/0471238961.0621140704180509.a01
392:
14:
1957:
876:Journal of Food Science and Technology
979:
948:"House clears GMO food labeling bill"
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
624:Arai, Yuji (2016). "Soil Chemistry".
267:obtained by fermentation of sugars.
91:
1913:
623:
1937:
275:, both animal- and plant-derived.
24:
854:
674:10.1016/B978-0-12-820560-0.00013-8
259:crops, but feedstocks for fuels ("
227:Biofuels and bio-derived materials
223:, and calcium ammonium phosphate.
25:
1981:
708:Advances in Environmental Biology
650:
162:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1901:
1900:
946:Erickson, Britt (18 July 2016).
290:
939:
912:
819:
792:
759:
743:10.1002/0471238961.trigmurz.a01
726:
698:
617:
532:
483:
446:
413:
399:
13:
1:
1265:Interface and colloid science
1019:Glossary of chemical formulae
157:persistent organic pollutants
123:
496:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
372:guides much of agriculture.
7:
1542:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1029:List of inorganic compounds
813:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00345
634:10.1002/0471238961.koe00021
375:
239:of backbone double bonds.
10:
1986:
1468:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1439:Enantioselective synthesis
1419:Physical organic chemistry
1372:Organolanthanide chemistry
952:C&EN Global Enterprise
933:10.1021/cen-09527-scitech2
921:C&EN Global Enterprise
545:C&EN Global Enterprise
1896:
1799:
1560:
1476:
1397:
1347:
1223:
1166:
1057:Electroanalytical methods
1042:
1014:
888:10.1007/s13197-012-0899-1
508:10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
364:Particularly relevant is
1812:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1728:Supramolecular chemistry
1367:Organometallic chemistry
965:10.1021/cen-09429-notw11
828:Chemical Society Reviews
558:10.1021/cen-09802-cover8
359:
308:high fructose corn syrup
243:can then be produced by
241:Fatty acid methyl esters
1750:Combinatorial chemistry
1661:Food physical chemistry
1624:Environmental chemistry
1508:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1434:Retrosynthetic analysis
1255:Chemical thermodynamics
1238:Spectroelectrochemistry
1181:Computational chemistry
335:
171:The "dead zone" in the
1822:of element discoveries
1668:Agricultural chemistry
1656:Carbohydrate chemistry
1547:Bioinorganic chemistry
1412:Alkane stereochemistry
1357:Coordination chemistry
1186:Mathematical chemistry
1052:Instrumental chemistry
300:
279:can be recovered from
252:
176:
133:
46:Agricultural chemistry
42:
1817:Timeline of chemistry
1714:Post-mortem chemistry
1699:Clandestine chemistry
1629:Atmospheric chemistry
1552:Biophysical chemistry
1384:Solid-state chemistry
1334:Equilibrium chemistry
1243:Photoelectrochemistry
298:
251:of the saturated fat.
234:
170:
131:
33:
1807:History of chemistry
1762:Chemical engineering
1537:Bioorganic chemistry
1287:Structural chemistry
1024:List of biomolecules
668:. pp. 303–319.
393:Notes and references
328:is a green route to
221:diammonium phosphate
60:, as they relate to
1830:The central science
1784:Ceramic engineering
1709:Forensic toxicology
1682:Chemistry education
1580:Radiation chemistry
1562:Interdisciplinarity
1515:Medicinal chemistry
1453:Fullerene chemistry
1329:Microwave chemistry
1198:Molecular mechanics
1193:Molecular modelling
370:protein (nutrition)
263:") and materials.
245:transesterification
209:Haber-Bosch process
1873:Chemical substance
1735:Chemical synthesis
1704:Forensic chemistry
1585:Actinide chemistry
1527:Clinical chemistry
1208:Molecular geometry
1203:Molecular dynamics
1158:Elemental analysis
1111:Separation process
840:10.1039/c3cs35506c
599:"What is hypoxia?"
312:immobilized enzyme
301:
253:
185:agricultural yield
177:
134:
97:Plant biochemistry
92:Plant Biochemistry
43:
1952:
1951:
1888:Quantum mechanics
1853:Chemical compound
1836:Chemical reaction
1774:Materials science
1692:General chemistry
1687:Amateur chemistry
1615:Photogeochemistry
1600:Stellar chemistry
1570:Nuclear chemistry
1491:Molecular biology
1458:Polymer chemistry
1429:Organic synthesis
1424:Organic reactions
1389:Ceramic chemistry
1379:Cluster chemistry
1309:Chemical kinetics
1297:Molecular physics
1176:Quantum chemistry
1089:Mass spectrometry
785:978-0-471-48494-3
752:978-0-471-48494-3
737:. pp. 1–14.
683:978-0-12-820560-0
643:978-0-471-48494-3
628:. pp. 1–37.
439:978-0-471-48494-3
315:glucose isomerase
217:ammonium sulphate
181:fertility of soil
54:organic chemistry
16:(Redirected from
1977:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1848:Chemical element
1503:Chemical biology
1362:Magnetochemistry
1339:Mechanochemistry
1292:Chemical physics
1233:Electrochemistry
1138:Characterization
1000:
993:
986:
977:
976:
970:
969:
967:
943:
937:
936:
916:
910:
909:
899:
882:(6): 1035–1046.
867:
852:
851:
823:
817:
816:
807:(4): 2275–2306.
801:Chemical Reviews
796:
790:
789:
763:
757:
756:
730:
724:
723:
702:
696:
695:
663:
654:
648:
647:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
605:on June 12, 2013
595:
589:
588:
586:
584:
569:
563:
562:
560:
536:
530:
529:
519:
487:
481:
480:
475:
450:
444:
443:
417:
411:
410:
403:
271:is derived from
21:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1892:
1795:
1789:Polymer science
1745:Click chemistry
1740:Green chemistry
1634:Ocean chemistry
1610:Biogeochemistry
1556:
1472:
1444:Total synthesis
1407:Stereochemistry
1393:
1343:
1260:Surface science
1250:Thermochemistry
1219:
1162:
1133:Crystallography
1038:
1010:
1004:
974:
973:
944:
940:
917:
913:
868:
855:
824:
820:
797:
793:
786:
764:
760:
753:
731:
727:
703:
699:
684:
661:
659:"Future Trends"
655:
651:
644:
622:
618:
608:
606:
597:
596:
592:
582:
580:
571:
570:
566:
537:
533:
488:
484:
473:
451:
447:
440:
418:
414:
405:
404:
400:
395:
378:
362:
338:
293:
229:
165:
126:
94:
86:
74:applied science
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1673:Soil chemistry
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1651:Food chemistry
1648:
1646:Carbochemistry
1643:
1641:Clay chemistry
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1596:Astrochemistry
1592:Cosmochemistry
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Radiochemistry
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Neurochemistry
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1463:Petrochemistry
1460:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Spin chemistry
1321:
1319:Photochemistry
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:Femtochemistry
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:Chromatography
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1034:Periodic table
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
995:
988:
980:
972:
971:
938:
911:
853:
818:
791:
784:
758:
751:
725:
714:(9): 209–219.
697:
682:
649:
642:
616:
590:
564:
531:
482:
461:(3): 151–161.
445:
438:
412:
397:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
384:
377:
374:
361:
358:
337:
334:
330:biodegradation
326:Bioremediation
292:
289:
285:Lignocellulose
249:hydrogenolysis
228:
225:
205:phosphate rock
173:Gulf of Mexico
164:
163:Soil Chemistry
161:
125:
122:
106:monocotyledons
93:
90:
85:
82:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1982:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Chemical bond
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:Stoichiometry
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:Nanochemistry
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
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1314:Spectroscopy
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1965:Agriculture
1943:WikiProject
1168:Theoretical
1153:Calorimetry
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190:humic acids
114:angiosperms
110:gymnosperms
62:agriculture
1959:Categories
1779:Metallurgy
1478:Biological
1044:Analytical
958:(29): 16.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
