447:
were required to pay the tenant farmers and sharecroppers on their land a portion of the money; but after
Southern Democrats in Congress complained, the Secretary of Agriculture surrendered and reinterpreted section 7 to no longer send checks to sharecroppers directly, hurting the tenants. The farm wage workers who worked directly for the landowner suffered the greatest unemployment as a result of the Act. There are few people gullible enough to believe that the acreage devoted to cotton can be reduced one-third without an accompanying decrease in the laborers engaged in its production. Researchers concluded that the statistics after the Act took effect "indicate a consistent and widespread tendency for cotton croppers and, to a considerable extent, tenants to decrease in numbers between 1930 and 1935. The decreases among Negroes were consistently greater than those among whites." Another consequence was that the historic high levels of mobility from year to year declined sharply, as tenants and croppers tended to stay longer with the same landowner.
372:
358:
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tenant group. If the cropper were to become self-directing and take over his own affairs, the system would necessarily crumble. Hence anything that disrupts dependence is demoralizing. In the second place, the landlords were influenced by the belief that when members of any group are given privileges to which they are unaccustomed, they are likely in their inexperience to abuse them for a time. There can be no question that a considerable number of the sharecroppers reacted in this fashion, when under the Civil Works
Administration, for example, they received more cash in a single week than they had been accustomed to receiving in an entire year. In their inexperience the money was spent foolishly and from this standpoint the outcome was demoralizing.
425:
398:(1) to secure voluntary reduction of the acreage in basic crops through agreements with producers and use of direct payments for participation in acreage control programs; (2) to regulate marketing through voluntary agreements with processors, associations or producers, and other handlers of agricultural commodities or products; (3) to license processors, association, and others handling agricultural commodities to eliminate unfair practices or charges; (4) to determine the necessity for and the rate or processing taxes; and (5) to use the proceeds of taxes and appropriate funds for the cost of adjustment operations, for the expansion of markets, and for the removal or agricultural surpluses."
45:
492:
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reduce crop production and to sell pregnant sows as well as young pigs. Oranges were being soaked with kerosene to prevent their consumption and corn was being burned as fuel because it was so cheap. There were many people, however, as well as livestock in different places starving to death. Farmers slaughtered livestock because feed prices were rising, and they could not afford to feed their own animals. Under the
Agricultural Adjustment Act, "plowing under" of pigs was also common to prevent them reaching a reproductive age, as well as donating pigs to the Red Cross.
386:
333:. The Roosevelt Administration was tasked with decreasing agricultural surpluses. Wheat, cotton, field corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and milk and its products were designated as basic commodities in the original legislation. Subsequent amendments in 1934 and 1935 expanded the list of basic commodities to include rye, flax, barley, grain sorghum, cattle, peanuts, sugar beets, sugar cane, and potatoes. The administration targeted these commodities for the following reasons:
451:
tenants and croppers use the land taken out of cotton production for their own personal use in growing food and feed crops, which further increased their standard of living. Another consequence was that the historic high levels of turnover from year to year declined sharply, as tenants and croppers tend to stay with the same landowner. These researchers concluded, "As a rule, planters seem to prefer
Negroes to whites as tenants and croppers."
554:
per ounce. "Roosevelt's most dramatic use of the Thomas amendment" came on 31 January 1934, when he decreased the gold content of the dollar to 15 5/21 grains (0.98741 grams) .900 fine gold, or 59.06 per cent of the previous fixed content (25 8/10 grains, or 1.6718 grams). "However, wholesale prices
462:
Tenant demoralization from relief had either one or both of two meanings to the landlord. In the first place, it might have been a fear that the tenant would escape from under his influence. It is probably not too much to say that the cropper system can only be maintained by the subordination of the
446:
To accomplish its goal of parity (raising crop prices to where they were in the golden years of 1909–1914), the Act reduced crop production. The Act accomplished this by offering landowners acreage reduction contracts, by which they agreed not to grow cotton on a portion of their land. By law, they
409:
The juxtaposition of huge agricultural surpluses and the many deaths due to insufficient food shocked many, as well as some of the administrative decisions that happened under the
Agricultural Adjustment Act. For example, in an effort to reduce agricultural surpluses, the government paid farmers to
72:
An Act to relieve the existing national economic emergency by increasing agricultural purchasing power, to raise revenue for extraordinary expenses incurred by reason of such emergency, to provide emergency relief with respect to agricultural indebtedness, to provide for the orderly liquidation of
450:
According to researchers Frey and Smith, "To the extent that the AAA control-program has been responsible for the increased price , we conclude that it has increased the amount of goods and services consumed by the cotton tenants and croppers area." Furthermore, the landowners typically let the
394:"The goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, restoring farm purchasing power of agricultural commodities or the fair exchange value of a commodity based upon price relative to the prewar 1909–14 level, was to be accomplished through a number of methods. These included the authorization by the
405:
declared its intent, at the same time, to protect the consumers interest. This was to be done by readjusting farm production at a level that would not increase the percentage of consumers' retail expenditures above the percentage returned to the farmer in the prewar base period."
477:
Although the Act stimulated
American agriculture, it was not without its faults. For example, it disproportionately benefited large farmers and food processors, with lesser benefits to small farmers and sharecroppers. In his criticisms of the Act, Henry Wallace's assistant
377:
The AAA photographed one-third of the land surface of the U.S. and created a huge map to determine compliance in the agricultural conservation program, plan soil conservation and Public Works projects, lay out roads, forests and public parks, and improve national defense
588:
for levying this tax on the processors only to have it paid back to the farmers. Regulation of agriculture was deemed a state power. As such, the federal government could not force states to adopt the
Agricultural Adjustment Act due to lack of jurisdiction. However, the
294:, which established the Federal Farm Board in 1929, was seen as an important precursor to this act. The AAA, along with other New Deal programs, represented the federal government's first substantial effort to address economic welfare in the United States.
371:
1002:
Rasmussen, Wayne D., Gladys L. Baker, and James S. Ward, "A Short
History of Agricultural Adjustment, 1933-75." Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 391 (March 1976), pg.
482:
described it as "an organization whose function had to do with the more successful farmers by and large." With the spread of cotton-picking machinery after 1945, there was an exodus of small farmers and croppers to the city.
2145:
541:
The Thomas
Amendment was used sparingly. The treasury received limited amounts of silver in payment for war debts from World War I. On 21 December 1933, Roosevelt ratified the London Agreement on Silver (adopted at the
389:
A Roosevelt County, New Mexico, farmer and a County
Agricultural Conservation Committee representative review the provisions of the AAA farm program to determine how it can best be applied on that particular acreage in
454:
However, according to researcher Harold C. Hoffsommer, many landlords were concerned that aid given directly to tenant farmers would have a "demoralizing effect." An article appearing in the
439:
characterized the cotton and tobacco production in the post-Civil War South. As the agricultural economy plummeted in the early 1930s, all farmers were badly hurt but the tenant farmers and
2150:
550:
on 20 July 1933). At the same time, Roosevelt issued Proclamation 2067, ordering the United States mints to buy the entire domestic production of newly mined silver at 64.5
282:
not to plant on part of their land. The money for these subsidies was generated through an exclusive tax on companies that processed farm products. The Act created a new
495:
Senator Elmer Thomas (left) with Claude M. Hurst and John Collier, members of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, and unassociated (directly) with the Thomas Amendment.
534:, reduce the gold content of the dollar by as much as 50 percent, or accept 100 million dollars in silver at a price not to exceed fifty cents per ounce in payment of
2065:
1441:
2191:
1930:
1925:
17:
1273:
1074:
1055:
2135:
1860:
511:
easy-money views with the theories of the New Economics. Thomas wanted a stabilized "honest dollar," one that would be fair to debtor and creditor alike.
2090:
1890:
555:
still continued to climb. Possibly the most significant expansion brought on by the Thomas Amendment may have been the growth of governmental power over
1112:
2095:
1169:
1905:
1302:
Aerial Photography at the Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Acreage Controls, Conservation Benefits, and Overhead Surveillance in the 1930s
1935:
2115:
1855:
662:
2055:
1975:
413:
In 1935, the income generated by farms was 50 percent higher than it was in 1932, which was partly due to farm programs such as the AAA.
2050:
1940:
1356:
562:
The impact of this amendment was to reduce the amount of silver that was being held by private citizens (presumably as a hedge against
499:
Attached as Title III to the Act, the Thomas Amendment became the 'third horse' in the New Deal's farm relief bill. Drafted by Senator
357:
1383:
1829:
1378:
527:
329:
into session to address the crumbling economy. From this Congress came the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to replace the
2155:
2080:
1985:
1673:
1577:
672:
1820:
1339:
467:
2035:
1980:
1582:
1572:
1411:
1436:
2181:
2120:
1687:
1663:
556:
2140:
2105:
1950:
1865:
667:
590:
31:
1416:
970:
2025:
1468:
1331:
953:
912:
678:
240:
1226:"White House Statement on Presidential Proclamation No. 2072: Fixing the Weight of the Gold Dollar - January 31, 1934"
1421:
1368:
161:
148:
474:
were organized in the 1930s principally as a response to the hardships imposed on sharecroppers and tenant farmers.
2110:
1915:
1910:
1895:
1602:
1592:
842:
814:
Harris Gaylord Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 175.
2125:
1708:
1703:
1511:
1069:
Fred C. Frey and T. Lynn Smith, "The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
1050:
Fred C. Frey and T. Lynn Smith, "The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
755:
129:
121:
2100:
2075:
2040:
1683:
1587:
1426:
303:
287:
2186:
2176:
2130:
1653:
1607:
1109:
515:
471:
337:
Changes in the prices of these commodities had a strong effect on the prices of other important commodities.
1668:
1597:
688:
683:
424:
1401:
2000:
1617:
1612:
1542:
1326:
1131:
Agricultural Adjustment Act: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's Encyclopedia of the Great Depression
575:
82:
30:
This article is about the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. For the act by the same name in 1938, see
1995:
1813:
1658:
1637:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1344:
1166:
742:
543:
514:
The Amendment said that whenever the President desired currency expansion, he must first authorize the
105:
1348:
1087:
317:. "Farmers faced the most severe economic situation and lowest agricultural prices since the 1890s." "
2070:
2005:
1920:
1787:
1693:
291:
267:
1945:
1900:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1713:
1301:
824:
638:
395:
1206:
1187:
491:
2085:
2030:
2020:
1837:
1698:
1627:
1506:
1390:
1244:
1225:
580:
249:
1798:
1379:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080409194401/http://newdeal.feri.org/texts/browse.cfm?MainCatID=34
2045:
1632:
1461:
458:
in 1935, quoted Hoffsommer's survey conducted for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
429:
402:
945:
938:
286:, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, also called "AAA" (1933–1942), an agency of the
1845:
1806:
1729:
1622:
1527:
1245:"Presidential Proclamation No. 2072: Fixing the Weight of the Gold Dollar - January 31, 1934"
523:
326:
306:
229:
343:
These items each required some amount of processing before they could be consumed by humans.
44:
1749:
1557:
1364:
1161:
David Webb, "The Thomas Amendment: A Rural Oklahoma Response to the Great Depression," in
385:
321:
and a shrinking international market had driven down agricultural prices." Soon after his
8:
1431:
1188:"Statement and Proclamation Ratifying the London Agreement on Silver - December 21, 1933"
2010:
1990:
1496:
1335:
1322:
1318:
606:
531:
330:
274:
era designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. The government bought
165:
155:
2146:
Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994
1391:""New Means to Rescue Agriculture" — The Agricultural Adjustment Act - March 16, 1933"
716:
566:
or collapse of the financial system) and increase the amount of circulating currency.
2015:
1970:
1782:
1454:
1018:
949:
918:
908:
585:
363:
Agricultural Adjustment Administration representative in his New Mexico office (1941)
283:
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The Agricultural Adjustment Act affected around 99% of farmers in this time period.
2060:
1769:
1764:
1491:
1352:
314:
751:
219:
201:
114:
1739:
1734:
1678:
1207:"Proclamation No. 2067: Accompanying the Preceding Statement - December 21, 1933"
1173:
1116:
902:
774:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Statement on Signing the Farm Relief Bill" May 12, 1933"
642:
519:
479:
191:
1274:"The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
1759:
650:
318:
1373:
773:
2170:
1744:
978:
646:
440:
436:
310:
922:
1406:
622:
500:
322:
1290:
940:
FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression
1532:
1501:
634:
630:
614:
535:
526:
prove insufficient, the President had several options. He could have the
1267:
Plowed Under: Food Policy Protests and Performance in New Deal America.
1022:
723:. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture: 2
626:
602:
904:
Breadlines Knee Deep in Wheat: Food Assistance in the Great Depression
759:
133:
1754:
1359:
1284:
Planning Democracy: Agrarian Intellectuals and the Intended New Deal.
563:
275:
715:
Rasmussen, Wayne D.; Baker, Gladys L.; Ward, James S. (March 1976).
601:
The following employees of the AAA were also alleged members of the
1477:
907:. Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 1–306.
618:
508:
504:
271:
2151:
Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998
1828:
1213:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 535–539.
1194:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 534–535.
279:
880:
Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century
862:
Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century
803:
Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century
593:
remedied these technical issues and the farm program continued.
1397:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 74–79.
1251:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 67–76.
1232:. National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 64–66.
547:
1133:. s.v. "Sharecroppers". Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA.
522:
to purchase up to $ 3 billion of federal obligations. Should
340:
These commodities were already running a surplus at the time.
1446:
610:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
771:
551:
2066:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
1065:
1063:
885:
1931:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
1926:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
829:
The Depression Begins: President Hoover Takes Command
717:"A Short History of Agricultural Adjustment, 1933-75"
2136:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1861:
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936
1060:
645:(husband Howard Bachrach was also an AAA employee),
290:, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. The
2091:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
1146:
1308:Vol. 68, No.12, December 2002, pp. 1257–1261.
937:
743:
714:
106:
1012:
2168:
2096:Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974
1306:Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
1269:Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2015.
998:
996:
1906:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
797:
795:
710:
708:
706:
704:
73:joint-stock land banks, and for other purposes.
1936:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
874:
872:
870:
2192:United States federal agriculture legislation
2116:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
1856:Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935
1830:United States federal agriculture legislation
1814:
1462:
1291:The Multiplant Origins of the National Market
1015:The New Deal. The Depression Years, 1933–1940
993:
663:Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935
27:United States federal law of the New Deal era
2056:Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937
1976:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
1573:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
1205:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (December 21, 1933).
1186:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (December 21, 1933).
856:
854:
792:
701:
347:
1374:http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1639.html
1286:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
1243:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (January 31, 1934).
1224:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (January 31, 1934).
900:
867:
1941:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1821:
1807:
1469:
1455:
1035:
780:. University of California – Santa Barbara
208:Reported by the joint conference committee
1679:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
1389:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (March 16, 1933).
1388:
1384:A Message from FDR to Congress on the AAA
1242:
1223:
1204:
1185:
1017:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 147–89.
968:
851:
721:Agriculture Information Bulletin, No. 391
569:
214:on May 10, 1933 (passed) and by the
2036:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934)
847:Federalism in American: An Encyclopedia.
490:
423:
384:
2156:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
2081:Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967
1986:Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922
1578:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1295:Journal of Historical Political Economy
673:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
14:
2169:
1165:, ed. Donald E. Green (Oklahoma City:
1085:
971:"The Hog Reduction Program of the AAA"
935:
544:World Economic and Monetary Conference
468:Delta and Providence Cooperative Farms
18:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
2121:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
2051:Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act (1937)
1981:Agriculture Appropriation Act of 1905
1802:
1450:
1110:"Cooperative Farming in Mississippi."
1013:Badger, Anthony J (January 1, 1989).
2141:National Wool Act Amendments of 1993
1699:Rural Electrification Administration
1664:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1442:Encyclopedia of the Great Depression
1128:
1073:(1936) 1#4 pp. 483–505 at pp. 501–3
2106:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
1951:Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
1866:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
1654:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
882:, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 68.
864:, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 67.
843:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
805:, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 69.
668:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
591:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
486:
58:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
32:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
24:
1851:Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
1422:Texas State Historical Association
1332:As codified in 7 U.S.C. chapter 26
1319:As codified in 7 U.S.C. chapter 26
1272:Frey, Fred C. and Smith, T. Lynn.
1259:
1086:Childs, Marquis W. (22 Nov 1935).
944:. New York: Crown Forum. pp.
772:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
748:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
679:Federal Surplus Relief Corporation
111:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
2203:
2026:Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)
1613:Public Works Administration (PWA)
1583:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
1543:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
1312:
1040:. Simon and Schuster. p. 62.
419:
38:Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
2111:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
2006:Wheat Price Guarantee Act (1919)
1916:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
1911:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1896:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
1638:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
1603:National Recovery Administration
1593:National Industrial Recovery Act
1054:(1936) 1#4 pp. 483–505 at p 489
969:Fleetwood, Jonathan (May 1993).
538:debts owed by European nations.
370:
356:
43:
2126:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
1709:United States Housing Authority
1360:Statute Compilations collection
1236:
1217:
1198:
1179:
1137:
1122:
1119:Mississippi Historical Society.
1102:
1079:
1044:
1029:
1006:
962:
929:
778:The American Presidency Project
609:during subpoenaed testimony to
309:took office in March 1933, the
278:for slaughter and paid farmers
2101:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
2076:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1684:National Labor Relations Board
1674:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
1417:North Carolina History Project
835:
817:
808:
765:
735:
288:U.S. Department of Agriculture
184:in the House as H.R. 3835
13:
1:
2131:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
2046:Commodity Exchange Act (1936)
1608:National Youth Administration
831:. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
741:Agricultural Adjustment Act,
596:
516:Federal Open Market Committee
472:Southern Tenant Farmers Union
443:experienced the worst of it.
297:
1846:Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
1669:Farm Security Administration
1476:
1279:(1936) 1#4 pp. 483–505.
694:
684:Commodity Credit Corporation
7:
2182:73rd United States Congress
1618:Public Works of Art Project
1538:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1365:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1345:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1340:US House of Representatives
1167:Oklahoma Historical Society
1036:Folsom Jr., Burton (2008).
901:Poppendieck, Janet (1986).
825:"The New Deal Farm Program"
656:
530:issue up to $ 3 billion in
260:Agricultural Adjustment Act
241:United States Supreme Court
83:73rd United States Congress
10:
2208:
2041:Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
2021:Capper–Volstead Act (1922)
2001:Grain Standards Act (1916)
1659:Federal Project Number One
1568:Farm Credit Administration
1563:Homeowners Refinancing Act
1548:Civil Works Administration
1172:November 19, 2012, at the
29:
2071:National Wool Act of 1954
2011:Future Trading Act (1921)
1996:Cotton Futures Act (1916)
1991:Cotton Futures Act (1914)
1959:
1921:Food Security Act of 1985
1836:
1778:
1722:
1694:Rural Electrification Act
1646:
1520:
1484:
428:Barn on tenant's farm in
348:Goals and implementations
292:Agriculture Marketing Act
268:United States federal law
247:
239:
177:
172:
154:
144:
139:
120:
101:
96:
88:
77:
68:
51:
42:
2061:Federal Seed Act of 1939
2016:Grain Futures Act (1922)
1946:Agricultural Act of 2014
1901:Agricultural Act of 1970
1891:Agricultural Act of 1961
1886:Agricultural Act of 1956
1881:Agricultural Act of 1954
1876:Agricultural Act of 1949
1871:Agricultural Act of 1948
1714:Fair Labor Standards Act
1427:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
1412:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1289:Robert Gulotty (2024), "
1088:"The St. Louis Dispatch"
689:Jones–Costigan amendment
574:On January 6, 1936, the
507:, the amendment blended
396:Secretary of Agriculture
313:was in the midst of the
200:on April 28, 1933 (
190:on March 22, 1933 (
2086:Farm Credit Act of 1971
2031:Farm Credit Act of 1933
1628:Railroad Retirement Act
1507:American Liberty League
1402:Encyclopedia Britannica
1108:Smith, Fred C. (2004).
841:Gates, Staci L. 2006. "
762:, enacted May 12, 1933.
581:United States v. Butler
470:in Mississippi and the
325:, Roosevelt called the
250:United States v. Butler
1143:Daniel, 1985; Page 105
570:Ruled unconstitutional
524:open market operations
496:
465:
433:
430:Walker County, Alabama
391:
218:on May 10, 1933 (
212:agreed to by the House
1730:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1623:Reciprocal Tariff Act
1528:Emergency Banking Act
1038:New Deal or Raw Deal?
494:
460:
427:
388:
327:Hundred Days Congress
307:Franklin D. Roosevelt
230:Franklin D. Roosevelt
149:7 U.S.C.: Agriculture
2187:New Deal legislation
2177:1933 in American law
1750:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
1598:National Housing Act
1558:Executive Order 6102
1367:as enacted from the
936:Powell, Jim (2003).
613:on August 3, 1948:
61:The Farm Relief Bill
1437:The Living New Deal
173:Legislative history
39:
1588:Glass–Steagall Act
1553:Communications Act
1497:New Deal Coalition
1336:United States Code
1323:United States Code
1115:2012-02-15 at the
878:Hurt, R. Douglas,
860:Hurt, R. Douglas,
801:Hurt, R. Douglas,
607:Whittaker Chambers
497:
456:St. Louis Dispatch
434:
392:
331:Federal Farm Board
52:Other short titles
37:
2164:
2163:
1971:Hatch Act of 1887
1796:
1795:
1485:Causes and legacy
1407:National Archives
1300:Monmonier, Mark.
1129:Hamilton, David.
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1962:agricultural
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1347:as amended (
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1265:Folino, Ann
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1092:. Retrieved
1090:. p. 16
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983:. Retrieved
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623:Lee Pressman
600:
579:
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501:Elmer Thomas
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323:inauguration
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197:
187:
181:
140:Codification
92:May 13, 1933
1964:legislation
1723:Individuals
1533:Economy Act
1502:Brain Trust
635:Nathan Witt
631:Donald Hiss
615:Harold Ware
605:, named by
578:decided in
536:World War I
2171:Categories
1838:Farm bills
1023:B00B8TO1SY
985:5 December
754:, 48
675:, May 1933
627:Alger Hiss
603:Ware Group
597:Ware Group
532:greenbacks
298:Background
182:Introduced
102:Public law
69:Long title
1755:Huey Long
1512:Criticism
1355:) in the
1338:from the
695:Footnotes
564:inflation
304:President
280:subsidies
276:livestock
97:Citations
89:Effective
1783:Category
1521:New Deal
1478:New Deal
1176:, 1977).
1170:Archived
1113:Archived
923:12132710
657:See also
619:John Abt
509:populist
505:Oklahoma
403:Congress
272:New Deal
266:) was a
162:7 U.S.C.
128:48
1788:Commons
1353:details
1334:of the
1321:of the
784:July 4,
744:Pub. L.
518:of the
378:(1937).
270:of the
107:Pub. L.
1075:online
1056:online
1021:
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911:
758:
750:
727:15 May
649:, and
548:London
432:, 1937
284:agency
216:Senate
192:315-98
166:ch. 26
156:U.S.C.
132:
113:
1960:Other
1325:from
1094:6 Jan
756:Stat.
752:73–10
390:1934.
302:When
243:cases
220:53-28
202:64-20
164:
130:Stat.
115:73–10
1096:2022
1019:ASIN
987:2014
950:ISBN
919:OCLC
909:ISBN
786:2013
729:2023
611:HUAC
258:The
81:the
1688:Act
1357:GPO
1349:PDF
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