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933:(pulpit) next to the mihrab is one of the oldest existing minbars after the minbar of Kairouan, though only some of its side panels are still originals from the Aghlabid period, with the others dating from later renovations. The latest pieces date from 1583 in the early Ottoman period. The minbar is smaller than the Kairouan minbar, measuring 2.53 by 3.30 metres. The wooden panels are carved with a variety of geometric and stylized vegetal motifs.
967:
511:
281:. The mosque is the oldest in the city and covers an area of 5,000 square metres (1.2 acres) with nine entrances. It was founded at the end of the 7th century or in the early 8th century, but its current architectural form dates from a reconstruction in the 9th century, including many antique columns reused from Carthage, and from later additions and restorations over the centuries. The mosque hosted one of the first and greatest
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679:. It also had a kuttab or elementary school that taught youth how to read, write, and memorize religious texts. The system of teaching was not rigid: attendance was not mandatory and students could follow the courses of their choice. Students who followed a course and became knowledgeable enough to teach the subject on their own were granted a certificate called an
954:
907:. The space in front of the mihrab is covered by a well-preserved dome from the Aghlabid period (9th century), with Kufic inscriptions from the same period. The mihrab itself was redecorated in later periods and most of the prayer hall's decoration, apart from the antique columns, dates from the 13th century onward. The
525:, who ruled during the 13th to 15th centuries, Tunis became the main capital of Ifriqiya for the first time. This led to an increase in the Zaytuna Mosque's importance and allowed it to overtake the prestige of the older Mosque of Uqba in Kairouan. Significant restoration work was carried out by the Hafsid rulers, under
335:
at that location. Archeological investigations and restoration works in 1969–1970 have shown that the mosque was built over an existing
Byzantine-era building with columns, covering a cemetery. This may have been a Christian basilica, which provides support for the legend reported by Ibn Abi Dinar. A
817:
prayer hall. The main difference between this mosque and the
Kairouan mosque is the position of the minaret, which in this case was added at a much later period. The mosque is closely integrated into the urban fabric and most of the building's exterior is concealed by other neighbouring structures.
806:
The al-Zaytuna Mosque followed the design and architecture of previous mosques, particularly the Mosque of Uqba in
Kairouan that was built in its current form a few decades earlier. The layout of the building and its interior is irregular, with many of its lines not quite parallel or perpendicular,
716:, etc. One of its famous libraries, al-Abdaliyah, included a large collection of rare manuscripts that attracted scholars from abroad. Much of the library's original collection was dispersed or destroyed when the Spanish occupied Tunis and broke into the Zaytuna Mosque in 1534. After Tunisia gained
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rule. This shift in power helped al-Zaytuna to flourish and become one of the major centres of
Islamic learning, and Ibn Khaldun, the first social historian in history was one of its products. The flourishing university attracted students and men of learning from all parts of the known world at the
422:
Modern historians have been divided over whether the foundation should be attributed to Ibn al-Habhab or to Ibn al-Nu'man. Most scholars support the second explanation and attribute the foundation to Ibn al-Nu'man in 698 CE. This is the strongest by evidence as it is unlikely that the city of Tunis
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wall. Each aisle is about 3 metres wide but the central aisle, leading to the mihrab (niche symbolizing the qibla), is wider than the others at 4.8 metres. Another transverse aisle runs in front of the qibla wall. There are around 160 columns and most of them are antique spolia, most likely taken
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and completed in 864–865. As a result, the mosque's layout is also very similar to the Mosque of Uqba in
Kairouan, which was also rebuilt by the Aghlabids earlier in the same century. A contemporary inscription at the base of the dome in front of the mihrab gives the date of this construction and
837:
in the mid-19th century. The pavement of the courtyard itself consists of antique marble plaques, also spolia. The square minaret rises from the northwest corner of the courtyard. Built in 1894, the minaret is 43 meters (141 ft) high and imitates the decoration of the
Almohad minaret of the
458:
The
Aghlabid structure, in turn, is mostly obscured today by later additions and reconstructions. The sections that are best preserved from the 9th century are the interior of the prayer hall (though some of this was later rebuilt too) and the projecting round corner bastions at the northern and
454:
of the caliph and probably the overseer of the works; and 3) Fathallah or Fath al-Banna', the architect and chief builder. Another inscription, along one of the mosque's courtyard façades, provides the same information. The
Aghlabid emir himself (Abu Ibrahim Ahmad) is not mentioned in these
533:
facilities and replacing some of the woodwork. Other repairs and restorations were carried at multiple points during this era. The mosque's first attested minaret was also built under Hafsid patronage in 1438–1439. Its appearance is known from old photographs: it had a
828:
The courtyard is accessible from the exterior via seven doorways and is surrounded by galleries supported by arcades of arches and columns. The gallery on the southern side, preceding the prayer hall, dates from the 10th-century Zirid restoration and is supported by
336:
more recent interpretation by
Muhammad al-Badji Ibn Mami suggests that the previous structures may have been part of a Byzantine fortification, inside which the Arab conquerors built their mosque. This hypothesis is also supported by Sihem Lamine.
503:, but the names of the patrons themselves were erased at a later period, possibly when the Zirids declared independence from the Fatimids in the 11th century. From context, the works can be attributed to the patronage of the Zirid emir
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Only on the eastern side of the mosque is there an external façade, fronted by an arcaded loggia from 1637. The adjoining rooms and structures around the rest of the mosque's perimeter include shops, libraries, and
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eastern corners of the mosque. There is no evidence that a minaret was attached to the mosque at this time. The reasons for this omission are unclear. It suggests that minarets were not yet a standard feature of
1417:
990:
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remained a long time without a mosque after its conquest in 79 Hijri. Under this explanation, it is assumed that Ibn al-Habhab subsequently enlarged or rebuilt the mosque and improved its architecture.
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in 1609. From 1624 to 1812 the local Bakri family took charge of the mosque's care and occupied the position of the mosque's imam. The present-day minaret was entirely rebuilt in 1894 and imitates the
339:
The saint is particularly venerated in
Tunisia because it is superstitiously thought that if the site and its memory are profaned then a misfortune will happen; this includes a belief that when her
1867:
1590:
Daoulatli, Abdelaziz (2018). "La Grande Mosquée Zitouna : un authentique monument aghlabide (milieu du IXe siècle)". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
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and in response to a court petition by a group of Tunisian citizens, the mosque's former educational offices were reopened and it was declared an independent educational institution once again.
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are recovered Islam will end. This ancillary legend related to the discovery of the saint's relics is widespread in Sicily, however it is connected to other Saints as well. In 1402 king
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inscriptions, suggesting that he may not have been officially involved in the construction and that Nusayr was directing the works directly on behalf of the Abbasid caliph instead.
2337:
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dynasties restored and expanded the mosque and its associated institutions. This helped restore the mosque's prominence and its prestige as a center of learning. In 1637 an arcaded
499:), the dome at the entrance of the prayer hall. The dome itself is dated more specifically to 991. The dates for these works are provided by a series of inscriptions around the
354:, who refused him. Even today the Tunisians, who still venerate her, believe that the dominion of their religion will fade when the body of the Virgin Olivia will disappear.
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There is little information about teaching at the Zaytuna Mosque prior to the 14th century. During this time there were most likely courses being offered voluntarily by
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antique columns and capitals, while the three other galleries currently date from the 17th and 19th centuries, with columns imported from Italy by the prime minister
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panels along the upper walls of the central aisle, probably former windows, still date from the Aghlabid period. Inside the mihrab is a marble plaque covered in
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626:(Islamic legal scholars), but not in an organized manner. For centuries, Kairouan was the early centre of learning and intellectual pursuits in Tunisia and
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and it was relegated to being a theological college for the University of Tunis. For years afterward, under the rule of both Bourguiba and his successor
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In 1534 Spanish forces occupied Tunis and broke into the mosque, raiding its libraries and destroying or dispersing many of its manuscripts. During the
1807:
1033:
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and Ibn Abi Dinar, attributed the order to Hasan ibn al-Nu'man in 84 Hijri (703 CE), who used it as a place of prayer. Another source states that the
1905:
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751:. Until the 20th century the students were mostly recruited from Tunisia's wealthiest families but afterwards its recruitment broadened. Under
127:
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Lamine, Sihem (2018). "The Zaytuna: The Mosque of a Rebellious City". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
859:. The dome is ribbed and rests on an octagonal base, which rests in turn on a square supporting structure. The ornamentation includes carved
507:. The inscriptions also provide the names of four craftsmen: Ahmad al-Burjini, Abu al-Thana, 'Abdallah ibn Qaffas, and Bishr ibn al-Burjini.
96:
851:, added by the Zirids around 991. Measuring about 12 metres in height and 4 metres in width, the dome has a sophisticated construction and
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was added to the mosque's exterior eastern façade by a patron named Muhammad al-Andalus ibn Ghalib, whose name suggests he was one of the
1529:
48:
1069:
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Administrative and curricular reforms to the institution were begun by Ahmad Bey in 1842. They continued in 1875 under Prime Minister
786:, the Zaytuna educational institution was kept officially and physically distinct from the Zaytuna Mosque itself. In 2012, after the
35:
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Rich libraries were also attached to the university. The manuscripts covered almost all subjects and sciences, including grammar,
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1086:
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One legend states that it was called "Mosque of Olive" because it was built on an ancient place of worship where there was an
1898:
1599:
1385:
1838:
1679:
1415:
Storia della Sicilia e tradizione agiografica nella tarda antichità. Atti del Convegno di Studi (Catania, 20–22 maggio 1986)
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Chater, Khalifa (2002). "Zaytūna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
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in 1960 reduced the Zaytuna's importance. In 1964–1965 its status as an independent university was abolished by President
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cfr. també F. SCORZA BARCELLONA. "Santi africani in Sicilia (e siciliani in Africa) secondo Francesco Lanzoni". Dins:
727:, who also expanded the al-Abdaliyah Library and opened it to the public. In 1896 new courses were introduced such as
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1673:
1567:
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1860:"Controversy Surrounding the Al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis: The Ambivalent Revival of Islamic Traditions - Qantara.de"
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it turned into a bastion of Arab and Islamic culture resisting French influence. Some prominent members of the
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Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
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but this is not perceptible to a visitor. The building consists primarily of a trapezoidal courtyard (
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in general. Starting from the 13th century, Tunis became the capital of Ifriqiya under Almohad and
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in the history of Islam. Many Muslim scholars graduated from al-Zaytuna for over a thousand years.
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595:
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416:
404:
2096:
1747:
Charnay, Jean-Paul (January–February 1979). "Economy and Religion in the Works of Ibn Khaldun".
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After independence from France, reforms to the education system in 1958 and the creation of the
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carried out major restoration work and rehabilitation, especially during the 1960s and 1990s.
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2020:
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in the 1950s the university's library was integrated into the National Libraries of Tunis.
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739:, and in 1912 these reforms were extended to the university's other branches in Kairouan,
8:
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2010:
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The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
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The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
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Courtyard of the mosque, looking east, with the entrance to the prayer hall on the right
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in 1250 and under Abu Yahya Zakariya in the early 14th century, adding features such as
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State Islam in the Battle against extremism: Emerging Trends in Morocco & Tunisia
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are found around the base of the dome and above the capitals of some of the columns.
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caliphs. These works included the addition of galleries around the courtyard and the
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
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and carved with an Aghlabid Kufic inscription with religious formulas such as the
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decoration around the mihrab dates largely from 1638, and the stuccowork on the
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of alternating white and red stone. Arabic inscriptions in Fatimid floriated
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long, supporting horseshoe arches running perpendicular to the southeastern
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or that they were still considered a controversial innovation at the time.
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The hypostyle prayer hall is divided into 15 aisles by rows of columns, 6
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describes it is one of the finest architectural works from this period of
407:, who led the conquest of Tunis and Carthage, in 79 Hijri (circa 698 CE).
2000:
384:
65:
1445:
Il Maggio di Santa Oliva: Origine Della Forma, Sviluppo Della Tradizione
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caliphs in the 9th century. The work was begun during the reign of emir
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requested the return of Saint Olivia's relics from the Berber Caliph of
2005:
948:
The exterior eastern façade of the mosque, with its 17th-century loggia
864:
701:
514:
431:
The mosque owes its current overall form to a reconstruction under the
396:
1307:"Al-Zaytuna Theological and Scientific Influence on the Islamic World"
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stonework in red, white, and black stone. The arches and windows have
798:
323:. Another account, transmitted by the 17th century Tunisian historian
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S. ROMANO. "Una santa palermitana venerata dai maomettani a Tunisi".
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825:(areas reserved for specific individuals or groups during prayer).
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SANTI, BEATI E TESTIMONI. 10 giugno. Retrieved: 02 February, 2015.
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The central entrance to the prayer hall is covered by a dome, the
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shape (having a shaft with a square base) and was crowned with an
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Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
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1785:. London and New York: Mansell Publishing Limited. p. 98.
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Between 990 and 995 further works were carried out under the
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1800:"Tunis reopens ancient Islamic college to counter radicals"
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403:. Al-Bakri, however, also mentions a mosque being built by
305:, a famous Tunisian poet, all taught there, among others.
999:, the central entrance to the prayer hall, and its dome (
383:. The exact date of building varies according to source.
2338:
Religious buildings and structures completed in the 730s
1426:
a cura de Salvatore Pricoco. Catanzaro 1988, pp. 37–55.
1456:
ETS, Pisa University, IT. 325 pages. pp. 18–19.
1734:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World
435:, the dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya on behalf of the
1913:
1746:
1837:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
1774:
1768:Fihris Makhtutat el-Maktaba al- Ahmadiya bi Tunis
1251:. Zaytuna Institute of California. Archived from
838:Kasbah Mosque with its limestone strap-work in a
609:
2314:
1562:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
1532:(in French). Government of Tunis. Archived from
1075:Exterior view of the dome in front of the mihrab
367:Al-Zaytuna was the second mosque to be built in
1224:Discover Islamic Art - Museum With No Frontiers
444:names three individuals: 1) the Abbasid caliph
315:Olivia of Palermo § Saint Olivia and Islam
1464:
1462:
448:, identified as the main patron; 2) Nusayr, a
1899:
844:pattern on a background of ochre sandstone.
590:'s minaret further west. Tunisian presidents
1864:Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World
1765:
1736:. Oxford University Press. pp. 374–375.
1114:The Zaytuna Mosque: the men and the monument
1783:Mosque Libraries : An Historical Study
1459:
1116:] (in Arabic). Tunis: Cérès Production.
1906:
1892:
1496:
1494:
1492:
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475:The mosque in 1880, with the 15th-century
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34:
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1166:. Vol. XI. Brill. pp. 488–490.
103:
1473:Sant' Oliva di Palermo Vergine e martire
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1110:Masjid al-Zaytūna: al-rijalu wa’l ma’lem
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1504:. Municipality of Tunis. Archived from
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1087:List of the oldest mosques in the world
984:The present-day minaret (built in 1894)
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1594:(in French). Brill. pp. 248–268.
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1530:"Lieux de culte Municipalité de Tunis"
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1164:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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915:of the columns dates from 1820. A few
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1770:. Beirut: Dar el-Fat'h. pp. 8–9.
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802:Present-day floor plan of the mosque
1608:
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1519:
1309:. Al-Zaytuna Mosque. Archived from
1284:. Al-Zaytuna Mosque. Archived from
1282:"Al-Zaytuna Mosque through History"
1120:
937:Sections and elements of the mosque
258:
16:Historical mosque in Tunis, Tunisia
13:
1821:
1789:
1693:
1324:
1241:
1027:View of the area around the mihrab
972:Sundial and wells in the courtyard
600:
517:print of the main entrance in 1890
14:
2354:
2102:Sidi Belhassen El Halfaoui Mosque
1180:
1098:
236:43 meters (141 ft 1 in)
1068:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
466:
102:
95:
1870:from the original on 2022-11-03
1852:
1841:from the original on 2022-11-03
1810:from the original on 2022-11-03
1682:from the original on 2024-06-08
1407:, XXVI (1901), pp. 11–21.
1230:from the original on 2020-06-12
793:
759:movement studied here, such as
605:Rooftop view towards the mosque
391:wrote that it was built in 114
297:, the great traditionalist and
2323:Mosques in the medina of Tunis
1915:Mosques in the Medina of Tunis
1766:Abd el-Hafiz, Mansour (1969).
1732:. In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
1394:
1055:, with Arabic inscription and
610:Scholarship and the University
331:Christian church dedicated to
1:
2264:Sidi Salah Bou Kabrine Mosque
2057:Abi Mohamed Al Morjani Mosque
1092:
635:time. Along with disciplines
362:
212:864 CE (with later additions)
857:western Islamic architecture
327:, reports the presence of a
308:
7:
2183:Sidi Mahrez Khelloua Mosque
1662:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
1380:. Brill. pp. 269–293.
1080:
1015:Interior of the prayer hall
871:, and polychrome mosaic or
10:
2359:
1405:Archivio storico siciliano
653:) – the university taught
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357:
312:
169:Fathallah (Fath al-Banna')
2282:
2244:Sidi Ali Ben Ziyad Mosque
2196:
2140:
2049:
1921:
1668:. Yale University Press.
1249:"About Zaytuna Institute"
1220:"Great Mosque of Zaytuna"
1108:Ben Achour, M.A. (1991).
696:, etiquette of research,
401:Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab
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119:
90:
76:
71:
59:
47:
42:
33:
26:
21:
1218:Ben Mami, Mohamed Béji.
1039:The mihrab of the mosque
718:independence from France
616:University of Ez-Zitouna
542:gallery and a polygonal
352:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
27:
2178:Sidi El Baghdadi Mosque
761:'Abd al-Hamid ibn Badis
427:Aghlabid reconstruction
419:ordered the building.
417:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
2092:Hammam El Rmimi Mosque
1442:Daniele Ronco (2001).
803:
725:Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi
606:
518:
505:Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin
480:
461:congregational mosques
121:Geographic coordinates
2343:Aghlabid architecture
2112:Sidi El Ansari Mosque
2031:Sidi Bou Hadid Mosque
1986:Hammouda Pacha Mosque
1831:Feuer, Sarah (2016).
1051:Marble plaque in the
801:
685:by their instructor.
604:
513:
474:
269:at the center of the
2214:El Ghassiroun Mosque
2122:Soubhan Allah Mosque
2097:Saheb Ettabaâ Mosque
2021:Saida Adjoula Mosque
757:Algerian nationalist
753:French colonial rule
261:, literally meaning
111:Shown within Tunisia
2328:8th-century mosques
2302:WikiProject Tunisia
2259:Sidi Mardoum Mosque
2254:Sidi Maaouia Mosque
2249:Sidi El Hari Mosque
2204:Cheikh Rasaa Mosque
2188:Sidi Mansour Mosque
2117:Sidi Gouicem Mosque
2107:Sidi Bellagh Mosque
2011:Little Pacha Mosque
867:arches and niches,
788:Tunisian revolution
776:University of Tunis
714:vocational training
409:Ahmed ibn Abu Diyaf
405:Hasan ibn al-Nu'man
303:Aboul-Qacem Echebbi
263:the Mosque of Olive
143:36.7972°N 10.1711°E
139: /
2333:731 establishments
2295:Mosques in Tunisia
2234:Karah Borni Mosque
2041:Youssef Dey Mosque
2036:Sidi Mahrez Mosque
1781:Sibai, M. (1987).
1749:The Maghreb Review
1536:on August 11, 2009
1478:2023-06-04 at the
1450:2015-02-07 at the
835:Mustapha Khaznadar
804:
607:
519:
481:
446:al-Musta'in Billah
345:Martin I of Sicily
196:and other periods)
2310:
2309:
2274:Usta Murad Mosque
2209:Edabaghine Mosque
2158:Bab Jazira Mosque
2062:Abi Mnigel Mosque
1976:El Mehrass Mosque
1961:El Ichbili Mosque
1956:El Hentati Mosque
1931:Al-Zaytuna Mosque
1601:978-90-04-35566-8
1502:"Jemaâ Ezzitouna"
1387:978-90-04-35566-8
903:from the site of
769:Houari Boumédiène
733:political economy
487:, clients of the
441:Abu Ibrahim Ahmad
375:region after the
247:Ez-Zitouna Mosque
243:Al-Zaytuna Mosque
240:
239:
22:Al-Zaytuna Mosque
2350:
2224:El Nakiri Mosque
2219:El Ghouri Mosque
2168:Hajjamine Mosque
2127:Tabbanine Mosque
2082:El Bradia Mosque
2072:El Ahmadi Mosque
2067:Ben Hmida Mosque
2026:Sidi Amor Mosque
1971:El Koubba Mosque
1951:El Hafsia Mosque
1946:El Habibi Mosque
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879:horseshoe arches
550:at its summit.
260:
251:El-Zituna Mosque
245:, also known as
201:Date established
154:
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148:36.7972; 10.1711
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61:Branch/tradition
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2290:Medina of Tunis
2278:
2269:Tarchich Mosque
2197:Defunct mosques
2192:
2163:Charbati Mosque
2153:Al Haoua Mosque
2148:Al Haliq Mosque
2141:Southern suburb
2136:
2087:El Kayal Mosque
2050:Northern suburb
2045:
1981:Ettarraz Mosque
1966:El Jedid Mosque
1936:Bab Bhar Mosque
1923:Medina of Tunis
1917:
1912:
1882:
1873:
1871:
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1726:Deeb, Mary-Jane
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949:
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780:Habib Bourguiba
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612:
479:minaret visible
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365:
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271:Medina of Tunis
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2246:
2241:
2239:Ouichka Mosque
2236:
2231:
2229:El Sfar Mosque
2226:
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2077:El Borj Mosque
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2059:
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2051:
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2038:
2033:
2028:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:El Fell Mosque
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1911:
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1881:
1880:
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1806:. 2012-04-04.
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1420:2015-02-09 at
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1255:on 2009-02-27.
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962:
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947:
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938:
853:Jonathan Bloom
849:Qubbat al-Bahu
795:
792:
694:documentations
665:Arabic grammar
614:Main article:
611:
608:
555:Ottoman period
501:Qubbat al-Bahu
497:Qubbat al-Bahw
493:Qubbat al-Bahu
468:
465:
428:
425:
377:Mosque of Uqba
364:
361:
359:
356:
310:
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265:), is a major
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233:Minaret height
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217:Specifications
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2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Sabkha Mosque
2171:
2169:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
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2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
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2133:
2132:Tronja Mosque
2130:
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2118:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Melmli Mosque
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Kasbah Mosque
1994:
1992:
1991:Harmel Mosque
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1972:
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1967:
1964:
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1675:9780300218701
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1569:9783902782199
1565:
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1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1508:on 2009-05-26
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1425:
1423:
1422:archive.today
1419:
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1342:
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1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:on 2010-05-12
1312:
1308:
1302:
1288:on 2010-01-27
1287:
1283:
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1173:9789004161214
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917:carved stucco
914:
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765:Tawfiq Madani
762:
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661:jurisprudence
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638:
633:
629:
625:
624:
617:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:Kasbah Mosque
586:style of the
585:
581:
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541:
537:
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467:Later history
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325:Ibn Abi Dinar
322:
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259:جامع الزيتونة
256:
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32:
28:جامع الزيتونة
25:
20:
1930:
1872:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1833:
1812:. Retrieved
1803:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1684:. Retrieved
1664:
1591:
1559:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1471:
1469:(in Italian)
1443:
1440:(in Italian)
1435:
1413:
1404:
1401:(in Italian)
1396:
1377:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:the original
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1253:the original
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1163:
1113:
1109:
1000:
996:
924:
897:
891:
872:
848:
846:
839:
827:
820:
808:
805:
794:Architecture
773:
722:
687:
680:
654:
648:
628:North Africa
621:
619:
570:
552:
527:al-Mustansir
520:
500:
496:
492:
482:
457:
449:
430:
421:
366:
338:
333:Santa Olivia
318:
283:universities
262:
250:
246:
242:
241:
165:Architect(s)
159:Architecture
2001:Ksar Mosque
1059:, from the
997:Bab al-Bahu
557:, both the
395:(circa 731
385:Ibn Khaldun
146: /
49:Affiliation
2317:Categories
2006:Laz Mosque
1874:2022-11-03
1845:2022-11-03
1814:2022-11-03
1730:"Zaytūnah"
1686:2022-10-31
1512:2009-02-06
1317:2009-02-06
1292:2009-02-06
1234:2022-10-31
1093:References
702:arithmetic
639:– such as
521:Under the
515:Photochrom
363:Foundation
313:See also:
289:, a major
287:Ibn 'Arafa
134:10°10′16″E
131:36°47′50″N
1057:gold leaf
921:gold leaf
883:voussoirs
869:pilasters
831:spoliated
815:hypostyle
698:cosmology
659:(Islamic
592:Bourguiba
433:Aghlabids
329:Byzantine
309:Etymology
295:al-Maziri
293:scholar,
209:Completed
2286:Part of
1868:Archived
1839:Archived
1808:Archived
1728:(1995).
1680:Archived
1540:July 23,
1476:Archived
1448:Archived
1418:Archived
1228:Archived
1081:See also
1061:Aghlabid
905:Carthage
861:moldings
813:) and a
710:minerals
706:geometry
677:medicine
641:exegesis
637:theology
576:expelled
572:moriscos
563:Husaynid
531:ablution
389:Al-Bakri
381:Kairouan
371:and the
369:Ifriqiya
349:Ifriqiya
194:Aghlabid
77:Location
72:Location
43:Religion
1804:Reuters
1755:: 1–25.
926:shahada
913:imposts
821:maqsura
784:Ben Ali
729:physics
673:science
669:history
643:of the
596:Ben Ali
584:Almohad
559:Muradid
548:lantern
540:arcaded
523:Hafsids
489:Fatimid
437:Abbasid
415:caliph
413:Umayyad
373:Maghreb
358:History
279:Tunisia
223:Minaret
190:Moorish
85:Tunisia
1672:
1598:
1566:
1384:
1170:
1063:period
1053:mihrab
931:minbar
929:. The
909:stucco
767:, and
747:, and
745:Tozeur
741:Sousse
737:French
735:, and
682:ijazah
650:tafsir
645:Qur'an
632:Hafsid
567:loggia
544:turret
536:cuboid
485:Zirids
477:Hafsid
341:relics
301:, and
299:jurist
291:Maliki
267:mosque
255:Arabic
249:, and
204:698 CE
178:Mosque
1112:[
899:qibla
887:Kufic
874:ablaq
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