366:
bases in Turkey. Ali Askari was intent on ignoring instructions to attack KDP as he had already established respectable relations with KDP in
Baradust area. However, a copy of Talabani's letter found its way to Sami Abd al-Rahman, via Kurdish tribes in Turkey. Armed with solid evidence of Talabani's intentions to attack KDP forces, but unaware of Askari's intent on ignoring these orders, KDP under Sami planned an ambush of their own. As claimed by the KDP and their supporters, the PUK claim it was over the fact the KDP was opposed to a revival of armed conflict after its suppression in 1975 in addition to the political split that had already existed in the PDK which lead to the formation of the PUK, and the KDP were supported by both Iraq and Turkey in their attack according to most sources. Ali Askari and his force of 800
357:, in protest against perceived "inability of the feudalist, tribalist, bourgeois, rightist and capitulationist Kurdish leadership". From Syria, Jalal Talabani instructed followers to get rid of KDP. KDP leadership under Sami Abd al-Rahman and Idris Barzani, still recuperating from the massive sudden down-turn and in no mood to deal softly with internal enemies, were aware of these general instructions from Talabani and preemptively ambushed and killed dozens of PUK fighters on 3 occasions while PUK were also accused of killing numerous high-ranking Barzanis. Jalal Talabani was now even more insistent on eliminating KDP forces, while Ali Askari who had limited but direct contact with KDP, was urging him that Saddam Hussein was the only enemy and Kurdish infighting must be abandoned.
375:
information given by
Kurdish tribes in Turkey, with whom KDP had stronger relations than PUK did. Askari's men split into different groups, some fought their way southwards, some returned to Iran, while others surrendered to Iraqi forces and Askari himself along with remaining PUK forces surrendered to KDP after heavy losses. Dr. Khalid Said and his men who split up from Askari before the ambush were also forced to surrender. Ali Askari and Dr. Khalid Said were executed on orders from Sami Abd al-Rahman. The killing of Ali Askari was already damaging for internal Kurdish affairs however the manner of his execution, by an
185:, which was started by Ali Askari's uncle, Sheikh Abdul Kerim in the village of Shadala in the early 1900s. The Haqqa movement was a sect of the poor and oppressed and the movement grew rapidly by spreading to over 300 villages in northern Iraq in just under a few years. The religious movement could be joined by anyone including the wealthy and several powerful tribal leaders had done so from the Kurdish region of Iraq.
38:
111:
157:. The family is originally from the village of Sargalo, but Ali Askari's great-grandfather moved to Askar in order to settle down in this village. In early 1916 Ali Askari's father, Abdullah Askari, went on to build a village close to Askar which today is called Goptapa. His father was the head of the Qala Saywka tribe, one of the most famous and largest tribes in Iraqi Kurdistan.
189:
contingent managed to release Sheikh Abdul Kerim from Kirkuk with the help of 20,000 of its followers by peacefully marching on the city and demanding his release. Ali Askari's other uncle Raza who took over the Haqqa movement following the death of his older brother, Sheikh Abdul Kerim, was also captured in the 1940s by the
379:, made the matter even harder to over-come, which was ordered by Mustafa Barzani himself. The event is sometimes referred to among Kurds as "The Hakkari Massacre".The impact of the event has embittered internal Kurdish affairs, while it has helped foreign powers gain more success in dividing the Kurds politically.
337:
After the fall of the First
Kurdish–Iraqi War and the 'Aylul' revolution led by Mustafa Barzani, there were many disagreements between the Kurdish leadership over continuing the fight against the Baath regime. Ali Askari asked Mustafa Barzani to continue the fight, however Mustafa Barzani believed in
333:
The
Insurgency was stopped briefly when Ali Askari met with Saddam Hussein on 23 November 1977 in Baghdad in order to negotiate the application of the statute of autonomy for Kurdistan, legalisation of the parties in Kurdistan, and the situation of Kurdish villages being destroyed. All three points
302:
After the division of the
Kurdish Leadership, many of the left-wing KDP cadres decided to split and restart the revolution separately and continue the Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan. Ali Askari, Omar Dababa, Rasul Mamand, and Khalid Sa'id decided to form the Kurdistan Socialist Movement (KSM).
365:
In June 1978, Ali Askari, Dr. Khalid Sa'id, and Sheikh
Hussein Yezidi were sent on a mission to pick up arms from Kurdish villages located inside the Turkish border in order to support the new Kurdish revolution in Iraq. With them, written instructions from Talabani that they were to wipe out KDP
374:
by Iraqi and
Iranian Airstrikes and ground forces. By the time they arrived in Baradust with low ammunition, Askari made routine contact with KDP and predicted no hostilities. But later upon entering Turkey, Askari and his 800 Peshmerga were ambushed by KDP who were expecting them based on the
188:
During the Iraq occupation, the
British were opposed to the Haqqa movement due to its growing power, its nonconformity, and the refusal of its followers to pay taxes. This led to the capture the branch's leaders twice. The first time they captured Sheikh Abdul Kerim in 1934 in Kirkuk. Haqqa's
160:
Ali Askari was the youngest among seven brothers and three sisters. Since there was nowhere to get an education in
Goptapa, he had to move to Askar in order to start his studies, at the age of seven. He studied in Askar until he was in the third grade, then moved to the village of Aghjalar to
298:
to continue the fighting against the Iraqi regime and stand up for the rights of the Kurds, however
Mustafa Barzani disagreed stating that no one should continue the revolution, leaving many of the Kurdish leadership divided over the future of the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraq.
321:
During the first congress of the PUK, he was appointed as Politburo of the party and commander of all of its Peshmerga forces. The PUK commanded over 3,000 to 3,500 Peshmerga in the period of 1975–1978, all under the command of Ali Askari which started the
258:
groups. During the 1961 revolution against the Iraqi Government, Ali Askari became head of the Khabat force, one of the five major military forces of the KDP in Kurdistan at the time. The other major KDP forces were led by
294:. This lead Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (The only Kurdish party in Iraqi Kurdistan at the time) to give up the armed struggle against Baghdad and to go into exile in Iran. In 1975, Ali Askari asked
310:, also known as the PUK, that would start a new revolution against Saddam Hussein and his regime. on June 1, 1975 The PUK was formed as an Umbrella of two organizations. This was set up of the Marxist–Leninist group,
751:
193:
under the pressure of the British but again the Haqqa branch succeeded in releasing another of their leaders with help by some 30,000 to 35,000 followers.
746:
608:
205:, also known as the KDP. After finishing high school, Ali Askari applied for military college, as well as a civil-engineering college, but the
330:
following the defeat of the KDP revolution in 1975. This insurgency is referred to as the "New Revolution" in Iraqi Kurdistan led by the PUK.
345:
After the Algiers Agreement, the KDP withdrew from Iraq and based itself in Iran and Turkey, while the Kurdish areas in Iraq fell under
756:
736:
396:
731:
741:
334:
were rejected by Saddam Hussein, which led to the resumption of the PUK's operations upon Ali Askari's return to Kurdistan.
661:
592:
552:
508:
483:
454:
311:
161:
continue his studies in the fourth and fifth grade for his last year in middle school. At the same time, he moved to
290:, decided to give up supply to the Kurds in Iraq based on the Algiers accord agreed with then Iraqi Vice-President,
182:
306:
Ali Askari then decided to lead his party to create a union of newly created parties, which would be called the
220:
Ali Askari was appointed and voted member of the KDP's central committee at the parties first official meeting.
246:
Ali Askari was much liked amongst Kurds for his perpetual optimism, great energy, courage and military ability
721:
307:
142:
114:
338:
withdrawal and suspension of Kurdish rebellion, after KDP supply-lines were completely severed as part of
716:
224:
240:
206:
202:
726:
126:
339:
275:
431:
686:
287:
423:
711:
706:
8:
400:
52:
681:
Invisible Nation: How the Kurds' Quest for Statehood Is Shaping Iraq and the Middle East
602:
315:
679:
657:
588:
548:
541:
504:
479:
472:
450:
424:
327:
371:
74:
227:
started on 11 September 1961 and Ali Askari was asked to command the liberation of
190:
20:
295:
254:
In the 1960s, Ali Askari led dozens of battles and had control of many different
138:
56:
501:
Agha, shaikh, and state : the social and political structures of Kurdistan
323:
291:
264:
134:
89:
137:
politician, military leader, and revolutionary. He was a prominent leader in
700:
260:
547:. Translated by Michael (American ed.). New York: Olive Branch Press.
268:
350:
232:
346:
178:
166:
367:
286:, all support of the Kurdish revolution halted and the Shah of Iran,
255:
154:
539:
Pallis, A.R. Ghassemlou; et al. (1992). Gerard Chaliand (ed.).
37:
236:
99:
474:
A thousand sighs, a thousand revolts : journeys in Kurdistan
214:
639:
Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development & Emergent Democracy
162:
78:
318:
and the Kurdistan Socialist Movement (KSM) led by Ali Askari.
110:
376:
354:
210:
478:(Random House Trade pbk. ed.). New York: Random House.
447:
Genocide in Iraq : the Anfal campaign against the Kurds
587:(Second ed.). Lanham : Scarecrow Press, Incorporated.
526:
Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces
283:
279:
228:
201:
At the age of seventeen, Ali Askari became a member of the
60:
543:
A people without a country : the Kurds and Kurdistan
353:. Meanwhile, Jalal Talabani formed PUK from his exile in
213:
and become the KDP's representative, so he never went to
271:
and Kamal Mufti commanded the Kawa and Qaradagh forces.
370:
were attacked en route to the Turkish border town of
678:
540:
471:
449:. New York u.a.: Human Rights Watch. p. 173.
654:The Kurds : a nation on the way to statehood
153:He was born in 1936 in the village of Goptapa in
698:
583:Ghareeb, Beth K. Dougherty, Edmund A. (2012).
181:believers but created a new branch called the
656:. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. p. 163.
165:to his uncle Sheik Raza, who was leading the
621:
607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
752:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1970s
148:
636:
498:
239:region. He was the youngest member of the
36:
421:
747:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan politicians
676:
523:
503:(1. publ. ed.). London: Zed Books.
651:
582:
528:. Florida State University. p. 42.
699:
538:
444:
567:
469:
130:
263:who was head of the Malouma force,
196:
13:
249:
14:
768:
685:. Walker & Company. pp.
172:
757:Politicians assassinated in 1978
737:Assassinated Kurdish politicians
177:The family had started out as a
141:and his political party was the
109:
670:
645:
630:
622:Diplomatique, Le Monde (1980).
615:
499:Bruinessen, Martin Van (1992).
267:headed the Rizgari forces, and
732:Assassinated Iraqi politicians
576:
572:(Third ed.). p. 343.
561:
532:
517:
492:
463:
438:
415:
389:
1:
652:Abdulla, Jamal Jalal (2012).
585:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
570:A Modern History of the Kurds
382:
742:Iraqi Kurdistani politicians
308:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
143:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
115:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
7:
637:Stansfield, Gareth (2010).
422:M. Gunter, Michael (2009).
10:
773:
524:G. Lortz, Michael (2005).
18:
470:Bird, Christiane (2005).
399:. Kurdsat. Archived from
105:
95:
85:
67:
44:
35:
28:
641:. Routledge. p. 87.
397:"Ali Askari's biography"
360:
203:Kurdish Democratic Party
149:Early life and childhood
19:Not to be confused with
677:Lawrence, Quil (2009).
426:The A to Z of the Kurds
349:followed by widespread
342:between Iraq and Iran.
624:The Kurdish Powder Keg
445:Black, George (1993).
340:1975 Algiers Agreement
276:1975 Algiers Agreement
288:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
209:asked him to move to
722:Kurdish nationalists
235:and the rest of the
133:) (1936–1978) was a
53:Chamchamal District
717:People from Kirkuk
316:Nawshirwan Mustafa
225:Kurdish revolution
568:Mcdowall, David.
120:
119:
764:
691:
690:
684:
674:
668:
667:
649:
643:
642:
634:
628:
627:
619:
613:
612:
606:
598:
580:
574:
573:
565:
559:
558:
546:
536:
530:
529:
521:
515:
514:
496:
490:
489:
477:
467:
461:
460:
442:
436:
435:
429:
419:
413:
412:
410:
408:
393:
328:Ba'athist regime
197:Political career
191:Iraqi Government
132:
113:
40:
26:
25:
21:Ali Askari, Iran
16:Iraqi politician
772:
771:
767:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
697:
696:
695:
694:
675:
671:
664:
650:
646:
635:
631:
620:
616:
600:
599:
595:
581:
577:
566:
562:
555:
537:
533:
522:
518:
511:
497:
493:
486:
468:
464:
457:
443:
439:
420:
416:
406:
404:
395:
394:
390:
385:
363:
296:Mustafa Barzani
252:
250:Military career
243:leading staff.
199:
175:
151:
139:Iraqi Kurdistan
106:Political party
81:
72:
63:
49:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
770:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:Kurdish rulers
724:
719:
714:
709:
693:
692:
669:
663:978-1467879712
662:
644:
629:
614:
594:978-0810868458
593:
575:
560:
554:978-0940793927
553:
531:
516:
510:978-1856490184
509:
491:
485:978-0345469397
484:
462:
456:978-1564321084
455:
437:
414:
387:
386:
384:
381:
362:
359:
324:PUK insurgency
292:Saddam Hussein
274:Following the
265:Jalal Talabani
251:
248:
198:
195:
183:Haqqa movement
174:
173:Family history
171:
150:
147:
127:Sorani Kurdish
118:
117:
107:
103:
102:
97:
96:Known for
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
65:
64:
50:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
769:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
688:
683:
682:
673:
665:
659:
655:
648:
640:
633:
625:
618:
610:
604:
596:
590:
586:
579:
571:
564:
556:
550:
545:
544:
535:
527:
520:
512:
506:
502:
495:
487:
481:
476:
475:
466:
458:
452:
448:
441:
433:
428:
427:
418:
403:on 2011-08-17
402:
398:
392:
388:
380:
378:
373:
369:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
335:
331:
329:
325:
319:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:Ibrahim Ahmad
257:
247:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
194:
192:
186:
184:
180:
170:
168:
164:
158:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
128:
124:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
680:
672:
653:
647:
638:
632:
623:
617:
584:
578:
569:
563:
542:
534:
525:
519:
500:
494:
473:
465:
446:
440:
425:
417:
405:. Retrieved
401:the original
391:
364:
344:
336:
332:
326:against the
320:
305:
301:
273:
269:Omar Mustafa
253:
245:
222:
219:
200:
187:
176:
159:
152:
131:عەلی عەسکەری
122:
121:
712:1978 deaths
707:1936 births
351:arabization
86:Nationality
71:Summer 1978
48:Autumn 1936
701:Categories
430:. p.
407:August 10,
383:References
347:Iraqi Army
179:Naqshbandi
167:Naqshbandi
123:Ali Askari
30:Ali Askari
603:cite book
368:Peshmerga
314:, led by
256:Peshmerga
155:Kurdistan
57:Kurdistan
51:Goptapa,
278:between
237:Bahdinan
169:branch.
100:Politics
372:Hakkâri
215:college
145:(PUK).
135:Kurdish
90:Kurdish
75:Hakkari
660:
591:
551:
507:
482:
453:
312:Komala
163:Kirkuk
79:Turkey
377:RPG-7
361:Death
355:Syria
241:KDP's
233:Duhok
211:Mosul
658:ISBN
609:link
589:ISBN
549:ISBN
505:ISBN
480:ISBN
451:ISBN
409:2011
284:Iraq
282:and
280:Iran
229:Zaxo
223:The
68:Died
61:Iraq
45:Born
207:KDP
55:,
703::
687:30
605:}}
601:{{
432:11
231:,
217:.
129::
77:,
59:,
689:.
666:.
626:.
611:)
597:.
557:.
513:.
488:.
459:.
434:.
411:.
125:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.