1442:
476:
the government for a period of 25 years. At the time, she thought it would enable
American Indians to assimilate to European-American ways, as their best means of survival. The government also wanted to gain "surplus" land for sale to other Americans. The Dawes Act was accountable for the inevitable breakup of all Indigenous reservations. By 1932 the amount of land acquired was approximately 92,000,000 of the 138,000,000 acres Indigenous groups had owned in 1887. Fletcher's land allotment work has been viewed as an error in the administration policies of Native American peoples and their land. Fletcher herself may have even realized this error because she abandoned her political policy work to focus strictly on more ethnographical work after the turn of the century.
260:
353:
1414:
901:
338:
1402:
475:
of 1887. This act imposed a system of private land ownership on
Indigenous tribes. This was a big difference because traditionally these tribes had communal land ownership. Individual Indigenous peoples would be allotted up to 160 acres of land. This land was tax-free and was to be held in trust by
516:
in Santa Fe, New Mexico. From 1899 until 1916 Fletcher was on the editorial board of the
American Anthropologist, and she also made major contributions to many issues. Fletcher was a pioneer in the study of Native American music. She became fascinated by their music and dancing so she transcribed
191:
Fletcher taught school and later became a public lecturer to support herself, arguing that anthropologists and archaeologists were best at uncovering ancient history of humans. She also advocated for the education of Native
Americans "so that they could gain accoutrements of civilization."
31:
371:
537:
in 1905. One of her colleagues, Walter Hough, remembered
Fletcher as one who, "Mildly, peaceably, yet with great fortitude...did what she could to advance the cause of science". Her ashes are interred in the patio wall of the
369:
267:
In addition to her research and writing, Fletcher worked in several special appointed positions during the late nineteenth century. In 1883 she was appointed special agent by the US to allot lands to the
299:
She was made assistant in ethnology at the
Peabody Museum in 1882, and in 1891 received the Thaw fellowship, which was created for her. Active in professional societies, she was elected president of the
429:
in Ohio and assisted in the efforts to raise funds to purchase the site in 1886. The site was donated to the Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Society in 1900 and is a National Historic Landmark.
370:
484:
Fletcher wrote about the experiences of her 1881 field trip in two journals. These journals included drawings of the plains, reservations, and many of her different campsites throughout eastern
530:
301:
116:
496:
would seem rather insensible by contemporary anthropological standards, "Her writings reflect the attitudes regarding the movement of history and social evolution prevalent in her day".
402:. She was a pioneer in the study of American Indian music, a field of research inaugurated by a paper she gave in 1893 before the Chicago Anthropological Conference. In 1898 at the
697:
The
Problems of the Unity or Plurality and the Probable Place of Origin of The American Aborigines. (A Symposium) Some Ethnological Aspects of the Problem. Am. Anthrop., 1912
327:, an Omaha woman, to enable her studies at medical school. Graduating at the top of her class, LaFlesche became the first Native American woman doctor in the United States.
916:
1258:
362:
1547:
436:
started work with the Omaha, and decided to concentrate on the modern aspects of the tribe, because of the extensive work already done by Alice
Fletcher.
309:
175:
in vain hopes of easing her father's illness with a better climate. Fletcher was born there in 1838. After her father died in 1839, the family moved to
1497:
1492:
171:
Not much is known about
Fletcher's parents; her father was a New York lawyer and her mother was from a prominent Boston family. Her parents moved to
512:. It is still considered to be the definitive work on the subject. Altogether she wrote 46 monographs on ethnology. In 1908 she led in founding the
1051:
414:, she read several essays upon the songs of the North American Indians. A number of Omaha Indians sang their native melodies. Out of this grew her
1055:
792:
323:, Fletcher introduced a system of making small loans to Indians, wherewith they might buy land and houses. She also helped secure a loan for
284:
on a mission from the commissioner of education. In 1887 she was appointed United States special agent in the allotment of lands among the
276:
an exhibit showing the progress of civilization among the Indians of North America in the quarter-century previous, and in 1886 visited the
1487:
1482:
226:
in Pennsylvania, where native children learned English, arithmetic, and skills designed to allow them to be integrated American citizens.
200:
112:
921:
1406:
517:
hundreds of their songs. In 1898 she presented several essays on the subject of Native American songs at the Congress of Musicians in
1477:
1300:
334:
of 1887, which broke up reservations and distributed communal land in allotments for individual household ownership of land parcels.
1451:
1522:
1512:
1542:
320:
252:, Susette's half brother. They collaborated professionally and had an informal mother-son relationship. They shared a house in
245:, a journalist who had helped publicize Standing Bear's cause and arranged a several-month lecture tour in the United States.
1027:
160:
521:. From these essays eventually came her books "Indian Story and Song from North America" and "The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony".
1418:
563:
Alice Fletcher received numerous honors for the work she accomplished throughout her career. In 1890 she was awarded the
216:
1532:
1537:
1502:
1280:
875:
1427:
964:
1342:
1552:
1507:
1242:
313:
706:
Indian Games and Dances with Native Songs Arranged from American Indian Ceremonials and Sports. Boston, 1915
601:
The Religious Ceremony of the Four Winds as Observed by a Santee Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
513:
411:
124:
1517:
1101:
986:
819:
460:
1527:
1390:
1366:
234:
971:, National Museum of Natural History, Archives of the Smithsonian Institution, accessed 26 August 2011
534:
305:
120:
1380:
1356:
1127:
539:
604:
The Shadow or Ghost Lodge: A Ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
545:
Some of her recordings can be found in the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology.
456:
324:
273:
180:
1208:
1180:
1155:
995:
259:
628:
Report of the Committee on the Preservation of Archaeologic Remains on Public Lands. AAAS, 1889
223:
936:
845:
589:
Observations on the Laws and Privileges of the Gens in Indian Society. (abstract) AAAS, 1884
418:(1900), exploring a stage of development antecedent to that in which culture music appeared.
906:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1472:
1467:
721:
Concepts of Nature among the American Natives. (abstract) 19th Internat. Cong. Amer., 1917
691:
Tribal Structure: A Study of the Omaha and Cognate Tribes. Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909
564:
422:
196:
1413:
1259:"Search results from Audio Recording, 1890 to 1899, Music, Collection, Fletcher, Alice C."
619:
Lands in Severalty to Indians; Illustrated by Experience with the Omaha Tribe. AAAS, 1885
586:
Sun Dance of the Ogallala Sioux. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883
199:
for stimulating her interest in American Indian culture and began working with him at the
8:
712:
The Indian and Nature: The Basis of His Tribal Organization and Rites. The Red Man, 1916
399:
758:
377:
A sample of North American Indian traditional music that was collected by Alice Fletcher
233:
on their reservation as a representative of the Peabody Museum. She was accompanied by
1045:
598:
The Elk Mystery or Festival of the Ogallala Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
505:
249:
204:
742:
1437:
1238:
1033:
1023:
762:
285:
212:
646:
Love Songs among the Omaha Indians. International Congress of Anthropologists, 1894
595:
The White Buffalo Festival of the Uncpapas. 16th Annual Report Peabody Museum, 1884
1446:
1322:
991:
797:
754:
570:
567:
Fellowship at Harvard, which granted her funding for ethnographic and reform work.
452:
281:
253:
176:
156:
76:
1385:
1361:
1326:
622:
Indian Education and Civilization. Special Report, U.S. Bureau of Education. 1888
1017:
968:
403:
289:
670:
A Pawnee Ritual Used When Changing a Man's Name. American Anthropologist, 1899
1433:
703:
Brief History of the International Congress of Americanists. Am. Anthrop., 1913
548:
242:
152:
694:
The Omaha Tribe. (With Francis La Flesche). 27th Ann. Rep. Bu. Am. Eth., 1911
1461:
1430:, National Museum of Natural History, Archives of the Smithsonian Institution
1037:
912:
907:
766:
610:
Historical Sketch of the Omaha Tribe of Indians in Nebraska. Washington, 1885
607:
The Wa-Wan, or Pipe Dance of the Omahas. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
440:
433:
426:
277:
248:
These times also marked the beginning of Fletcher's 40-year association with
238:
1070:
879:. Vol. III, Part 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 463–4.
489:
172:
54:
1452:
Register to the Papers of Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche
643:
A Study of Omaha Indian Music. Arch. and Eth. Papers Peabody Museum, 1893
148:
1020:
Life among the Indians : first fieldwork among the Sioux and Omahas
925:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 496.
613:
Observations upon the Usage, Symbolism and Influence of the Sacred Pipes
229:
In 1881, Fletcher made an unprecedented trip to live with and study the
1422:
961:
574:
386:
208:
649:
Indian Songs: Personal Studies of Indian Life. Century Magazine, 1894
472:
331:
293:
102:
1428:
Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher
962:
Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher
592:
Symbolic Earth Formations of the Winnebagoes. (abstract) AAAS, 1884
485:
448:
330:
Later Fletcher helped write, lobbied for and helped administer the
640:
Hal-thu-ska Society of the Omaha Tribe. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1892
337:
1237:. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Museum of New Mexico Press. p. 160.
444:
341:
Fletcher and Chief Joseph at the Nez Percé Lapwai Reservation in
30:
439:
Over her lifetime Alice Fletcher worked with and for the Omaha,
1401:
1235:
Hewett and Friends : A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era
688:
The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony. 22nd Ann. Rep. Bu. Am. Eth., 1904
241:
in 1879 in his landmark civil rights trial. Also with them was
709:
The Study of Indian Music. National Academy of Science, 1915
518:
493:
407:
342:
269:
230:
207:. She studied the remnants of the Indian civilization in the
1454:, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
1095:
1093:
1091:
1022:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 320, 378.
676:
Giving Thanks: A Pawnee Ceremony. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1900
664:
Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group. AAAS, 1897
1313:
Hough, Walter (6 April 1923). "Alice Cunningham Fletcher".
873:
Frederick H. Martens (1959). "Fletcher, Alice Cunningham".
58:
1018:
Fletcher, Alice C. (Alice Cunningham), 1838-1923. (2013).
1088:
679:
The "Lazy Man" in Indian Lore. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1901
625:
On the Preservation of Archaeologic Monuments. AAAS, 1888
345:
Gentleman kneeling is an interpreter named James Stewart.
237:, an Omaha spokeswoman who had served as interpreter for
1281:'Farwell: String Quartet in A major, Op. 65 “The Hako”'
724:
Prayers Voiced in Ancient America. Art and Arch., 1920
718:
Nature and the Indian Tribe. Art and Archaeology, 1916
673:
Indian Story and Song from North America. Boston, 1900
652:
Hunting Customs of the Omahas. Century Magazine, 1895
631:
Phonetic Alphabet of the Winnebago Indians. AAAS, 1890
1150:
1148:
990:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
715:
A Birthday Wish from Native America. Washington, 1916
661:
Tribal Life among the Omahas. Century Magazine, 1896
16:
American ethnologist, anthropologist, social scientist
555:, composed in 1923, was inspired by Fletcher's work.
872:
667:
Indian Songs and Music. Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1898
1145:
310:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
787:
785:
783:
634:Indian Messiah. Journal. American Folk-Lore, 1892
1203:
1201:
492:. Even though many of her writings regarding the
1459:
984:Joan Mark (1999). "Fletcher, Alice Cunningham".
304:and in 1905 as the first woman president of the
780:
682:Star Cult among the Pawnee. Am. Anthrop., 1902
179:, New York City. Fletcher was enrolled in the
1198:
1185:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1160:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
743:"Ethnomusicological Research and Anthropology"
542:behind a bronze plaque with a quote from her.
533:in 1903 and the first woman president of the
272:tribes, in 1884 she prepared and sent to the
1050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
685:Pawnee Star Lore. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1903
479:
308:. She also served as vice-president of the
1548:Presidents of the American Folklore Society
1443:Works by or about Alice Cunningham Fletcher
655:Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe. AAAS, 1896
616:Of Friendship among the Omahas. AAAS, 1885
201:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
166:
113:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1054:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
577:is named after Alice Cunningham Fletcher.
222:From 1881, Fletcher was involved with the
29:
1498:20th-century American non-fiction writers
1493:19th-century American non-fiction writers
1232:
996:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400196
983:
637:Nez Perce Country. (abstract) AAAS, 1892
471:Alice Fletcher helped write and pass the
911:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
416:Indian Story and Song from North America
336:
258:
1099:
1071:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838-1923)"
1068:
1460:
1156:"A Life of Science and Public Service"
957:
955:
953:
740:
183:, an exclusive school for the elite.
1312:
1013:
1011:
1009:
979:
977:
883:
868:
866:
864:
862:
734:
551:'s String Quartet in A major, Op. 65
531:Anthropological Society of Washington
302:Anthropological Society of Washington
117:Anthropological Society of Washington
1069:Lee, Dorothy Sara; La Vigna, Maria.
558:
1488:20th-century American women writers
1483:19th-century American women writers
950:
759:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.000531
658:Indian Songs and Music. AAAS, 1896
524:
321:Women's National Indian Association
312:, and was a longtime member of the
217:Archaeological Institute of America
13:
1434:Works by Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1006:
974:
859:
351:
263:Alice Fletcher at her writing desk
14:
1564:
1336:
1125:
846:"Camping With the Sioux:Foreword"
580:
529:Fletcher became president of the
396:Indian Education and Civilization
1478:19th-century American historians
1412:
1400:
1283:, NAXOS 8.559900 CD reviewed at
937:"Camping With the Sioux:Forward"
899:
876:Dictionary of American Biography
741:McLeod, Norma (1 October 1974).
385:Problems playing this file? See
367:
235:Susette "Bright Eyes" La Flesche
1306:
1289:
1274:
1251:
1226:
1173:
1119:
1100:MacLean, Maggie (26 May 2015).
1062:
143:15, 1838 – April
1523:Historians of Native Americans
1513:American women anthropologists
929:
838:
812:
514:School of American Archaeology
314:Literary Society of Washington
125:School of American Archaeology
1:
1543:American women archaeologists
1327:10.1525/aa.1923.25.2.02a00080
1297:A Stranger in Her Native Land
747:Annual Review of Anthropology
728:
700:Wakondagi. Am. Anthrop., 1912
215:, and became a member of the
1391:Resources in other libraries
1375:By Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1367:Resources in other libraries
1233:Chauvenet, Beatrice (1983).
466:
412:Trans-Mississippi Exposition
394:In 1888, Fletcher published
7:
1209:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
1128:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
1102:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
987:American National Biography
820:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
793:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
159:who studied and documented
10:
1569:
917:Fletcher, Alice Cunningham
398:, a special report of the
1533:American women historians
1419:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1407:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1386:Resources in your library
1362:Resources in your library
1348:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1106:History of American Women
535:American Folklore Society
499:
480:Fieldwork among the Sioux
306:American Folklore Society
186:
147:6, 1923) was an American
137:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
130:
121:American Folklore Society
108:
98:
91:
83:
65:
40:
28:
23:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
21:
1538:American audio engineers
1503:Harvard University staff
1181:"Camping With the Sioux"
540:New Mexico Museum of Art
167:Early life and education
1315:American Anthropologist
1213:Encyclopædia Britannica
1002:(subscription required)
922:Encyclopædia Britannica
274:World Cotton Centennial
181:Brooklyn Female Academy
1285:MusicWeb International
356:
346:
264:
224:Carlisle Indian School
1553:Women audio engineers
1508:American ethnologists
421:Fletcher worked with
404:Congress of Musicians
355:
340:
262:
256:, beginning in 1890.
1409:at Wikimedia Commons
824:womenhistoryblog.com
565:Margaret Copley Thaw
423:Frederic Ward Putnam
319:Working through the
197:Frederic Ward Putnam
1262:Library of Congress
1075:Library of Congress
425:in his research on
400:Bureau of Education
213:Mississippi valleys
1518:Women ethnologists
1417:Works by or about
967:2011-08-06 at the
506:Francis La Flesche
357:
347:
265:
250:Francis La Flesche
205:Harvard University
195:Fletcher credited
1528:La Flesche family
1438:Project Gutenberg
1405:Media related to
1343:Library resources
1029:978-1-4619-4880-3
559:Awards and honors
451:, Chippewa, Oto,
372:
278:natives of Alaska
134:
133:
93:Scientific career
35:Fletcher, c. 1893
1560:
1447:Internet Archive
1416:
1404:
1331:
1330:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1015:
1004:
1003:
999:
981:
972:
959:
948:
947:
945:
943:
933:
927:
926:
905:
903:
902:
896:
881:
880:
870:
857:
856:
854:
852:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
798:Encyclopedia.com
789:
778:
777:
775:
773:
738:
571:Fletcher Nunatak
525:Death and legacy
508:, she published
374:
373:
363:Hon'hewachi Song
354:
282:Aleutian Islands
254:Washington, D.C.
177:Brooklyn Heights
157:social scientist
146:
142:
77:Washington, D.C.
72:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1458:
1457:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1372:
1371:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1016:
1007:
1001:
982:
975:
969:Wayback Machine
960:
951:
941:
939:
935:
934:
930:
915:, ed. (1911). "
900:
898:
897:
884:
871:
860:
850:
848:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
818:
817:
813:
803:
801:
791:
790:
781:
771:
769:
739:
735:
731:
583:
561:
527:
510:The Omaha Tribe
502:
482:
469:
392:
391:
383:
381:
380:
379:
378:
375:
368:
365:
358:
352:
325:Susan LaFlesche
189:
169:
161:Native American
144:
140:
123:
119:
115:
79:
74:
70:
61:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:External links
1335:
1333:
1332:
1321:(2): 254–258.
1305:
1288:
1273:
1250:
1243:
1225:
1197:
1172:
1144:
1126:Lurie, Nancy.
1118:
1087:
1061:
1028:
1005:
973:
949:
928:
913:Chisholm, Hugh
882:
858:
837:
811:
779:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
582:
581:Selected works
579:
560:
557:
549:Arthur Farwell
526:
523:
504:In 1911, with
501:
498:
481:
478:
468:
465:
427:Serpents Mound
382:
376:
366:
361:
360:
359:
350:
349:
348:
243:Thomas Tibbles
188:
185:
168:
165:
153:anthropologist
132:
131:
128:
127:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
73:(aged 85)
67:
63:
62:
53:
51:March 15, 1838
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
997:
993:
989:
988:
980:
978:
970:
966:
963:
958:
956:
954:
938:
932:
924:
923:
918:
914:
909:
908:public domain
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
878:
877:
869:
867:
865:
863:
847:
841:
826:. 26 May 2015
825:
821:
815:
800:
799:
794:
788:
786:
784:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:(1): 99–115.
752:
748:
744:
737:
733:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
543:
541:
536:
532:
522:
520:
515:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
477:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
434:Margaret Mead
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
388:
364:
344:
339:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
239:Standing Bear
236:
232:
227:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
184:
182:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
138:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
69:April 6, 1923
68:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1381:Online books
1374:
1357:Online books
1347:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1253:
1234:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1135:. Retrieved
1132:Encyclopedia
1131:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:
1064:
1019:
985:
940:. Retrieved
931:
920:
874:
849:. Retrieved
840:
828:. Retrieved
823:
814:
802:. Retrieved
796:
770:. Retrieved
750:
746:
736:
569:
562:
552:
547:
544:
528:
509:
503:
490:South Dakota
483:
470:
438:
431:
420:
415:
395:
393:
384:
329:
318:
298:
266:
247:
228:
221:
194:
190:
173:Havana, Cuba
170:
136:
135:
109:Institutions
92:
71:(1923-04-06)
1473:1923 deaths
1468:1838 births
410:during the
149:ethnologist
84:Nationality
1462:Categories
1423:Wikisource
1267:2019-06-04
1244:0890131368
942:6 February
851:6 February
830:6 February
772:20 January
729:References
575:Antarctica
387:media help
292:under the
47:1838-03-15
1218:8 January
1046:cite book
1038:865063080
767:0084-6570
473:Dawes Act
467:Dawes Act
461:Winnebago
453:Nez Percé
443:, Sioux,
432:In 1930,
332:Dawes Act
294:Dawes Act
290:Nez Perce
286:Winnebago
219:in 1879.
163:culture.
103:Ethnology
1080:26 April
965:Archived
804:25 April
553:The Hako
486:Nebraska
463:tribes.
449:Cheyenne
406:held in
288:and the
280:and the
87:American
1445:at the
1190:5 April
1165:5 April
1137:5 March
1111:5 March
910::
445:Arapaho
1345:about
1295:Mark,
1241:
1036:
1026:
1000:
904:
765:
500:Author
441:Pawnee
187:Career
155:, and
145:
141:
139:(March
99:Fields
55:Havana
519:Omaha
494:Sioux
457:Ponca
408:Omaha
343:Idaho
270:Miwok
231:Sioux
1301:Link
1299:, 6
1239:ISBN
1220:2016
1192:2016
1167:2016
1139:2016
1113:2016
1082:2019
1056:link
1052:link
1034:OCLC
1024:ISBN
944:2016
853:2016
832:2016
806:2019
774:2022
763:ISSN
488:and
459:and
211:and
209:Ohio
66:Died
59:Cuba
41:Born
1436:at
1421:at
1323:doi
992:doi
919:".
755:doi
573:in
1464::
1319:25
1317:.
1211:.
1200:^
1183:.
1158:.
1147:^
1130:.
1104:.
1090:^
1073:.
1048:}}
1044:{{
1032:.
1008:^
976:^
952:^
885:^
861:^
822:.
795:.
782:^
761:.
749:.
745:.
455:,
447:,
316:.
296:.
203:,
151:,
57:,
1329:.
1325::
1303:.
1270:.
1247:.
1222:.
1194:.
1169:.
1141:.
1115:.
1084:.
1058:)
1040:.
998:.
994::
946:.
855:.
834:.
808:.
776:.
757::
751:3
389:.
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
