64:
49:
33:
300:
Selectable 4WD has both axles rigidly coupled together, which has some advantages in very poor off-road conditions. To gain the same advantage in a permanent AWD system with a differential, the differential can be locked manually with a differential lock. As this control is frequently misunderstood
249:. This is not required off-road, as the limited grip allows the tires to slip. All-wheel drive vehicles designed for extensive off-road use may not have such a differential, and so they suffer from wind-up when used on-road. Selectable 4WD also avoids this problem and requires only a simple
268:
As vehicles became more sophisticated and tires gave better winter performance in the 1960s, there was an interest in giving the benefits of all-wheel drive to conventional cars: not for off-road use but for winter use in snow or on wet roads. Exotic vehicles such as the high-powered
227:
began manufacturing a line as "all-wheel drive" as early as the late 1930s. This distinction in terminology is not generally used outside North
America.
437:
382:
285:
series were the first to offer all-wheel drive in a high-speed road-based car. These, particularly the
Quattro, would extensively develop this
44:
four-wheel drive vehicle equipped with a low-range gearbox, which provides the driver with a selection between low range or high range gearing
301:
and misused, which can then cause damage due to wind-up, they have tended to be replaced by automatic locking through the viscous couplers.
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between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the
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17:
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219:(AEC) producing AWD trucks in 1929 in conjunction with the British subsidiary of the pioneering American firm
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617:
236:
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216:
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1405:
1207:
293:
and differentials to provide a safe and drivable car. The first off-road / on-road hybrids such as the
1181:
257:, rather than a differential. For this reason, most early off-road vehicles used that system; e.g.,
1136:
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1440:
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145:
68:
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384:"By December , GMC had orders for more than 4,400 all-wheel-drive military trucks."
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220:
41:
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or FWD, one of the first companies, from 1909, to build four-wheel drive vehicles.
1445:
1270:
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1250:
881:
343:
117:
178:
The wheels are driven, but not dependent on a central mechanical power coupling.
162:
One axle is permanently connected to the drive, the other is connected as needed
27:
Powertrain providing power to all its wheels for use primarily on paved surfaces
1196:
986:
961:
946:
851:
798:
480:
224:
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also chose the permanent all-wheel-drive system rather than manual selection.
94:
capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand.
1503:
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1177:
1127:
1024:
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716:
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254:
199:– to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a
37:
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71:
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142:
Reflects three axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
91:
151:
Reflects four axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
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Reflects two axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
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369:"1929: AEC started to build AWD trucks in conjunction with FWD (UK)"
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Particularly in North
America for several decades, the designation
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Reflects two axles with one wheel on each capable of being powered.
110:
32:
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1117:
155:
Vehicles may be either part-time all-wheel drive or full-time:
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56:
991:
846:
415:
258:
114:
Reflects one axle with one wheel capable of being powered.
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609:
446:
168:
All axles are permanently connected, with or without a
237:Four-wheel drive § SAE recommended practices
1501:
241:When tire grip is good during road driving, a
102:The most common forms of all-wheel drive are:
431:
191:has been used and marketed – distinctly from
438:
424:
842:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
62:
47:
31:
1188:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
398:. Warehouse Publications. p. 118.
14:
1502:
380:THE FIRST CENTURY OF GMC TRUCK HISTORY
419:
393:
245:is used between the axles to avoid
24:
230:
207:(ABS). However, the designations
78:(heavy equipment transport system)
25:
1531:
852:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
148:(also, eight-wheel drive or 8WD)
130:(also, four-wheel drive or 4WD)
1489:Template:EC car classification
445:
387:
372:
357:
215:long predated the trend, with
182:
139:(also, six-wheel drive or 6WD)
13:
1:
350:
221:Four Wheel Drive Auto Company
217:Associated Equipment Company
7:
304:
122:Some motorcycles and bikes
10:
1536:
1178:Gasoline / petrol
942:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
234:
1474:
1398:
1318:(engine / drive)
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1284:
1231:
1083:
1005:
797:
735:
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641:
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463:
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957:Sedan delivery/Panel van
205:anti-lock braking system
97:
1218:Liquified petroleum gas
1030:Driverless (autonomous)
84:all-wheel drive vehicle
1123:Compressed natural gas
1050:Personal rapid transit
333:Individual wheel drive
165:Full-time or Permanent
159:On-demand or Part-time
79:
60:
45:
1389:Dual motor-four-wheel
987:Town (Coupé de Ville)
235:Further information:
66:
51:
35:
1400:Engine configuration
1406:internal combustion
1208:Internal combustion
1015:All-terrain vehicle
937:Retractable hardtop
396:In National Service
312:All-terrain vehicle
394:Ware, Pat (1994).
365:Automotive History
80:
61:
46:
1510:Off-road vehicles
1497:
1496:
793:
792:
562:Compact executive
378:MEYER, DONALD E.
323:Front-wheel drive
291:viscous couplings
223:. Additionally,
16:(Redirected from
1527:
1409:
1368:Front-four-wheel
1319:
1182:direct injection
1093:Alternative fuel
907:Multi-stop truck
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339:Rear-wheel drive
317:Four Wheel Drive
289:with the use of
273:followed by the
247:driveline windup
90:) is one with a
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1382:Rear-four-wheel
1333:Front mid-front
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1286:Engine position
1280:
1227:
1213:Liquid nitrogen
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623:Crossover (CUV)
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344:Two-wheel drive
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231:Characteristics
213:all-wheel drive
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18:All-wheel drive
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1354:Rear mid-rear
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582:Minivan / MPV
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405:0-9525563-0-8
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363:Allisons.org
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43:
39:
38:Jeep Wrangler
34:
30:
19:
1276:Twelve-wheel
1233:Drive wheels
1006:Specialized
927:Pickup truck
832:Cabrio coach
676:Sports sedan
651:Grand tourer
395:
389:
379:
374:
364:
359:
299:
283:Audi Quattro
279:Subaru Leone
267:
243:differential
240:
212:
208:
201:differential
196:
192:
188:
186:
170:differential
154:
101:
87:
83:
81:
72:tractor unit
55:WHDX 70-170
29:
1515:Car layouts
1426:Four-stroke
1326:Front-front
1266:Eight-wheel
1241:Front-wheel
1173:Natural gas
1158:Fossil fuel
1113:Biogasoline
799:Body styles
727:Vintage car
295:Range Rover
183:Terminology
175:Independent
88:AWD vehicle
1520:Drivetrain
1504:Categories
1451:Two-stroke
1347:Front-rear
1340:Rear-front
1256:Four-wheel
1246:Rear-wheel
1085:Propulsion
1075:Voiturette
1060:Flying car
1055:Police car
1020:Amphibious
932:Quad coupé
822:Berlinetta
539:Street rod
481:Subcompact
351:References
287:drivetrain
263:Land Rover
251:dog clutch
92:powertrain
1361:Rear-rear
1271:Ten-wheel
1261:Six-wheel
1251:Two-wheel
1163:Fuel cell
1103:Biodiesel
1070:Tow truck
1045:Pedal car
1025:Connected
997:Vis-à-vis
972:Targa top
917:Panel van
912:Notchback
892:Limousine
882:Landaulet
872:Hatchback
817:Barchetta
785:S-segment
780:M-segment
775:J-segment
770:F-segment
765:E-segment
760:D-segment
755:C-segment
750:B-segment
745:A-segment
656:Hot hatch
633:Coupe SUV
567:Executive
529:Lead sled
506:Full-size
486:Supermini
275:AMC Eagle
271:Jensen FF
111:unicycles
1484:Category
1461:W engine
1446:Straight
1203:Hydrogen
1168:Fuel gas
1133:Electric
1008:vehicles
947:Runabout
897:Microvan
887:Liftback
877:Kammback
862:Fastback
837:Cab over
827:Brougham
572:Personal
544:T-bucket
534:Lowrider
501:Mid-size
305:See also
1456:V (Vee)
1431:H-block
1197:plug-in
1195: (
1180: (
1150: (
1148:Ethanol
1137:battery
1135: (
1108:Biofuel
1098:Autogas
1065:Taxicab
1040:Gyrocar
1035:Go-kart
982:Touring
977:Torpedo
922:Phaeton
902:Minibus
867:Hardtop
712:Economy
707:Classic
702:Antique
686:Go-kart
618:Compact
595:Leisure
590:Compact
524:Hot rod
496:Compact
464:By size
328:H-drive
253:in the
74:of the
59:tractor
1479:Portal
1466:Wankel
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1314:Layout
1193:Hybrid
1128:Diesel
1118:Biogas
812:Baquet
661:Muscle
643:Sports
554:Luxury
516:Custom
491:Family
449:design
402:
1416:Boxer
1294:Front
1223:Steam
992:T-top
847:Coupe
695:Other
681:Super
471:Micro
335:(IWD)
98:Types
53:Hayes
40:is a
1421:Flat
1304:Rear
666:Pony
628:Mini
600:Mini
400:ISBN
281:and
259:Jeep
211:and
195:and
109:All
76:HETS
67:The
36:The
1299:Mid
1152:E85
1142:NEV
807:2+2
722:Van
717:Ute
610:SUV
476:Kei
447:Car
209:AWD
197:4WD
193:4X4
189:AWD
146:8×8
137:6×6
128:4×4
118:2x2
106:1x1
82:An
69:8×8
57:6×6
42:4×4
1506::
737:EU
277:,
265:.
261:,
1408:)
1404:(
1199:)
1184:)
1154:)
1144:)
439:e
432:t
425:v
408:.
172:.
86:(
20:)
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