249:
28:
20:
187:
545:
Technical
Standard 50717, has been approved in late 2022. The following standards, encompassing "full interoperability" and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing complete "specifications for communication and
172:
trains and some main-line railways, APS poses no danger to people or animals and so can be used in pedestrian areas and city streets. The French government reports no electrocutions or electrification accidents on any tramway in France from as early as 2003 until as recently as
December 31, 2020.
197:
systems were used in the late 1800s and early 1900s in several major cities, among them
Bordeaux, but they posed maintenance issues and road safety issues. The Bordeaux conduit systems remained among the last in operation until being decommissioned in 1958. For decades, conduit systems were not
1652:
1580:
1565:
202:
system developed to modern safety standards was the
Ansaldo Stream, although Alstom APS was the first to be commercially implemented in 2003. This success led to a proliferation of commercial implementations of ground-level power supply systems.
124:
placed between the running rails that is divided electrically into 11 m segments that automatically switch on and off according to whether a tram is passing over them, thereby eliminating risk to other road users. Each tram has two power
210:
for the supply of the tram fleet, and in
October the first track was laid. Construction and testing continued through 2001 to 2003, and the first section of the tramway opened on 21 December 2003 in the presence of
540:
considers rail ground-level power supply technology to be the most likely candidate for electric roads. The first standard for electrical equipment on board a vehicle powered by a rail electric road system (ERS),
1092:
31:
A section of APS track showing the neutral sections at the end of the powered segments plus one of the insulating joint boxes which mechanically and electrically join the APS rail segments
1647:
713:
1305:
886:
1013:
601:
562:
389:
The system is fully equipped with APS over its entire passenger route length and thus trams do not use their pantographs unless they are travelling within the depot area.
1119:
542:
1096:
772:
1343:
930:
650:
108:
region between 2024 and 2027. The system is expected to supply 500kW of power for electric heavy trucks, as well as power for road utility vehicles and
1148:
1693:
1379:
1255:
1260:
1605:
1585:
1662:
1570:
88:
Alstom further developed the APS system for use with buses and other vehicles. The system has been tested for safety when the road is cleared by
1637:
1600:
537:
1672:
1625:
70:, which began construction in 2000 and opened in 2003. From 2011, the technology has been used in a number of other cities around the world.
1274:
85:
or static-based ground charging system), which can be used to recharge battery powered trams and buses while they are stationary at stops.
709:
1642:
1044:
791:
1318:
882:
248:
137:
to energise the power rail segments as the tram passes over them. At any time, two consecutive segments under the tram will be live.
1023:
1667:
593:
100:
and road adherence safety for vehicles, including motorcycles. Alstom will trial its electric road system (ERS) on the public road
670:
572:
1688:
1615:
148:
in an underground conduit or trench between the running rails. Conduit current collection was used in historic tram systems in
1372:
1275:"PD CLC/TS 50717 Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation"
1173:
752:
1072:
1560:
837:
153:
910:
1610:
1127:
624:
144:
system, which was one of the first ways of supplying power to a tram system, as the latter involves burying a third and
789:
770:
1657:
1632:
1620:
1575:
1719:
1595:
1365:
446:
1590:
77:. As such, it competes with other ground-level power supply systems but also with energy storage systems such as
58:
and, potentially, other vehicles. APS was developed by
Innorail, a subsidiary of Spie Enertrans, but was sold to
940:
206:
Construction of the new, catenary-free tramway started in
February 2000. In May 2000 a contract was signed with
1093:"CBD and South East Light Rail improvements to deliver a better service for customers | Transport for NSW"
1448:
1049:
1018:
935:
915:
868:
860:
567:
425:
253:
160:. It fell into disuse because overhead wires proved much less expensive and troublesome for street railways.
790:
Service
Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays (October 19, 2021),
1508:
771:
Service
Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays (November 2011),
412:
The system mainly uses APS, but where that was deemed impractical, the trams employ Alstom's proprietary
1463:
223:
194:
141:
1503:
1483:
1453:
533:
394:
199:
51:
689:
1724:
1226:
1417:
1307:
Final draft: Standardization request to CEN-CENELEC on 'Alternative fuels infrastructure' (AFI II)
671:"Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports"
1433:
1388:
1211:
1284:
1534:
1498:
1407:
846:
774:
ACCIDENTOLOGIE DES TRAMWAYS - Analyse des évènements déclarés année 2010 - évolution 2003-2010
744:
235:
1544:
964:"Catenary-Free Tramway Systems: Functional and Cost–Benefit Analysis for a Metropolitan Area"
229:
149:
1210:, 34 minutes 34 seconds (standardization), 2 hours 36 minutes 51 seconds (standardization),
736:
381:
8:
1539:
1513:
1493:
1458:
1314:
812:
Electrifying the streets: the surface-contact controversy in give
English towns 1880-1920
212:
101:
63:
1345:
Regulating Electric Road Systems in Europe - How can a deployment of ERS be facilitated?
1518:
995:
478:
473:
The system uses APS in certain regions only and conventional overhead wires elsewhere.
327:
999:
748:
737:
97:
985:
975:
819:
78:
67:
27:
19:
1714:
518:
The system uses APS on the above ground sections, with around 19 km of APS.
460:
186:
157:
130:
980:
963:
626:
Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations
417:
413:
399:
283:
215:
74:
1205:
219:
105:
1708:
1475:
1438:
1402:
1227:"Key Messages on Electric Roads - Executive Summary from the CollERS Project"
349:
305:
169:
823:
810:
1412:
1351:, CollERS2 - Swedish German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems
126:
109:
1357:
861:"Continued Advances in Light Rail / Streetcar Vehicle Off-Wire Technology"
500:
455:
198:
reintroduced because they didn't meet modern safety standards. The first
145:
990:
1443:
371:
134:
121:
532:, Elonroad, and other companies in 2020 began drafting a standard for
332:
1488:
1279:
435:
16:
Alternative method of third rail electrical pick-up for street trams
483:
89:
73:
APS is used, primarily for aesthetic reasons, as an alternative to
465:
190:
Track with APS under construction in Place Paul Doumer, Bordeaux
644:
642:
529:
505:
488:
430:
404:
359:
337:
315:
293:
288:
257:
207:
59:
50:(which literally means "feeding via the ground"), is a form of
23:
Bordeaux tram using APS on route B near the Roustaing tramstop
1201:
1073:"Alstom opens Rio's tramway ready for the 2016 Olympic Games"
633:
546:
power supply through conductive rails embedded in the road".
510:
376:
354:
310:
93:
81:. In 2015, Alstom developed a derivative of APS, Alstom SRS (
639:
444:
55:
836:
J Baggs (March 9, 2006), "5.1 Ground Level Power Supply",
594:"Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses"
1224:
1189:
19 km of APS in at grade sections (ground power supply)
710:"APS: Service-proven catenary-free tramway operations"
168:
Unlike the track-side third rail that is used by most
92:, under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated
1149:"Istanbul opens first section of Golden Horn tramway"
766:
764:
793:
Accidentologie « tramways » – Données 2020
687:
222:. The newly open section, known as line A, ran from
761:
739:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology
156:, Paris, Berlin, Marseilles, Vienna, Budapest and
1706:
1341:
1225:Martin G. H. Gustavsson, ed. (March 26, 2021),
1207:Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion
974:(4). Springer Nature Switzerland AG.: 289–309.
858:
1253:
905:
903:
648:
622:
1373:
690:"L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes"
1045:"Al Safouh tram project consortium selected"
808:
1387:
923:
900:
839:Wire-Free Traction System Technology Review
450:and conventional overhead wires elsewhere.
1380:
1366:
1256:"Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique"
1174:"Lusail Tramway enters commercial service"
802:
1194:
989:
979:
961:
783:
681:
955:
247:
185:
26:
18:
1267:
875:
835:
704:
702:
651:"Présentation du projet eRoadMontBlanc"
536:electric roads. A working group of the
83:Système de Recharge statique par le sol
1707:
716:from the original on November 29, 2020
688:Jean-Philippe Pastre (June 30, 2023),
1361:
1200:
1037:
962:Guerrieri, Marco (23 November 2019).
829:
604:from the original on 29 November 2020
563:"Third-rail trams across the Garonne"
734:
699:
623:Patrick Duprat (February 11, 2022),
66:. It was originally created for the
649:Patrick Duprat (January 16, 2024),
13:
1317:, February 2, 2022, archived from
1070:
809:Gerry Colley (November 27, 2014),
524:
14:
1736:
1280:The British Standards Institution
1254:Laurent Miguet (April 28, 2022),
885:(in French). Bordeaux MĂ©tropole.
859:John D. Swanson (April 7, 2019),
1342:Matts Andersson (July 4, 2022),
1689:Railway electrification systems
1335:
1298:
1247:
1218:
1214:from the original on 2021-12-22
1166:
1141:
1111:
1085:
1064:
1014:"Tours selects Citadis and APS"
1006:
889:from the original on 2020-12-06
852:
243:
1120:"First Cuenca tram on its way"
1117:
939:. 29 June 2011. Archived from
728:
663:
616:
586:
555:
1:
1153:Railway Gazette International
1050:Railway Gazette International
1019:Railway Gazette International
936:Railway Gazette International
916:Railway Gazette International
911:"Reims and Angers choose APS"
869:Transportation Research Board
568:Railway Gazette International
549:
426:CBD and South East Light Rail
254:CBD and South East Light Rail
218:, and the mayor of Bordeaux,
115:
1694:Tram electrification systems
1509:Electro-diesel multiple unit
1022:. 2010-09-14. Archived from
743:. Greenwood Press. pp.
571:. 2004-02-01. Archived from
7:
181:
10:
1741:
1464:Conduit current collection
981:10.1007/s40864-019-00118-y
538:French Ministry of Ecology
195:Conduit current collection
142:conduit current collection
140:APS is different from the
62:when Spie was acquired by
1681:
1553:
1527:
1504:Electro-diesel locomotive
1484:Railway electric traction
1474:
1454:Ground-level power supply
1426:
1395:
534:ground-level power supply
252:Alstom APS tracks on the
200:ground-level power supply
163:
52:ground-level power supply
735:Post, Robert C. (2007).
1720:Electric rail transport
1434:Railway electrification
1389:Railway electrification
824:10.21954/ou.ro.0000d65c
176:
47:Alimentation Par le Sol
1535:Traction power network
1499:Electric multiple unit
1283:, 2022, archived from
883:"Phase 1: 2000 - 2004"
847:Edinburgh Tram Network
600:. September 26, 2019.
260:
191:
32:
24:
1545:Traction powerstation
1204:(February 17, 2021),
658:Cercle des Transports
251:
189:
30:
22:
443:The system uses APS
382:United Arab Emirates
129:, next to which are
41:Alimentation par Sol
1540:Traction substation
1494:Electric locomotive
1459:Stud contact system
1315:European Commission
931:"Angers tram opens"
479:Istanbul T5 tramway
1519:Rubber-tyred metro
1396:Current collectors
1287:on January 2, 2023
1180:. January 10, 2022
968:Urban Rail Transit
943:on 13 October 2011
261:
192:
33:
25:
1702:
1701:
754:978-0-313-33916-5
522:
521:
1732:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1324:on April 8, 2022
1323:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1244:
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1231:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1198:
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1186:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:. Archived from
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
983:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
927:
921:
920:
919:. 1 August 2006.
907:
898:
897:
895:
894:
879:
873:
872:
865:
856:
850:
849:
844:
833:
827:
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631:
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611:
609:
590:
584:
583:
581:
580:
559:
449:
263:
262:
225:Lormont-Lauriers
127:collection shoes
68:Bordeaux tramway
38:, also known as
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1725:Tram technology
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1677:
1549:
1523:
1470:
1422:
1391:
1386:
1356:
1348:
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1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1124:Railway Gazette
1118:UK, DVV Media.
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:Wright, Sarah.
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1043:
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1038:
1029:
1027:
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1007:
960:
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733:
729:
719:
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682:
677:, June 30, 2023
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527:
525:Standardization
328:Orléans tramway
246:
184:
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166:
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1738:
1728:
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1668:United Kingdom
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1427:Power delivery
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475:
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463:
458:
452:
451:
441:
438:
433:
428:
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418:energy storage
414:supercapacitor
410:
407:
402:
400:Rio de Janeiro
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302:
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284:Angers tramway
280:
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267:
245:
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216:Jacques Chirac
183:
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165:
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117:
114:
75:overhead lines
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1737:
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1713:
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1673:United States
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1552:
1546:
1543:
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1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:Power network
1526:
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1507:
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1500:
1497:
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1476:Rolling stock
1473:
1465:
1462:
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1457:
1456:
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1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Overhead line
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Bow collector
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
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1369:
1364:
1363:
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1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1130:on 2017-11-07
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1099:on 2014-12-14
1098:
1094:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1026:on 2012-09-25
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1001:
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987:
982:
977:
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969:
965:
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888:
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855:
848:
841:
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821:
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813:
805:
795:
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786:
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746:
741:
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731:
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711:
705:
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695:
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684:
676:
672:
666:
659:
652:
645:
643:
635:
628:
627:
619:
603:
599:
595:
589:
575:on 2010-04-26
574:
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1514:Multi-system
1418:Contact shoe
1413:Trolley pole
1344:
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1326:, retrieved
1319:the original
1306:
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1289:, retrieved
1285:the original
1278:
1269:
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1240:February 11,
1238:, retrieved
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1182:. Retrieved
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1128:the original
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1097:the original
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1076:. Retrieved
1066:
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1053:. 2008-04-29
1048:
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1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
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991:11572/246245
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941:the original
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720:November 29,
718:. Retrieved
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608:November 29,
606:. Retrieved
598:Rail Insider
597:
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577:. Retrieved
573:the original
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244:Other cities
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1653:Switzerland
1643:Former USSR
1616:New Zealand
1449:Fourth rail
1261:Le Moniteur
1236:, p. 6
1103:December 2,
947:29 November
501:Lusail Tram
456:Cuenca tram
445:within the
395:VLT Carioca
231:La Morlette
220:Alain Juppé
146:fourth rail
120:APS uses a
106:RhĂ´ne-Alpes
54:for street
1709:Categories
1554:By country
1444:Third rail
1408:Pantograph
1328:January 2,
1291:January 2,
1184:2022-12-03
1134:2017-11-04
1078:2017-11-04
1057:2008-05-02
1030:2020-11-29
893:2020-12-06
712:. Alstom.
632:, Alstom,
579:2008-05-02
550:References
447:Sydney CBD
372:Dubai Tram
150:Washington
133:that send
122:third rail
116:Technology
96:, and for
36:Alstom APS
1606:Lithuania
1561:Australia
1489:Power car
1158:August 9,
1000:208953068
436:Australia
278:Comments
237:MĂ©riadeck
213:President
154:Manhattan
90:snowplows
79:batteries
1626:timeline
1611:Malaysia
1212:archived
887:Archived
714:Archived
602:Archived
484:Istanbul
420:system.
272:Country
182:Bordeaux
131:antennas
1663:Ukraine
1581:Germany
1571:Estonia
1566:Austria
1234:CollERS
543:CENELEC
466:Ecuador
416:-based
333:Orléans
275:Opened
266:System
104:in the
1715:Alstom
1658:Turkey
1648:Sweden
1638:Russia
1633:Poland
1621:Norway
1601:Latvia
1576:France
1178:Alstom
998:
751:
530:Alstom
506:Lusail
489:Turkey
461:Cuenca
431:Sydney
405:Brazil
360:France
338:France
316:France
294:France
289:Angers
258:Sydney
208:Alstom
164:Safety
158:London
60:Alstom
1682:Lists
1596:Japan
1586:India
1349:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1202:PIARC
996:S2CID
864:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
816:(PDF)
797:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
747:–47.
694:TRM24
654:(PDF)
634:PIARC
630:(PDF)
515:2022
511:Qatar
493:2021
470:2020
440:2019
409:2016
386:2014
377:Dubai
364:2013
355:Tours
342:2012
320:2011
311:Reims
298:2011
269:City
234:, to
170:metro
102:RN205
94:brine
56:trams
1591:Iran
1330:2023
1293:2023
1242:2022
1160:2021
1105:2014
949:2020
749:ISBN
722:2020
675:ATMB
610:2020
228:and
177:Uses
98:skid
64:Amec
986:hdl
976:doi
820:doi
256:in
44:or
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