377:, these Kolani and Induluri chiefs, inspired by Rudradeva, dispersed the enemy forces and captured 72 forts. This suggests that the Kakatiya army defeated Amba-deva. Amba-deva's last record at Tripurantakam is dated 13 June 1291; the earliest record of Manuma-Gannaya and Annaya-deva at the place is dated 11 August 1291. This suggests that the Kakatiya defeated Amba-deva sometime between these two dates.
260:
An inscription discovered at Lepaka near
Rajampet, and dated the 13th regnal year of the Pandya ruler Maravarman Sundara, suggests that the Pandya army marched to the Pottapi-nadu region in 1282-1283 CE. Led by Jatavarman Sundara II, Maravarman Sundara, and Maravarman Kulashekhara, this army captured
143:) in battle. These chiefs were probably Rudrama's subordinates, whom she sent to subjugate Amba-deva after his victory over Shripati Ganapati. The number 75 and the beheading claim are likely poetic exaggeration, and may be interpreted to mean that Amba-deva simply defeated the entire Kakatiya army.
323:
Amba-deva's revolt is the only political disturbance known to have taken place in the
Kakatiya kingdom around 1289 CE. Combined with Amba-deva's claim of having killed all the kings of Andhra, this suggests that he killed Rudrama. Sastry theorizes that Amba-deva's avoids explicitly claiming that he
236:
The 1282-1283 Gundluru inscription of Somi-deva suggests that the
Kalukada chiefs supported the Pandya invasion of Pottapi-nadu. According to M. Somasekhara Sarma, Amba-deva may have defeated them after he forced the Pandyas to retreat to the south around 1286. However, according to P.V.P. Sastry,
364:
against the
Kakatiyas. His Tripurantakam inscription states that the Pandyas nourished friendship with him by sending him elephants and horses, and that the Seuna king gifted him ornaments of gold and gems. His Nila-gangavaram inscription also states that the Pandya king aided him by sending him
220:
ruler of the Eruva region, and annexed his territories. The
Tripurantakam inscription describes Amba-deva as the hero who took the head of Mallideva. Manu-Mallideva is known from two Tripurantakam inscriptions, both probably dated 1267–1268, which do not mention any overlord. He may have been a
296:
Amba-deva invaded the
Pendekallu area, and the Kakatiya queen Rudrama probably sent an army to oppose him. In his Tripurantakam inscription, Amba-deva claims to have "vanquished" all the kings of Andhra, and acquired glory. This is likely a reference to his victory over Rudrama's feudatories.
320:", that is, died. This suggests that Rudrama and her general Mallikarjuna died together in November 1289. According to historian P.V.P. Sastry, Rudrama was likely very old at the time, and did not lead her army; she may have accompanied her army - commanded by Mallikarjuna - to inspire them.
58:
captured the southern part of the
Kakatiya kingdom. The 1264 CE and 1269 CE inscriptions of Janniga-deva suggest that he re-established the Kakatiya power in this area. Janniga-deva's successor Tripurari also remained loyal to Rudrama, and ruled as her subordinate during 1270–1272.
372:
defeated Manuma-Gandagopala, whom Amba-deva had appointed to the throne of
Nellore. In 1291, Rudradeva marched to Tripurantakam against Amba-deva, accompanied by a large army under the command of the Kolani chief Manuma-Gannaya and the Induluri chief Annaya-deva. According to
332:
The 1290 CE Tripurantakam inscription practically proclaims Amba-deva's sovereignty. Amba-deva established an independent principality that included almost all of the former south-western parts of the
Kakatiya territory to the south of the Krishna River.
287:
Amba-deva married his daughter to
Rajanna, the son of a chief named Bollaya, and conferred upon him the territory around Nandanapura (Nandavaram near Banaganapalli). He did probably to seek Bollaya's support for his march to the nearby Pendekallu.
81:
Amba-deva succeeded his brother Tripurari-deva as the Kayastha chief in 1272 CE, and remained in that position for 32 years. He appears to have been loyal to the Kakatiya monarch Rudrama for some time, as suggested by his title
240:
With this victory, Amba-deva seized the former Kayastha territory that had been controlled by the Pandya vassals in the early 1260s. He made Valluru-pattana his capital, and strengthened the hill fort of
348:
in the west, as a verse in the Tripurantakam inscription suggests that the fort of "Jaga-traya-gupti" (Sanskritized form of "Jagatapi Gutti") was under his protection. Twelve vassals served him.
174:
1184 (1261-1262 CE), but this is likely an error; the event probably took place around 1278–1279, which is the last known year of Kopperunjinga's rule. At the time, Kopperunjinga may have been a
86:("a pillar of support for the kingdom"). However, his inscriptions do not mention any overlord, which suggests that he soon asserted independence, giving up his allegiance to the Kakatiya queen
201:. Manuma Ganda-gopala was a rival of Vijaya Ganda-gopala, who had earlier driven him out of Nellore. After Vijaya's death in 1279, Manuma sought Amba-deva's help to regain control of Nellore.
309:. The inscription states that Amba-deva deprived Mallikarjuna of seven limbs, which in this context, appears to mean "seven constituent members of Mallikarjuna's royalty". According to the
136:
community made a gift to a village temple on behalf of Rudrama. This suggests that Ganapati was a vassal of Rudrama. It is not clear what circumstances led to her conflict with Amba-deva.
276:
as the ruler of the area. According to one theory, this ruler was Tripurari-deva II, a son of Ambadeva's elder brother Tripurari-deva, and may have ruled the territory lost by Amba-deva.
265:
region. Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Pandyas ruled this region for around 5 years, with Pillai Pallava-rayan of Tunjalur serving as the regional administrator.
313:
these seven "limbs" refer to "king, minister, friend, treasury, territory, forts and forces"; this suggests that Amba-deva also killed Mallikarjuna's overlord Rudrama.
54:
family. His elder brothers - first Janniga-deva and then Tripurari-deva (alias Tripurantaka) - preceded him as Kayastha chiefs. In the early 1260s, the neighbouring
268:
Nothing is known about Amba-deva's activity in this region at the time, but it appears that the Pandyas defeated him. The 1283 CE Akkareddipalli (near
106:) of Rudrama. The chronology of these victories is not certain, but can be determined to some degree with the help of other contemporary records.
38:
and their vassals to carve out an independent principality with its capital at Valluru-pattana. A Kakatiya force sent by Rudrama's successor
114:
According to the Tripurantakam inscription, in 1273, Amba-deva defeated the Kakatiya vassal Shripati Ganapati, the ruler of the Gurindala (
30:
monarchs. Amba-deva succeeded his elder brother Tripurari as the Kayastha chief in 1272, and soon gave up allegiance to the Kakatiya queen
237:
the event took earlier, as the Tripurantakam inscription mentions it immediately after his victory over Shripati Ganapati in 1273 CE.
906:
886:
316:
The Chandupatla inscription records a land gift for the merit of Rudrama and Mallikarjuna, stating that they had "attained
916:
132:
Another inscription, engraved on the same stone as Ganapati's Mutukur inscription on the same day, states that the local
102:
inscription, written in Sanskrit language, records his military successes, including his victories over the feudatories (
857:
254:
814:
133:
71:
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N. Venkataramanayya; M. Somasekhara Sarma (1960). "The Kakatiyas of Warangal". In Ghulam Yazdani (ed.).
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After their defeat against Amba-deva around 1286, the Pandyas seem to have retreated from the region.
911:
881:. Vol. 4 (Part 1) (1987 reprint ed.). Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
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killed Rudrama, because boasting about killing an old woman would have discredited him as a warrior.
272:) inscription, which records the construction of a Shiva temple, mentions Gandapendera Tripurai-deva
305:
Amba-deva killed Mallikarjuna, whom the Tripurantakam inscription describes as an enemy of gods and
921:
197:
The Tripurantakam inscription states that Amba-deva appointed Manuma Ganda-gopala on the throne of
253:
Around 1286, Amba-deva, according to the Tripurantakam inscription, "vanquished" the Pandya ruler
824:
129:
inscription, and by Amba-deva's Nilagangavaram inscription, which calls him Gurindala Ganapati.
361:
233:
chiefs Keshava-deva and Somi-deva, and their ally, the Telugu Chola ruler Allu Ganga of Gutti.
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26:
in southern India. He was a member of the Kayastha family, whose members were vassals to the
340:
inscription, his principality included his capital Valluru-pattana, Gandikota, Muliki-nadu,
163:, which suggests that Kopperunjinga was killed in a battle against Amba-deva, probably near
78:
chiefs - Keshava-deva and his brother Raya-murari Soma-deva - controlled much of this area.
189:, whose 1278-1279 CE Nandalur inscription suggests that he invaded the Kayastha territory.
139:
In the Tripurantakam inscription, Amba-deva claims to have cut off the heads of 75 chiefs (
74:
had conferred this area as a fief upon him. However, epigraphic evidence suggests that the
8:
204:
This event must have taken place sometime before 1282, as attested by Manuma's 1284 CE
186:
151:
According to the Tripurantakam inscription, Amba-deva caused his destruction or ruin (
34:. He defeated several Kakatiya subordinates, and also fought against the neighbouring
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was a 13th-century chief who carved out an independent principality in present-day
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N. Venkataramanayya; P.V.P. Sastry (1957). "The Kākatīyas". In R.S. Sharma (ed.).
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847:
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344:, Pendekallu, Sakili, Eruva, and Pottapi-nadu. His rule probably extended up to
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Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra
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According to Janniga-deva's inscriptions, he ruled the area extending from
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Amba-deva came from the Kayastha family, who were subordinates to the
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852:. Vol. IX: The Kākatīyas of Warangal. Oxford University Press.
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chiefs, and possibly, a Kakatiya ally who was guarding Nellore.
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By 1290 CE, Amba-deva appears to have allied with the
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inscription, which is dated to his third regnal year.
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118:or Gurijala) area, and assumed Ganapati's title
878:A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206
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70:in the south; the Kakatiya monarch
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336:According to Amba-deva's 1287 CE
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368:In 1290 CE, Rudrama's successor
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249:Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandya I
193:Support to Manuma Ganda-gopala
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809:. Oxford University Press.
352:Defeat against Prataparudra
328:Proclamation of sovereignty
178:vassal sent to support the
16:13th-century Kayastha chief
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917:People from Andhra Pradesh
827:(1978). N. Ramesan (ed.).
42:defeated him in mid-1291.
830:The Kākatiyas of Warangal
46:Background and early life
803:Cynthia Talbot (2001).
365:elephants and horses.
221:Kakatiya subordinate.
283:Alliance with Bollaya
691:, pp. 629, 632.
786:Ghulam Yazdani 1960
774:Ghulam Yazdani 1960
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749:, pp. 633–634.
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488:Ghulam Yazdani 1960
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450:, pp. 624–625.
448:Ghulam Yazdani 1960
438:, pp. 214–218.
424:Ghulam Yazdani 1960
411:, pp. 220–221.
187:Vijaya Ganda-gopala
98:Ambadeva's 1290 CE
84:raya-sthapanacharya
735:P.V.P. Sastry 1978
718:P.V.P. Sastry 1978
703:, p. 629,633.
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120:Raya sahasra-malla
94:Military successes
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