6099:, the South African Indian Football Association (SAIFA), the South African African Football Association (SAAFA) and its rival the South African Bantu Football Association, and the South African Coloured Football Association (SACFA). Lack of funds to provide proper equipment would be noticeable in regards to black amateur football matches; this revealed the unequal lives black South Africans were subject to, in contrast to Whites, who were much better off financially. Apartheid's social engineering made it more difficult to compete across racial lines. Thus, in an effort to centralise finances, the federations merged in 1951, creating the South African Soccer Federation (SASF), which brought Black, Indian, and Coloured national associations into one body that opposed apartheid. This was generally opposed more and more by the growing apartheid government, and – with urban segregation being reinforced with ongoing racist policies – it was harder to play football along these racial lines. In 1956, the Pretoria regime – the administrative capital of South Africa – passed the first apartheid sports policy; by doing so, it emphasised the White-led government's opposition to inter-racialism.
8533:, killing 45. Witnesses said that the men had arrived in police vehicles, supporting claims that elements within the police and army contributed to the ongoing violence. Subsequent judicial inquiries found the evidence of the witnesses to be unreliable or discredited, and that there was no evidence of National Party or police involvement in the massacre. When de Klerk visited the scene of the incident he was initially warmly welcomed, but he was suddenly confronted by a crowd of protesters brandishing stones and placards. The motorcade sped from the scene as police tried to hold back the crowd. Shots were fired by the police, and the PAC stated that three of its supporters had been gunned down. Nonetheless, the Boipatong massacre offered the ANC a pretext to engage in brinkmanship. Mandela argued that de Klerk, as head of state, was responsible for bringing an end to the bloodshed. He also accused the South African police of inciting the ANC-IFP violence. This formed the basis for ANC's withdrawal from the negotiations, and the CODESA forum broke down completely at this stage.
6237:
doctor said that it was considered the norm for Non-White and White doctors to mingle while working at the hospital but when there was any down time or breaks, they were to go back to their segregated quarters. Not only was there severe segregation for doctors, non-white, more specifically
Indians, were paid three to four times less than their white counterparts. Many described being treated as a "third class citizen" due to the humiliation of the standard of treatment for non-white employees across many professions. Many Indians described a sense of justified superiority from whites due to the apartheid laws that, in the minds of White South Africans, legitimised those feelings. Another finding of this study was the psychological damage done to Indians living in South Africa during apartheid. One of the biggest long-term effects on Indians was the distrust of white South Africans. There was a strong degree of alienation that left a strong psychological feeling of inferiority.
21989:
6045:
3314:
8397:
3086:
8305:
Coloureds and the House of
Delegates (45 members) for Indians. Each House handled laws pertaining to its racial group's "own affairs", including health, education and other community issues. All laws relating to "general affairs" (matters such as defence, industry, taxation and Black affairs) were handled by a Cabinet made up of representatives from all three houses. However, the White chamber had a large majority on this Cabinet, ensuring that effective control of the country remained in the hands of the White minority. Blacks, although making up the majority of the population, were excluded from representation; they remained nominal citizens of their homelands. The first Tricameral elections were largely boycotted by Coloured and Indian voters, amid widespread rioting.
8416:. Despite his initial reputation as a conservative, de Klerk moved decisively towards negotiations to end the political stalemate in the country. Prior to his term in office, F. W. de Klerk had already experienced political success as a result of the power base he had built in the Transvaal. During this time, F. W. de Klerk served as chairman to the provincial National Party, which was in favour of the Apartheid regime. The transition of de Klerk's ideology regarding apartheid is seen clearly in his opening address to parliament on 2 February 1990. F. W. de Klerk announced that he would repeal discriminatory laws and lift the 30-year ban on leading anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the
8019:
particular communities. The focus of much of this resistance was against the local authorities and their leaders, who were seen to be supporting the government. By 1985, it had become the ANC's aim to make Black townships "ungovernable" (a term later replaced by "people's power") by means of rent boycotts and other militant action. Numerous township councils were overthrown or collapsed, to be replaced by unofficial popular organisations, often led by militant youth. People's courts were set up, and residents accused of being government agents were dealt extreme and occasionally lethal punishments. Black town councillors and policemen, and sometimes their families, were attacked with petrol bombs, beaten, and murdered by
3752:
3815:. They were able to buy only state-produced poor quality beer (although this law was relaxed later). Public beaches, swimming pools, some pedestrian bridges, drive-in cinema parking spaces, graveyards, parks, and public toilets were segregated. Cinemas and theatres in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks. There were practically no cinemas in black areas. Most restaurants and hotels in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks except as staff. Blacks were prohibited from attending white churches under the Churches Native Laws Amendment Act of 1957, but this was never rigidly enforced, and churches were one of the few places races could mix without the interference of the law. Blacks earning 360
2578:. It called for a systematic effort to organise the relations, rights, and privileges of the races as officially defined through a series of parliamentary acts and administrative decrees. Segregation had thus far been pursued only in major matters, such as separate schools, and local society rather than law had been depended upon to enforce most separation; it should now be extended to everything. The commission's goal was to completely remove blacks from areas designated for whites, including cities, with the exception of temporary migrant labour. Blacks would then be encouraged to create their own political units in land reserved for them. The party gave this policy a name –
7765:
lasted nine months at minimum, and they could be called up for reserve duty into their late-middle age if necessary. The length of national service was gradually extended to 12 months in 1972 and 24 months in 1978. At state schools, white male students were organised into paramilitary formations and drilled as cadets or as participants in a civil defence or "Youth
Preparedness" curriculum. Compulsory military education and in some cases, paramilitary training was introduced for all older white male students at state schools in three South African provinces. These programmes presided over the construction of bomb shelters at schools and drills aimed at simulating mock insurgent raids.
2637:" (white domination or supremacist) faction, which was the dominant faction in the NP, and state institutions, favoured systematic segregation, but also favoured the participation of black Africans in the economy with black labour controlled to advance the economic gains of Afrikaners. A second faction were the "purists", who believed in "vertical segregation", in which blacks and whites would be entirely separated, with blacks living in native reserves, with separate political and economic structures, which, they believed, would entail severe short-term pain, but would also lead to independence of white South Africa from black labour in the long term. A third faction, which included
8360:" announcements of substantial reforms, although on both occasions he backed away from substantial changes. Ironically, these reforms served only to trigger intensified political violence through the remainder of the 1980s as more communities and political groups across the country joined the resistance movement. Botha's government stopped short of substantial reforms, such as lifting the ban on the ANC, PAC and SACP and other liberation organisations, releasing political prisoners, or repealing the foundation laws of grand apartheid. The government's stance was that they would not contemplate negotiating until those organisations "renounced violence".
3442:
6663:
6599:. Basing its platform on abolishing apartheid and creating a nonracial democratic South Africa, the UDF provided a legal way for domestic human rights groups and individuals of all races to organise demonstrations and campaign against apartheid inside the country. Churches and church groups also emerged as pivotal points of resistance. Church leaders were not immune to prosecution, and certain faith-based organisations were banned, but the clergy generally had more freedom to criticise the government than militant groups did. The UDF, coupled with the protection of the church, accordingly permitted a major role for Archbishop
3462:"(the) government's policy is, therefore, not a policy of discrimination on the grounds of race or colour, but a policy of differentiation on the ground of nationhood, of different nations, granting to each self-determination within the borders of their homelands – hence this policy of separate development". Under the homelands system, blacks would no longer be citizens of South Africa, becoming citizens of the independent homelands who worked in South Africa as foreign migrant labourers on temporary work permits. In 1958 the Promotion of Black Self-Government Act was passed, and border industries and the
3791:. The most likely origin of this name is from the Afrikaans "verdomde pas" (meaning accursed pass). Only black people with "Section 10" rights (those who had migrated to the cities before World War II) were excluded from this provision. A pass was issued only to a black person with approved work. Spouses and children had to be left behind in black homelands. A pass was issued for one magisterial district (usually one town) confining the holder to that area only. Being without a valid pass made a person subject to arrest and trial for being an illegal migrant. This was often followed by deportation to the person's
8193:
1994:
7498:
7112:. In addition to isolating South Africa militarily, the United Nations General Assembly, encouraged the boycotting of oil sales to South Africa. Other actions taken by the United Nations General Assembly include the request for all nations and organisations, "to suspend cultural, educational, sporting and other exchanges with the racist regime and with organisations or institutions in South Africa which practise apartheid". Illustrating that over a long period of time, the United Nations was working towards isolating the state of South Africa, by putting pressure on the Apartheid regime.
7953:
3596:
pool for black children in
Johannesburg. As one of the oldest black settlements in Johannesburg, it held an almost symbolic importance for the 50,000 black people it contained. Despite a vigorous ANC protest campaign and worldwide publicity, the removal of Sophiatown began on 9 February 1955 under the Western Areas Removal Scheme. In the early hours, heavily armed police forced residents out of their homes and loaded their belongings onto government trucks. The residents were taken to a large tract of land 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the city centre, known as
6197:
3779:
Trains, hospitals and ambulances were segregated. Because of the smaller numbers of white patients and the fact that white doctors preferred to work in white hospitals, conditions in white hospitals were much better than those in often overcrowded and understaffed, significantly underfunded black hospitals. Residential areas were segregated and blacks were allowed to live in white areas only if employed as a servant and even then only in servants' quarters. Black people were excluded from working in white areas, unless they had a pass, nicknamed the
5918:, in which a pencil was shoved into the subjects' curly hair and the subjects made to shake their head. If the pencil stuck they were deemed to be Black; if dislodged they were pronounced Coloured. Other tests involved examining the shapes of jaw lines and buttocks and pinching people to see what language they would say "Ouch" in. As a result of these tests, different members of the same family found themselves in different race groups. Further tests determined membership of the various sub-racial groups of the Coloureds.
8372:. Whispers of South Africa one day having a Black President sent more hardline whites into supporting right-wing political parties. Mandela was moved to a four-bedroom house of his own, with a swimming pool and shaded by fir trees, on a prison farm just outside of Cape Town. He had an unpublicised meeting with Botha. Botha impressed Mandela by walking forward, extending his hand and pouring Mandela's tea. The two had a friendly discussion, with Mandela comparing the African National Congress' rebellion with that of the
7239:. In 1967, he offered technological and financial aid to any African state prepared to receive it, asserting that no political strings were attached, aware that many African states needed financial aid despite their opposition to South Africa's racial policies. Many were also tied to South Africa economically because of their migrant labour population working down the South African mines. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland remained outspoken critics of apartheid, but were dependent on South African economic assistance.
741:
7882:, infrastructure, equipment, and manpower of the insurgents. However, their secondary objective was to dissuade neighbouring states from offering sanctuary to MK, PLAN, APLA, and similar organisations. This was accomplished by deterring the supportive foreign population from cooperating with infiltration and thus undermining the insurgents' external sanctuary areas. It would also send a clear message to the host government that collaborating with insurgent forces involved potentially high costs.
3536:
the Swiss-South
African Association encouraged the Swiss government to recognise the new state. In 1976, leading up to a United States House of Representatives resolution urging the President to not recognise Transkei, the South African government intensely lobbied lawmakers to oppose the bill. Each TBVC state extended recognition to the other independent Bantustans while South Africa showed its commitment to the notion of TBVC sovereignty by building embassies in the TBVC capitals.
21977:
1693:
20460:
1761:
3303:
8938:
8659:
7916:
insurgent attacks. Between 1978 and 1979 the SADF directed artillery fire against locations in Angola and Zambia from which insurgent rockets were suspected to have been launched. This precipitated several artillery duels with the
Zambian Army. Special forces raids were launched to harass PLAN and MK by liquidating prominent members of those movements, destroying their offices and safehouses, and seizing valuable records stored at these sites. One example was the
8349:
Zinzi – his first words distributed publicly since his sentence to prison 21 years earlier. Mandela described violence as the responsibility of the apartheid regime and said that with democracy there would be no need for violence. The crowd listening to the reading of his speech erupted in cheers and chants. This response helped to further elevate
Mandela's status in the eyes of those, both internationally and domestically, who opposed apartheid.
8952:
3545:
19485:
18927:
18138:
678:
22013:
22037:
7382:, a Coloured South African-born cricketer, to join the English cricket team on its tour to South Africa. Vorster said that the side had been chosen only to prove a point, and not on merit. D'Oliveira was eventually included in the team as the first substitute, but the tour was cancelled. Protests against certain tours brought about the cancellation of a number of other visits, including that of an England rugby team touring South Africa in 1969–70.
6459:
22025:
18947:
7823:
6356:
3655:
3196:. The act defined Communism and its aims so sweepingly that anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as a Communist. Since the law specifically stated that Communism aimed to disrupt racial harmony, it was frequently used to gag opposition to apartheid. Disorderly gatherings were banned, as were certain organisations that were deemed threatening to the government. It also empowered the Ministry of Justice to impose
3860:
22001:
7389: – flew to South Africa to meet Vorster. Vorster had expected Bradman to allow the tour of the Australian cricket team to go ahead, but things became heated after Bradman asked why Black sportsmen were not allowed to play cricket. Vorster stated that Blacks were intellectually inferior and had no finesse for the game. Bradman, thinking this ignorant and repugnant, asked Vorster if he had heard of a man named
8748:: "I apologise in my capacity as leader of the NP to the millions who suffered wrenching disruption of forced removals; who suffered the shame of being arrested for pass law offences; who over the decades suffered the indignities and humiliation of racial discrimination." In a video released after his death in 2021, he apologised one last time for apartheid, both on a personal level and in his capacity as former president.
8924:
1307:
96:
2493:
6112:
slowly collapsing the ANC and
National Party started negotiations on the end of apartheid, football associations also discussed the formation of a single, non-racial controlling body. This unity process accelerated in the late 1980s and led to the creation, in December 1991, of an incorporated South African Football Association. On 3 July 1992, FIFA finally welcomed South Africa back into international football.
22049:
21949:
19514:
18937:
7657:
7920:, carried out in 1985, during which a South African special forces team crossed the border into Botswana and demolished four suspected MK safe houses, severely damaging another four. Other types of special forces operations included the sabotage of economic infrastructure. The SADF sabotaged infrastructure being used for the insurgents' war effort; for example, port facilities in southern Angola's
2413:(1913) prevented Black people, except those in the Cape, from buying land outside "reserves"; the Natives in Urban Areas Bill (1918) was designed to force Black people into "locations"; the Urban Areas Act (1923) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by white people; the Colour Bar Act (1926) prevented black mine workers from practising skilled trades; the
7337:
3532:
were not yet sovereign nations. Independent
Bantustans (Transkei, Bophutatswana, Venda and Ciskei; also known as the TBVC states) were intended to be fully sovereign. In reality, they had no significant economic infrastructure and with few exceptions encompassed swaths of disconnected territory. This meant all the Bantustans were little more than puppet states controlled by South Africa.
7329:. The changes were initiated, and in January 1963, the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC) was set up. The Anti-Apartheid Movement persisted in its campaign for South Africa's exclusion, and the IOC acceded in barring the country from the 1964 Olympic Games. South Africa selected a multi-racial team for the next Olympic Games, and the IOC opted for incorporation in the
6551:
3483:
8837:. Within the pre-1967 Israeli borders, Palestinian rights advocates have raised concern over discriminatory housing planning against Palestinian citizens of Israel, likening it to racial segregation. Others argue that the Israeli treatment of Palestinians does not fit the definition of apartheid as it is motivated by security considerations and has nothing to do with race.
2109:
classification. Between 1960 and 1983, 3.5 million black
Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighbourhoods as a result of apartheid legislation, in some of the largest mass evictions in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated "tribal homelands", also known as
7162:(OAU) was created in 1963. Its primary objectives were to eradicate colonialism and improve social, political and economic situations in Africa. It censured apartheid and demanded sanctions against South Africa. African states agreed to aid the liberation movements in their fight against apartheid. In 1969, fourteen nations from Central and East Africa gathered in
2282:, which decreed that if a Khoikhoi were to move they would need a pass from their master or a local official. Ordinance No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the sole purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi but not for other Africans, who were still forced to carry passes.
7908:
with openly deploying large numbers of South African troops into another country. Furthermore, military involvement on that scale had the potential to evolve into wider conflict situations, in which South Africa became entangled. For example, South Africa's activities in Angola, initially limited to containing PLAN, later escalated to direct involvement in the
5966:, which crafted a separate system of education for black South African students and was designed to prepare black people for lives as a labouring class. In 1959 separate universities were created for black, Coloured and Indian people. Existing universities were not permitted to enroll new black students. The Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 required the use of
5910:
individual into one of the three categories. A white person was described by the act as one whose parents were both white and possessed the "habits, speech, education, deportment and demeanour" of a white person. Blacks were defined by the act as belonging to an African race or tribe. Lastly, Coloureds were those who could not be classified as black or white.
8278:, became prime minister. His white minority regime worried about Soviet aid to revolutionaries in South Africa at the same time that South African economic growth had slowed. The South African Government noted that it was spending too much money to maintain segregated homelands created for Blacks, and the homelands were proving to be uneconomical.
3427:. They were displeased by having to choose between British and South African nationalities. Although Verwoerd tried to bond these different blocs, the subsequent voting illustrated only a minor swell of support, indicating that a great many English speakers remained apathetic and that Verwoerd had not succeeded in uniting the white population.
6520:) carried out their threats. The government countered swiftly by giving police the authority to arrest people for up to twelve days and detaining many strike leaders amid numerous cases of police brutality. Defeated, the protesters called off their strike. The ANC then chose to launch an armed struggle through a newly formed military wing,
8615:, leader of the Bophuthatswana homeland, declared that it would not take part in the elections. It had been decided that, once the temporary constitution had come into effect, the homelands would be incorporated into South Africa, but Mangope did not want this to happen. There were strong protests against his decision, leading to a
7080:
aftermath of the Defiance Campaign, and the UN set up a task team to keep watch on the progress of apartheid and the racial state of affairs in South Africa. Although South Africa's racial policies were a cause for concern, most countries in the UN concurred that this was a domestic affair, which fell outside the UN's jurisdiction.
8521:(IFP) and the ANC and the eruption of some traditional tribal and local rivalries between the Zulu and Xhosa historical tribal affinities, especially in the Southern Natal provinces. Although Mandela and Buthelezi met to settle their differences, they could not stem the violence. One of the worst cases of ANC-IFP violence was the
8286:
of BP's assets in Nigeria including their stake in SPDC, although it appears the real reasons were economic nationalism and domestic politics ahead of the Nigerian elections. Many South Africans attended schools in Nigeria, and Nelson Mandela acknowledged the role of Nigeria in the struggle against apartheid on several occasions.
8689:
in the counting process. In particular, it expressed disquiet that "no international observers had been allowed to be present at the crucial stage of the count when party representatives negotiated over disputed ballots." This meant that both the electorate and the world were "simply left to guess at
8304:
In 1983, a new constitution was passed implementing what was called the Tricameral Parliament, giving Coloureds and Indians voting rights and parliamentary representation in separate houses – the House of Assembly (178 members) for Whites, the House of Representatives (85 members) for
8285:
In July 1979, the Nigerian Government alleged that the Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) was selling Nigerian oil to South Africa, though there was little evidence or commercial logic for such sales. The alleged sanctions-breaking was used to justify the seizure of some
7865:
to eliminate its military and political opponents, arguing that neighbouring states, including their civilian populations, which hosted, tolerated on their soil, or otherwise sheltered anti-apartheid insurgent groups could not evade responsibility for provoking retaliatory strikes. While it did focus
7764:
As a result of "Total Strategy", South African society became increasingly militarised. Many domestic civil organisations were modelled upon military structures, and military virtues such as discipline, patriotism and loyalty were highly regarded. In 1968, national service for White South African men
7408:
In South Africa, Vorster vented his anger publicly against Bradman, while the African National Congress rejoiced. This was the first time a predominantly White nation had taken the side of multiracial sport, producing an unsettling resonance that more "White" boycotts were coming. Almost twenty years
7377:
took office shortly after, and announced that South Africa would no longer dictate to the international community what their teams should look like. Although this reopened the gate for international sporting meets, it did not signal the end of South Africa's racist sporting policies. In 1968, Vorster
7187:
summarised the political situations of self-governing African countries, condemning racism and inequity, and calling for Black majority rule in all African nations. It did not rebuff South Africa entirely, though, adopting an appeasing manner towards the apartheid government, and even recognizing its
7079:
attention, in order to advocate for the Indians residing in South Africa. On 22 June 1946, the Indian government requested that the discriminatory treatment of Indians living in South Africa be included on the agenda of the first General Assembly session. In 1952, apartheid was again discussed in the
6068:
were therefore high. The controlled movement of black and Coloured workers within the country caused by the Natives Urban Areas Act of 1923 and restrictive 'pass laws' separated family members from one another. This occurred because the apartheid system perceived that men could prove their employment
6035:
By 1948, before formal Apartheid, 10 universities existed in South Africa: four were Afrikaans, four for English, one for Blacks and a Correspondence University open to all ethnic groups. By 1981, under apartheid government, 11 new universities were built: seven for Blacks, one for Coloureds, one for
3807:
under apartheid were racially segregated, with 54 unions being white only, 38 for Indian and Coloured and 19 for black people. The Industrial Conciliation Act (1956) legislated against the creation of multi-racial trade unions and attempted to split existing multi-racial unions into separate branches
3535:
Throughout the existence of the independent Bantustans, South Africa remained the only country to recognise their independence. Nevertheless, internal organisations of many countries, as well as the South African government, lobbied for their recognition. For example, upon the foundation of Transkei,
2503:
South Africa had allowed social custom and law to govern the consideration of multiracial affairs and of the allocation, in racial terms, of access to economic, social, and political status. Most white South Africans, regardless of their own differences, accepted the prevailing pattern. Nevertheless,
2325:
The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the 19th century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers, to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races. The discoveries of diamonds and gold in South Africa also raised
14548:
Weymouth Genova covers the possibility of Nigerian oil going to South Africa in detail from page 113. Heavily laden tankers have to respect the ocean currents which means they travel clockwise around Africa; oil for South Africa would likely come from the Middle East rather than West Africa. Nigeria
8619:
carried out by the SDF on 10 March that deposed Mangope. AWB militants attempted to intervene in hopes of maintaining Mangope in power. Fighting alongside black paramilitaries loyal to Mangope they were unsuccessful, with 3 AWB militants being killed during this intervention, and harrowing images of
8114:
and the UDF-ANC faction. It was later proven that the government manipulated the situation by supporting one side or the other whenever it suited them. Government agents assassinated opponents within South Africa and abroad; they undertook cross-border army and air-force attacks on suspected ANC and
7444:
In the 1960s, the Anti-Apartheid Movements began to campaign for cultural boycotts of apartheid South Africa. Artists were requested not to present or let their works be hosted in South Africa. In 1963, 45 British writers put their signatures to an affirmation approving of the boycott, and, in 1964,
7412:
In 1971, Vorster altered his policies even further by distinguishing multiracial from multinational sport. Multiracial sport, between teams with players of different races, remained outlawed; multinational sport, however, was now acceptable: international sides would not be subject to South Africa's
6485:
programme. The new young leaders proposed that white authority could only be overthrown through mass campaigns. In 1950 that philosophy saw the launch of the Programme of Action, a series of strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience actions that led to occasional violent clashes with the authorities.
6232:
during apartheid were classified many ranges of categories from "Asian" to "black" to "Coloured" and even the mono-ethnic category of "Indian", but never as white, having been considered "nonwhite" throughout South Africa's history. The group faced severe discrimination during the apartheid regime
6106:
and other major sporting events, South Africa would be in the spotlight internationally. In a 1977 survey, white South Africans ranked the lack of international sport as one of the three most damaging consequences of apartheid. By the mid-1950s, Black South Africans would also use media to challenge
5913:
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria at the time that the Population Registration Act was implemented to determine who was Coloured. Minor officials would administer tests to determine if someone should be categorised either Coloured or White, or if another person
3567:
programmes, labour tenants on white-owned farms, the inhabitants of the so-called "black spots" (black-owned land surrounded by white farms), the families of workers living in townships close to the homelands, and "surplus people" from urban areas, including thousands of people from the Western Cape
2585:
The National Party's election platform stressed that apartheid would preserve a market for white employment in which non-whites could not compete. On the issues of black urbanisation, the regulation of non-white labour, influx control, social security, farm tariffs and non-white taxation, the United
8862:
that individuals, groups and communities can be deprived of meaningful and purposeful activity through segregation due to social, political, economic factors and for social status reasons, such as race, disability, age, gender, sexuality, religious preference, political preference, or creed, or due
6115:
Sport has long been an important part of life in South Africa, and the boycotting of games by international teams had a profound effect on the white population, perhaps more so than the trade embargoes did. After the re-acceptance of South Africa's sports teams by the international community, sport
3640:
were moved under the Group Areas Act. Some 40,000 whites were also forced to move when land was transferred from "white South Africa" into the black homelands. In South-West Africa, the apartheid plan that instituted Bantustans was as a result of the so-called Odendaal Plan, a set of proposals from
3407:
called for improved relations and greater accord between people of British descent and the Afrikaners. He claimed that the only difference was between those in favour of apartheid and those against it. The ethnic division would no longer be between Afrikaans and English speakers, but between blacks
8676:
The election was held on 27 April 1994 and went off peacefully throughout the country as 20 million South Africans cast their votes. There was some difficulty in organising the voting in rural areas, but people waited patiently for many hours to vote amidst a palpable feeling of goodwill. An extra
7907:
would have to contend with the firepower of the host government's forces. Intensive conventional warfare of this nature carried the risk of severe casualties among white soldiers, which had to be kept to a minimum for political reasons. There were also high economic and diplomatic costs associated
7690:
on the African continent, as well as Soviet aid for militant anti-apartheid movements, was considered one of the primary external threats to the apartheid system. South African officials frequently accused domestic opposition groups of being communist proxies. For its part, the Soviet Union viewed
6111:
magazine were the first to give the issue public exposure, with an intrepid special issue in 1955 that asked, "Why shouldn't our blacks be allowed in the SA team?" As time progressed, international standing with South Africa would continue to be strained. In the 1980s, as the oppressive system was
3329:
on 18 June 1951; however, four voters, G Harris, W D Franklin, W D Collins and Edgar Deane, challenged its validity in court with support from the United Party. The Cape Supreme Court upheld the act, but reversed by the Appeal Court, finding the act invalid because a two-thirds majority in a joint
3104:
The state passed laws that paved the way for "grand apartheid", which was centred on separating races on a large scale, by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race. This strategy was in part adopted from "left-over" British rule that separated different racial groups after they
8083:
On 12 June 1986, four days before the tenth anniversary of the Soweto uprising, the state of emergency was extended to cover the whole country. The government amended the Public Security Act, including the right to declare "unrest" areas, allowing extraordinary measures to crush protests in these
7726:
Soviet support for militant anti-apartheid movements worked in the government's favour, as its claim to be reacting in opposition to aggressive communist expansion gained greater plausibility, and helped it justify its own domestic militarisation methods, known as "Total Strategy". Total Strategy
7360:
tour – the government spent $ 8,000,000 protecting games using the army and police force. A planned All Black tour to South Africa in 1985 remobilised the New Zealand protesters and it was cancelled. A "rebel tour" – not government sanctioned – went
6546:
to protest against the imposition of Afrikaans as the only language of instruction. On 16 June, police opened fire on students protesting peacefully. According to official reports 23 people were killed, but the number of people who died is usually given as 176, with estimates of up to 700. In the
6504:
In the wake of Sharpeville, the government declared a state of emergency. More than 18,000 people were arrested, including leaders of the ANC and PAC, and both organisations were banned. The resistance went underground, with some leaders in exile abroad and others engaged in campaigns of domestic
6052:
The colonialist ideology established under apartheid had a major effect on Black and Coloured women, with them suffering due to both racial and gender discrimination while being politically pushed to the margins. Scholar Judith Nolde has argued that, in general, the discriminatory system set up a
3822:
Blacks could not acquire land in white areas. In the homelands, much of the land belonged to a "tribe", where the local chieftain would decide how the land had to be used. This resulted in whites owning almost all the industrial and agricultural lands and much of the prized residential land. Most
3595:
had been one of the few urban areas where black people were allowed to own land, and was slowly developing into a multiracial slum. As industry in Johannesburg grew, Sophiatown became the home of a rapidly expanding black workforce, as it was convenient and close to town. It had the only swimming
3531:
Bantustans within the borders of South Africa and South West Africa were classified by degree of nominal self-rule: 6 were "non-self-governing", 10 were "self-governing", and 4 were "independent". In theory, self-governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but
2508:
attracted black migrant workers in large numbers to chief industrial centres, where they compensated for the wartime shortage of white labour. However, this escalated rate of black urbanisation went unrecognised by the South African government, which failed to accommodate the influx with parallel
8513:
When negotiations resumed in May 1992, under the tag of CODESA II, stronger demands were made. The ANC and the government could not reach a compromise on how power should be shared during the transition to democracy. The NP wanted to retain a strong position in a transitional government, and the
8179:
The contradictions in the traditionally capitalist economy of the apartheid state led to considerable debate about racial policy, and division and conflicts in the central state. To a large extent, the political ideology of apartheid had emerged from the colonisation of Africa by European powers
8063:
without referring to the constitution or to parliament. It became a criminal offence to threaten someone verbally or possess documents that the government perceived to be threatening, to advise anyone to stay away from work or to oppose the government, and to disclose the name of anyone arrested
6563:
wrote that basic supply and demand led to violations of Apartheid "on a massive scale" throughout the nation, simply because there were not enough white South African business owners to meet the demand for various goods and services. Large portions of the garment industry and construction of new
6236:
In 2005, a retrospect study was done by Josephine C. Naidoo and Devi Moodley Rajab, where they interviewed a series of Indian South Africans about their experience living through apartheid; their study highlighted education, the workplace, and general day to day living. One participant who was a
3778:
Black people were not allowed to run businesses or professional practices in areas designated as "white South Africa" unless they had a permit – such being granted only exceptionally. Without a permit, they were required to move to the black "homelands" and set up businesses and practices there.
3453:
Territorial separation was hardly a new institution. There were, for example, the "reserves" created under the British government in the nineteenth century. Under apartheid, 13 percent of the land was reserved for black homelands, a small amount relative to its total population, and generally in
3345:
In 1955 the Strijdom government increased the number of judges in the Appeal Court from five to 11, and appointed pro-Nationalist judges to fill the new places. In the same year they introduced the Senate Act, which increased the Senate from 49 seats to 89. Adjustments were made such that the NP
8170:
highlights the "contradictory economic effects" as the economy did not have a manufacturing sector, therefore promoting short term profitability but limiting labour productivity and the size of local markets. This also led to its collapse as "Clarkes emphasises the economy could not provide and
7935:
Also noteworthy were South African transnational espionage efforts, which included covert assassinations, kidnappings, and attempts to disrupt the overseas influence of anti-apartheid organisations. South African military intelligence agents were known to have abducted and killed anti-apartheid
7139:
condemning apartheid, proclaiming that "no system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races." In September 1988, he made a pilgrimage to countries bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa itself.
6469:
Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance. The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests with police brutality, which in turn increased local support for the armed resistance struggle. Internal resistance to the apartheid system in South Africa came from several
5936:
Voting rights were denied to Coloureds in the same way that they were denied to Blacks from 1950 to 1983. However, in 1977 the NP caucus approved proposals to bring Coloureds and Indians into central government. In 1982, final constitutional proposals produced a referendum among Whites, and the
3461:
When Verwoerd became prime minister in 1958, the policy of "separate development" came into being, with the homeland structure as one of its cornerstones. Verwoerd came to believe in the granting of independence to these homelands. The government justified its plans on the ostensible basis that
3180:
of 1953, municipal grounds could be reserved for a particular race, creating, among other things, separate beaches, buses, hospitals, schools and universities. Signboards such as "whites only" applied to public areas, even including park benches. Black South Africans were provided with services
2597:
First to desert the United Party were Afrikaner farmers, who wished to see a change in influx control due to problems with squatters, as well as higher prices for their maize and other produce in the face of the mineowners' demand for cheap food policies. Always identified with the affluent and
8475:
In 1990, negotiations were earnestly begun, with two meetings between the government and the ANC. The purpose of the negotiations was to pave the way for talks towards a peaceful transition towards majority rule. These meetings were successful in laying down the preconditions for negotiations,
8344:
there. Interest was expressed in rescinding the law against interracial marriage and also rescinding the law against sexual relations between different races, which was under ridicule abroad. The spending for Black schools increased, to one-seventh of what was spent per white child, up from on
8281:
Nor was maintaining Blacks as third-class citizens working well. Black labour remained vital to the economy, and illegal Black labour unions were flourishing. Many Blacks remained too poor to contribute significantly to the economy through their purchasing power – although they
7902:
reprisal operation. The insurgent bases were usually situated near military installations of the host government, so that SADF retaliatory strikes hit those facilities as well and attracted international attention and condemnation of what was perceived as aggression against the armed forces of
7482:
cassettes which labelled exporting such cassettes to South Africa as "an infringement of copyright". Sporting and cultural boycotts did not have the same effect as economic sanctions, but they did much to lift consciousness amongst normal South Africans of the global condemnation of apartheid.
7453:
called for a proscription on the sending of films to South Africa. Over sixty American artists signed a statement against apartheid and against professional links with the state. The presentation of some South African plays in the United Kingdom and the United States was also vetoed. After the
7245:
was the first non-neighbouring country to accept South African aid. In 1967, the two states set out their political and economic relations. In 1969, Malawi was the only country at the assembly which did not sign the Lusaka Manifesto condemning South Africa's apartheid policy. In 1970, Malawian
3518:
in 1981 (known as the TBVC states). Once a homeland was granted its nominal independence, its designated citizens had their South African citizenship revoked and replaced with citizenship in their homeland. These people were then issued passports instead of passbooks. Citizens of the nominally
8018:
Serious political violence was a prominent feature from 1985 to 1989, as Black townships became the focus of the struggle between anti-apartheid organisations and the Botha government. Throughout the 1980s, township people resisted apartheid by acting against the local issues that faced their
7915:
As it became clearer that full-scale conventional operations could not effectively fulfil the requirements of a regional counter-insurgency effort, South Africa turned to a number of alternative methods. Retributive artillery bombardments were the least sophisticated means of reprisal against
7099:
on 7 August 1963, which called upon all states to cease the sale and shipment of all ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. This clause was finally declared mandatory on 4 November 1977, depriving South Africa of military aid. From 1964 onwards, the US and the UK discontinued their
6508:
In May 1961, before the declaration of South Africa as a Republic, an assembly representing the banned ANC called for negotiations between the members of the different ethnic groupings, threatening demonstrations and strikes during the inauguration of the Republic if their calls were ignored.
2108:
classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: "Black", "White", "Coloured", and "Indian", the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial
8300:
In the early-1980s, Botha's National Party government started to recognise the inevitability of the need to reform the apartheid system. Early reforms were driven by a combination of internal violence, international condemnation, changes within the National Party's constituency, and changing
7568:
evaded international sanctions and provided diplomatic support in international forums for the South African government. The United States also increased trade with the Apartheid regime, while describing the ANC as "a terrorist organisation." Like the Reagan administration, the government of
6558:
In parallel with student protests, labour unions started protest action in 1973 and 1974. After 1976 unions and workers are considered to have played an important role in the struggle against apartheid, filling the gap left by the banning of political parties. In 1979 black trade unions were
3827:. Eligibility requirements for a passport had been difficult for blacks to meet, the government contending that a passport was a privilege, not a right, and the government did not grant many passports to blacks. Apartheid pervaded culture as well as the law, and was entrenched by most of the
3350:
in 1956, which transferred Coloured voters from the common voters' roll in the Cape to a new Coloured voters' roll. Immediately after the vote, the Senate was restored to its original size. The Senate Act was contested in the Supreme Court, but the recently enlarged Appeal Court, packed with
5909:
The Population Registration Act, (Act 30 of 1950), defined South Africans as belonging to one of three races: White, Black or Coloured. People of Indian ancestry were considered Coloured under this act. Appearance, social acceptance and descent were used to determine the qualification of an
3129:
of 1950, which formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of 18, specifying their racial group. Official teams or boards were established to come to a conclusion on those people whose race was unclear. This caused difficulty, especially for
7885:
The scale and intensity of foreign operations varied, and ranged from small special forces units carrying out raids on locations across the border which served as bases for insurgent infiltration to major conventional offensives involving armour, artillery, and aircraft. Actions such as
7749:
released South African government documents that revealed an Israeli offer to sell the apartheid regime nuclear weapons. Israel denied these allegations and claimed that the documents were minutes from a meeting which did not indicate any concrete offer for a sale of nuclear weapons.
8363:
By 1987, South Africa's economy was growing at one of the lowest rates in the world, and the ban on South African participation in international sporting events was frustrating many whites in South Africa. Examples of African states with Black leaders and White minorities existed in
14549:
had been taking over other oil marketing companies to reduce price differentials across the country; they needed to fill a budget shortfall due to low oil prices and had a history of disputes with BP and the UK Government, so BP assets were seized when Shell's stake in SPDC was not.
8204:
External Western influence, arising from European experiences in colonisation, may be seen as a factor which greatly influenced political attitudes and ideology. Late twentieth-century South Africa was cited as an "unreconstructed example of western civilisation twisted by racism".
7119:
movement in many countries was similarly widespread, with individual cities and provinces around the world implementing various laws and local regulations forbidding registered corporations under their jurisdiction from doing business with South African firms, factories, or banks.
5941:
was approved. The Constitution was reformed the following year to allow the Coloured and Indian minorities participation in separate Houses in a Tricameral Parliament, and Botha became the first Executive State President. The idea was that the Coloured minority could be granted
8348:
In January 1985, Botha addressed the government's House of Assembly and stated that the government was willing to release Mandela on condition that Mandela pledge opposition to acts of violence to further political objectives. Mandela's reply was read in public by his daughter
3272:
of 1970 marked a new phase in the Bantustan strategy. It changed the status of blacks to citizens of one of the ten autonomous territories. The aim was to ensure a demographic majority of white people within South Africa by having all ten Bantustans achieve full independence.
3141:
of 1950. Until then, most settlements had people of different races living side by side. This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race. Each race was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal. The
7302:
severed its ties with the all-White South African Table Tennis Union, preferring the non-racial South African Table Tennis Board. The apartheid government responded by confiscating the passports of the Board's players so that they were unable to attend international games.
6337:
until 1976 because the government viewed English programming as a threat to the Afrikaans language. Television was run on apartheid lines – TV1 broadcast in Afrikaans and English (geared to a White audience), TV2 in Zulu and Xhosa, TV3 in Sotho, Tswana and
5950:
as a vehicle to try to prevent the co-option of Coloureds and Indians into an alliance with Whites. The battles between the UDF and the NP government from 1983 to 1989 were to become the most intense period of struggle between left-wing and right-wing South Africans.
3799:
This legally enforced segregation was reinforced through deliberate town planning measures, such as introducing natural, industrial and infrastructural buffer zones. The legacy of this town planning element still hinders economic integration of urban economies today.
7874:
strategy, which fulfilled a preventive and deterrent purpose. The reprisals which occurred beyond South Africa's borders involved not only hostile states, but neutral and sympathetic governments as well, often forcing them to react against their will and interests.
6535:(BCM) was created by tertiary students influenced by the Black Power movement in the US. BCM endorsed black pride and African customs and did much to alter the feelings of inadequacy instilled among black people by the apartheid system. The leader of the movement,
2147:
found that there were 21,000 deaths from political violence, with 7,000 deaths between 1948 and 1989, and 14,000 deaths and 22,000 injuries in the transition period between 1990 and 1994. Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for
7633:
with the South African government, with both the UK and the US applying pressure and pushing for negotiations. However, neither the UK nor the US was willing to apply economic pressure upon their multinational interests in South Africa, such as the mining company
3775:, prohibiting marriage between whites and people of other races. The Immorality Amendment Act 21 of 1950 (as amended in 1957 by Act 23) forbade "unlawful racial intercourse" and "any immoral or indecent act" between a white and a black, Indian or Coloured person.
8693:
The ANC won 62.65% of the vote, less than the 66.7 percent that would have allowed it to rewrite the constitution. 252 of the 400 seats went to members of the African National Congress. The NP captured most of the White and Coloured votes and became the official
7043:
in 1950, but it became clear that African and South and Southeast Asian member states would oppose South Africa due to its apartheid policies. As a result, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961, the day that the Republic came into existence.
15380:
7316:
In 1959, the non-racial South African Sports Association (SASA) was formed to secure the rights of all players on the global field. After meeting with no success in its endeavours to attain credit by collaborating with White establishments, SASA approached the
7297:
South Africa's isolation in sport began in the mid-1950s and increased throughout the 1960s. Apartheid forbade multiracial sport, which meant that overseas teams, by virtue of them having players of different races, could not play in South Africa. In 1956, the
7207:
became prime minister. He was not prepared to dismantle apartheid, but he did try to redress South Africa's isolation and to revitalise the country's global reputation, even those with Black majority rule in Africa. This he called his "Outward-Looking" policy.
7047:
During the 1980s, the Commonwealth advocated for economic sanctions to accelerate the dismantling of apartheid, and in 1986 during a mini-summit which involved seven different countries, including the United Kingdom, a tough programme of sanctions was agreed.
3279:
The government tightened pass laws compelling blacks to carry identity documents, to prevent the immigration of blacks from other countries. To reside in a city, blacks had to be in employment there. Until 1956 women were for the most part excluded from these
3474:
appealed to the reform-minded Afrikaner intelligentsia, and it provided a more coherent philosophical and moral framework for the National Party's policies, while also providing a veneer of intellectual respectability to the controversial policy of so-called
7061:
We stand here today to salute the United Nations Organisation and its Member States, both singly and collectively, for joining forces with the masses of our people in a common struggle that has brought about our emancipation and pushed back the frontiers of
6285:
were somewhat of an anomaly during the apartheid era. Lebanese immigration to South Africa was chiefly Christian, and the group was originally classified as non-white; however, a court case in 1913 ruled that because Lebanese and Syrians originated from the
14461:
6128:
Activities in the sport of professional boxing were also affected, as there were 44 recorded professional boxing fights for national titles as deemed "for Whites only" between 1955 and 1979, and 397 fights as deemed "for non-Whites" between 1901 and 1978.
3354:
The 1956 law allowed Coloureds to elect four people to Parliament, but a 1969 law abolished those seats and stripped Coloureds of their right to vote. Since Indians had never been allowed to vote, this resulted in whites being the sole enfranchised group.
3096:
NP leaders argued that South Africa did not comprise a single nation, but was made up of four distinct racial groups: white, black, Coloured and Indian. Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations. White people encompassed the English and
6053:"triple yoke of oppression: gender, race, and class" such that South African women became "deprive" of their fundamental "human rights as individuals." Jobs were often hard to find. Many Black and Coloured women worked as agricultural employees and/or as
7932:. Successful sabotage actions of high-profile economic targets undermined a country's ability to negotiate from a position of strength, and made it likelier to accede to South African demands rather than risk the expense of further destruction and war.
3325:, Malan's successor as prime minister, moved to strip voting rights from black and Coloured residents of the Cape Province. The previous government had introduced the Separate Representation of Voters Bill into Parliament in 1951, turning it to be an
2641:, sympathised with the purists, but allowed for the use of black labour, while implementing the purist goal of vertical separation. Verwoerd would refer to this policy as a policy of "good neighbourliness" as a means of justifying such segregation.
1995:
2468:
to investigate the effects of the United Party's policies. The commission concluded that integration would bring about a "loss of personality" for all racial groups. The HNP incorporated the commission's findings into its campaign platform for the
8054:
was included. An increasing number of organisations were banned or listed (restricted in some way); many individuals had restrictions such as house arrest imposed on them. During this state of emergency, about 2,436 people were detained under the
3562:
During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, the government implemented a policy of "resettlement", to force people to move to their designated "group areas". Millions of people were forced to relocate. These removals included people relocated due to
8450:, and in the face of military stalemate in Southern Angola, and an escalation in the size and cost of the combat with the Cubans, the Angolans, and SWAPO forces and the growing cost of the border war, South Africa negotiated a change of control;
2313:
abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act, the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835, which effectively changed the status of slaves to
2305:
and a high degree of legislative autonomy. The governors and assemblies that governed the legal process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire.
6926:
7995:
as a form of punishment. The vast majority had committed political offences and were lashed ten times for their crime. If convicted of treason, a person could be hanged, and the government executed numerous political offenders in this way.
3466:
were established to promote economic development and the provision of employment in or near the homelands. Many black South Africans who had never resided in their identified homeland were forcibly removed from the cities to the homelands.
7274:. Although these states condemned apartheid (more than ever after South Africa's denunciation of the Lusaka Manifesto), South Africa's economic and military dominance meant that they remained dependent on South Africa to varying degrees.
3267:
of 1959 set up a mechanism to transfer capital to the homelands to create employment there. Legislation of 1967 allowed the government to stop industrial development in "white" cities and redirect such development to the "homelands". The
4839:
5925:, as defined in the Group Areas Act (1950), in some cases leaving homes their families had occupied for generations, and received an inferior education, though better than that provided to Africans. They played an important role in the
7051:
It took thirty-three years for South Africa to rejoin the Commonwealth. As per the new president's wishes, on 1 June 1994, four years after the end of apartheid, the country once again became part of the so-called "Family of Nations".
8777:: "I am now more convinced than ever that apartheid was a terrible mistake that blighted our land. South Africans did not listen to the laughing and the crying of each other. I am sorry that I had been so hard of hearing for so long".
3121:
from 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd had a significant role in crafting such laws, which led to him being regarded as the 'Architect of Apartheid'. In addition, "petty apartheid" laws were passed. The principal apartheid laws were as follows.
7987:
in Namibia. Within South Africa, meanwhile, vigorous police action and strict enforcement of security legislation resulted in hundreds of arrests and bans, and an effective end to the African National Congress' sabotage campaign.
6170:; Mange-Dlamini was the culminating fight of a boxing program that included several other "non White" championship contests. Mange won the vacant non-White Super Bantamweight title by outpointing Dlamini over twelve rounds at the
3449:
Under the homeland system, the government attempted to divide South Africa and South West Africa into a number of separate states, each of which was supposed to develop into a separate nation-state for a different ethnic group.
7783:
that led to $ 200 million in arms deals. In 1988, Israeli arm sales to South Africa totalled over $ 1.4 billion. Covert operations focused on espionage and domestic counter-subversion became common, the number of
6247:
around Johannesburg in the late 19th century – were initially either classified as "Coloured" or "Other Asian" and were subject to numerous forms of discrimination and restriction. It was not until 1984 that
3423:" speech left the British faction feeling that the United Kingdom had abandoned them. The more conservative English speakers supported Verwoerd; others were troubled by the severing of ties with the UK and remained loyal to
7253:
Associations with Mozambique followed suit and were sustained after that country won its sovereignty in 1975. Angola was also granted South African loans. Other countries which formed relationships with South Africa were
15359:
11560:
8911:
nations. The last two examples use the term "apartheid" less literally since they are centred on relations between countries, not on disparate treatment of social populations within a country or political jurisdiction.
8807:
2625:
in favour of rural constituencies and the Transvaal in particular, the 1948 election catapulted the Herenigde Nasionale Party from a small minority party to a commanding position with an eight-vote parliamentary lead.
2586:
Party's policy remained contradictory and confused. Its traditional bases of support not only took mutually exclusive positions, but found themselves increasingly at odds with each other. Smuts' reluctance to consider
7642:
in May 2008 upheld an appeal court ruling allowing another lawsuit that seeks damages of more than US$ 400 billion from major international companies which are accused of aiding South Africa's apartheid system.
8578:(AWB). Hani enjoyed widespread support beyond his constituency in the SACP and ANC and had been recognised as a potential successor to Mandela; his death brought forth protests throughout the country and across the
5946:, but the Black majority were to become citizens of independent homelands. These separate arrangements continued until the abolition of apartheid. The Tricameral reforms led to the formation of the (anti-apartheid)
8509:
in March 1992 to decide whether negotiations should continue. 68% voted in favour, and the victory instilled in de Klerk and the government a lot more confidence, giving the NP a stronger position in negotiations.
3342:. The government then introduced the High Court of Parliament Bill (1952), which gave Parliament the power to overrule decisions of the court. The Cape Supreme Court and the Appeal Court declared this invalid too.
7975:
that the reforms were expected to trigger. The 1980s became a period of considerable political unrest, with the government becoming increasingly dominated by Botha's circle of generals and police chiefs (known as
14445:
12160:
3258:
of 1959 entrenched the NP policy of nominally independent "homelands" for blacks. So-called "self–governing Bantu units" were proposed, which would have devolved administrative powers, with the promise later of
3608:(Triumph) was built in its place. This pattern of forced removal and destruction was to repeat itself over the next few years, and was not limited to black South Africans alone. Forced removals from areas like
8379:
A number of clandestine meetings were held between the ANC-in-exile and various sectors of the internal struggle, such as women and educationalists. More overtly, a group of White intellectuals met the ANC in
14615:
9252:
6256:, to be treated as whites in terms of the Group Areas Act, although they still faced discrimination and did not receive all the benefits/rights of their newly obtained honorary white status such as voting.
2118:
Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the 20th century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the
12964:
8258:
and equality for all. Its purpose was to provide a blueprint for South Africa by consent and racial peace in a multi-racial society, stressing opportunity for all, consultation, the federal concept, and a
3795:
and prosecution of the employer for employing an illegal migrant. Police vans patrolled white areas to round up blacks without passes. Black people were not allowed to employ whites in white South Africa.
2365:
brought in two pass laws requiring Africans to carry a badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand, and those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass. During the
6547:
following years several student organisations were formed to protest against apartheid, and these organisations were central to urban school boycotts in 1980 and 1983 and rural boycotts in 1985 and 1986.
5977:(the education system in black schools within white South Africa). Higher education was provided in separate universities and colleges after 1959. Eight black universities were created in the homelands.
7321:(IOC) in 1962, calling for South Africa's expulsion from the Olympic Games. The IOC sent South Africa a caution to the effect that, if there were no changes, they would be barred from competing at the
3819:
a year or more had to pay taxes while the white threshold was more than twice as high, at 750 rand a year. On the other hand, the taxation rate for whites was considerably higher than that for blacks.
14725:
8468:
Apartheid was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1991, culminating in a transitional period which resulted in the country's 1994 general election, the first in South Africa held with
3411:
Most Afrikaners supported the notion of unanimity of white people to ensure their safety. White voters of British descent were divided. Many had opposed a republic, leading to a majority "no" vote in
3227:
of film, literature, and the media under the Customs and Excise Act 1955 and the Official Secrets Act 1956. The same year, the Native Administration Act 1956 allowed the government to banish blacks.
7195:
stated that South Africa's rebuffing of negotiations meant that its Black people could only be freed through military means, and that no African state should converse with the apartheid government.
2509:
expansion in housing or social services. Overcrowding, increasing crime rates, and disillusionment resulted; urban blacks came to support a new generation of leaders influenced by the principles of
8329:; where prison life was more comfortable for him. The government allowed Mandela more visitors, including visits and interviews by foreigners, to let the world know that he was being treated well.
1048:
8847:
refers to the various aspects of economic inequality in Brazil. Social apartheid may fall into various categories. Economic and social discrimination because of gender is sometimes referred to as
2504:
by 1948 it remained apparent that there were gaps in the social structure, whether legislated or otherwise, concerning the rights and opportunities of nonwhites. The rapid economic development of
8483:, the President's official residence. They released the Groote Schuur Minute, which said that before negotiations commenced political prisoners would be freed and all exiles allowed to return.
7405:
the previous year and commented about apartheid that "South Africans have this thing better organised than any other country, particularly America" and that she would "go back there any time."
7928:, were common targets. Sabotage was also used as a pressure tactic when South Africa was negotiating with a host government to cease providing sanctuary to insurgent forces, as in the case of
7436:
ambivalent attitude towards sporting links with South Africa, significantly affecting the quality and profitability of the Games and thus thrusting apartheid into the international spotlight.
8110:
Much of the violence in the late-1980s and early-1990s was directed at the government, but a substantial amount was between the residents themselves. Many died in violence between members of
15462:
7626:
of 1986), the release of Nelson Mandela and a negotiated settlement involving the ANC. Thatcher too began to take a similar line, but insisted on the suspension of the ANC's armed struggle.
7095:
called upon the nation of South Africa to abandon its policies implementing racial discrimination. The newly founded United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid, scripted and passed
3118:
2548:
resented what they perceived as disempowerment by an underpaid black workforce and the superior economic power and prosperity of white English speakers. Smuts, as a strong advocate of the
6821:
4800:
2115:, four of which became nominally independent states. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans.
12209:
15291:
7660:
Apartheid-era propaganda leaflet issued to South African military personnel in the 1980s. The pamphlet decries "Russian colonialism and oppression" in English, Afrikaans and Portuguese.
7397:, Bradman released a short statement: "We will not play them until they choose a team on a non-racist basis." Bradman's views were in stark contrast to those of Australian tennis great
6298:), they could not be discriminated against by race laws which targeted non-believers, and thus, were classified as white. The Lebanese community maintained their white status after the
11062:
7577:" with the apartheid government, vetoing the imposition of UN economic sanctions. U.S. government justification for supporting the Apartheid regime were publicly given as a belief in "
3415:. Later, some of them recognised the perceived need for white unity, convinced by the growing trend of decolonisation elsewhere in Africa, which concerned them. British Prime Minister
6564:
homes, for example, were effectively owned and operated by blacks, who either worked surreptitiously or who circumvented the law with a white person as a nominal, figurehead manager.
7983:
Botha's years in power were marked also by numerous military interventions in the states bordering South Africa, as well as an extensive military and political campaign to eliminate
7858:
to foreign infrastructure and civilian populations; and periodic complaints brought before the international community about South African violations of its neighbours' sovereignty.
7727:
involved building up a formidable conventional military and counter-intelligence capability. It was formulated on counter-revolutionary tactics as espoused by noted French tactician
6207:
Defining its Asian population, a minority that did not appear to belong to any of the initial three designated non-white groups, was a constant dilemma for the apartheid government.
8786:
The South African experience has given rise to the term "apartheid" being used in a number of contexts other than the South African system of racial segregation. For example: The "
12123:
10409:
3803:
Although trade unions for black and Coloured workers had existed since the early 20th century, it was not until the 1980s reforms that a mass black trade union movement developed.
12986:
11969:
9176:
8582:, but ultimately proved a turning point, after which the main parties pushed for a settlement with increased determination. On 25 June 1993, the AWB used an armoured vehicle to
6970:
6136:
and Tiny Corbett at the City Hall in Johannesburg; it was won by Jooste by a twelve rounds points decision. The last one was between national "White" Light-Heavyweight champion
3066:
2544:
that the impotence of the United Party in curtailing the evolving position of nonwhites indicated that the organisation had fallen under the influence of Western liberals. Many
14228:
12932:
12502:
11548:
3494:
In total, 20 homelands were allocated to ethnic groups, ten in South Africa proper and ten in South West Africa. Of these 20 homelands, 19 were classified as black, while one,
17947:
6916:
6073:; consequently, they risked being deported to rural areas. Even in rural areas, there were legal hurdles for women to own land, and jobs outside cities were even more scarce.
2382:
7834:(APLA) guerrilla raids into South Africa or against South African targets in South West Africa; frequent South African reprisal attacks on these movements' external bases in
11002:
8754:: "The National Party brought development to a section of South Africa, but also brought suffering through a system grounded on injustice", in a statement shortly after the
8486:
There were fears that the change of power would be violent. To avoid this, it was essential that a peaceful resolution between all parties be reached. In December 1991, the
8317:
committed to violent revolution, but to appease Black opinion and nurture Mandela as a benevolent leader of Blacks, the government transferred him from the maximum security
7593:
in support of right-wing insurgents fighting to topple the government. The U.K. government also declared the ANC a terrorist organisation, and in 1987 Thatcher's spokesman,
15438:
15004:
13249:
8180:
which institutionalised racial discrimination and exercised a paternal philosophy of "civilising inferior natives." Some scholars have argued that this can be reflected in
12279:
Apartheid mythology and symbolism. desegregated and re-invented in the service of nation building in the new South Africa: the covenant and the battle of Blood/Ncome River
8555:
on 10 April 1993 threatened to plunge the country into chaos. Hani, the popular General Secretary of the South African Communist Party (SACP), was assassinated in 1993 in
7409:
later, on his release from prison, Nelson Mandela asked a visiting Australian statesman if Donald Bradman, his childhood hero, was still alive (Bradman lived until 2001).
13214:
10857:
10008:
3150:
slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites. The
16088:
12152:
8548:
homeland into South Africa. In the aftermath, Mandela and de Klerk agreed to meet to find ways to end the spiralling violence. This led to a resumption of negotiations.
7361:
ahead in 1986, but after that sporting ties were cut, and New Zealand made a decision not to convey an authorised rugby team to South Africa until the end of apartheid.
3523:
attempted to draw an equivalence between their view of black citizens of the homelands and the problems which other countries faced through entry of illegal immigrants.
3263:
and self-government. It also abolished the seats of white representatives of black South Africans and removed from the rolls the few blacks still qualified to vote. The
2409:(1910) enfranchised white people, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of Black people to sit in parliament; the
12184:
8107:
commenced the longest strike (three weeks) in South African history. The year 1988 saw the banning of the activities of the UDF and other anti-apartheid organisations.
6155:
The first "non Whites" South African national championship bout on record apparently (the date appears as "uncertain" on the records) took place on 1 May 1901, between
11940:
10992:
Amisi, Baruti, and Simphiwe Nojiyeza. Access to Decent Sanitation in South Africa: The Challenges of Eradicating the Bucket System Baruti Amisi n. pag. Feb. 2008. Web.
8184:, with its parallel traditions of racialism; for example, as early as 1933; the executive council of the Broederbond formulated a recommendation for mass segregation.
6107:
the "racialisation" of sports in South Africa; anti-apartheid forces had begun to pinpoint sport as the "weakness" of white national morale. Black journalists for the
3313:
15508:
14362:
Philip Boner, Peter, Delius, Deborah, Posel, "The Shaping of Apartheid, contradiction, continuity and popular struggle", The Worlds Knowledge, (1993) pp. 1–47 (p. 7.)
14353:
Philip Boner, Peter, Delius, Deborah, Posel, "The Shaping of Apartheid, contradiction, continuity and popular struggle", The Worlds Knowledge, (1993) pp. 1–47 (p. 6.)
16718:
16057:
14933:
13130:
7115:
After much debate, by the late-1980s, the United States, the United Kingdom, and 23 other nations had passed laws placing various trade sanctions on South Africa. A
6682:
12065:
10028:
9614:
9403:
Walton, F. Carl; Udayakumar, S.P.; Muck, William; McIlwain, Charlton; Kramer, Eric; Jensen, Robert; Ibrahim, Vivian; Caliendo, Stephen Maynard; Asher, Nhia (2011).
3458:
of 1954 justified apartheid and the homeland system, but stated that additional land ought to be given to the homelands, a recommendation that was not carried out.
3234:
created separate government structures for blacks and whites and was the first piece of legislation to support the government's plan of separate development in the
14599:
9260:
5308:
1016:
14645:
12954:
12680:
10262:
10078:
3092:, minister of native affairs (1950–1958) and prime minister (1958–1966), earned the nickname 'Architect of Apartheid' from his large role in creating legislation.
13190:
10645:"Extracts from paper prepared by the Secretariat for the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women, Copenhagen, July 1980 (The anti-pass campaign)"
2743:
2449:
2397:
began implementing a more openly segregationist policy towards nonwhites. The latter was repealed by the British government but re-enacted in 1908. In 1910, the
11117:
13614:
13042:
7191:
South Africa's negative response to the Lusaka Manifesto and rejection of a change to its policies brought about another OAU announcement in October 1971. The
6524:(MK), which would perform acts of sabotage on tactical state structures. Its first sabotage plans were carried out on 16 December 1961, the anniversary of the
6171:
4332:
2211:
Racial discrimination and inequality against black people in South Africa dates to the beginning of large-scale European colonisation of South Africa with the
7344:
Foreign complaints about South Africa's bigoted sports brought more isolation. Racially selected New Zealand sports teams toured South Africa, until the 1970
17507:
15746:
14715:
13691:
13583:
8494:
and a new constitution extending political rights to all groups. CODESA adopted a Declaration of Intent and committed itself to an "undivided South Africa".
3363:
2942:
15562:
14121:
9645:
21205:
19667:
18718:
11171:
9066:
8875:
2633:
When the National Party came to power in 1948, there were factional differences in the party about the implementation of systemic racial segregation. The "
1531:
11791:
9100:, the basis for most apartheid legislation, was formally abolished in 1991, although the country's first non-racial government was not established until
6963:
6603:, who served both as a prominent domestic voice and international spokesperson denouncing apartheid and urging the creation of a shared nonracial state.
6167:
6137:
4548:
3557:
3059:
1526:
12631:
9144:
8059:. This act gave police and the military sweeping powers. The government could implement curfews controlling the movement of people. The president could
6116:
played a major unifying role between the country's diverse ethnic groups. Mandela's open support of the predominantly white rugby fraternity during the
2570:
proclaimed that they offered the voters a new policy to ensure continued white domination. This policy was initially expounded from a theory drafted by
20104:
16965:
16669:
8855:. Communities in northern Ireland for example, are often housed based on religion in a situation which has been described as "self-imposed apartheid".
8340:
were abolished. Black labour unions were legitimised, the government recognised the right of Blacks to live in urban areas permanently and gave Blacks
8120:
6984:
6803:
6649:
6141:
3018:
2144:
8851:. Separation of people according to their religion, whether pursuant to official laws or pursuant to social expectations, is sometimes referred to as
6702:
1424:
1043:
18870:
18117:
18051:
15773:
15265:
13752:
7353:
5719:
5080:
1722:
15415:
12437:
11525:
8627:
exploded in Johannesburg, killing nine people. The day before the elections, another one went off, injuring 13. At midnight on 26–27 April 1994 the
6159:
and Johnny Arendse for the vacant Lightweight belt, Jephtha winning by knockout in round nineteen of a twenty rounds-scheduled match, in Cape Town.
2163:(ANC), the leading anti-apartheid political movement, for ending segregation and introducing majority rule. In 1990, prominent ANC figures, such as
19089:
18124:
15452:
15342:
8795:
6156:
5851:
4499:
2830:
1639:
206:
14835:
9291:
8685:'s lack of preparedness for the polls, the shortages of voting materials at many voting stations, and the absence of effective safeguards against
7188:
autonomy. Although African leaders supported the emancipation of Black South Africans, they preferred this to be attained through peaceful means.
3339:
163:
22094:
20448:
19897:
17612:
16885:
16676:
16081:
8682:
6731:
2947:
2425:
the supreme head over all African affairs; the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and, in the same year, the
16383:
15691:
10762:
9988:
8282:
composed more than 70% of the population. Botha's regime feared that an antidote was needed to prevent the Blacks being attracted to communism.
8127:
was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African security forces were responsible for 2,700 deaths and the ANC was responsible for 1,300 deaths.
6630:. Women were also notable in their involvement in trade union organisations and banned political parties. The public intellectuals too, such as
22139:
21163:
refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.
19099:
17933:
17912:
17766:
16683:
15288:
14982:
12300:
12201:
7109:
7105:
7096:
7092:
6956:
6895:
6887:
6879:
6871:
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6855:
6847:
6133:
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3519:
autonomous homelands also had their South African citizenship circumscribed, meaning they were no longer legally considered South African. The
3052:
13645:
11070:
9696:
7924:, where Soviet arms were frequently offloaded for PLAN, as well as the railway line which facilitated their transport to PLAN headquarters in
6470:
sectors of society and saw the creation of organisations dedicated variously to peaceful protests, passive resistance and armed insurrection.
6226: – countries with which South Africa maintained diplomatic and economic relations – and to their descendants.
2378:
demanded "the just predominance of the white race" in South Africa as a precondition for the Boer republics unifying with the British Empire.
21827:
20426:
19552:
19026:
18983:
17528:
16878:
14856:
14344:
Nigel, Worden, The making of modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2000) p. 3.
13552:
12416:
11648:
11197:
10508:
10458:
10236:
8487:
8463:
8166:". Cheap labour was the basis of the economy and this was taken from what the state classed as peasant groups and the migrants. Furthermore,
8143:
6163:
3823:
blacks were stripped of their South African citizenship when the "homelands" became "independent", and they were no longer able to apply for
3007:
2865:
2156:
884:
173:
11780:"South African women under apartheid: Employment rights with particular focus on domestic service and forms of resistance to promote change"
8010:, the UDF called for the government to abandon its reforms and instead abolish the apartheid system and eliminate the homelands completely.
7024:
on whether the country should become a republic. Verwoerd lowered the voting age for Whites to eighteen years of age and included Whites in
2049:'boss-ship' or 'boss-hood'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority
22169:
22069:
20237:
19328:
19203:
18670:
17444:
17360:
16815:
16794:
12372:
9443:
8593:
In addition to the continuing "black-on-black" violence, there were a number of attacks on white civilians by the PAC's military wing, the
8271:
in 1977. The Declaration was the first of several such joint agreements by acknowledged Black and White political leaders in South Africa.
8104:
7736:
5085:
3255:
2900:
2885:
1860:
1150:
158:
14310:
22134:
21953:
20013:
18653:
17905:
16764:
16725:
15522:
Sekulow, Jay A.; Ash, Robert W. (January 2023). "Why Allegations that Israel Is An 'Apartheid' State Are False under International Law".
12882:
10405:
8608:"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa".
8583:
8396:
8096:(SABC), provided propaganda in support of the government. Media opposition to the system increased, supported by the growth of a pro-ANC
8068:
became a common feature of the government's reaction to growing civil unrest and by 1988, 30,000 people had been detained. The media was
6330:, homosexuality and sex education were also restricted; abortion was legal only in cases of rape or if the mother's life was threatened.
6278:
descent were classified as "black" due to historical outlook on Filipinos by White South Africans, and many of them lived in Bantustans.
5055:
4641:
4157:
3326:
2880:
2840:
2795:
14576:
14535:
12990:
12801:
11965:
11238:
10301:
7028:
on the roll. The referendum on 5 October that year asked Whites; "Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union?", and 52% voted "Yes".
19682:
18142:
17577:
16933:
16554:
16074:
16006:
13064:
11593:
11040:
10005:
9172:
6102:
While football was plagued by racism, it also played a role in protesting apartheid and its policies. With the international bans from
5870:
The population was classified into four groups: African, White, Indian, and Coloured (capitalised to denote their legal definitions in
4317:
1654:
1589:
12929:
925:
19887:
19094:
18840:
17968:
17829:
17745:
17035:
15788:
Lapchick, Richard and Urdang, Stephanie. Oppression and Resistance. The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa. Westport, Connecticut:
15314:
14224:
13164:
12916:
12499:
10545:
10434:
3387:
suggests that disenfranchisement in South Africa had a significant negative effect on basic service delivery to the disenfranchised.
3143:
2800:
2630:
became the first nationalist prime minister, with the aim of implementing the apartheid philosophy and silencing liberal opposition.
2074:
108:
15209:
15087:
13274:
13016:
12575:
12472:
of Newsday said at least 850 murders were documented) Elsabe Brink; Gandhi Malungane; Steve Lebelo; Dumisani Ntshangase; Sue Krige,
11349:
7608:
By the late-1980s, with no sign of a political resolution in South Africa, Western patience began to run out. By 1989, a bipartisan
1038:
20144:
19791:
19164:
18556:
18110:
17898:
17626:
16958:
14873:
Lieberfeld, Daniel (2002). "Evaluating the Contributions of Track-two Diplomacy to Conflict Termination in South Africa, 1984–90".
13308:
12391:
8601:
on 25 July 1993, members of the APLA opened fire in a church in Cape Town, killing 11 members of the congregation and wounding 58.
8424:. The Land Act was brought to an end. F. W. de Klerk also made his first public commitment to release Nelson Mandela, to return to
7866:
on militarising the borders and sealing up its domestic territory against insurgent raids, it also relied heavily on an aggressive
7492:
6707:
4239:
4127:
3772:
3395:
Before South Africa became a republic in 1961, politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the mainly
3375:
2759:
2448:
who wanted stricter segregation. Post-war, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Smuts' government was the
2286:
2124:
2093:
1140:
1089:
947:
263:
15632:
Boswell, Barbara (2017). "Overcoming the 'daily bludgeoning by apartheid': Black South African women writers, agency, and space".
11010:
10161:: Afrikaner power, the politics of race, and resistance, 1902 to the 1970s (Pretoria, University of South Africa Press, 2007), p37
8023:, where a burning tyre was placed around the victim's neck, after they were restrained by wrapping their wrists with barbed wire.
2070:
22124:
22114:
21423:
19983:
19776:
19184:
19169:
18576:
18174:
17891:
17731:
17689:
17437:
17318:
16901:
16436:
16374:
15759:
Political liberation has yet to translate into material gains for blacks. As one woman said, 'I've gone from a shack to a shack.'
15484:
15430:
15008:
13242:
12129:
9026:
6826:
3367:
2921:
2184:
2180:
2089:
1576:
1361:
1145:
1130:
1115:
648:
21397:
11368:
10599:
9918:
7424:
because New Zealand's sporting contacts with the South African government were not considered to be in accordance with the 1977
21140:
20242:
19114:
18912:
17989:
17954:
17465:
16662:
15626:
For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa. International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa
13211:
12548:
10818:
8699:
8421:
8158:
Apartheid developed from the racism of colonial factions and due to South Africa's "unique industrialisation". The policies of
8093:
7715:
6568:
6554:
List of attacks attributed to MK and compiled by the Committee for South African War Resistance (COSAWR) between 1980 and 1983.
6474:
5947:
5820:
4504:
4249:
4077:
4062:
4057:
3887:
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3216:
2957:
2875:
2737:
564:
313:
298:
17:
8301:
demographics – whites constituted only 16% of the total population, in comparison to 20% fifty years earlier.
6493:(PAC), which organised a demonstration against pass books on 21 March 1960. One of those protests was held in the township of
2582:. Apartheid was to be the basic ideological and practical foundation of Afrikaner politics for the next quarter of a century.
1323:
22099:
21315:
17863:
17423:
16517:
15131:
14916:
14797:
14776:
14755:
14688:
14609:
14570:
14529:
14455:
14258:
14211:
14190:
14016:
13857:
13725:
13685:
13079:
Apartheid: Special Report of the Directed General on the Application of the Decoration Concerning the Policy of South Africa.
12876:
12840:
12795:
12264:
12181:
11476:
11419:"Document: Bridging the Economic Divide in Urban Areas of Namibia: Townships within the Local Economic Development Framework"
11232:
10695:
10586:
10295:
10208:
9793:
9763:
9235:
8590:
World Trade Centre where talks were still going ahead under the Negotiating Council, though this did not derail the process.
8064:
under the State of Emergency until the government released that name, with up to ten years' imprisonment for these offences.
7602:
7299:
6262:
arrived at the Cape of Good Hope as slaves until the abolishment of slavery during the 19th century. They were predominantly
4391:
4322:
4042:
3370:, which had limited legislative powers. The council was in turn dissolved in 1980. In 1984 a new constitution introduced the
3347:
3177:
2952:
2613:, the United Party was defeated in almost every rural district. Its urban losses in the nation's most populous province, the
2594:
also stirred up discontent, while the nationalists promised to purge the state and public service of communist sympathisers.
1715:
1489:
1268:
16043:
12239:
Bet and board in the new South Africa. (legalisation of gambling could lead to growth of casinos, lotteries)(Brief Article)
11936:
11756:
10382:
10343:
10121:
7605:(ALEC), a conservative lobbying organisation, actively campaigned against divesting from South Africa throughout the 1980s.
7385:
The first of the "White Bans" occurred in 1971 when the Chairman of the Australian Cricketing Association –
5973:
In the 1970s, the state spent ten times more per child on the education of white children than on black children within the
3085:
2444:
began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II, but faced growing opposition from
1328:
19904:
19877:
19781:
19021:
18961:
18079:
17870:
17773:
17395:
15498:
15109:
14959:
8628:
8115:
PAC bases. The ANC and the PAC in return detonated bombs at restaurants, shopping centres and government buildings such as
7664:
During the 1950s, South African military strategy was decisively shaped by fears of communist espionage and a conventional
7462:, boycotted the service, and no British programme concerning its associates could be sold to South Africa. Similarly, when
6995:
6931:
5844:
4861:
4132:
3946:
2717:
2530:
2487:
338:
118:
14929:
13121:
3502:, who are closely related to Afrikaners. Four of the homelands were declared independent by the South African government:
21904:
21625:
21182:
20441:
19751:
19248:
18325:
18016:
17961:
17877:
17717:
17381:
16944:
16611:
16581:
15236:
15157:
15079:
15034:
14374:
Paul, Maylam, "The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid in South Africa", African Affairs, 89.354(1990) pp. 57–84 (p. 54.)
12526:
12061:
11901:
Nauright, John (2004). "Global Games: Culture, Political Economy and Sport in the Globalised World of the 21st Century".
10983:
Evans, Ivan. Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa. Berkeley: U of California, 1997. N. pag. Print.
10024:
9606:
9101:
8996:
8971:
8892:
8671:
8594:
8517:
Persistent violence added to the tension during the negotiations. This was due mostly to the intense rivalry between the
8345:
one-sixteenth in 1968. At the same time, attention was given to strengthening the effectiveness of the police apparatus.
7831:
7471:
6606:
Although the majority of whites supported apartheid, some 20 percent did not. Parliamentary opposition was galvanised by
5521:
5177:
5090:
4981:
4631:
4449:
4067:
4052:
3359:
3297:
2727:
2470:
2452:, which banned land sales to Indians and Indian descendent South Africans. The same year, the government established the
2426:
2168:
767:
707:
218:
123:
12677:
8597:(APLA). The PAC was hoping to strengthen their standing by attracting the support of the angry, impatient youth. In the
7999:
As the 1980s progressed, more and more anti-apartheid organisations were formed and affiliated with the UDF. Led by the
7211:
Vorster's willingness to talk to African leaders stood in contrast to Verwoerd's refusal to engage with leaders such as
6420:
3719:
3154:
centralised and tightened pass laws so that blacks could not stay in urban areas longer than 72 hours without a permit.
22164:
22109:
21373:
19945:
17975:
17940:
17884:
17402:
17367:
17056:
16505:
16494:
15899:
14637:
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14044:
13988:
13963:
13935:
13910:
13885:
13832:
13792:
13514:
13482:
13450:
13414:
13389:
13364:
13339:
11497:
10675:
The rise and decline of apartheid: a study of political movements among the Coloured people of South Africa, 1880–1985.
10258:
10070:
9928:
9676:
9590:
9548:
9541:
From Cultural Justice to Inter-Ethnic Mediation: A Reflection on the Possibility of Ethno-Religious Mediation in Africa
9523:
9480:
9412:
9380:
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8035:
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7677:
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6096:
5075:
4531:
3158:
3013:
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2905:
2785:
2722:
2682:
2601:
Populist rhetoric allowed the National Party to sweep eight constituencies in the mining and industrial centres of the
2393:
required all Indians to register and carry passes. Beginning in 1906 the South African Native Affairs Commission under
681:
248:
13606:
9919:
Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development, John Allen (2005).
7718:(PLAN), which often received arms and training in Warsaw Pact member states. This was described as "Total Onslaught".
7698:
From 1973 onwards, much of South Africa's white population increasingly looked upon their country as a bastion of the
6392:
3691:
20018:
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19852:
19756:
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17098:
16771:
13081:
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11102:
10644:
10376:
10337:
9097:
8677:
day was added to give everyone the chance. International observers agreed that the elections were free and fair. The
8502:
8216:. Trade with Western countries grew, and investment from the United States, France and the United Kingdom poured in.
6490:
6439:
4705:
4536:
3998:
3976:
3738:
2986:
2860:
2850:
2790:
2775:
2587:
2345:
and added an educational element, disenfranchising a disproportionate number of the Cape's non-white voters, and the
2105:
1974:
1917:
1065:
323:
293:
42:
21368:
16026:
15993:
13575:
13038:
11713:
11622:
10792:
The first people of the Cape: a look at their history and the impact of colonialism on the Cape's indigenous people.
7597:, famously said that anyone who believed that the ANC would ever form the government of South Africa was "living in
2294:
22119:
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19703:
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17682:
17521:
16690:
16604:
16547:
15706:
Separate but Unequal – The 'Coloured' People of South Africa – A Political History.
11091:
Those who had the money to travel or emigrate were not given full passports; instead, travel documents were issued.
9333:
9056:
9011:
8891:
The disproportionate management and control of the world's economy and resources by countries and companies of the
8719:
8476:
despite the considerable tensions still abounding within the country. Apartheid legislation was abolished in 1991.
8243:
8162:
led to the segregation and classing of people, which was "specifically developed to nurture early industry such as
7622:
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7609:
7283:
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6755:
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1853:
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1286:
848:
638:
268:
16013:, faith and fatherland: The security threat posed by the white right, by Martin Schönteich and Henri Boshoff, 2003
15738:
14113:
13675:
9637:
8681:'s report on the election compiled at the end of May 1994, published two years after the election, criticised the
8650:
Since 2019, publicly displaying the 1928–1994 flag in South Africa is banned and it is classified as hate speech.
8616:
7537:. In addressing the hundreds of anti-apartheid sympathisers as well as leaders and officials from the ANC and the
3751:
22154:
21513:
20227:
20124:
20084:
19970:
19872:
19786:
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19761:
19238:
19011:
18658:
17919:
17675:
17591:
17472:
17458:
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16697:
16641:
15766:
The Irony of Apartheid: The Struggle for National Independence of Afrikaner Calvinism against British Imperialism
15554:
15376:
15213:
11312:
8981:
8726:
8479:
At the first meeting, the NP and ANC discussed the conditions for negotiations to begin. The meeting was held at
7617:
7553:
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7116:
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6839:
6749:
6687:
6399:
6282:
6274:
descent who were also classified as part of the Coloured race and thus considered "not-white". South Africans of
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4287:
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3698:
3189:
3151:
2915:
2810:
2732:
2712:
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628:
253:
148:
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13198:
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12013:
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21463:
21444:
21392:
20434:
20129:
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18687:
17661:
17570:
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17084:
15978:
15188:
14447:
Who Is the First-Class Ghanaian?: A Story of Tribalism, Religion, and Sectionalism in Ghana and the Way Forward
9891:
8976:
7136:
7014:
6571:(UDF) in order to coordinate anti-apartheid activism inside South Africa. The first presidents of the UDF were
6377:
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6022:
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4142:
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19771:
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17822:
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17724:
17605:
17563:
17542:
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16979:
16625:
16347:
16016:
12639:
11136:
9253:"Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins"
8755:
8506:
8417:
7159:
6793:
6623:
5751:
5459:
4122:
3399:
pro-republic conservative and the largely English anti-republican liberal sentiments, with the legacy of the
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2140:
1682:
1611:
1316:
913:
471:
348:
333:
308:
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16857:
8544:
killed 29 people and injured 200 when they opened fire on ANC marchers demanding the reincorporation of the
8103:
In 1987, the State of Emergency was extended for another two years. Meanwhile, about 200,000 members of the
7333:. Because of protests from AAMs and African nations, however, the IOC was forced to retract the invitation.
5890:
ancestry. Many were descended from slaves, or indentured workers, who had been brought to South Africa from
3811:
Each black homeland controlled its own education, health and police systems. Blacks were not allowed to buy
1606:
21675:
21410:
20254:
20202:
20172:
20003:
19862:
19832:
19729:
19538:
19518:
19243:
19223:
18969:
18900:
18762:
18752:
18745:
18549:
18086:
18030:
17856:
17738:
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17647:
17339:
17197:
10287:
State, Civil Society and Apartheid in South Africa: An Examination of Dutch Reformed Church-State Relations
9140:
8826:
8799:
8575:
8255:
7773:
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6406:
5008:
4956:
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1659:
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1242:
1110:
613:
228:
19041:
16864:
14668:
Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa: transition, transformation and reconciliation.
13742:
7638:. Although a high-profile compensation claim against these companies was thrown out of court in 2004, the
7031:
As a consequence of this change of status, South Africa needed to reapply for continued membership of the
5921:
Discriminated against by apartheid, Coloureds were as a matter of state policy forced to live in separate
22174:
22149:
21937:
21417:
20099:
20079:
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19505:
19373:
19190:
18777:
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8714:
was established, its cabinet made up of 12 ANC representatives, six from the NP, and three from the IFP.
8264:
8056:
7789:
7565:
7557:
6299:
5662:
5506:
4911:
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3600:, which the government had purchased in 1953. Meadowlands became part of a new planned black city called
3231:
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1814:
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955:
486:
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273:
183:
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15339:
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9119:
South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.
6322:
and other socialist thinkers were banned. Cinemas, shops selling alcohol and most other businesses were
3207:, the government used the act for the mass arrests and banning of leaders of dissent groups such as the
1824:
22144:
21967:
21480:
21338:
21328:
21133:
20341:
20154:
20074:
20054:
19882:
19857:
19842:
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16915:
16871:
16648:
16526:
16425:
9283:
8844:
8730:
8428:
and to suspend the death penalty. Media restrictions were lifted and political prisoners not guilty of
7862:
7564:, pursuant to which the US maintained close relations with the Apartheid South African government. The
6697:
6373:
6334:
5915:
5771:
4516:
4177:
3892:
3672:
3520:
3331:
3224:
2310:
1819:
1021:
188:
67:
16039:
provides resources on the legacy of apartheid and transitional justice in South Africa post-apartheid.
15057:
13357:
United States Relations with South Africa: A Critical Overview from the Colonial Period to the Present
13332:
South Africa, the Colonial Powers and African Defence: The Rise and Fall of the White Entente, 1948–60
6388:
3687:
3181:
greatly inferior to those of whites, and, to a lesser extent, to those of Indian and Coloured people.
1125:
994:
516:
21720:
21669:
21641:
20094:
20059:
20008:
19892:
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17668:
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10759:
10648:
9985:
9719:
Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission
8834:
8822:
8711:
8643:
8412:; he was prevailed upon to resign in February 1989. He was succeeded as president later that year by
8352:
Between 1986 and 1988, some petty apartheid laws were repealed, along with the pass laws. Botha told
8268:
8085:
7977:
7514:
7352:
to enter the country under the status of "honorary Whites". Huge and widespread protests occurred in
7287:
6942:
6635:
6619:
6567:
In 1983, anti-apartheid leaders determined to resist the tricameral parliament assembled to form the
6478:
6310:
Alongside apartheid, the National Party implemented a programme of social conservatism. Pornography,
6270:. They were classified as part of the Coloured racial group. This was the same for South Africans of
6082:
6060:
In terms of mothers and their families, multiple South African children developed diseases caused by
5974:
5959:
5102:
4916:
4805:
4685:
4339:
4307:
3956:
3882:
3239:
3208:
2870:
2835:
2557:
2537:
2526:
2461:
2160:
1261:
1157:
436:
283:
278:
258:
233:
213:
38:
15315:"Mr Adrian Vlok extends gesture of penance to Rev Frank Chikane, Director-General in the Presidency"
14990:
13637:
12292:
11447:
9447:
8505:
winning a number of by-elections against NP candidates. De Klerk responded by calling a Whites-only
6559:
legalised and could engage in collective bargaining, although strikes were still illegal. Economist
6095:
society of South Africa; football was divided into numerous institutions based on race: the (White)
3441:
2039:) from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on
1601:
62:
This article is about apartheid in South Africa. For apartheid as defined in international law, see
21200:
20207:
20197:
20119:
20064:
20044:
19993:
19820:
19806:
19677:
19585:
19500:
18467:
17849:
17105:
16757:
15906:
Suze, Anthony (2010). "The untold story of Robben Island: Sports and the anti-Apartheid movement".
13212:
ALEC's "Institutional Corruption", From Backing Apartheid to Assault on Clean Energy, Public Sector
9692:
8633:
8598:
8413:
7805:
7271:
6662:
6638:(1991), vehemently opposed the Apartheid regime and accordingly bolstered the movement against it.
6311:
5368:
5256:
5097:
4866:
4790:
4613:
4568:
4422:
4302:
4277:
4207:
4137:
4013:
3219:(SACTU). After the release of the Freedom Charter, 156 leaders of these groups were charged in the
3184:
Further laws had the aim of suppressing resistance, especially armed resistance, to apartheid. The
2962:
2666:
2386:
2338:
2334:
2212:
1829:
1809:
1760:
1675:
1556:
891:
623:
243:
11644:
11207:
10505:
10455:
10232:
2627:
2143:
ruling government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. The
446:
21942:
21751:
21549:
20401:
20394:
20164:
20134:
20109:
19998:
19935:
19918:
19734:
19573:
19565:
19368:
19233:
18940:
18860:
18665:
18605:
18583:
18310:
17808:
17479:
17374:
17241:
17091:
16972:
16704:
16487:
16397:
15946:
14811:
9921:
Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development
9006:
8900:
8751:
8579:
8220:
7732:
7574:
7538:
7429:
7421:
7369:
On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was fatally stabbed at Parliament House by parliamentary messenger
7032:
7002:
6783:
6773:
6692:
6366:
6342:(both geared to a Black audience), and TV4 mostly showed programmes for an urban Black audience.
6339:
5922:
5667:
5647:
5501:
5491:
5449:
5065:
4906:
4755:
4750:
4720:
4715:
4658:
4593:
4578:
4511:
4484:
4469:
3843:
3665:
3420:
3383:
3114:
2825:
2240:
2224:
2101:
1664:
1393:
1295:
757:
724:
700:
653:
421:
19139:
15406:"A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid"
12376:
12153:"From second-class citizen to 'Honorary White': changing state views of Chinese in South Africa"
11549:"Forum: Watching the 'race' detectives – The results of South Africa's race classification laws"
10758:"South Africa official yearbook." (1991). South African State Department of Information. p. 18.
9470:
8192:
8084:
areas. Severe censorship of the press became a dominant tactic in the government's strategy and
7903:
another sovereign state. This would inevitably result in major engagements, in which the SADF's
7686:
against Soviet-backed regimes and insurgencies worldwide. By the late-1960s, the rise of Soviet
6512:
When the government overlooked them, the strikers (among the main organisers was a 42-year-old,
4695:
2073:. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day, particularly
21635:
21543:
21404:
21304:
21245:
20182:
20114:
20069:
19955:
19837:
19459:
19378:
19079:
18825:
18728:
18648:
18477:
18418:
18320:
18217:
18160:
17049:
17014:
16216:
15849:
15231:
14317:
12635:
9430:
An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa
9370:
9228:
From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms
8864:
8803:
8491:
7991:
The government punished political offenders brutally. 40,000 people annually were subjected to
7968:
7792:(SADF) had amassed enough sophisticated conventional weaponry to pose a serious threat to the "
7630:
7212:
6249:
6240:
6214:" (a term which would be ambiguously used throughout apartheid) was granted to immigrants from
6187:
6014:
5883:
5766:
5739:
5729:
5187:
5167:
5030:
4901:
4785:
4730:
4700:
4680:
4608:
4588:
4563:
4558:
4553:
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4366:
4292:
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2410:
2362:
2342:
2279:
2058:
1466:
1398:
835:
803:
353:
16036:
15539:
14716:"S. Africa Approves Charter; White-Led Parliament Votes for Constitution Canceling Its Powers"
14560:
14519:
13544:
12864:
9564:
7878:
External South African military operations were aimed at eliminating the training facilities,
7695:
and a regional Western ally, which helped fuel its support for various anti-apartheid causes.
21859:
21454:
21210:
21126:
20472:
20410:
20375:
20370:
20232:
20217:
20212:
20187:
20149:
20049:
19602:
19428:
19361:
19129:
18998:
18880:
18772:
18767:
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18445:
17584:
17514:
17409:
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16501:
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8587:
8518:
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8116:
8111:
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1519:
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1338:
1224:
1105:
1055:
989:
618:
608:
303:
223:
168:
19109:
18991:
15673:
The Struggle For South Africa: A reference guide to movements, organisations and institution
15588:
Naidoo, Josephine C.; Rajab, Devi Moodley (1 September 2005). "The Dynamics of Oppression".
13784:
13778:
11585:
11032:
7589:
forces in Southern Africa, for example, by the military intervention of South Africa in the
2370:, the British Empire cited racial exploitation of blacks as a cause for its war against the
2297:
the new British colonial rulers were required to respect previous legislation enacted under
2167:, were released from prison. Apartheid legislation was repealed on 17 June 1991, leading to
21710:
21532:
21523:
21507:
21235:
21107:
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20714:
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20267:
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19489:
19438:
19433:
19124:
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18345:
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17332:
17218:
16986:
16922:
16655:
16418:
16411:
16363:
16146:
15665:
11679:
10819:"A Better Life for All? Democratization and Electrification in Post-Apartheid South Africa"
8859:
8814:
8663:
8638:
8541:
8353:
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8065:
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7459:
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4573:
4381:
4344:
4072:
3926:
3597:
3455:
3321:
In 1950, D. F. Malan announced the NP's intention to create a Coloured Affairs Department.
3276:
Inter-racial contact in sport was frowned upon, but there were no segregatory sports laws.
3247:
2765:
2707:
2315:
2232:
2050:
1408:
1254:
1237:
1077:
1060:
788:
784:
585:
386:
343:
193:
133:
15318:
13168:
12904:
12832:
12572:
12395:
12373:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958–1969"
10542:
10431:
8741:
The following individuals, who had previously supported apartheid, made public apologies:
8267:
that ultimately realigned oppositional politics in South Africa with the formation of the
8171:
compete with foreign rivals as they failed to master cheap labour and complex chemistry".
7952:
7517:. On 21 February 1986 – a week before he was assassinated –
7497:
6132:
The first fight for a national "White" title was held on 9 April 1955, between Flyweights
3351:
government-supporting judges, upheld the act, and also the Act to remove Coloured voters.
2274:) moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. This was confirmed by the
8:
21981:
21877:
21872:
21864:
21705:
21630:
21437:
21266:
21171:
20415:
20331:
19867:
19408:
19333:
19311:
19306:
19253:
18855:
18610:
18489:
18242:
17787:
17759:
17633:
17151:
17144:
17077:
17042:
16993:
16473:
16280:
15844:
15723:
15083:
14720:
13278:
13012:
12744:
11346:
10958:
9822:
9669:
Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa
8852:
8498:
8443:
8373:
8275:
8181:
7706:. The apartheid government perceived itself as being locked in a proxy struggle with the
7402:
7379:
6482:
6463:
6120:
was considered instrumental in bringing together South African sports fans of all races.
5963:
5871:
5781:
5642:
5261:
5157:
5137:
4926:
4834:
4780:
4760:
4725:
4618:
4405:
4202:
3577:
3317:
Annual per capita personal income by race group in South Africa relative to white levels.
3117:" or "locations", where blacks were relocated to their own towns. As the NP government's
2967:
2936:
2895:
2692:
2275:
1697:
1446:
1194:
1135:
860:
808:
798:
663:
19119:
14412:
Legasick, Martin (1974). "Legislation, Ideology and Economy in Post-1948 South Africa".
13956:
The Namibian War of Independence, 1966–1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns
13300:
11683:
6196:
22104:
21849:
21844:
21620:
21298:
21240:
21220:
20191:
19975:
19647:
19196:
19179:
19174:
19149:
19134:
19066:
19046:
19036:
19006:
18885:
18865:
18524:
18455:
18423:
18390:
18380:
18262:
16480:
15923:
15820:
15696:
15649:
15605:
15503:
15457:
15453:"A Threshold Crossed – Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution"
14890:
14500:
14204:
Detention & torture in South Africa: psychological, legal & historical studies.
13437:
Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons
12959:
12688:
12104:
11918:
11695:
11691:
11403:
An Undivided Landscape: Dissolving Apartheid buffer zones in Johannesburg, South Africa
11333:
On apartheid transport see Pirie, G.H. Travelling under apartheid. In D M Smith (ed.),
11304:
11296:
10849:
9051:
8908:
8830:
8787:
8551:
Right-wing violence also added to the hostilities of this period. The assassination of
8522:
8469:
8357:
8197:
8027:
7972:
7899:
7635:
6737:
6413:
5874:). The Coloured group included people regarded as being of mixed descent, including of
5546:
5541:
5531:
5479:
5469:
5444:
5378:
5336:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5142:
4417:
3816:
3712:
3220:
2614:
2553:
2510:
2457:
2302:
2132:
2024:
1988:
1749:
1403:
965:
908:
903:
898:
793:
762:
732:
693:
128:
79:
63:
15476:
13958:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp. 74–77, 93–95.
12348:
12323:
11149:
10181:
Forty Lost Years : The National Party and the Politics of the South African State
9779:
9777:
9775:
6266:, were allowed religious freedom and formed their own ethnic group/community known as
371:
21914:
21854:
21819:
21700:
21610:
21491:
21431:
21250:
20177:
19642:
19617:
19607:
19403:
19284:
18544:
18509:
18499:
18460:
18400:
18350:
18272:
18257:
18227:
18072:
18058:
17388:
17204:
17028:
16618:
16208:
16138:
16061:
15927:
15895:
15869:
15824:
15653:
15609:
15535:
15127:
14912:
14793:
14772:
14751:
14684:
14605:
14566:
14525:
14451:
14254:
14207:
14186:
14090:
14065:
14040:
14012:
13984:
13959:
13931:
13906:
13881:
13853:
13828:
13788:
13721:
13681:
13510:
13478:
13446:
13410:
13385:
13360:
13335:
13058:
12872:
12836:
12791:
12664:
12353:
12260:
12108:
11922:
11818:
11746:
11699:
11472:
11308:
11228:
11153:
10841:
10691:
10603:
10582:
10372:
10333:
10291:
10204:
9924:
9887:
9789:
9759:
9672:
9586:
9544:
9519:
9476:
9408:
9376:
9341:
9231:
9203:
9071:
8884:
8791:
8605:
8159:
8097:
7909:
7855:
7817:
7793:
7711:
7703:
7598:
7590:
7570:
7433:
7370:
7128:
7025:
6521:
6253:
5813:
5724:
5652:
5637:
5420:
5363:
5162:
5070:
4961:
4881:
4710:
3981:
3335:
3243:
3204:
2561:
2318:. This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for
2220:
2216:
2032:
1561:
1471:
1368:
1343:
1204:
1093:
1072:
574:
288:
16066:
14894:
14402:
L.H, Gann, "Apartheids Genesis 1935–1962", Business Library, (1994) pp. 1–6. (p. 1.)
13825:
Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile
12955:"Margaret Court: astounding champion who found God and lost the respect of a nation"
12128:(Digital ed.). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 42. Archived from
11365:
10853:
9745:
8808:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
6302:
came into effect; however, further immigration from the Middle East was restricted.
3403:
still a factor for some people. Once South Africa became a republic, Prime Minister
22159:
21793:
21501:
21486:
21474:
21333:
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21292:
21287:
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19338:
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18504:
18494:
18413:
18408:
18385:
18375:
17996:
17353:
17063:
16843:
16533:
16288:
16256:
16192:
16001:
15915:
15865:
15812:
15641:
15597:
15527:
15300:
14882:
14492:
14421:
12740:
12601:
12343:
12335:
12096:
11910:
11687:
11422:
11288:
11145:
10833:
10805:
Separate but Unequal – The 'Coloured' People of South Africa – A Political History.
10004:
Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986).
9772:
9751:
9046:
8929:
8896:
8879:
8848:
8840:
8385:
8322:
8007:
7917:
7891:
7887:
7813:
7809:
7639:
7506:
7184:
7172:
7153:
7017:
6998:
6580:
6243: – who were descendants of migrant workers who came to work in the
5776:
5761:
5689:
5610:
5580:
5395:
5231:
4931:
4479:
4474:
4312:
4197:
3416:
3404:
3346:
controlled 77 of these seats. The parliament met in a joint sitting and passed the
3170:
3089:
2820:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2575:
2571:
2514:
2465:
2453:
2390:
1936:
1879:
1476:
1441:
1199:
526:
476:
406:
15645:
13108:
Cold Blooded Killings: Hits, Assassinations, and Near Misses That Shook the World.
12619:
The dynamics of Japan's relations with Africa: South Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria.
8235:. South African troops withdrew from Angola early in 1976, failing to prevent the
8130:
The state of emergency continued until 1990 when it was lifted by State President
7728:
7513:
in particular – provided both moral and financial support for the
2248:
1162:
21924:
21730:
21695:
21615:
21469:
21379:
21358:
21225:
21215:
19657:
19443:
19215:
19104:
18930:
18895:
18787:
18620:
18539:
18514:
18482:
18472:
18440:
18435:
18330:
18287:
18277:
18267:
18232:
18212:
18197:
17311:
17225:
17119:
16787:
16711:
16632:
16356:
16240:
16232:
16224:
16200:
16020:
15997:
15836:
15789:
15346:
15295:
15269:
13218:
12936:
12825:
12787:
Apartheid South Africa and African States: From Pariah to Middle Power, 1962–1994
12684:
12579:
12506:
12441:
12421:
12188:
11740:
11401:
11372:
11353:
11202:
11113:
10766:
10549:
10512:
10462:
10438:
10366:
10327:
10112:
10032:
10012:
9992:
9314:
9001:
8957:
8710:. On 10 May 1994, Mandela was sworn in as the new President of South Africa. The
8686:
8341:
8209:
7929:
7921:
7769:
7761:
s article was based on "selective interpretation ... and not on concrete facts."
7629:
The UK's significant economic involvement in South Africa may have provided some
7561:
6631:
6543:
6539:, was taken into custody on 18 August 1977 and was beaten to death in detention.
6191:
6054:
5791:
5699:
5595:
5536:
5388:
5373:
5353:
5318:
5025:
4936:
4871:
4653:
4603:
4376:
4222:
3633:
3553:
3400:
3138:
2780:
2422:
2367:
2354:
2298:
2228:
2054:
1775:
1506:
1436:
1333:
1100:
853:
643:
633:
143:
14955:
14886:
13154:
Joseba Zulaika and William Douglass, "Terror and Taboo" (Routledge, 1996), p. 12
12087:
Naidoo, Josephine C.; Rajab, Devi Moodley (2005). "The Dynamics of Oppression".
8564:
7349:
740:
21909:
21761:
21725:
21680:
21602:
21581:
21363:
21348:
21282:
21195:
20353:
19652:
19495:
19413:
19388:
19383:
19296:
18907:
18561:
18430:
18065:
17780:
17654:
17297:
17211:
16894:
16836:
16829:
16822:
16540:
16466:
16312:
16272:
15601:
13223:
12598:
Remarks at memorial ceremony for Nelson Mandela, Johannesburg, 10 December 2013
12100:
11914:
11670:
Lemon, Anthony (2009). "Overcoming the Apartheid Legacy in Cape Town Schools".
9036:
8745:
8678:
8620:
the bloodshed shown on national television and in newspapers across the world.
8568:
8537:
8260:
8131:
8060:
7867:
7785:
7692:
7669:
7594:
7582:
7398:
7247:
7220:
7083:
In April 1960, the UN's conservative stance on apartheid changed following the
7076:
7067:
6596:
6517:
6319:
6211:
6065:
6036:
Indians, one for Afrikaans and one dual-language medium Afrikaans and English.
6006:
5990:
5786:
5744:
5714:
5704:
5622:
5615:
5600:
5590:
5410:
5346:
5288:
5283:
5268:
5045:
5040:
5035:
4921:
4856:
4354:
4327:
4167:
3851:
3756:
3568:(which was declared a "Coloured Labour Preference Area") who were moved to the
3507:
3412:
3251:
3162:
3110:
3106:
2610:
2598:
capitalist, the party also failed to appeal to its working class constituents.
2549:
2430:
2394:
2371:
2333:, which previously had a liberal and multi-racial constitution and a system of
2290:
2164:
2120:
2097:
1496:
1459:
1028:
918:
506:
496:
466:
451:
431:
426:
416:
391:
16052:
Collection of primary source historical materials about apartheid South Africa
15970:
15919:
15226:
15161:
14425:
13507:
Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique
12518:
12339:
12230:
JCW Van Rooyen, Censorship in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1987), 5.
11426:
11335:
The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa.
11292:
8810:, which came into force in 1976, enshrined into law the "crime of apartheid."
7108:. In 1977, the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of
7104:
with South Africa. The Security Council also condemned the Soweto massacre in
3362:. Even this limited representation did not last, being ended from 1970 by the
2385:
denied Black people the vote and limited them to fixed areas, and in 1906 the
2201:
2197:
22063:
21832:
21803:
21798:
21788:
20363:
20292:
20287:
19478:
19398:
19274:
19159:
19016:
18723:
18370:
18335:
18247:
18207:
17982:
17696:
16801:
16780:
16750:
16743:
16452:
15030:
13238:
11418:
11157:
10845:
10493:
Making race: the politics and economics of Coloured identity in South Africa.
9345:
9016:
8781:
8768:
8707:
8702:, and the ANC won in seven of the nine provinces, with the NP winning in the
8612:
8571:
8480:
8425:
8318:
8251:
8167:
8073:
8043:
7871:
7467:
7446:
7204:
7101:
6994:
South Africa's policies were subject to international scrutiny in 1960, when
6615:
6572:
6560:
6092:
6032:
Each black homeland controlled its own education, health and police systems.
6021:
students. Coloureds and Indians were to have their own establishments in the
5875:
5798:
5405:
5341:
5326:
5182:
5147:
5127:
4998:
4941:
4876:
4244:
4147:
3322:
3197:
3166:
2672:
2602:
2346:
2263:
2084:, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and
2061:
such that white citizens had the highest status, with them being followed by
1785:
1780:
1209:
1187:
1033:
960:
658:
531:
481:
153:
138:
15360:"International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of
15110:"Breaking: It's now 'illegal' to display the apartheid flag in South Africa"
14225:"Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961–1989"
7180:. This manifesto was later taken on by both the OAU and the United Nations.
7176:, which was signed on 13 April by all of the countries in attendance except
7091:
for the first time agreed on concerted action against the apartheid regime.
22053:
22041:
22029:
22017:
22005:
21993:
21894:
21808:
21685:
21665:
21595:
21149:
20468:
20302:
20297:
20282:
20277:
19637:
19561:
18890:
18735:
17640:
17249:
17070:
17021:
16184:
16098:
16030:
15274:
12357:
11467:(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. pp.
8818:
8774:
8761:
8703:
8560:
8333:
8051:
8031:
8003:
7992:
7776:
7751:
7745:
7687:
7673:
7665:
7545:, Palme declared: "Apartheid cannot be reformed; it has to be eliminated."
7542:
7390:
7374:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6576:
6291:
6061:
5986:
5632:
5511:
5331:
5298:
5278:
5202:
5192:
5172:
5152:
4775:
4668:
4663:
4386:
4361:
4212:
4152:
4117:
4087:
3617:
3581:
2522:
2505:
2350:
2319:
2236:
2128:
2028:
1501:
1381:
559:
521:
511:
501:
401:
14909:
State security in South Africa: civil-military relations under P.W. Botha.
14638:"South African envoy: Mandela begged Nigeria for money to fight apartheid"
14311:"Volume Five – Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report"
12489:. Second Edition, NY: Basic Books. Ch. 7: The Economics of Discrimination.
10652:
10602:. Centre de recherches pour le développement international. Archived from
9755:
8356:
to "adapt or die" and twice he wavered on the eve of what were billed as "
7702:
besieged militarily, politically, and culturally by Communism and radical
7070:, address to the United Nations as South African President, 3 October 1994
2533:
began demanding political rights, land reform, and the right to unionise.
876:
21919:
21781:
21690:
21190:
20358:
20307:
20272:
19988:
19632:
19612:
19154:
18815:
18782:
18360:
18340:
17233:
16176:
15990:
15531:
15410:
14089:. Solihull: Helion & Company, Publishers. pp. 203–205, 304–305.
12605:
11717:
11616:
9031:
8904:
8715:
8313:
Concerned over the popularity of Mandela, Botha denounced him as an arch-
8239:
from gaining power there, and Black students in South Africa celebrated.
8089:
8047:
7707:
7682:
7549:
7386:
7259:
7144:, he called for economic sanctions against the South African government.
7132:
6921:
6798:
6611:
6494:
6267:
6244:
6219:
6018:
5526:
5486:
5454:
5313:
5273:
5107:
5020:
4971:
4946:
4846:
4521:
4234:
4217:
4172:
4092:
3812:
3760:
3548:
Man subject to forced removal in Mogopa, Western Transvaal, February 1984
3307:
3302:
3147:
3134:, separating their families when members were allocated different races.
2609:. Barring the predominantly English-speaking landowner electorate of the
2541:
2518:
2496:
2330:
1798:
1431:
1348:
1182:
461:
456:
441:
376:
21322:
19530:
18992:
Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
14769:
South Africa: constitutional development, a multi-disciplinary approach.
9583:
The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960
9565:"SAPA – 27 May 97 – HRC SUBMITS APARTHEID REPRESSION BOOK TO TRUTH BODY"
8951:
8698:. As well as deciding the national government, the election decided the
6481:(ANC) took control of the organisation and started advocating a radical
6252:, increased to about 10,000, were given the same official rights as the
6162:
The last "non White" title bout took place on 18 December 1978, between
3544:
3161:
of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the
21882:
21766:
21647:
21575:
20336:
20324:
19464:
19321:
19316:
19301:
18711:
18365:
18355:
18292:
17815:
17346:
16459:
16404:
16264:
16248:
15692:"South Africa's Communists Were Crucial to the Fight Against Apartheid"
15005:"Turning Points in History Book 6: Negotiation, Transition and Freedom"
14504:
14393:", The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)
14386:
13747:
12549:"From the Archive: Sanctions agreed against apartheid-era South Africa"
11840:
For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa
10890:
8966:
8943:
8658:
8552:
8429:
8224:
8069:
8020:
7964:
7879:
7843:
7796:", a regional alliance of neighbouring countries opposed to apartheid.
7780:
7699:
7578:
7522:
7463:
7357:
7345:
6627:
6536:
6380: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6271:
5914:
should be categorised either Coloured or Black. The tests included the
5899:
5887:
5808:
5803:
5684:
5679:
5575:
5551:
5400:
5293:
5251:
5207:
5015:
5003:
4976:
4966:
4886:
4261:
4256:
4227:
4162:
4003:
3679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3629:
3609:
3604:. Sophiatown was destroyed by bulldozers, and a new white suburb named
3592:
3495:
3471:
3358:
Separate representatives for coloured voters were first elected in the
2545:
2259:
2196:
word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart", literally "
1802:
1004:
779:
569:
536:
411:
396:
381:
238:
15317:. South African Government Information. 28 August 2006. Archived from
15086:. South African Department of Justice and Constitutional Development.
14389:, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race
13123:
The Birth and Death of a Tar Baby: Henry Kissinger and Southern Africa
11300:
11276:
11123:
from the original on 18 December 2019 – via kora.matrix.msu.edu.
8843:
is segregation on the basis of class or economic status. For example,
8497:
Reforms and negotiations to end apartheid led to a backlash among the
7967:, became increasingly preoccupied with security. It set up a powerful
7250:
made his first and most successful official stopover in South Africa.
6458:
3101:
language groups; the black populace was divided into ten such groups.
21839:
21756:
21230:
20348:
19289:
18875:
18810:
17267:
17258:
17189:
16595:
16561:
15778:
15676:
12469:
12035:
12009:
11842:. International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa. p. 48.
10553:
10516:
10466:
10442:
9446:. African Studies Center of Michigan State University. Archived from
9428:
Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999).
8556:
8530:
8337:
8326:
7534:
7394:
7263:
7232:
7006:
6315:
6275:
6070:
5970:
and English on an equal basis in high schools outside the homelands.
5967:
5895:
5865:
5709:
5657:
5358:
4951:
4037:
3792:
3621:
3436:
3424:
3396:
3235:
3193:
3131:
3098:
2441:
2418:
2267:
2193:
2111:
2066:
1566:
1219:
1009:
940:
935:
869:
813:
590:
554:
491:
22036:
15184:
14496:
13852:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245.
10817:
Kroth, Verena; Larcinese, Valentino; Wehner, Joachim (19 May 2016).
8937:
7822:
7710:
and by implication, armed wings of black nationalist forces such as
7131:
was an outspoken opponent of apartheid. In 1985, while visiting the
6355:
3654:
3366:. Instead, all coloured adults were given the right to vote for the
21538:
20319:
19627:
19449:
18845:
18044:
17535:
17180:
16304:
16161:
15816:
14272:
Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents, Volume 20.
13576:"Revealed: how Israel offered to sell South Africa nuclear weapons"
13359:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. pp. 143–146.
12905:"The 1981 Springbok rugby tour – A country divided"
11991:
11815:
Oppression and Resistance: The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa
10837:
8624:
8369:
8039:
8000:
7941:
7851:
7847:
7236:
7141:
7075:
The apartheid system as an issue was first formally brought to the
6327:
6323:
5998:
5943:
5674:
5496:
5415:
5060:
4986:
4891:
4851:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4107:
4102:
4047:
3569:
3503:
3476:
3260:
2634:
2606:
2591:
2402:
2253:
2041:
1794:
22024:
13928:
The New Insurgencies: Anti-Communist Guerrillas in the Third World
6152:. it was won by the champion by a fifth-round technical knockout.
6064:
and sanitation problems given the oppressive public policies, and
2540:(or simply the National Party) to convince a large segment of the
2100:
of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to
21776:
20314:
19423:
19393:
18805:
16445:
15248:
14157:
Brick by brick: an informal guide to the history of South Africa.
14087:
Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978–1988
12772:
Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid.
8526:
8451:
8447:
8381:
8314:
8077:
7925:
7656:
7586:
7526:
7479:
7417:
7255:
7228:
7227:
in 1964. In 1966, he met the heads of the neighbouring states of
7216:
7013:, resulting in more international condemnation. Soon afterwards,
6542:
In 1976, secondary students in Soweto took to the streets in the
6295:
6263:
5994:
5879:
4112:
4008:
3988:
3961:
3936:
3859:
3499:
2552:, lost domestic support when South Africa was criticised for its
2492:
2139:
became increasingly militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the
2036:
1770:
1306:
1083:
95:
13983:. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press. pp. 659–661.
13509:. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 37–49.
10688:
Precedent & Possibility: The (Ab)use of Law in South Africa.
10329:
Performing South Africa's Truth Commission: Stages of Transition
22048:
21771:
21118:
19418:
18183:
17172:
16328:
16107:
15371:
15084:"New cut-off date opens amnesty doors for pre-election bombers"
15078:
13607:"The memos and minutes that confirm Israel's nuclear stockpile"
13236:
10734:
Apartheid's festival: contesting South Africa's national pasts.
9814:
8923:
8903:, a term used to describe the denial of modern technologies to
8725:
The anniversary of the elections, 27 April, is celebrated as a
8545:
8409:
8308:
8228:
8163:
7937:
7839:
7835:
7740:
7548:
Other Western countries adopted a more ambivalent position. In
7518:
7510:
7242:
7224:
7177:
7167:
7163:
6513:
6287:
6223:
6145:
6002:
5982:
5112:
4097:
3993:
3971:
3966:
3916:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3585:
3573:
3515:
3487:
3445:
Map of the 20 bantustans in South Africa and South West Africa.
3242:
established a separate education system for blacks emphasizing
2301:, and this led to a separation of the law in South Africa from
580:
13878:
Rethinking African Politics: A History of Opposition in Zambia
11025:
10406:"How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid?"
9427:
9334:"All Is Not Forgiven: South Africa and the Scars of Apartheid"
8490:(CODESA) began negotiations on the formation of a multiracial
3526:
2353:
limited the amount of land Africans could hold. Similarly, in
21588:
18820:
16320:
15880:. Jonathan Ball Publishers. Johannesburg and Cape Town, 2012.
15521:
15477:"Israel committing crimes of apartheid and persecution – HRW"
15431:"B'Tselem labels Israel an 'apartheid regime' for first time"
14483:
Giliomee, Hermann (1995). "Democratization in South Africa".
12293:"WINDS – South Africa Apartheid Defined by Amercian [
9518:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, Publishers. pp. 197–199.
9198:
Bartusis, Mark (2012). Gomez, Edmund; Premdas, Ralph (eds.).
8401:
8365:
8213:
7984:
7326:
7267:
7036:
6550:
6215:
5903:
5891:
5122:
3921:
3511:
2460:
would eventually lead to racial assimilation, the Opposition
2152:, but these measures failed to appease most activist groups.
1834:
774:
15833:
In the name of apartheid: South Africa in the postwar period
11366:
Dictionary of South African English on historical principles
10213:
10139:
9900:
9402:
8771:
in an act of apology for the wrongs of the Apartheid regime.
7830:
Total Strategy was advanced in the context of MK, PLAN, and
7501:
London bus in 1989 carrying the "Boycott Apartheid" message.
7336:
6622:. Extra-parliamentary resistance was largely centred in the
5933:
established in 1902 had an exclusively Coloured membership.
2270:
beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi (designated as
2243:, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters.
1948:
1891:
13827:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 184–187.
13673:
13441:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp.
13275:"Compensation case against South African miners thrown out"
10321:
10319:
8631:
was lowered, and the old (now co-official) national anthem
8236:
7779:
signed a security pact with South African defence minister
6641:
6103:
5756:
5585:
3767:
The NP passed a string of legislation that became known as
2361:
of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote. In 1896 the
1963:
1939:
1906:
1882:
15499:"Israel: Discriminatory Land Policies Hem in Palestinians"
15124:
The politics of the new South Africa: apartheid and after.
14011:(2006 ed.). Just Done Productions. pp. 132–226.
10745:
Wilson, Monica Hunter; Thompson, Leonard Monteath (1969).
9175:. Cape Girardeau: Southeast Missourian. Associated Press.
8782:
International legal, political and social uses of the term
8637:("The Call") was sung, followed by the raising of the new
8611:
Violence persisted right up to the 1994 general election.
8446:
to end its long-standing involvement in South West Africa/
8119:. Between 1960 and 1994, according to statistics from the
3482:
2150:
Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament
18152:
15739:"End of Apartheid in South Africa? Not in Economic Terms"
13930:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Books. pp. 131–141.
13850:
A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990
12759:
Introduction to African politics: a continental approach.
12389:
11055:
10559:
10480:
Africa: the people and politics of an emerging continent.
10050:
9950:
9837:
9802:
9783:
7971:
to "protect" the state against an anticipated upsurge in
7475:
7449:
called for a similar affirmation for films. In 1965, the
2513:
and popular freedoms enshrined in such statements as the
2326:
racial inequality between white people and black people.
2057:
system, there was social stratification and campaigns of
16037:
The International Centre for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)
15160:. Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). Archived from
15145:
People's War: New Light on the Struggle for South Africa
14790:
Injustice, violence and peace: the case of South Africa.
12202:"Albinos in the Laager – Being Lebanese in South Africa"
11637:
11356:, Department of Health, 2004. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
11347:
Health Sector Strategic Framework 1999–2004 – Background
10673:
Van der Ross, R. E.; Marais, Johannes Stephanus (1986).
10316:
7731:. Considerable effort was devoted towards circumventing
6489:
In 1959, a group of disenchanted ANC members formed the
3291:
2102:
marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines
15782:
14168:
Fox, William; Fourie, Marius; Van Wyk, Belinda (1998).
13545:"Brothers in Arms – Israel's secret pact with Pretoria"
13334:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Books. pp. 1–16, 163–164.
10921:
The making of a nation: South Africa's road to freedom.
10908:
Natalians first: separatism in South Africa, 1909–1961.
9472:
Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences
9375:. New York: Chelsea House, Publishers. pp. 34–35.
8604:
In 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the
7936:
activists and others suspected of having ties to MK in
7556:
lobbied on behalf of the South African government. The
7455:
7340:
Protests against the 1981 Springbok tour of New Zealand
3584:, when 60,000 people were moved to the new township of
3250:
under the Ministry of Native Affairs and defunded most
2536:
Whites reacted negatively to the changes, allowing the
2349:
of 1894 instigated by the government of Prime Minister
2155:
Between 1987 and 1993, the National Party entered into
15885:
Defiant Images: Photography and Apartheid South Africa
13905:. Montgomery: Air University Press. pp. 223–239.
13529:
Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015).
13095:
Sweden vs apartheid: putting morality ahead of profit.
11888:
Apartheid on the Run: The South African Sports Boycott
11134:
Western, J. (June 2002). "A divided city: Cape Town".
11063:"Afrikaner domination died with Verwoerd 50 years ago"
10432:
African History: Apartheid Legislation in South Africa
10251:
10071:"Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948"
10006:
South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc 1159–250
9102:
multiracial elections held under a universal franchise
8435:
On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from
7505:
While international opposition to apartheid grew, the
6140:
and challenger Mervin Smit on 5 February 1979, at the
3498:, was set aside for a sub-group of Coloureds known as
2433:
and allowed them to elect three whites to Parliament.
2293:
captured and annexed the Dutch Cape Colony. Under the
21965:
16096:
14142:
Purkitt, Helen E.; Burgess, Stephen Franklin (2005).
13384:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 129–131.
9734:. Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid.
9585:. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–210.
9475:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–235.
8574:
refugee who had close links to the White nationalist
8525:
of 17 June 1992, when 200 IFP militants attacked the
8030:
in 36 magisterial districts. Areas affected were the
7668:
threat to the strategic Cape trade route between the
6462:
Demonstrators at the funeral for victims of the 1985
3364:
Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968
1975:
1918:
15892:
Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood
15856:
Merrett, Christopher (2005). "Sport and Apartheid".
15349:. Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
13880:. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 209–217.
13783:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp.
12206:
Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News
11870:
Laduma! Soccer, Politics and Society in South Africa
10995:
10816:
10807:
Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg. pp. 134–139.
9945:
Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.
9067:
Racism against Native Americans in the United States
8919:
7772:
in South Africa were raised exponentially. In 1975,
7735:, and the government even went so far as to develop
6057:, but wages were extremely low, if existent at all.
3454:
economically unproductive areas of the country. The
2517:. Black political organisations and leaders such as
2499:, the first apartheid-era prime minister (1948–1954)
1966:
1951:
1945:
1909:
1894:
1888:
14064:. Solihull: Helio & Co. Ltd. pp. 110–111.
13715:
13677:
War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa
12383:
11172:"From the Western Areas to Soweto: forced removals"
9786:
Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents
9750:(3 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 11–12.
9671:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8.
8540:on 7 September 1992 brought matters to a head. The
8219:In 1974, resistance to apartheid was encouraged by
7826:
South African paratroops on a raid in Angola, 1980s
7458:in South Africa in 1975, the British Actors Union,
7270:(now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the
3558:
Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991
3470:The vision of a South Africa divided into multiple
1957:
1942:
1900:
1885:
15936:A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002
15340:Volume Five Chapter Six – Findings and Conclusions
15058:"Dawn of liberation – 1994 South African election"
14819:
14039:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 55–59.
13531:The Bomb: South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme
13434:
12824:
12592:
12590:
12588:
11580:
11578:
10895:The race game: sport and politics in South Africa.
10259:"The 1948 election and the National Party Victory"
9943:{better source needed} Nojeim, Michael J. (2004).
9638:"Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison"
9516:International Terrorism and the Contemporary World
9315:"Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy"
8821:rights advocates and by leading Israeli and other
7980:), who managed the various States of Emergencies.
6985:Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid
3490:, one of the four nominally independent homelands.
3019:Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act
18871:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
15887:, University of South Africa (UNISA) Press, 2009.
15774:London Recruits: The Secret War Against Apartheid
15176:
15150:
14037:Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa
13776:
13720:. Stellenbosch: Sun Media Press. pp. 70–81.
13718:Reflections on War: Preparedness and Consequences
13475:Total Onslaught: Apartheid's Dirty Tricks Exposed
12865:"The ANC's Diplomacy and International Relations"
12632:"Summary of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act"
11540:
9857:Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African.
8629:previous "orange white blue" flag adopted in 1928
7466:grew popular in the 1980s, the Australian arm of
7147:
6233:and were subject to numerous racialist policies.
5720:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3146:of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black
22061:
15552:
15185:"Spotlight Three: South Africa's 1994 Elections"
14009:Borderstrike! South Africa Into Angola 1975–1980
14002:
14000:
13981:The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980
13638:"Israel Denies It Offered South Africa Warheads"
13404:
12869:The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980
11872:. University of KwaZula-Natal Press. p. 59.
11813:Lapchick, Richard E.; Urdang, Stephanie (1982).
11512:
11510:
9635:
7676:. The apartheid government supported the US-led
7428:. Nigeria also led the 32-nation boycott of the
2080:Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into
16886:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
14558:
14517:
14340:
14338:
13903:Responding to Low-Intensity Conflict Challenges
13777:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
13711:
13709:
12585:
12256:Carlos Cardoso: Telling the Truth in Mozambique
11621:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.
11575:
11406:(Master Thesis thesis). University of Waterloo.
11277:"The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa"
10045:Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy.
9607:"De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa"
9436:
9407:. New York: Routledge Books. pp. 103–105.
9202:. New York: Routledge Books. pp. 126–132.
8391:
7861:The apartheid government made judicious use of
6497:, where 69 people were killed by police in the
6048:Black women demonstrate against pass laws, 1956
5364:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
3588:(an abbreviation for South Western Townships).
3167:sexual relations between whites and other races
2943:Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act
2574:and was presented to the National Party by the
2405:, which continued the legislative program: the
15428:
15289:South Africa apartheid party votes to dissolve
14997:
14370:
14368:
14084:
13772:
13770:
13743:"The Banquo's Ghost of Israeli Foreign Policy"
13468:
13466:
13464:
13462:
12731:Hall, Richard (1970). "The Lusaka Manifesto".
12661:Pope Attacks Apartheid in Speech at U.N. Court
11960:
11958:
11812:
11033:"Remembering Verwoerd – OPINION | Politicsweb"
10968:
10934:In no uncertain terms: a South African memoir.
10779:Five hundred years: a history of South Africa.
10175:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10114:Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa
9230:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52.
8806:. Even before the creation of the ICC, the UN
8514:power to change decisions made by parliament.
8274:In 1978, the National Party Defence Minister,
7799:
7651:
7585:South African government as a bastion against
7378:went against his policy by refusing to permit
7009:. Weeks later, tensions came to a head in the
6069:in urban centres while most women were merely
4840:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
21134:
20442:
19546:
18977:
18168:
16082:
14382:
14380:
13997:
13919:
13680:. New Africa Books. pp. 36–37, 283–289.
13113:
12447:
12324:"Treatment of homosexuality during apartheid"
11742:Gender and Law: Women's Rights in Agriculture
11714:"Women's Charter, 17 April 1954 Johannesburg"
11507:
11214:
10747:The Oxford history of South Africa, Volume 2.
9494:
9492:
9405:The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity
8641:and singing of the other co-official anthem,
8464:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
8144:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
7531:Swedish People's Parliament Against Apartheid
6964:
5845:
3773:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949
3636:of 1950. Nearly 600,000 Coloured, Indian and
3137:The second pillar of grand apartheid was the
3060:
2135:on South Africa. During the 1970s and 1980s,
1854:
1716:
1262:
701:
19329:Residential segregation in the United States
15711:Eiselen, W. W. N. The Meaning of Apartheid,
15671:Davies, Rob, Dan O'Meara and Sipho Dlamini.
14809:"Cops fight crowds at S. Africa elections."
14335:
14283:McKendrick, Brian; Hoffmann, Wilman (1990).
14251:Apartheid, imperialism, and African freedom.
14030:
14028:
13822:
13706:
13407:The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia
12487:Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One
12287:
12285:
11890:. Indiana University Press. pp. 75, 77.
11881:
11879:
9747:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
9576:
9574:
9398:
9396:
9394:
9392:
8666:adopted in 1994 to mark the end of Apartheid
8309:Reforms and contact with the ANC under Botha
7035:, with which it had privileged trade links.
3628:were forced to move to new townships on the
2429:removed previous black voters from the Cape
2235:, and imported Black slaves from across the
2219:in 1652, which eventually expanded into the
15587:
14365:
14144:South Africa's weapons of mass destruction.
13871:
13869:
13767:
13459:
12252:
12115:
12086:
12062:"In South Africa, Chinese is the New Black"
11955:
11274:
11101:Pitterman, Shelly (January–February 1978).
10631:
10619:
10565:
10277:
10219:
10195:
10193:
10164:
10145:
10056:
9956:
9906:
9881:
9843:
9808:
9743:
9730:Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger.
9543:. Denver: Outskirts Press. pp. 65–66.
9364:
9362:
9166:
9164:
9162:
8376:and talking about everyone being brothers.
8137:
5056:List of people killed for being transgender
3644:
3527:International recognition of the Bantustans
3288:for women were met with fierce resistance.
3042:the existing legislation named was amended.
2922:Coloured Persons Representative Council Act
2046:
2008:
23:
21141:
21127:
20449:
20435:
19553:
19539:
18984:
18970:
18175:
18161:
16089:
16075:
15524:Social Science Research Network (EJournal)
14872:
14377:
14296:Blond, Rebecca; Fitzpatrick, Mary (2004).
13972:
13740:
13716:Potgieter, Thean; Liebenberg, Ian (2012).
13500:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13477:. Cape Town: Zebra Press. pp. 93–95.
13428:
13426:
11190:
10283:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
9995:. Rhodes University. knowledge4africa.com.
9489:
9200:Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict
9173:"South Africa ends racial classifications"
8174:
8088:were banned from entering such areas. The
7959:operatives in northern KwaZulu-Natal, 1993
7680:(NATO), as well as its policy of regional
6971:
6957:
6177:
6009:speakers were placed at the newly founded
5852:
5838:
3834:
3067:
3053:
2831:Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act
2374:. However, the peace negotiations for the
2215:'s establishment of a trading post in the
1861:
1847:
1723:
1709:
1269:
1255:
708:
694:
24:
19560:
18841:Interminority racism in the United States
14562:Oil and Nationalism in Nigeria, 1970–1980
14521:Oil and Nationalism in Nigeria, 1970–1980
14053:
14025:
14006:
13847:
13472:
13409:. London: Zed Books Ltd. pp. 14–23.
13373:
13323:
13277:. Minesandcommunities.org. Archived from
12347:
12282:
11876:
11837:
11546:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11340:
11100:
10686:Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009).
10456:Population Registration Act No 30 of 1950
9923:. New York: iUniverse, Inc. p. 267.
9868:Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000).
9571:
9501:Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945
9389:
8863:to war conditions, is sometimes known as
7646:
7198:
6440:Learn how and when to remove this message
3739:Learn how and when to remove this message
2993:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
2948:Prohibition of Political Interference Act
2906:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
2092:by race. The first apartheid law was the
59:South African system of racial separation
16959:Reconstruction and Development Programme
16044:"Struggles for Freedom: Southern Africa"
15973:1971 United Nations Report on Apartheid.
15137:
14825:
14597:
14482:
14443:
14411:
14183:South Africa: apartheid and divestiture.
14108:
14106:
13949:
13947:
13866:
13818:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13810:
13808:
13806:
13804:
13635:
13405:Herbstein, Denis; Evenson, John (1989).
13379:
13329:
12757:Rubin, Leslie; Weinstein, Brian (1977).
12706:Isolated states: a comparative analysis.
12700:
12698:
12678:Pope's South Africa Visit Honours 2 Vows
12453:
12392:"Armed Struggle and Umkhonto / Morogoro"
11900:
11399:
11359:
11220:
10332:. Indiana University Press. p. 31.
10190:
9967:
9965:
9882:Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000).
9870:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5.
9666:
9660:
9368:
9359:
9197:
9159:
8690:the way the final result was achieved."
8657:
8488:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
8395:
8289:
8191:
8072:, thousands were arrested and many were
7963:During the 1980s the government, led by
7951:
7821:
7739:, allegedly with covert assistance from
7655:
7496:
7493:International sanctions during apartheid
7335:
6642:International relations during apartheid
6549:
6457:
6195:
6076:
6043:
6039:
4128:Social determinants of health in poverty
3750:
3543:
3481:
3440:
3390:
3312:
3301:
3084:
2491:
2322:that was little different from slavery.
2287:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
2094:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949
32:This is an accepted version of this page
16555:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
15855:
15802:
15736:
15689:
15631:
15210:De Klerk apologises again for apartheid
15055:
14980:
14059:
13823:Sechaba, Tsepo; Ellis, Stephen (1992).
13669:
13667:
13665:
13663:
13604:
13573:
13542:
13491:
13423:
13398:
13165:"Oliver Tambo interviewed by The Times"
13119:
12952:
12783:
12435:16 June 1976 Student Uprising in Soweto
12064:. China Realtime Report. 19 June 2008.
11608:
11133:
11003:"Verwoerd and his policies appalled me"
10532:. University of California Press. p. 6.
10290:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 83–.
10093:
9986:Chapter 9 The Natives (Urban Areas) Act
9432:. Juta and Company Limited. p. 18.
9331:
9250:
9221:
9219:
9141:"Repeal of Population Registration Act"
9078:
9027:Music in the movement against apartheid
8208:In the 1960s, South Africa experienced
8153:
7768:From the late 1970s to the late 1980s,
7135:, he gave an impassioned speech at the
3368:Coloured Persons Representative Council
3284:requirements, as attempts to introduce
2866:Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act
2208:). Its first recorded use was in 1929.
2088:, which strictly separated housing and
649:Music in the movement against apartheid
14:
22095:1994 disestablishments in South Africa
22062:
18913:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
17036:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
16033:Museum, which examines forced removals
15991:Understanding Apartheid Learner's Book
15976:
15797:The Rise, Fall and Legacy of Apartheid
14748:Race, class & the apartheid state.
14713:
14439:
14437:
14435:
14298:South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland.
13978:
13894:
13875:
13841:
13504:
13432:
13348:
13063:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
12919:from the original on 20 December 2008.
12862:
12831:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
12321:
12199:
11857:. New York: Africa Fund. pp. 2–3.
11852:
11738:
11614:
11485:
11337:Routledge, London (1992), pp. 172–181.
11259:
11085:
10863:from the original on 22 September 2017
10364:
10047:Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57.
9744:Clark, Nancy; Worger, William (2016).
9693:"Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid'"
9580:
9538:
9513:
9507:
9312:
9191:
8439:after more than 27 years behind bars.
8187:
8094:South African Broadcasting Corporation
6822:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
6804:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
6345:
6123:
3641:the Odendaal Commission of 1962–1964.
3256:Promotion of Black Self-Government Act
3217:South African Congress of Trade Unions
3125:The first grand apartheid law was the
2901:Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act
2886:Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act
2738:Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act
22140:Political terminology in South Africa
21122:
20430:
19534:
18965:
18156:
16070:
15737:Goodman, Peter S. (24 October 2017).
15565:from the original on 11 February 2021
15263:Apartheid party bows out with apology
15239:from the original on 13 November 2021
14956:"Chronology of Namibian Independence"
14828:"Pass laws in South Africa 1800–1994"
14604:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
14124:from the original on 22 November 2017
14103:
14085:Steyn, Douw; Söderlund, Arné (2015).
14078:
13944:
13900:
13801:
13354:
12885:from the original on 10 November 2015
12695:
12253:Fauvet, Paul; Mosse, Marcelo (2003).
11885:
11867:
11831:
11777:
11759:from the original on 13 February 2016
11669:
11651:from the original on 25 February 2007
11518:"Apartheid Legislation 1850s – 1970s"
11460:
11416:
11281:The Journal of Modern African Studies
10615:
10613:
10543:Apartheid Legislation in South Africa
10412:from the original on 16 February 2021
10403:
10081:from the original on 23 February 2015
10068:
9962:
9617:from the original on 15 February 2009
9498:
9468:
9462:
9444:"South Africa – Overcoming Apartheid"
9332:Msimang, Sisonke (12 December 2017).
9294:from the original on 19 November 2018
9281:
9225:
8454:became independent on 21 March 1990.
8254:in 1974, enshrined the principles of
8013:
7721:
7603:American Legislative Exchange Council
7300:International Table Tennis Federation
7277:
6634:the eminent author and winner of the
3808:or organisations along racial lines.
3755:Workers at a pineapple stall between
3374:in which coloured voters elected the
3348:Separate Representation of Voters Act
3292:Disenfranchisement of Coloured voters
3178:Reservation of Separate Amenities Act
3040:No new legislation introduced, rather
2881:Extension of University Education Act
2841:Reservation of Separate Amenities Act
2796:Separate Representation of Voters Act
2617:, proved equally devastating. As the
2590:against the mounting tensions of the
2231:, replaced them with farms worked by
1987:
21948:
20263:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
19513:
18936:
15979:"Life in Apartheid-Era South Africa"
15905:
15803:Makdisi, Saree (2018). "Apartheid".
15386:from the original on 5 December 2021
15191:from the original on 26 October 2008
15182:
14983:"Enemies: Black vs. Black vs. White"
14936:from the original on 23 October 2012
14728:from the original on 4 November 2021
14666:Knox, Colin; Quirk, Pádraic (2000).
14618:from the original on 6 February 2022
14464:from the original on 6 February 2022
14285:People and violence in South Africa.
14034:
13953:
13925:
13674:Jacklyn Cock, Laurie Nathan (1989).
13660:
13255:from the original on 18 October 2012
13136:from the original on 26 January 2016
13077:International Labour Office (1991).
12967:from the original on 7 November 2019
12822:
12745:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095995
12730:
12370:
12259:. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 20.
12042:from the original on 6 February 2022
12016:from the original on 5 November 2021
11972:from the original on 6 February 2022
11943:from the original on 6 February 2022
11817:. Greenwood Press. pp. 48, 52.
11563:from the original on 15 October 2019
11241:from the original on 28 October 2020
10592:
10581:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 128.
10325:
9973:South Africa: no easy path to peace.
9886:. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 1.
9636:Alex Duval Smith (31 January 2010).
9284:"Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy"
9216:
9170:
9090:
7486:
6932:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
6827:1978 World Conference against Racism
6378:adding citations to reliable sources
6349:
4862:Capital punishment for homosexuality
4133:Social determinants of mental health
3677:adding citations to reliable sources
3648:
2531:Council of Non-European Trade Unions
2488:South African general election, 1948
2023:) was a system of institutionalised
22170:Human rights abuses in South Africa
22070:1948 establishments in South Africa
21626:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
19334:Segregation academy (United States)
19249:Sex segregation in public restrooms
18326:Discrimination based on nationality
16966:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
16612:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
15590:Psychology and Developing Societies
15465:from the original on 28 April 2021.
15090:from the original on 27 August 2009
15080:Truth and reconciliation commission
14700:Taylor & Francis Group (2004).
14683:. Oxford University Press. p. 202.
14432:
14414:Journal of Southern African Studies
14202:Foster, Don; Davis, Dennis (1987).
14114:"Pretoria cools to US-backed talks"
13755:from the original on 11 August 2019
13167:. ANC. 13 June 1988. Archived from
13120:Dowdall, Aaron T. (December 2009).
12708:Cambridge University Press. p. 274.
12208:. North Carolina State University.
12121:
12089:Psychology and Developing Societies
11389:. Springer Publishing. p. 119.
11127:
10304:from the original on 5 January 2020
10265:from the original on 16 August 2008
9947:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.
9820:
9732:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of
9699:from the original on 4 October 2013
8997:Discrimination based on skin colour
8972:Allegations of apartheid by country
8827:Israeli occupation in the West Bank
8672:1994 South African general election
8121:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
7716:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
7472:20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
7439:
4982:Genital modification and mutilation
3298:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
3144:Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act
2801:Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act
2471:1948 South African general election
2185:History of South Africa (1910–1948)
2181:History of South Africa (1815–1910)
2169:multiracial elections in April 1994
2145:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2001:
124:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
56:
22135:Far-right politics in South Africa
16000:– Series of PDFs published by the
15959:Memorandum van die Volksraad, 2016
15938:. University of Natal Press, 2003.
15749:from the original on 15 March 2018
15690:Dowling, Owen (12 February 2023).
15617:
15511:from the original on 18 June 2021.
15429:Smith, Saphora (12 January 2021).
15056:Century, Christian (11 May 1994).
14930:"1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela"
14771:Southern Book Publishers. p. 258.
14253:International Publishers. p. 226.
14170:Police Management in South Africa.
13543:McGreal, Chris (7 February 2006).
13382:Soviet Policy Towards South Africa
13301:"US court allows apartheid claims"
13045:from the original on 16 April 2019
12390:African National Congress (1987).
12212:from the original on 25 April 2020
11806:
11692:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2009.tb00445.x
11227:. Simon and Schuster. p. 95.
11206:. 21 February 1955. Archived from
10610:
10600:"The economic legacy of apartheid"
10127:from the original on 28 April 2015
10110:
9788:. University of California Press.
9784:A. Du Toit, H.B. Giliomee (1983).
9648:from the original on 17 March 2016
9340:. No. January/February 2018.
8026:On 20 July 1985, Botha declared a
7957:8 South African Infantry Battalion
7678:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
7560:implemented a policy known as the
7123:
6703:International anti-apartheid music
6097:South African Football Association
3539:
3430:
3159:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
2760:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
2683:Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act
2295:1806 Cape Articles of Capitulation
57:
22186:
18125:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
17753:South African Party (Cape Colony)
15977:Byrnes, Mark (10 December 2010).
15964:
15878:Apartheid: An illustrated history
15287:Macharia, James (11 April 2005).
15261:Meldrum, Andrew (11 April 2005).
15037:from the original on 20 June 2006
14838:from the original on 14 June 2018
14714:Taylor, Paul (23 December 1993).
14702:Europa World Year Book 2, Book 2.
14648:from the original on 26 July 2020
14579:from the original on 13 June 2013
14444:Akansake, Albin (18 April 2013).
14172:Juta and Company Limited. p. 167.
14146:Indiana University Press. p. 152.
13648:from the original on 30 June 2017
13555:from the original on 25 July 2008
13311:from the original on 26 July 2008
13082:International Labour Organization
12930:The Day Apartheid Was Hit For Six
12913:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
12303:from the original on 12 June 2011
12200:Muglia, Caroline (21 June 2016).
12163:from the original on 26 July 2020
12150:
12068:from the original on 24 July 2009
11794:from the original on 8 March 2021
11625:from the original on 29 June 2011
11596:from the original on 9 March 2019
11528:from the original on 1 April 2019
11400:Greyling, Michelle (1 May 2013).
11384:
11221:Meredith, Martin (1 April 2010).
11043:from the original on 19 June 2018
10910:Southern Book Publishers. p. 167.
10736:Indiana University Press. p. 134.
10690:Juta and Company Limited. p. 20.
10528:Besteman, Catherine Lowe (2008).
10424:
10346:from the original on 24 June 2021
10203:, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988,
10025:The Representation of Natives Act
9823:"Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law"
9721:. Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p. 36
9369:Crompton, Samuel Willard (2007).
9147:from the original on 12 June 2018
9098:Population Registration Act, 1950
8501:White opposition, leading to the
7947:
7894:in 1983 involved both full scale
7311:
7055:
6491:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
6324:forbidden from opening on Sundays
2106:Population Registration Act, 1950
22047:
22035:
22023:
22011:
21999:
21987:
21975:
21947:
21900:White genocide conspiracy theory
21206:Democratic Republic of the Congo
21148:
20458:
19512:
19484:
19483:
18945:
18935:
18926:
18925:
18137:
18136:
16058:Apartheid archives subject guide
16007:The evolution of the white right
15870:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x
15546:
15515:
15491:
15487:from the original on 8 May 2021.
15469:
15445:
15441:from the original on 8 May 2021.
15422:
15418:from the original on 8 May 2021.
15398:
15352:
15333:
15307:
15281:
15255:
15219:
15203:
15116:
15102:
15072:
15049:
15023:
14974:
14962:from the original on 23 May 2020
14948:
14922:
14901:
14866:
14850:
14803:
14782:
14761:
14740:
14707:
14694:
14673:
14660:
14630:
14591:
14552:
14538:from the original on 30 May 2013
14511:
14476:
14405:
14396:
14356:
14347:
14303:
14290:
14277:
14264:
14243:
14227:. South African History Online.
14217:
14196:
14175:
14162:
14149:
14136:
13734:
13694:from the original on 9 July 2021
13636:Kershner, Isabel (24 May 2010).
13629:
13617:from the original on 25 May 2010
13598:
13586:from the original on 25 May 2010
13567:
13536:
13523:
13293:
13267:
13230:
13205:
13183:
13157:
13148:
13110:Booksales Inc Remainders. p. 43.
13100:
13097:Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 104.
13087:
13071:
13031:
13019:from the original on 27 May 2006
13005:
12979:
12953:Jackson, Russell (3 June 2017).
12946:
12923:
12897:
12856:
12816:
12804:from the original on 11 May 2016
12777:
12774:Cornell University Press. p. 77.
12764:
12751:
12724:
12721:Oxford University Press. p. 178.
12711:
12671:
12654:
12624:
12611:
12566:
12541:
12529:from the original on 3 July 2020
12511:
12492:
12479:
12462:
12428:
12410:
12364:
12315:
12273:
12246:
12233:
12224:
12193:
12175:
12144:
12080:
12054:
12028:
12002:
11984:
11929:
11894:
11861:
11846:
11771:
11732:
11706:
11663:
11547:Armstrong, Sue (20 April 1991).
11454:
11410:
11393:
11378:
11327:
11315:from the original on 4 June 2021
11268:
11253:
10749:Oxford University Press. p. 405.
10385:from the original on 2 June 2021
10368:Verwoerd: Architect of Apartheid
10261:. South African History Online.
10239:from the original on 13 May 2013
9859:New York University Press. p. 8.
9372:Desmond Tutu: Fighting Apartheid
9179:from the original on 8 June 2020
9057:Racism against African Americans
9012:Index of racism-related articles
8950:
8936:
8922:
8683:Independent Electoral Commission
8653:
8623:Two days before the election, a
8595:Azanian People's Liberation Army
8244:Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith
7832:Azanian People's Liberation Army
7623:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
7364:
7284:Sporting boycott of South Africa
7041:republic within the Commonwealth
6779:Artists United Against Apartheid
6756:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
6661:
6454:Internal resistance to apartheid
6354:
5475:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
5304:Law for Protection of the Nation
5198:White genocide conspiracy theory
3858:
3653:
3265:Bantu Investment Corporation Act
2958:Bantu Homelands Constitution Act
2876:Bantu Investment Corporation Act
2481:
2401:was created as a self-governing
2343:property franchise qualification
2227:in which it displaced the local
2137:internal resistance to apartheid
1935:
1878:
1759:
1691:
1305:
887: population exchange
739:
677:
676:
639:Internal resistance to apartheid
94:
18946:
17767:South African Party (1977–1980)
17760:South African Party (1911–1934)
17676:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
17473:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
15971:Apartheid: 20th Century Slavery
15581:
15214:South African Press Association
14907:Roherty, James Michael (1992).
14287:Oxford University Press. p. 62.
14231:from the original on 2 May 2017
13979:Ndlovu, Sifiso Mxolisi (2006).
13741:Blumenthal, Max (14 May 2010).
12863:Ndlovu, Sifiso Mxolisi (2004).
12719:African affairs, Volumes 69–70.
12125:World War II Memoirs, 1941–1945
11164:
11094:
10986:
10977:
10952:
10939:
10926:
10913:
10900:
10884:
10875:
10810:
10797:
10784:
10771:
10752:
10739:
10726:
10713:
10701:
10680:
10667:
10637:
10625:
10571:
10535:
10522:
10498:
10485:
10472:
10448:
10404:Gross, D. (14 September 2016).
10397:
10358:
10225:
10151:
10062:
10037:
10018:
9998:
9978:
9937:
9912:
9875:
9862:
9849:
9737:
9724:
9711:
9685:
9629:
9599:
9557:
9532:
9514:Pandey, Satish Chandra (2006).
9421:
9325:
8982:Apartheid in art and literature
8457:
7554:Swiss-South African Association
7451:Writers' Guild of Great Britain
7319:International Olympic Committee
7117:disinvestment from South Africa
6989:
6365:needs additional citations for
6305:
6011:University College of the North
5309:MSM blood donation restrictions
5051:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
3664:needs additional citations for
3576:homelands. The best-publicised
3190:Communist Party of South Africa
3152:Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952
3113:. This created the black-only "
2953:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
2678:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill
2450:Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946)
2359:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill
149:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
22125:Discrimination in South Africa
22115:Apartheid in South West Africa
21740:Negative stereotypes of Whites
18831:Go back to where you came from
17085:2019 service delivery protests
17071:#FeesMustFall student protests
16816:1983 constitutional referendum
15720:South Africa – a country study
15684:The last Trek. A New Beginning
15662:South Africa. A Modern History
15553:O'Hara, Mary (14 April 2004).
14981:Macleod, Scott (7 July 1992).
14704:Taylor & Francis. p. 3841.
14681:Twentieth-century South Africa
13848:James III, W. Martin (2011) .
13605:McGreal, Chris (24 May 2010).
13574:McGreal, Chris (24 May 2010).
13197:. 18 July 2003. Archived from
12989:. DreamCricket. Archived from
12717:Royal African Society (1970).
11802:– via scholar.valpo.edu.
10947:South Africa: a short history.
10906:Thompson, Paul Singer (1990).
10760:Current edition available here
9306:
9282:Moeti, Thato (27 April 2018).
9275:
9244:
9133:
9113:
9083:
8977:Apartheid in international law
8442:Having been instructed by the
8332:Black homelands were declared
7616:initiative in the US favoured
7331:1968 Mexico City Olympic Games
7148:Organisation for African Unity
7137:International Court of Justice
6015:University College of Zululand
5931:African Political Organization
5322:(as religious or racial quota)
3270:Black Homeland Citizenship Act
2644:
2476:
2337:open to men of all races, the
13:
1:
21890:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
17543:Johannesburg Reform Committee
16772:Israel–South Africa Agreement
16165:
16150:
16127:
16120:
15646:10.1080/14725843.2017.1319754
15227:"FW de Klerk's final message"
14788:Lötter, Hennie P. P. (1997).
14559:Weymouth Genova, Ann (2007).
14518:Weymouth Genova, Ann (2007).
13093:Bangura, Abdul Karim (2004).
12485:Sowell, Thomas (2004, 2009).
11855:African Women Under Apartheid
11745:. Rome: FAO. pp. 46–52.
11645:"The Afrikaans Medium Decree"
11618:South Africa: A Country Study
11375:. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
11150:10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00016-1
10945:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1975).
10721:A history of post-war Africa.
10506:Group Areas Act No 41 of 1950
10482:Simon & Schuster. p. 224.
9984:Tankard, Keith (9 May 2004).
9313:Hirsch, Alan (6 April 2018).
9126:
8736:
8617:coup d'état in Bophuthatswana
8418:South African Communist Party
8105:National Union of Mineworkers
7691:South Africa as a bastion of
7432:because of UK Prime Minister
7160:Organisation of African Unity
6890:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
6794:Organisation of African Unity
6738:Crime of Apartheid Convention
6626:and women's organisation the
6624:South African Communist Party
5752:Second-generation gender bias
5460:Constitutional colorblindness
4123:Social determinants of health
3771:. The first of these was the
3632:, were carried out under the
3232:Bantu Authorities Act of 1951
3213:South African Indian Congress
3192:and any party subscribing to
3008:Negotiations to end Apartheid
2728:Representation of Natives Act
2427:Representation of Natives Act
2204:" (from the Afrikaans suffix
2174:
1683:List of years in South Africa
733:Racial and ethnic segregation
22100:20th century in South Africa
21676:Missing white woman syndrome
17198:Black Consciousness Movement
16952:Government of National Unity
15031:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1993"
14832:South African History Online
14601:You're Not a Country, Africa
14249:Pomeroy, William J. (1986).
12871:. Vol. 2. Unisa Press.
11853:Landis, Elizabeth S (1975).
11387:The Conflict in South Africa
10719:Hatch, John Charles (1965).
10579:The history of South Africa.
10371:. Jonathan Ball Publishers.
9257:South African History Online
8800:International Criminal Court
8712:Government of National Unity
8576:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
8392:Presidency of F. W. de Klerk
8256:peaceful transition of power
8050:"). Three months later, the
7733:international arms sanctions
7581:" and the perception of the
7306:
7292:
6898:(arms embargo strengthening)
6874:(arms embargo strengthening)
6533:Black Consciousness Movement
5954:
3624:, where 55,000 Coloured and
3464:Bantu Investment Corporation
3186:Suppression of Communism Act
2786:Suppression of Communism Act
2723:Franchise Laws Amendment Act
2588:South African foreign policy
2383:General Pass Regulations Act
2123:and brought about extensive
614:Apartheid in popular culture
7:
21828:US definitions of whiteness
19191:Brown v. Board of Education
16909:Saint James Church massacre
16795:Weapons of mass destruction
15718:Federal Research Division.
15126:Pearson Education. p. 194.
14887:10.1177/0022343302039003006
14750:Africa World Press. p. 93.
14670:Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151.
14485:Political Science Quarterly
13191:"Mandela's triumphant walk"
12827:The History of South Africa
12523:Prime okbuy.eu search gizmo
12498:Nelson Mandela Foundation,
11103:"A Fine Face for Apartheid"
10326:Cole, Catherine M. (2010).
10284:T. Kuperus (7 April 1999).
9171:Myre, Greg (18 June 1991).
8987:Black Codes (United States)
8915:
8802:(ICC), which names it as a
8408:Early in 1989, Botha had a
8263:. It caused a split in the
7863:extraterritorial operations
7800:Foreign military operations
7790:South African Defence Force
7474:) placed stickers on their
7001:criticised them during his
6725:Instruments and legislation
6300:Population Registration Act
5962:was segregated by the 1953
5663:Medical model of disability
5507:Hate speech laws by country
3127:Population Registration Act
2987:Black Local Authorities Act
2978:List of National Key Points
2861:Industrial Conciliation Act
2851:Group Areas Development Act
2791:Native Building Workers Act
2776:Population Registration Act
2756:Malan to Verwoerd (1948–66)
2718:Women's Enfranchisement Act
2623:disproportionately weighted
2564:by other UN member states.
2276:British Colonial government
1815:Herero and Namaqua genocide
184:Saint James Church massacre
179:Assassination of Chris Hani
10:
22191:
21943:European native population
19100:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
18182:
16649:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
16527:South West Africa campaign
16426:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
16391:French Huguenot settlement
15602:10.1177/097133360501700204
14857:South Africa: Adapt or Die
14826:sahoboss (21 March 2011).
14007:Steenkamp, Willem (2006).
13473:Potgieter, De Wet (2007).
12444:. africanhistory.about.com
12101:10.1177/097133360501700204
11915:10.1080/014365904200281302
10963:A history of South Africa.
9872:Popular Prakashan. p. 142.
8899:. A related phenomenon is
8845:social apartheid in Brazil
8823:human rights organizations
8669:
8461:
8293:
8196:Anti-apartheid protest at
8148:
8141:
7803:
7490:
7281:
7151:
6982:
6939:television programming ban
6698:Free South Africa Movement
6583:; patrons were Archbishop
6451:
6290:region (the birthplace of
6181:
6080:
5863:
5772:Social model of disability
4178:Discrimination against men
3551:
3434:
3330:sitting of both Houses of
3306:Cape Coloured children in
3295:
3119:minister of native affairs
3078:
2933:Vorster to Botha (1966–90)
2891:Unlawful Organizations Act
2485:
2311:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
2178:
2096:, followed closely by the
1820:South West Africa campaign
1640:Inventions and discoveries
189:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
68:Apartheid (disambiguation)
61:
22165:White supremacy in Africa
22110:Apartheid in South Africa
21933:
21817:
21739:
21721:White demographic decline
21656:
21563:
21522:
21453:
21275:
21259:
21181:
21170:
21156:
20988:
20480:
20388:
20253:
20163:
20040:
20031:
19926:
19917:
19828:
19819:
19725:
19716:
19691:
19581:
19572:
19473:
19347:
19262:
19214:
19145:Apartheid in South Africa
19065:
18997:
18921:
18798:
18631:
18399:
18301:
18190:
18134:
18111:African National Congress
18100:
18006:
17839:
17564:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
17287:
17278:
17136:
16932:
16902:1992 apartheid referendum
16571:
16516:
16435:
16373:
16346:
16339:
16105:
15920:10.1080/17430430903377706
15733:. Hurst & Co., 2003.
14932:. BBC. 11 February 1990.
14875:Journal of Peace Research
14679:Beinart, William (2001).
14426:10.1080/03057077408707921
14274:Africana Pub. Co. p. 668.
14062:The Battle for Mozambique
14060:Emerson, Stephen (2014).
13217:15 September 2017 at the
13106:Grieg, Charlotte (2008).
12941:The Sydney Morning Herald
12704:Geldenhuys, Deon (1990).
12456:The White Tribe of Africa
12340:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1415
11838:Bernstein, Hilda (1985).
11784:Third World Legal Studies
11586:"Group Areas Act of 1950"
11427:10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600
11352:23 September 2006 at the
11293:10.1017/S0022278X00013239
10777:Muller, C. F. J. (1975).
10649:African National Congress
10632:Clark & Worger (2016)
10620:Clark & Worger (2016)
10043:Ambrosio, Thomas (2002).
9825:. Oxford, Clarendon Press
9667:Mitchell, Thomas (2008).
8269:Progressive Federal Party
7288:Rugby union and apartheid
6943:Rugby union and apartheid
6917:Elimination of Racism Day
6655:apartheid in South Africa
6636:Nobel Prize in Literature
6620:Progressive Federal Party
6479:African National Congress
6083:Rugby union and apartheid
5103:Opposition to immigration
3972:Race / Ethnicity
3580:of the 1950s occurred in
3334:was needed to change the
3240:Bantu Education Act, 1953
3209:African National Congress
2916:General Law Amendment Act
2811:Native Laws Amendment Act
2733:Native Trust and Land Act
2713:Native Administration Act
2703:Natives (Urban Areas) Act
2538:Herenigde Nasionale Party
2527:African National Congress
2462:Herenigde Nasionale Party
2415:Native Administration Act
2161:African National Congress
1413:1887 Annexation (British)
437:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
17557:Labour Party (1969–1994)
17550:Labour Party (1910–1958)
17106:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
17064:#RhodesMustFall protests
16663:1960 republic referendum
15555:"Self-imposed apartheid"
15122:Deegan, Heather (2001).
14181:Anzovin, Steven (1987).
13505:Minter, William (1994).
13433:Shultz, Richard (1988).
12454:Harrison, David (1987).
11739:Cotula, Lorenzo (2006).
11615:Byrnes, Rita M. (1996).
11504:. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
11417:Laufs, Johannes (2011).
11371:14 December 2019 at the
10794:New Africa Books. p. 72.
10548:6 September 2015 at the
10445:. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
10437:6 September 2015 at the
10201:In the Name of Apartheid
9991:20 November 2008 at the
9251:Leander (15 June 2015).
9143:. C-Span. 17 June 1991.
8895:has been referred to as
8794:, including in the 2007
8599:St James Church massacre
8400:de Klerk and Mandela in
8138:Final years of apartheid
7969:state security apparatus
7806:South African Border War
7774:Israeli defence minister
7272:Central African Republic
6882:(mandatory arms embargo)
6858:(voluntary arms embargo)
6650:International opposition
6505:sabotage and terrorism.
5098:Occupational segregation
4867:Compulsory sterilization
3645:Society during apartheid
3521:South African government
3376:House of Representatives
3360:general election of 1958
2911:Urban Bantu Councils Act
2846:Natives Resettlement Act
2766:Immorality Amendment Act
2667:Franchise and Ballot Act
2663:Precursors (before 1948)
2387:Asiatic Registration Act
2339:Franchise and Ballot Act
2335:Cape Qualified Franchise
2223:. The company began the
2213:Dutch East India Company
2098:Immorality Amendment Act
2090:employment opportunities
1830:South African Border War
1557:South African Border War
1090:West Bank settlement law
624:Cape Qualified Franchise
39:latest accepted revision
22120:Crimes against humanity
21752:Appalachian stereotypes
19984:State-owned enterprises
19683:Democratic South Africa
19369:Anti-miscegenation laws
19204:Anti-miscegenation laws
18861:Psychometrics of racism
18311:Anti-miscegenation laws
18009:terrorist organisations
17809:National Party of Venda
17092:2019 Johannesburg riots
16705:Constructive engagement
16670:International isolation
16488:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
15947:Oxford University Press
15835:. 1st US ed. New York:
15268:6 February 2022 at the
14812:Philadelphia Daily News
14598:Adesanmi, Pius (2012).
14185:H.W. Wilson Co. p. 80.
13901:Blank, Stephen (1991).
13380:Campbell, Kurt (1986).
13330:Berridge, G.R. (1992).
12935:25 October 2015 at the
12823:Beck, Roger B. (2000).
12784:Pfister, Roger (2005).
12500:United Democratic Front
10826:The Journal of Politics
10790:Mountain, Alan (2003).
10577:Beck, Roger B. (2000).
10566:Clark & Worger 2016
10478:Ungar, Sanford (1989).
10461:7 February 2017 at the
10220:Clark & Worger 2016
10146:Clark & Worger 2016
10057:Clark & Worger 2016
10031:13 October 2006 at the
9957:Clark & Worger 2016
9907:Clark & Worger 2016
9844:Clark & Worger 2016
9809:Clark & Worger 2016
9319:The Conversation Africa
9007:History of South Africa
8901:technological apartheid
8876:medical experimentation
8752:Marthinus van Schalkwyk
8718:and de Klerk were made
8584:crash through the doors
8580:international community
8492:transitional government
8422:United Democratic Front
8384:for talks known as the
8212:second only to that of
8175:Economic contradictions
8066:Detention without trial
7788:units swelled, and the
7575:constructive engagement
7539:Anti-Apartheid Movement
7509: – and
7430:1986 Commonwealth Games
6866:(sanctions feasibility)
6784:Commonwealth of Nations
6774:Anti-Apartheid Movement
6708:International sanctions
6693:Constructive engagement
6569:United Democratic Front
6210:The classification of "
6178:Asians during apartheid
6013:at Turfloop, while the
5989:) was to register only
5948:United Democratic Front
5927:anti-apartheid movement
5648:Internalized oppression
5502:Fighting Discrimination
5492:Fat acceptance movement
5450:Anti-discrimination law
5076:Native American mascots
3835:Coloured classification
3825:South African passports
3384:The Journal of Politics
2973:National Key Points Act
2744:Asiatic Land Tenure Act
2125:international sanctions
1698:South Africa portal
1394:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
865:French colonial empire
758:Anti-miscegenation laws
654:Nostalgia for apartheid
22155:Racism in South Africa
21659:phenomena and theories
21642:The White Man's Burden
21636:White Australia policy
21432:Southern United States
19460:White Australia policy
19379:Corporative federalism
18826:Ethnic plastic surgery
18321:Biological determinism
17015:Attack on Kennedy Road
16626:Congress of the People
16217:South African Republic
15987:– Includes many photos
15949:Southern Africa, 2003.
15708:. Jonathan Ball, 1994.
15675:. Volume Two. London:
15232:FW de Klerk Foundation
14746:Wople, Harold (1990).
14155:Watson, Wendy (2007).
14035:Dale, Richard (1995).
13954:Dale, Richard (2014).
13926:Radu, Michael (1990).
13876:Larmer, Miles (2011).
13355:Lulat, Y.G.M. (1992).
12987:"Bradman's Perfection"
12636:United States Congress
12617:Ampiah, Kweku (1997).
12371:Cros, Bernard (1997).
12182:An appalling "science"
11778:Nolde, Judith (1991).
11464:The Apartheid Handbook
11442:Cite journal requires
11275:D'Amato, A.A. (1966).
11260:Muller, Carol (2008).
10932:Suzman, Helen (1993).
10881:Muller (1975), p. 508.
10710:Penguin Books. p. 332.
10541:Boddy-Evans, Alistar.
10530:Transforming Cape Town
10511:29 August 2016 at the
10504:Boddy-Evans, Alistar.
10454:Boddy-Evans, Alistar.
10430:Alistair Boddy-Evans.
10365:Kenney, Henry (2016).
9971:Leach, Graham (1986).
9581:Thomas, Scott (1995).
9539:Ugorji, Basil (2012).
8865:occupational apartheid
8804:crime against humanity
8700:provincial governments
8667:
8662:The new multicoloured
8647:("God Bless Africa").
8644:Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika
8432:crimes were released.
8405:
8321:to the lower security
8201:
7960:
7827:
7661:
7647:Effect of the Cold War
7502:
7341:
7213:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
7199:Outward-looking policy
7073:
6996:British Prime Minister
6850:(Sharpeville massacre)
6555:
6466:
6241:Chinese South Africans
6204:
6188:Chinese South Africans
6049:
6017:was launched to serve
5975:Bantu Education system
5767:Social identity threat
5740:Reverse discrimination
5730:Racial color blindness
5188:Violence against women
5168:Sex-selective abortion
3764:
3549:
3491:
3446:
3318:
3310:
3093:
2856:Riotous Assemblies Act
2653:Apartheid legislation
2568:Afrikaner nationalists
2500:
2464:(HNP) established the
2446:Afrikaner nationalists
2363:South African Republic
2280:Hottentot Proclamation
2258:, local officials, of
2157:bilateral negotiations
1989:[aˈpart(ɦ)ɛit]
1467:South African Republic
1399:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
894: in Europe
804:Housing discrimination
629:Disinvestment campaign
354:State Security Council
66:. For other uses, see
18:Apartheid South Africa
22130:Ethnicity in politics
22090:1980s in South Africa
22085:1970s in South Africa
22080:1960s in South Africa
22075:1950s in South Africa
21860:Identitarian movement
21445:Saint Kitts and Nevis
19603:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
19429:Religious intolerance
18746:In Jewish communities
18724:Hispanic & Latino
17585:Natal Indian Congress
17305:Afrikaner Broederbond
17159:Afrikaner nationalism
16945:1994 general election
16916:Bophuthatswana crisis
16809:Church Street bombing
16589:Apartheid legislation
16582:1948 general election
16502:South Africa Act 1909
16297:Union of South Africa
16117:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
16097:Political history of
15894:, Random House 2016,
15785:: Merlin Press. 2012.
15768:. Edwin Mellen, 1981.
15345:14 March 2013 at the
15060:. BNet, a CBS Company
14300:Lonely Planet. p. 40.
14270:Legum, Colin (1989).
13243:"Another Kind of War"
13201:on 24 September 2006.
12770:Klotz, Audie (1999).
12683:14 March 2017 at the
12525:. 19 September 2017.
12322:Kaplan, R. M (2004).
12187:23 April 2012 at the
12122:Sze, Szeming (2014).
11903:Third World Quarterly
11868:Alegi, Peter (2004).
11716:. ANC. Archived from
11502:Cape Slavery Heritage
11461:Omond, Roger (1986).
11262:Music of South Africa
11037:www.politicsweb.co.za
10919:Joyce, Peter (2007).
10803:Du Pre, R H. (1994).
10732:Witz, Leslie (2003).
10185:Ohio University Press
10183:, 1948–1994. Athens:
10011:26 March 2016 at the
9855:Gish, Steven (2000).
9756:10.4324/9781315621562
9062:Racism against Asians
9042:Racial discrimination
9022:Legacies of apartheid
8992:Civil rights movement
8872:Harriet A. Washington
8829:, legal treatment of
8661:
8519:Inkatha Freedom Party
8437:Victor Verster Prison
8399:
8296:Tricameral Parliament
8290:Tricameral parliament
8221:Portuguese withdrawal
8195:
8125:Inkatha Freedom Party
8100:within South Africa.
8057:Internal Security Act
7955:
7825:
7659:
7566:Reagan administration
7500:
7413:racial stipulations.
7339:
7193:Mogadishu Declaration
7170:, and formulated the
7059:
6789:Halt All Racist Tours
6553:
6526:Battle of Blood River
6461:
6250:South African Chinese
6230:Indian South Africans
6201:Indian South Africans
6199:
6184:Indian South Africans
6182:Further information:
6077:Sport under apartheid
6047:
6040:Women under apartheid
5939:Tricameral Parliament
5735:Religious intolerance
5695:Political correctness
5517:Intersex human rights
5465:Cultural assimilation
5133:Religious persecution
4897:Disability hate crime
4664:Jewish / Antisemitism
3754:
3547:
3485:
3444:
3391:Division among whites
3372:Tricameral Parliament
3316:
3305:
3088:
3081:Apartheid legislation
3004:Abolishment (1990–96)
2982:Internal Security Act
2806:Bantu Authorities Act
2628:Daniel François Malan
2495:
2399:Union of South Africa
2376:Treaty of Vereeniging
2309:The United Kingdom's
2005: "separateness"
1930:South African English
1825:South African Mandate
1520:Union of South Africa
1389:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
1339:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1225:Racial discrimination
1049:South Asian labourers
982:Contemporary examples
619:Apartheid legislation
609:Afrikaner nationalism
169:Cape Town peace march
159:Trojan Horse Incident
119:1948 general election
21747:In the United States
21711:Whitewashing in film
20238:World Heritage Sites
20014:Water and sanitation
19623:Mthethwa Paramountcy
19439:Second-class citizen
19434:Reservation in India
19160:United Arab Emirates
19090:Bulgaria and Romania
18836:Herrenvolk democracy
17219:Greater South Africa
17057:2014 platinum strike
16923:Shell House massacre
16851:Transkei coup d'état
16656:Sharpeville massacre
16419:Battle of Blaauwberg
16412:Battle of Muizenberg
16364:Battle of Salt River
16147:Mthethwa Paramountcy
16017:Freedom Charter 1955
15996:8 April 2015 at the
15943:In search of history
15660:Davenport, T. R. H.
15532:10.2139/ssrn.4343950
15379:res. 3068 (XXVIII).
15294:5 March 2016 at the
15235:. 12 November 2021.
15033:. Nobel Foundation.
14911:M.E. Sharpe. p. 23.
13013:"Commonwealth Games"
12606:10.18356/c18bc974-en
12600:, 16 December 2016,
12578:20 June 2017 at the
12440:1 March 2017 at the
12243:(US) | 5 August 1995
11496:Patric Tariq Mellet
11224:Mandela: A Biography
10959:Lacour-Gayet, Robert
10765:6 March 2012 at the
10491:Goldin, Ian (1987).
9503:. New York: Longman.
9226:Mayne, Alan (1999).
9079:Notes and references
8860:occupational therapy
8767:of apartheid victim
8664:flag of South Africa
8542:Ciskei Defence Force
8354:White South Africans
8248:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
8233:Carnation Revolution
8154:Institutional racism
7896:conventional warfare
7573:termed this policy "
7558:Nixon administration
7426:Gleneagles Agreement
7140:During his visit to
7085:Sharpeville massacre
7011:Sharpeville massacre
6744:Gleneagles Agreement
6713:Milton King boycotts
6499:Sharpeville massacre
6374:improve this article
6172:Goodwood Showgrounds
6118:1995 Rugby World Cup
6089:association football
5993:-speaking students.
5979:Fort Hare University
5118:Political repression
4083:Anti-left handedness
4073:Anti-intellectualism
3673:improve this article
3456:Tomlinson Commission
3105:took control of the
3014:Interim Constitution
2316:indentured labourers
1617:Ramaphosa presidency
1607:Motlanthe presidency
1577:Apartheid referendum
1425:British colonisation
1409:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
1078:Palestinian enclaves
909:Portugal & Spain
789:Institutional racism
517:Eugène Terre'Blanche
387:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
194:Shell House massacre
164:Khotso House bombing
134:Sharpeville massacre
21865:Non-Hispanic whites
21706:Whitewashing in art
21631:Settler colonialism
21564:Historical concepts
21374:Trinidad and Tobago
21172:European emigration
19307:Exclusionary zoning
19254:Separatist feminism
19032:Partition of Bengal
18856:Perpetual foreigner
18118:Democratic Alliance
17288:Civic and political
17152:Afrikaner Calvinism
17145:African nationalism
16994:African Renaissance
16684:UNSC Resolution 591
16605:Internal resistance
16506:National Convention
16474:Transvaal Civil War
16398:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
16281:Orange River Colony
16023:(SA History online)
15952:Williams, Michael.
15845:The State of Africa
15724:Library of Congress
15686:. MacMillan, 1998.
15414:. 12 January 2021.
14767:Marais, D. (1989).
14721:The Washington Post
13533:. Pretoria: Litera.
12519:"Apartheid part 06"
12505:17 May 2017 at the
12474:Soweto 16 June 1976
12398:on 16 December 2007
12334:(7480): 1415–1416.
11886:Nixon, Rob (1992).
11684:2009GeoRv..99..517L
11210:on 17 January 2008.
11198:"Toby Street Blues"
11137:Political Geography
11073:on 6 September 2016
11013:on 16 November 2018
10949:Hutchinson. p. 132.
10159:Modern South Africa
10069:Reddy, E.S (n.d.).
9613:. 2 February 1990.
9499:Lodge, Tom (1983).
9469:Lodge, Tim (2011).
9450:on 14 December 2013
8853:religious apartheid
8831:illegal settlements
8825:, referring to the
8813:The term apartheid
8444:UN Security Council
8374:Afrikaner rebellion
8276:Pieter Willem Botha
8182:Afrikaner Calvinism
7905:expeditionary units
7434:Margaret Thatcher's
7393:. On his return to
7354:New Zealand in 1981
7348:rugby tour allowed
6840:UN Security Council
6750:Sullivan principles
6483:African nationalist
6464:Queenstown Massacre
6346:Internal resistance
6283:Lebanese population
6124:Professional boxing
5964:Bantu Education Act
5643:Historical eugenics
5158:Segregation academy
5138:Religious terrorism
4927:Enemy of the people
4835:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4323:Jehovah's Witnesses
4203:Perpetual foreigner
3248:vocational training
3188:of 1950 banned the
2836:Bantu Education Act
2693:Mines and Works Act
2341:of 1892 raised the
2225:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1810:German colonisation
1790:Traditional kingdom
1572:Internal resistance
1447:Orange River Colony
1195:Forced assimilation
829:Historical examples
809:Exclusionary zoning
799:Forced displacement
664:Sullivan Principles
29:Page version status
22175:Ethnic nationalism
22150:Racial segregation
21850:European New Right
21845:Christian Identity
21621:Play the white man
21334:Dominican Republic
19648:Transvaal Republic
19197:Massive resistance
19185:School segregation
19180:Separate but equal
19105:Dominican Republic
19007:Partition of India
18886:Racial integration
18866:Race and sexuality
18671:Japanese Americans
18391:Racial segregation
18381:Racial nationalism
16858:Ciskei coup d'état
16677:UN Resolution 1761
16642:Women's March 1956
16495:South African Wars
16481:Mineral Revolution
15842:Meredith, Martin.
15831:Meredith, Martin.
15743:The New York Times
15634:African Identities
15624:Bernstein, Hilda.
15504:Human Rights Watch
15458:Human Rights Watch
14993:on 23 August 2009.
14323:on 19 January 2017
14118:The New York Times
13642:The New York Times
13281:on 19 January 2008
13248:. Transformation.
13237:Mark Phillips and
12960:Guardian Australia
12689:The New York Times
12621:CRC Press. p. 147.
12379:on 25 August 2009.
12132:on 8 November 2014
11720:on 16 January 2014
11178:on 17 January 2008
10781:Academica. p. 430.
10677:Tafelberg. p. 255.
9052:Racial segregation
8874:on the history of
8788:crime of apartheid
8668:
8523:Boipatong massacre
8503:Conservative Party
8470:universal suffrage
8406:
8202:
8198:South Africa House
8117:magistrates courts
8086:television cameras
8028:State of Emergency
8014:State of emergency
7973:political violence
7961:
7922:Moçâmedes District
7900:counter-insurgency
7854:, often involving
7828:
7722:Israeli arms sales
7662:
7618:economic sanctions
7503:
7422:Commonwealth Games
7401:, who had won the
7342:
7323:1964 Olympic Games
7278:Sports and culture
6732:UN Resolution 1761
6556:
6531:In the 1970s, the
6467:
6335:was not introduced
6205:
6050:
5929:: for example the
5547:Social integration
5542:Self-determination
5532:Racial integration
5480:Diversity training
5470:Cultural pluralism
5445:Affirmative action
5337:Racial segregation
5247:Crime of apartheid
5143:Religious violence
4628:Indigenous people
3999:Sexual orientation
3765:
3550:
3492:
3447:
3417:Harold Macmillan's
3336:entrenched clauses
3319:
3311:
3221:1956 Treason Trial
3094:
2963:Aliens Control Act
2556:and the continued
2511:self-determination
2501:
2303:English Common Law
2133:economic sanctions
2025:racial segregation
1597:Mandela presidency
1404:Cetshwayo kaMpande
1362:Dutch colonisation
1017:Bosnia–Herzegovina
966:Separate but equal
904:Partition of India
899:Pale of Settlement
794:Ethnic nationalism
763:Crime of apartheid
249:Conservative Party
129:1956 Treason Trial
64:Crime of apartheid
35:
22145:Politics and race
21963:
21962:
21915:White nationalism
21855:Great Replacement
21820:identity politics
21701:Whiteness studies
21611:First white child
21559:
21558:
21116:
21115:
20424:
20423:
20384:
20383:
20027:
20026:
20019:Wealth inequality
19966:Income inequality
19913:
19912:
19888:Political parties
19853:Foreign relations
19815:
19814:
19712:
19711:
19643:Orange Free State
19618:Dutch Cape Colony
19608:Kingdom of Mutapa
19528:
19527:
19404:Majority minority
19285:Ethnic federalism
19067:Ethnic and racial
19027:Greece and Turkey
18959:
18958:
18707:African Americans
18654:Chinese Americans
18351:Ethnic stereotype
18150:
18149:
18103:political parties
18096:
18095:
18073:Orde van die Dood
17683:Progressive Party
17389:Congress Alliance
17205:Cape Independence
17137:Political culture
17132:
17131:
17099:COVID-19 pandemic
17029:Marikana massacre
16865:Venda coup d'état
16619:Defiance Campaign
16209:Orange Free State
16139:Dutch Cape Colony
16062:London University
16027:District 6 Museum
15954:Crocodile Burning
15934:Terreblanche, S.
15883:Newbury, Darren.
15876:Morris, Michael.
15799:. Praeger, 2004.
15729:Giliomee, Herman
15483:. 27 April 2021.
15461:. 27 April 2021.
15321:on 28 August 2009
15183:Lijphart, Arend.
15132:978-0-582-38227-5
15112:. 21 August 2019.
14917:978-0-87332-877-7
14798:978-90-420-0264-7
14777:978-1-86812-159-5
14756:978-0-86543-142-3
14689:978-0-19-289318-5
14611:978-0-14-352865-4
14572:978-0-549-26666-2
14531:978-0-549-26666-2
14457:978-1-4759-8538-2
14259:978-0-7178-0640-9
14212:978-0-85255-317-6
14191:978-0-8242-0749-6
14159:New Africa Books.
14018:978-1-920169-00-8
13859:978-1-4128-1506-2
13780:A Study of Crisis
13727:978-1-920338-85-5
13687:978-0-86486-115-3
13227:11 December 2013.
12878:978-1-86888-406-3
12842:978-0-313-30730-0
12797:978-1-85043-625-6
12665:Los Angeles Times
12266:978-1-919930-31-2
11478:978-0-14-022749-9
11234:978-1-84739-933-5
10897:Routledge. p. 89.
10696:978-1-77013-022-7
10606:on 26 April 2010.
10587:978-0-313-30730-0
10495:Longman. p. xxvi.
10297:978-0-230-37373-0
10209:978-0-06-430163-3
10120:. pp. 1–86.
9975:Routledge. p. 68.
9909:, pp. 16–17.
9795:978-0-520-04319-0
9765:978-1-315-62156-2
9237:978-0-275-96151-0
9072:Racism by country
8885:Medical Apartheid
8880:African Americans
8835:West Bank barrier
8798:that created the
8792:international law
8758:voted to disband.
8720:deputy presidents
8606:Nobel Peace Prize
8231:, after the 1974
8188:Western influence
8160:industrialisation
8098:underground press
8090:state broadcaster
7910:Angolan Civil War
7856:collateral damage
7818:Operation Beanbag
7794:front-line states
7712:Umkhonto we Sizwe
7704:black nationalism
7652:"Total Onslaught"
7620:(realised as the
7599:cloud cuckoo land
7591:Angolan Civil War
7571:Margaret Thatcher
7487:Western influence
7416:In 1978, Nigeria
7371:Dimitri Tsafendas
7129:Pope John Paul II
7026:South West Africa
6981:
6980:
6618:, who formed the
6522:Umkhonto we Sizwe
6450:
6449:
6442:
6424:
6168:Chris Kid Dlamini
6138:Gerrie Bodenstein
6109:Johannesburg Drum
5872:South African law
5862:
5861:
5725:Racism by country
5653:Intersectionality
5638:Heteronormativity
5421:Voter suppression
5163:Sexual harassment
4962:Forced conversion
4882:Cultural genocide
4527:African Americans
4333:post–Cold War era
4318:Eastern Orthodoxy
4068:Anti-drug addicts
4063:Anti-homelessness
3982:Scientific racism
3749:
3748:
3741:
3723:
3223:. It established
3205:Defiance Campaign
3077:
3076:
3043:
2826:Public Safety Act
2817:
2772:
2605:and five more in
2562:South West Africa
2239:. In the days of
2221:Dutch Cape Colony
2217:Cape of Good Hope
2033:South West Africa
1933:
1871:
1870:
1806:
1733:
1732:
1660:Religious history
1655:Political history
1562:Angolan Civil War
1472:Orange Free State
1369:Dutch Cape Colony
1344:Kingdom of Mutapa
1279:
1278:
1205:Income inequality
718:
717:
575:South-West Africa
47:28 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
22182:
22052:
22051:
22040:
22039:
22028:
22027:
22016:
22015:
22014:
22004:
22003:
22002:
21992:
21991:
21990:
21980:
21979:
21978:
21971:
21951:
21950:
21794:Angry white male
21670:Passing as white
21179:
21178:
21143:
21136:
21129:
21120:
21119:
20463:
20462:
20461:
20451:
20444:
20437:
20428:
20427:
20404:
20397:
20223:National symbols
20145:Social movements
20038:
20037:
19979:
19951:Economic history
19924:
19923:
19826:
19825:
19792:Populated places
19723:
19722:
19663:Great Depression
19579:
19578:
19555:
19548:
19541:
19532:
19531:
19516:
19515:
19487:
19486:
19455:Social apartheid
19339:Social exclusion
19312:Forced migration
19280:Ethnic cleansing
19270:Auto-segregation
19012:Northern Ireland
18986:
18979:
18972:
18963:
18962:
18949:
18948:
18939:
18938:
18929:
18928:
18783:Racial supremacy
18741:Jewish Americans
18719:Native Americans
18688:Zainichi Koreans
18676:Japanese Koreans
18659:Zainichi Chinese
18632:Racism by target
18409:Global apartheid
18401:Racism by region
18386:Racial profiling
18376:Racial hierarchy
18177:
18170:
18163:
18154:
18153:
18140:
18139:
18127:
18120:
18113:
18089:
18082:
18075:
18068:
18061:
18054:
18047:
18040:
18033:
18026:
18019:
18007:Paramilitary and
17999:
17997:Umkosi Wezintaba
17992:
17985:
17978:
17971:
17964:
17957:
17950:
17943:
17936:
17929:
17922:
17915:
17908:
17901:
17894:
17887:
17880:
17873:
17866:
17859:
17852:
17842:social movements
17840:Trade unions and
17832:
17825:
17818:
17811:
17804:
17797:
17790:
17783:
17776:
17769:
17762:
17755:
17748:
17741:
17734:
17727:
17720:
17713:
17706:
17699:
17692:
17685:
17678:
17671:
17664:
17657:
17650:
17643:
17636:
17629:
17622:
17615:
17608:
17601:
17594:
17587:
17580:
17573:
17566:
17559:
17552:
17545:
17538:
17531:
17524:
17517:
17510:
17503:
17496:
17489:
17482:
17475:
17468:
17461:
17454:
17447:
17440:
17433:
17426:
17419:
17412:
17405:
17398:
17391:
17384:
17377:
17370:
17363:
17356:
17354:Boerestaat Party
17349:
17342:
17335:
17328:
17321:
17314:
17307:
17300:
17285:
17284:
17271:
17262:
17253:
17244:
17237:
17228:
17221:
17214:
17207:
17200:
17193:
17184:
17175:
17168:
17161:
17154:
17147:
17125:
17115:
17108:
17101:
17094:
17087:
17080:
17073:
17066:
17059:
17052:
17045:
17038:
17031:
17024:
17017:
17010:
17003:
16996:
16989:
16982:
16975:
16968:
16961:
16954:
16947:
16925:
16918:
16911:
16904:
16897:
16888:
16881:
16874:
16867:
16860:
16853:
16846:
16844:Dakar Conference
16839:
16832:
16825:
16818:
16811:
16804:
16797:
16790:
16783:
16774:
16767:
16765:Israeli alliance
16760:
16753:
16746:
16735:
16728:
16721:
16719:Sporting boycott
16714:
16707:
16700:
16693:
16691:Academic boycott
16686:
16679:
16672:
16665:
16658:
16651:
16644:
16635:
16628:
16621:
16614:
16607:
16598:
16591:
16584:
16564:
16557:
16550:
16548:Great Depression
16543:
16536:
16534:Maritz rebellion
16529:
16509:
16497:
16490:
16483:
16476:
16469:
16462:
16455:
16448:
16428:
16421:
16414:
16407:
16400:
16393:
16386:
16384:Dutch settlement
16366:
16359:
16357:Bantu migrations
16344:
16343:
16332:
16324:
16316:
16308:
16300:
16292:
16289:Transvaal Colony
16284:
16276:
16268:
16260:
16257:Nieuwe Republiek
16252:
16244:
16236:
16228:
16220:
16212:
16204:
16196:
16193:Natalia Republic
16188:
16180:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16162:Ndwandwe Kingdom
16157:
16155:
16152:
16142:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16125:
16122:
16091:
16084:
16077:
16068:
16067:
16054:
16002:Apartheid Museum
15986:
15931:
15908:Sport in Society
15873:
15837:Harper & Row
15828:
15805:Critical Inquiry
15764:Hexham, Irving,
15761:
15756:
15754:
15701:
15682:De Klerk, F. W.
15657:
15613:
15575:
15574:
15572:
15570:
15550:
15544:
15543:
15519:
15513:
15512:
15495:
15489:
15488:
15473:
15467:
15466:
15449:
15443:
15442:
15426:
15420:
15419:
15402:
15396:
15395:
15393:
15391:
15385:
15375:. 14 July 2021.
15368:
15356:
15350:
15337:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15326:
15311:
15305:
15301:The Boston Globe
15285:
15279:
15259:
15253:
15252:
15246:
15244:
15223:
15217:
15207:
15201:
15200:
15198:
15196:
15180:
15174:
15173:
15171:
15169:
15154:
15148:
15147:. Jonathan Ball.
15141:
15135:
15120:
15114:
15113:
15106:
15100:
15099:
15097:
15095:
15076:
15070:
15069:
15067:
15065:
15053:
15047:
15046:
15044:
15042:
15027:
15021:
15020:
15018:
15016:
15007:. Archived from
15001:
14995:
14994:
14989:. Archived from
14978:
14972:
14971:
14969:
14967:
14952:
14946:
14945:
14943:
14941:
14926:
14920:
14905:
14899:
14898:
14870:
14864:
14854:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14843:
14823:
14817:
14807:
14801:
14786:
14780:
14765:
14759:
14744:
14738:
14737:
14735:
14733:
14711:
14705:
14698:
14692:
14677:
14671:
14664:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14644:. 31 July 2016.
14634:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14623:
14595:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14584:
14556:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14543:
14515:
14509:
14508:
14480:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14469:
14441:
14430:
14429:
14409:
14403:
14400:
14394:
14392:
14384:
14375:
14372:
14363:
14360:
14354:
14351:
14345:
14342:
14333:
14332:
14330:
14328:
14322:
14316:. Archived from
14315:
14307:
14301:
14294:
14288:
14281:
14275:
14268:
14262:
14247:
14241:
14240:
14238:
14236:
14221:
14215:
14200:
14194:
14179:
14173:
14166:
14160:
14153:
14147:
14140:
14134:
14133:
14131:
14129:
14110:
14101:
14100:
14082:
14076:
14075:
14057:
14051:
14050:
14032:
14023:
14022:
14004:
13995:
13994:
13976:
13970:
13969:
13951:
13942:
13941:
13923:
13917:
13916:
13898:
13892:
13891:
13873:
13864:
13863:
13845:
13839:
13838:
13820:
13799:
13798:
13774:
13765:
13764:
13762:
13760:
13738:
13732:
13731:
13713:
13704:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13671:
13658:
13657:
13655:
13653:
13633:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13602:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13571:
13565:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13540:
13534:
13527:
13521:
13520:
13502:
13489:
13488:
13470:
13457:
13456:
13443:121–123, 140–145
13440:
13430:
13421:
13420:
13402:
13396:
13395:
13377:
13371:
13370:
13352:
13346:
13345:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13318:
13316:
13297:
13291:
13290:
13288:
13286:
13271:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13254:
13247:
13234:
13228:
13209:
13203:
13202:
13187:
13181:
13180:
13178:
13176:
13161:
13155:
13152:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13141:
13135:
13128:
13117:
13111:
13104:
13098:
13091:
13085:
13075:
13069:
13068:
13062:
13054:
13052:
13050:
13035:
13029:
13028:
13026:
13024:
13009:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12983:
12977:
12976:
12974:
12972:
12950:
12944:
12927:
12921:
12920:
12901:
12895:
12894:
12892:
12890:
12860:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12849:
12830:
12820:
12814:
12813:
12811:
12809:
12781:
12775:
12768:
12762:
12761:Praeger. p. 128.
12755:
12749:
12748:
12739:(275): 178–179.
12728:
12722:
12715:
12709:
12702:
12693:
12675:
12669:
12658:
12652:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12638:. Archived from
12628:
12622:
12615:
12609:
12608:
12594:
12583:
12570:
12564:
12563:
12561:
12559:
12545:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12515:
12509:
12496:
12490:
12483:
12477:
12466:
12460:
12459:
12451:
12445:
12432:
12426:
12414:
12408:
12407:
12405:
12403:
12394:. Archived from
12387:
12381:
12380:
12375:. Archived from
12368:
12362:
12361:
12351:
12319:
12313:
12312:
12310:
12308:
12297:] Apartheid"
12289:
12280:
12277:
12271:
12270:
12250:
12244:
12237:
12231:
12228:
12222:
12221:
12219:
12217:
12197:
12191:
12179:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12084:
12078:
12077:
12075:
12073:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12006:
12000:
11999:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11966:"BoxRec: Titles"
11962:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11937:"BoxRec: Titles"
11933:
11927:
11926:
11898:
11892:
11891:
11883:
11874:
11873:
11865:
11859:
11858:
11850:
11844:
11843:
11835:
11829:
11828:
11810:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11736:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11725:
11710:
11704:
11703:
11667:
11661:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11641:
11635:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11590:SAHistory.org.za
11582:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11544:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11514:
11505:
11494:
11483:
11482:
11458:
11452:
11451:
11445:
11440:
11438:
11430:
11414:
11408:
11407:
11397:
11391:
11390:
11382:
11376:
11363:
11357:
11344:
11338:
11331:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11218:
11212:
11211:
11194:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11183:
11174:. Archived from
11168:
11162:
11161:
11131:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11107:
11098:
11092:
11089:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11069:. Archived from
11059:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11048:
11029:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11018:
11009:. Archived from
10999:
10993:
10990:
10984:
10981:
10975:
10972:
10966:
10965:Cassell. p. 311.
10956:
10950:
10943:
10937:
10930:
10924:
10917:
10911:
10904:
10898:
10888:
10882:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10862:
10823:
10814:
10808:
10801:
10795:
10788:
10782:
10775:
10769:
10756:
10750:
10743:
10737:
10730:
10724:
10723:Praeger. p. 213.
10717:
10711:
10705:
10699:
10684:
10678:
10671:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10651:. Archived from
10641:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10622:, pp. 59–64
10617:
10608:
10607:
10596:
10590:
10575:
10569:
10563:
10557:
10539:
10533:
10526:
10520:
10502:
10496:
10489:
10483:
10476:
10470:
10452:
10446:
10428:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10401:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10362:
10356:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10323:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10309:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10270:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10229:
10223:
10222:, p. 41-42.
10217:
10211:
10197:
10188:
10177:
10162:
10155:
10149:
10148:, p. 37-38.
10143:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10126:
10119:
10111:Kaplan, Irving.
10108:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10075:sahistory.org.za
10066:
10060:
10054:
10048:
10041:
10035:
10027:. sahistory.org
10022:
10016:
10002:
9996:
9982:
9976:
9969:
9960:
9954:
9948:
9941:
9935:
9934:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9884:A Fighting Union
9879:
9873:
9866:
9860:
9853:
9847:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9830:
9818:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9781:
9770:
9769:
9741:
9735:
9728:
9722:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9578:
9569:
9568:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9496:
9487:
9486:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9425:
9419:
9418:
9400:
9387:
9386:
9366:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9329:
9323:
9322:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9288:www.sabcnews.com
9279:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9259:. Archived from
9248:
9242:
9241:
9223:
9214:
9213:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9168:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9137:
9120:
9117:
9105:
9094:
9047:Racial hierarchy
8960:
8955:
8954:
8946:
8941:
8940:
8932:
8930:Economics portal
8927:
8926:
8897:global apartheid
8849:gender apartheid
8841:Social apartheid
8815:has been adopted
8790:" is defined in
8696:opposition party
8386:Dakar Conference
8323:Pollsmoor Prison
8008:Albertina Sisulu
7892:Operation Askari
7888:Operation Protea
7814:Operation Skerwe
7810:Raid on Gaborone
7760:
7640:US Supreme Court
7507:Nordic countries
7440:Cultural boycott
7380:Basil D'Oliveira
7185:Lusaka Manifesto
7173:Lusaka Manifesto
7154:Lusaka Manifesto
7089:Security Council
7071:
7018:Hendrik Verwoerd
6999:Harold Macmillan
6973:
6966:
6959:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6683:Sporting boycott
6678:Academic boycott
6665:
6646:
6645:
6581:Albertina Sisulu
6445:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6382:
6358:
6350:
6142:Joekies Ice Rink
6055:domestic workers
5854:
5847:
5840:
5777:Social privilege
5762:Social exclusion
5690:Police brutality
5611:Multiculturalism
5581:Amatonormativity
5396:Social exclusion
5232:Age of candidacy
5026:Homeless dumping
4932:Ethnic cleansing
3862:
3839:
3838:
3829:mainstream media
3744:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3681:
3657:
3649:
3540:Forced removals
3405:Hendrik Verwoerd
3381:A 2016 study in
3215:(SAIC), and the
3171:criminal offence
3090:Hendrik Verwoerd
3069:
3062:
3055:
3044:
3039:
2813:
2768:
2698:Natives Land Act
2688:South Africa Act
2649:
2648:
2639:Hendrik Verwoerd
2576:Sauer Commission
2572:Hendrik Verwoerd
2515:Atlantic Charter
2473:, which it won.
2466:Sauer Commission
2454:Fagan Commission
2423:paramount chiefs
2417:(1927) made the
2407:South Africa Act
2391:Transvaal Colony
2051:white population
2048:
2027:that existed in
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1792:
1763:
1753:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1650:Military history
1635:Economic history
1602:Mbeki presidency
1477:Natalia Republic
1442:Transvaal Colony
1324:Middle Stone Age
1309:
1299:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1200:Gender apartheid
1121:Northern Ireland
983:
893:
886:
854:Indian hospitals
849:Separate schools
743:
720:
719:
710:
703:
696:
680:
679:
477:Albertina Sisulu
472:Benjamin Moloise
407:Arthur Goldreich
98:
75:
74:
21:
22190:
22189:
22185:
22184:
22183:
22181:
22180:
22179:
22060:
22059:
22058:
22046:
22034:
22022:
22012:
22010:
22000:
21998:
21988:
21986:
21976:
21974:
21966:
21964:
21959:
21929:
21925:White supremacy
21813:
21762:Mountain whites
21735:
21731:White supremacy
21696:White privilege
21658:
21652:
21616:Honorary whites
21555:
21518:
21449:
21271:
21255:
21174:
21166:
21152:
21147:
21117:
21112:
20984:
20476:
20459:
20457:
20455:
20425:
20420:
20407:
20400:
20393:
20380:
20249:
20228:Public holidays
20159:
20125:Sexual violence
20105:Life expectancy
20023:
19977:
19971:Mining industry
19909:
19873:Law enforcement
19811:
19777:Mountain ranges
19708:
19687:
19658:Second Boer War
19568:
19559:
19529:
19524:
19469:
19444:Separate school
19349:
19343:
19258:
19210:
19061:
18993:
18990:
18960:
18955:
18917:
18896:Racism in sport
18794:
18788:White supremacy
18627:
18395:
18331:Ethnic conflict
18303:
18297:
18191:Types of racism
18186:
18181:
18151:
18146:
18130:
18123:
18116:
18109:
18102:
18092:
18085:
18078:
18071:
18064:
18057:
18050:
18043:
18036:
18029:
18022:
18015:
18008:
18002:
17995:
17988:
17981:
17974:
17967:
17960:
17953:
17946:
17939:
17932:
17925:
17918:
17911:
17904:
17897:
17890:
17883:
17876:
17869:
17862:
17855:
17848:
17841:
17835:
17828:
17821:
17814:
17807:
17800:
17793:
17786:
17779:
17772:
17765:
17758:
17751:
17744:
17737:
17730:
17723:
17716:
17709:
17702:
17695:
17688:
17681:
17674:
17667:
17660:
17653:
17646:
17639:
17632:
17625:
17618:
17611:
17604:
17597:
17590:
17583:
17576:
17569:
17562:
17555:
17548:
17541:
17534:
17527:
17520:
17513:
17506:
17501:HNP (Herstigte)
17499:
17494:HNP (Herenigde)
17492:
17485:
17478:
17471:
17464:
17457:
17450:
17443:
17436:
17429:
17422:
17415:
17408:
17401:
17394:
17387:
17380:
17373:
17366:
17359:
17352:
17345:
17338:
17331:
17324:
17317:
17312:Afrikaner Party
17310:
17303:
17296:
17289:
17280:
17274:
17265:
17256:
17247:
17240:
17231:
17226:Honorary whites
17224:
17217:
17210:
17203:
17196:
17187:
17178:
17171:
17164:
17157:
17150:
17143:
17128:
17118:
17111:
17104:
17097:
17090:
17083:
17076:
17069:
17062:
17055:
17048:
17041:
17034:
17027:
17020:
17013:
17006:
16999:
16992:
16987:Soweto bombings
16985:
16978:
16971:
16964:
16957:
16950:
16943:
16935:
16928:
16921:
16914:
16907:
16900:
16893:
16884:
16877:
16870:
16863:
16856:
16849:
16842:
16835:
16828:
16821:
16814:
16807:
16800:
16793:
16788:Soweto Uprising
16786:
16779:
16770:
16763:
16756:
16749:
16742:
16731:
16724:
16717:
16712:Tar Baby Option
16710:
16703:
16696:
16689:
16682:
16675:
16668:
16661:
16654:
16647:
16640:
16633:Freedom Charter
16631:
16624:
16617:
16610:
16603:
16594:
16587:
16580:
16567:
16560:
16553:
16546:
16539:
16532:
16525:
16512:
16500:
16493:
16486:
16479:
16472:
16465:
16458:
16451:
16444:
16431:
16424:
16417:
16410:
16403:
16396:
16389:
16382:
16369:
16362:
16355:
16335:
16327:
16319:
16311:
16303:
16295:
16287:
16279:
16271:
16263:
16255:
16247:
16239:
16233:Griqualand West
16231:
16225:Griqualand East
16223:
16215:
16207:
16199:
16191:
16183:
16175:
16168:
16160:
16153:
16145:
16137:
16130:
16123:
16115:
16101:
16095:
16042:
16021:Freedom Charter
15998:Wayback Machine
15967:
15962:
15941:Visser, Pippa.
15858:History Compass
15795:Louw, P. Eric.
15790:Greenwood Press
15752:
15750:
15715:, 15 (3), 1948.
15628:. London, 1985.
15620:
15618:Further reading
15584:
15579:
15578:
15568:
15566:
15551:
15547:
15520:
15516:
15507:. 12 May 2020.
15497:
15496:
15492:
15475:
15474:
15470:
15451:
15450:
15446:
15427:
15423:
15404:
15403:
15399:
15389:
15387:
15383:
15366:
15358:
15357:
15353:
15347:Wayback Machine
15338:
15334:
15324:
15322:
15313:
15312:
15308:
15296:Wayback Machine
15286:
15282:
15270:Wayback Machine
15260:
15256:
15242:
15240:
15225:
15224:
15220:
15208:
15204:
15194:
15192:
15181:
15177:
15167:
15165:
15164:on 28 June 2008
15158:"Elections '94"
15156:
15155:
15151:
15142:
15138:
15121:
15117:
15108:
15107:
15103:
15093:
15091:
15077:
15073:
15063:
15061:
15054:
15050:
15040:
15038:
15029:
15028:
15024:
15014:
15012:
15011:on 9 March 2008
15003:
15002:
14998:
14979:
14975:
14965:
14963:
14954:
14953:
14949:
14939:
14937:
14928:
14927:
14923:
14906:
14902:
14871:
14867:
14855:
14851:
14841:
14839:
14824:
14820:
14816:28 August 1984.
14808:
14804:
14792:Rodopi. p. 49.
14787:
14783:
14766:
14762:
14745:
14741:
14731:
14729:
14712:
14708:
14699:
14695:
14678:
14674:
14665:
14661:
14651:
14649:
14636:
14635:
14631:
14621:
14619:
14612:
14596:
14592:
14582:
14580:
14573:
14565:. p. 171.
14557:
14553:
14541:
14539:
14532:
14524:. p. 123.
14516:
14512:
14497:10.2307/2152052
14481:
14477:
14467:
14465:
14458:
14442:
14433:
14410:
14406:
14401:
14397:
14390:
14385:
14378:
14373:
14366:
14361:
14357:
14352:
14348:
14343:
14336:
14326:
14324:
14320:
14313:
14309:
14308:
14304:
14295:
14291:
14282:
14278:
14269:
14265:
14248:
14244:
14234:
14232:
14223:
14222:
14218:
14206:Currey. p. 18.
14201:
14197:
14180:
14176:
14167:
14163:
14154:
14150:
14141:
14137:
14127:
14125:
14120:. 1 June 1985.
14112:
14111:
14104:
14097:
14083:
14079:
14072:
14058:
14054:
14047:
14033:
14026:
14019:
14005:
13998:
13991:
13977:
13973:
13966:
13952:
13945:
13938:
13924:
13920:
13913:
13899:
13895:
13888:
13874:
13867:
13860:
13846:
13842:
13835:
13821:
13802:
13795:
13775:
13768:
13758:
13756:
13739:
13735:
13728:
13714:
13707:
13697:
13695:
13688:
13672:
13661:
13651:
13649:
13634:
13630:
13620:
13618:
13603:
13599:
13589:
13587:
13572:
13568:
13558:
13556:
13541:
13537:
13528:
13524:
13517:
13503:
13492:
13485:
13471:
13460:
13453:
13431:
13424:
13417:
13403:
13399:
13392:
13378:
13374:
13367:
13353:
13349:
13342:
13328:
13324:
13314:
13312:
13307:. 12 May 2008.
13299:
13298:
13294:
13284:
13282:
13273:
13272:
13268:
13258:
13256:
13252:
13245:
13235:
13231:
13219:Wayback Machine
13210:
13206:
13189:
13188:
13184:
13174:
13172:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13153:
13149:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13126:
13118:
13114:
13105:
13101:
13092:
13088:
13076:
13072:
13056:
13055:
13048:
13046:
13039:"Archived copy"
13037:
13036:
13032:
13022:
13020:
13011:
13010:
13006:
12996:
12994:
12993:on 10 July 2011
12985:
12984:
12980:
12970:
12968:
12951:
12947:
12937:Wayback Machine
12928:
12924:
12911:. New Zealand:
12903:
12902:
12898:
12888:
12886:
12879:
12861:
12857:
12847:
12845:
12843:
12821:
12817:
12807:
12805:
12798:
12782:
12778:
12769:
12765:
12756:
12752:
12733:African Affairs
12729:
12725:
12716:
12712:
12703:
12696:
12685:Wayback Machine
12676:
12672:
12659:
12655:
12645:
12643:
12642:on 22 July 2011
12630:
12629:
12625:
12616:
12612:
12596:
12595:
12586:
12580:Wayback Machine
12571:
12567:
12557:
12555:
12547:
12546:
12542:
12532:
12530:
12517:
12516:
12512:
12507:Wayback Machine
12497:
12493:
12484:
12480:
12467:
12463:
12452:
12448:
12442:Wayback Machine
12433:
12429:
12415:
12411:
12401:
12399:
12388:
12384:
12369:
12365:
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12316:
12306:
12304:
12291:
12290:
12283:
12278:
12274:
12267:
12251:
12247:
12238:
12234:
12229:
12225:
12215:
12213:
12198:
12194:
12189:Wayback Machine
12180:
12176:
12166:
12164:
12151:Morsy, Soheir.
12149:
12145:
12135:
12133:
12120:
12116:
12085:
12081:
12071:
12069:
12060:
12059:
12055:
12045:
12043:
12036:"BoxRec: Event"
12034:
12033:
12029:
12019:
12017:
12010:"BoxRec: Event"
12008:
12007:
12003:
11990:
11989:
11985:
11975:
11973:
11964:
11963:
11956:
11946:
11944:
11935:
11934:
11930:
11899:
11895:
11884:
11877:
11866:
11862:
11851:
11847:
11836:
11832:
11825:
11811:
11807:
11797:
11795:
11776:
11772:
11762:
11760:
11753:
11737:
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11721:
11712:
11711:
11707:
11668:
11664:
11654:
11652:
11643:
11642:
11638:
11628:
11626:
11613:
11609:
11599:
11597:
11584:
11583:
11576:
11566:
11564:
11545:
11541:
11531:
11529:
11516:
11515:
11508:
11495:
11486:
11479:
11459:
11455:
11443:
11441:
11432:
11431:
11415:
11411:
11398:
11394:
11385:Saaty, Thomas.
11383:
11379:
11373:Wayback Machine
11364:
11360:
11354:Wayback Machine
11345:
11341:
11332:
11328:
11318:
11316:
11273:
11269:
11258:
11254:
11244:
11242:
11235:
11219:
11215:
11196:
11195:
11191:
11181:
11179:
11170:
11169:
11165:
11132:
11128:
11120:
11114:The Africa Fund
11110:Southern Africa
11105:
11099:
11095:
11090:
11086:
11076:
11074:
11061:
11060:
11056:
11046:
11044:
11031:
11030:
11026:
11016:
11014:
11001:
11000:
10996:
10991:
10987:
10982:
10978:
10973:
10969:
10957:
10953:
10944:
10940:
10931:
10927:
10918:
10914:
10905:
10901:
10889:
10885:
10880:
10876:
10866:
10864:
10860:
10821:
10815:
10811:
10802:
10798:
10789:
10785:
10776:
10772:
10767:Wayback Machine
10757:
10753:
10744:
10740:
10731:
10727:
10718:
10714:
10706:
10702:
10685:
10681:
10672:
10668:
10658:
10656:
10655:on 22 June 2008
10643:
10642:
10638:
10634:, p. 53-54
10630:
10626:
10618:
10611:
10598:
10597:
10593:
10576:
10572:
10564:
10560:
10550:Wayback Machine
10540:
10536:
10527:
10523:
10513:Wayback Machine
10503:
10499:
10490:
10486:
10477:
10473:
10463:Wayback Machine
10453:
10449:
10439:Wayback Machine
10429:
10425:
10415:
10413:
10408:. Smithsonian.
10402:
10398:
10388:
10386:
10379:
10363:
10359:
10349:
10347:
10340:
10324:
10317:
10307:
10305:
10298:
10282:
10278:
10268:
10266:
10257:
10256:
10252:
10242:
10240:
10233:"Apartheid FAQ"
10231:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10198:
10191:
10178:
10165:
10156:
10152:
10144:
10140:
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10109:
10094:
10084:
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10067:
10063:
10055:
10051:
10042:
10038:
10033:Wayback Machine
10023:
10019:
10013:Wayback Machine
10003:
9999:
9993:Wayback Machine
9983:
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9002:Divide and rule
8958:Politics portal
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8870:A 2007 book by
8858:The concept in
8784:
8765:washed the feet
8739:
8706:and the IFP in
8674:
8656:
8466:
8460:
8420:(SACP) and the
8394:
8342:property rights
8311:
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8292:
8210:economic growth
8200:in London, 1989
8190:
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8156:
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7930:Operation Argon
7820:
7802:
7770:defence budgets
7758:
7737:nuclear weapons
7724:
7654:
7649:
7562:Tar Baby Option
7529:address to the
7521:Prime Minister
7495:
7489:
7445:American actor
7442:
7387:Sir Don Bradman
7367:
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7280:
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7124:Catholic Church
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6544:Soweto uprising
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6426:
6383:
6381:
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6314:and works from
6308:
6203:in Durban, 1963
6194:
6192:Honorary whites
6180:
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6066:mortality rates
6042:
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5596:Civil liberties
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5537:Reappropriation
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5354:Racial steering
5320:Numerus clausus
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4872:Corrective rape
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3763:, December 1962
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3634:Group Areas Act
3612:(Mkhumbane) in
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3554:Group Areas Act
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3431:Homeland system
3393:
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3132:Coloured people
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2368:Second Boer War
2299:Roman-Dutch law
2278:in 1809 by the
2229:Khoikhoi people
2187:
2179:Main articles:
2177:
2086:grand apartheid
2082:petty apartheid
2059:marginalization
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17431:DP (1989–2000)
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17424:DP (1973–1977)
17420:
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17298:Afrikaner Bond
17293:
17291:
17282:
17276:
17275:
17273:
17272:
17263:
17254:
17245:
17238:
17229:
17222:
17215:
17212:Day of the Vow
17208:
17201:
17194:
17185:
17176:
17169:
17162:
17155:
17148:
17140:
17138:
17134:
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17060:
17053:
17046:
17039:
17032:
17025:
17018:
17011:
17004:
16997:
16990:
16983:
16980:Floor crossing
16976:
16969:
16962:
16955:
16948:
16940:
16938:
16930:
16929:
16927:
16926:
16919:
16912:
16905:
16898:
16895:Bisho massacre
16891:
16890:
16889:
16875:
16868:
16861:
16854:
16847:
16840:
16837:Operation Vula
16833:
16830:Rubicon speech
16826:
16823:Langa massacre
16819:
16812:
16805:
16798:
16791:
16784:
16777:
16776:
16775:
16761:
16754:
16747:
16740:
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16715:
16708:
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16694:
16687:
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16645:
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16615:
16608:
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16600:
16599:
16585:
16577:
16575:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16565:
16558:
16551:
16544:
16541:Rand Rebellion
16537:
16530:
16522:
16520:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16510:
16498:
16491:
16484:
16477:
16470:
16467:Boer Republics
16463:
16456:
16449:
16441:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16429:
16422:
16415:
16408:
16401:
16394:
16387:
16379:
16377:
16371:
16370:
16368:
16367:
16360:
16352:
16350:
16341:
16337:
16336:
16334:
16333:
16325:
16317:
16313:Bophuthatswana
16309:
16301:
16293:
16285:
16277:
16273:Klein Vrystaat
16269:
16261:
16253:
16245:
16237:
16229:
16221:
16213:
16205:
16197:
16189:
16181:
16173:
16158:
16143:
16135:
16112:
16110:
16103:
16102:
16094:
16093:
16086:
16079:
16071:
16065:
16064:
16055:
16040:
16034:
16029:– Cape Town's
16024:
16014:
16004:
15988:
15974:
15966:
15965:External links
15963:
15961:
15960:
15957:
15950:
15939:
15932:
15903:
15900:978-0399588174
15890:Noah, Trevor.
15888:
15881:
15874:
15853:
15850:The Free Press
15840:
15829:
15817:10.1086/695377
15811:(2): 304–330.
15800:
15793:
15786:
15769:
15762:
15734:
15731:The Afrikaners
15727:
15716:
15713:Race Relations
15709:
15704:Du Pre, R. H.
15702:
15687:
15680:
15669:
15658:
15640:(4): 414–427.
15629:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15615:
15614:
15596:(2): 139–159.
15583:
15580:
15577:
15576:
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15397:
15351:
15332:
15306:
15280:
15254:
15218:
15216:. 14 May 1997.
15202:
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15115:
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15022:
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14973:
14947:
14921:
14900:
14881:(3): 355–372.
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14289:
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14242:
14216:
14195:
14174:
14161:
14148:
14135:
14102:
14096:978-1909982284
14095:
14077:
14071:978-1909384927
14070:
14052:
14046:978-0313295713
14045:
14024:
14017:
13996:
13990:978-1868884063
13989:
13971:
13965:978-0786496594
13964:
13943:
13937:978-0887383076
13936:
13918:
13912:978-0160293320
13911:
13893:
13887:978-1409482499
13886:
13865:
13858:
13840:
13834:978-0253210623
13833:
13800:
13794:978-0472087075
13793:
13766:
13733:
13726:
13705:
13686:
13659:
13628:
13597:
13566:
13535:
13522:
13516:978-1439216187
13515:
13490:
13484:978-1770073289
13483:
13458:
13452:978-0817987114
13451:
13422:
13416:978-0862328962
13415:
13397:
13391:978-1349081677
13390:
13372:
13366:978-0820479071
13365:
13347:
13341:978-0333563519
13340:
13322:
13292:
13266:
13229:
13224:Democracy Now!
13204:
13182:
13171:on 23 May 2008
13156:
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13070:
13030:
13004:
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12922:
12896:
12877:
12855:
12841:
12815:
12796:
12790:. I.B.Tauris.
12776:
12763:
12750:
12723:
12710:
12694:
12670:
12653:
12623:
12610:
12584:
12582:United Nations
12573:Nelson Mandela
12565:
12540:
12510:
12491:
12478:
12461:
12446:
12427:
12409:
12382:
12363:
12314:
12281:
12272:
12265:
12245:
12232:
12223:
12192:
12174:
12143:
12114:
12095:(2): 139–159.
12079:
12053:
12027:
12001:
11983:
11954:
11928:
11909:(7): 1325–36.
11893:
11875:
11860:
11845:
11830:
11823:
11805:
11770:
11751:
11731:
11705:
11662:
11636:
11607:
11574:
11539:
11506:
11484:
11477:
11453:
11444:|journal=
11409:
11392:
11377:
11358:
11339:
11326:
11287:(2): 177–192.
11267:
11252:
11233:
11213:
11189:
11163:
11144:(5): 711–716.
11126:
11093:
11084:
11054:
11024:
10994:
10985:
10976:
10967:
10951:
10938:
10925:
10923:Zebra. p. 118.
10912:
10899:
10891:Booth, Douglas
10883:
10874:
10838:10.1086/685451
10809:
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10783:
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10377:
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10315:
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10276:
10250:
10224:
10212:
10189:
10179:O'Meara, Dan.
10163:
10150:
10138:
10092:
10077:. SA History.
10061:
10049:
10036:
10017:
9997:
9977:
9961:
9949:
9936:
9930:978-0595355518
9929:
9911:
9899:
9892:
9874:
9861:
9848:
9836:
9813:
9801:
9794:
9771:
9764:
9736:
9723:
9717:Shore, Megan.
9710:
9684:
9678:978-0313313578
9677:
9659:
9628:
9598:
9592:978-1850439936
9591:
9570:
9556:
9550:978-1432788353
9549:
9531:
9525:978-8176256384
9524:
9506:
9488:
9482:978-0192801852
9481:
9461:
9435:
9420:
9414:978-0415777070
9413:
9388:
9382:978-0791092217
9381:
9358:
9324:
9305:
9274:
9243:
9236:
9215:
9209:978-0415627689
9208:
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9044:
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9037:Nuremberg Laws
9034:
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8780:
8779:
8778:
8772:
8759:
8756:National Party
8749:
8746:F. W. de Klerk
8738:
8735:
8727:public holiday
8679:European Union
8670:Main article:
8655:
8652:
8569:anti-Communist
8538:Bisho massacre
8462:Main article:
8459:
8456:
8414:F. W. de Klerk
8393:
8390:
8310:
8307:
8294:Main article:
8291:
8288:
8261:Bill of Rights
8189:
8186:
8176:
8173:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8142:Main article:
8139:
8136:
8132:F. W. de Klerk
8061:rule by decree
8015:
8012:
7949:
7948:State security
7946:
7872:counter-strike
7801:
7798:
7786:special forces
7723:
7720:
7693:neocolonialism
7670:south Atlantic
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7636:Anglo American
7595:Bernard Ingham
7583:anti-communist
7488:
7485:
7441:
7438:
7399:Margaret Court
7366:
7363:
7313:
7312:Verwoerd years
7310:
7308:
7305:
7294:
7291:
7279:
7276:
7262:, Madagascar,
7248:Hastings Banda
7221:Kenneth Kaunda
7200:
7197:
7149:
7146:
7125:
7122:
7110:Resolution 418
7106:Resolution 392
7097:Resolution 181
7093:Resolution 134
7077:United Nations
7068:Nelson Mandela
7064:
7057:
7056:United Nations
7054:
7015:Prime Minister
7003:Wind of Change
6991:
6988:
6983:Main article:
6979:
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6666:
6658:
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6643:
6640:
6597:Nelson Mandela
6518:Nelson Mandela
6452:Main article:
6448:
6447:
6362:
6360:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6307:
6304:
6212:honorary white
6179:
6176:
6174:in Cape Town.
6157:Andrew Jephtha
6125:
6122:
6087:By the 1930s,
6078:
6075:
6041:
6038:
6029:respectively.
5956:
5953:
5864:Main article:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
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5842:
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5759:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5745:Reverse racism
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5715:Prisoner abuse
5712:
5707:
5705:Power distance
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5623:Ethnic penalty
5620:
5619:
5618:
5616:Neurodiversity
5613:
5603:
5601:Dehumanization
5598:
5593:
5591:Cisnormativity
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5567:Related topics
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5554:
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5544:
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5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
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5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:State religion
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5347:Nuremberg Laws
5344:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Ghetto benches
5286:
5284:Gerrymandering
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Gender pay gap
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
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5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Lavender scare
5043:
5041:Kill Haole Day
5038:
5036:Indian rolling
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:Eliminationism
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4857:Cancel culture
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4826:Manifestations
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:Middle Eastern
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
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4606:
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4514:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:Zoroastrianism
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4355:Untouchability
4352:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4168:Leprosy stigma
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
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4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4016:
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4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3969:
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3911:
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3902:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3852:Discrimination
3848:
3847:
3836:
3833:
3757:Port Elizabeth
3747:
3746:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3638:Chinese people
3565:slum clearance
3541:
3538:
3528:
3525:
3508:Bophuthatswana
3486:Rural area in
3435:Main article:
3432:
3429:
3421:Wind of Change
3392:
3389:
3296:Main article:
3293:
3290:
3198:banning orders
3163:Immorality Act
3111:Anglo-Boer war
3107:Boer republics
3079:Main article:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2871:Immorality Act
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2708:Immorality Act
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2643:
2550:United Nations
2486:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2440:government of
2395:Godfrey Lagden
2372:Boer republics
2291:British Empire
2233:white settlers
2176:
2173:
2165:Nelson Mandela
2141:National Party
2129:arms embargoes
2121:United Nations
2071:Black Africans
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Khoisan people
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
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1590:Post-apartheid
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1497:First Boer War
1493:
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1460:Boer Republics
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1329:Late Stone Age
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990:Anti-Romanyism
986:
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979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
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968:
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958:
952:United States
950:
948:United Kingdom
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
923:
922:
921:
919:Nuremberg Laws
911:
906:
901:
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892:Jewish ghettos
889:
882:
881:
880:
873:
863:
858:
857:
856:
851:
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828:
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749:
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745:
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736:
735:
729:
728:
727:of articles on
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603:Related topics
602:
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598:
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583:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
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539:
534:
529:
527:H. F. Verwoerd
524:
519:
514:
509:
507:Adelaide Tambo
504:
499:
497:Robert Sobukwe
494:
489:
487:J. G. Strijdom
484:
479:
474:
469:
467:Raymond Mhlaba
464:
459:
454:
452:Nelson Mandela
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Albert Luthuli
429:
427:Ahmed Kathrada
424:
419:
417:Bantu Holomisa
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
392:F. W. de Klerk
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309:National Party
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22019:
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21997:
21995:
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21833:One-drop rule
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21539:New Caledonia
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21455:South America
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21399:
21398:San Francisco
21396:
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21380:United States
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21276:North America
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20340:
20338:
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20330:
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20318:
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20313:
20309:
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20301:
20299:
20296:
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20260:
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20219:
20216:
20214:
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20209:
20206:
20204:
20201:
20199:
20196:
20193:
20189:
20186:
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20181:
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20171:
20170:
20168:
20166:
20162:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20146:
20143:
20141:
20140:Social issues
20138:
20136:
20133:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20116:
20113:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20101:
20098:
20096:
20093:
20091:
20090:Land invasion
20088:
20086:
20083:
20081:
20078:
20076:
20073:
20071:
20068:
20066:
20063:
20061:
20058:
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20034:
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20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
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19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19974:
19972:
19969:
19967:
19964:
19962:
19961:Foreign trade
19959:
19957:
19954:
19952:
19949:
19947:
19944:
19942:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19929:
19928:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19916:
19906:
19903:
19899:
19896:
19895:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19881:
19879:
19876:
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19871:
19869:
19866:
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19861:
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19856:
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19851:
19849:
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19839:
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19700:
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19616:
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19609:
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19604:
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19599:
19598:Early history
19596:
19592:
19589:
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19575:
19571:
19567:
19563:
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19511:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19493:
19492:
19491:
19482:
19480:
19479:Pillarisation
19476:
19475:
19472:
19466:
19463:
19461:
19458:
19456:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19445:
19442:
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19425:
19422:
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19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19399:Jim Crow laws
19397:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
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19300:
19298:
19295:
19291:
19288:
19287:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19275:Balkanization
19273:
19271:
19268:
19267:
19265:
19261:
19255:
19252:
19250:
19247:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19237:
19235:
19232:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19222:
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19219:
19217:
19213:
19205:
19202:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19192:
19188:
19187:
19186:
19183:
19181:
19178:
19176:
19173:
19172:
19171:
19170:United States
19168:
19166:
19163:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19146:
19143:
19141:
19138:
19136:
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19131:
19128:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
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19091:
19088:
19086:
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19081:
19078:
19076:
19073:
19072:
19070:
19068:
19064:
19058:
19055:
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19050:
19048:
19045:
19043:
19040:
19038:
19035:
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19030:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19018:
19015:
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19010:
19008:
19005:
19004:
19002:
19000:
18996:
18987:
18982:
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18968:
18967:
18964:
18952:
18944:
18942:
18934:
18932:
18924:
18923:
18920:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18906:
18902:
18899:
18898:
18897:
18894:
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18778:Wine industry
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18371:Racialization
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18336:Ethnic hatred
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18253:Laissez-faire
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18238:Institutional
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17823:Workers Party
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17697:Radio Freedom
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17078:Tshwane riots
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16802:Project Coast
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16781:Mafeje affair
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16751:Durban Moment
16748:
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16744:Rivonia Trial
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14491:(1): 83–104.
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14450:. iUniverse.
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11824:9780313229602
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11752:9789251055632
11748:
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11650:
11647:. About.com.
11646:
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11581:
11579:
11562:
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11554:
11553:New Scientist
11550:
11543:
11527:
11523:
11522:SAHistory.org
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10595:
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10584:
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10574:
10568:, p. 49.
10567:
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10378:9781868427161
10374:
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10339:9780253353900
10335:
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10280:
10264:
10260:
10254:
10238:
10235:. about.com.
10234:
10228:
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10210:
10206:
10202:
10199:M. Meredith,
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10115:
10107:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10065:
10059:, p. 26.
10058:
10053:
10046:
10040:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10021:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10001:
9994:
9990:
9987:
9981:
9974:
9968:
9966:
9959:, p. 17.
9958:
9953:
9946:
9940:
9932:
9926:
9922:
9915:
9908:
9903:
9895:
9889:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9865:
9858:
9852:
9846:, p. 14.
9845:
9840:
9824:
9817:
9811:, p. 12.
9810:
9805:
9797:
9791:
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9384:
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9365:
9363:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9328:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9293:
9290:. SABC News.
9289:
9285:
9278:
9263:on 2 May 2018
9262:
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9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9017:Jim Crow Laws
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
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8816:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8769:Frank Chikane
8766:
8763:
8760:
8757:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8708:KwaZulu-Natal
8705:
8701:
8697:
8691:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8673:
8665:
8660:
8654:1994 election
8651:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8639:Y shaped flag
8636:
8635:
8630:
8626:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8613:Lucas Mangope
8609:
8607:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
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8570:
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8528:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8484:
8482:
8481:Groote Schuur
8477:
8473:
8471:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8440:
8438:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8426:press freedom
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8403:
8398:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8334:nation-states
8330:
8328:
8325:just outside
8324:
8320:
8319:Robben Island
8316:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8277:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8257:
8253:
8252:Harry Schwarz
8249:
8245:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8199:
8194:
8185:
8183:
8172:
8169:
8168:Philip Bonner
8165:
8161:
8145:
8135:
8133:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8106:
8101:
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8091:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8062:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8044:Witwatersrand
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8022:
8011:
8009:
8005:
8002:
7997:
7994:
7989:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7918:Gaborone Raid
7913:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7881:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
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7824:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7797:
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7775:
7771:
7766:
7762:
7757:
7753:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7729:André Beaufre
7719:
7717:
7714:(MK) and the
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7696:
7694:
7689:
7688:client states
7685:
7684:
7679:
7675:
7674:Indian Oceans
7671:
7667:
7658:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
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7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7499:
7494:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7468:CBS/Fox Video
7465:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7447:Marlon Brando
7437:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7383:
7381:
7376:
7372:
7365:Vorster years
7362:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7338:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7304:
7301:
7289:
7285:
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7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
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7249:
7244:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7209:
7206:
7205:B. J. Vorster
7196:
7194:
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7179:
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7169:
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7155:
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7118:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7078:
7069:
7063:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7039:had become a
7038:
7034:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6986:
6974:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:"Biko" (song)
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:Other aspects
6908:
6907:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6768:Organisations
6765:
6764:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:Disinvestment
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6616:Harry Schwarz
6613:
6609:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6573:Archie Gumede
6570:
6565:
6562:
6561:Thomas Sowell
6552:
6548:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6473:In 1949, the
6471:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6444:
6441:
6433:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391: –
6390:
6386:
6385:Find sources:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6363:This section
6361:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6091:mirrored the
6090:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6056:
6046:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5944:voting rights
5940:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5855:
5850:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Social stigma
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:State atheism
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Jim Crow laws
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:One-drop rule
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Blood quantum
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:Victimisation
5181:
5179:
5178:Trans bashing
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Religious war
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Racialization
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Glass ceiling
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Ethnic hatred
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Counter-jihad
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4642:United States
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4505:United States
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Protestantism
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:LDS or Mormon
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Transmisogyny
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Gerontophobia
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Anti-intersex
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Anti-albinism
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Institutional
3876:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:, also spelt
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3732:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690: –
3689:
3685:
3684:Find sources:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3662:This section
3660:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:Indian people
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3514:in 1979, and
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3323:J.G. Strijdom
3315:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:of 1950 made
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:Indemnity Act
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2937:Terrorism Act
2930:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:Indemnity Act
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:Pass Laws Act
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:Glen Grey Act
2668:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2619:voting system
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Witwatersrand
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2482:1948 election
2474:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:. Amid fears
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:British Crown
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:Glen Grey Act
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:Graaff-Reinet
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2246:In 1797, the
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1875:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1786:Dorsland Trek
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:One-drop rule
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:Statelessness
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:United States
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
977:
976:
967:
964:
962:
961:Jim Crow laws
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
890:
888:
885:Greek–Turkish
883:
879:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
866:
864:
862:
861:Fascist Italy
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
837:
834:
833:
825:
824:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
786:
785:Environmental
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
747:
746:
742:
738:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
722:
721:
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
675:
674:
673:
672:
665:
662:
660:
659:Project Coast
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
600:
599:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Robben Island
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
538:
535:
533:
532:B. J. Vorster
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
482:Walter Sisulu
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
363:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Organisations
203:
202:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:Vaal uprising
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
139:Rivonia Trial
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
93:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
21982:South Africa
21952:
21895:White ethnic
21809:White monkey
21716:White savior
21686:White flight
21666:Acting white
21657:Sociological
21640:
21601:
21596:Peninsulares
21594:
21587:
21580:
21570:
21548:
21531:
21506:
21479:
21462:
21430:
21416:
21409:
21385:
21378:
21321:
21314:
21297:
21236:South Africa
21160:
21150:White people
20469:South Africa
20255:Demographics
20203:Homelessness
20173:Architecture
20004:Trade unions
19863:Human rights
19833:Constitution
19730:Biodiversity
19672:
19668:World War II
19638:Zulu Kingdom
19562:South Africa
19517:
19488:
19356:
19239:Saudi Arabia
19189:
19155:Saudi Arabia
19144:
19042:Saudi Arabia
18901:in Australia
18891:Racial quota
18535:Soviet Union
18478:Saudi Arabia
18419:South Africa
18346:Ethnic slurs
18341:Ethnic jokes
18315:
18243:Internalized
18141:
18101:Histories of
17795:United Party
17704:Reform Party
17641:Orangia Unie
17266:
17257:
17250:Swart gevaar
17248:
17232:
17188:
17179:
17120:
17022:Blikkiesdorp
16572:
16348:Pre-colonial
16201:Natal Colony
16185:Zulu Kingdom
16099:South Africa
16051:
16047:
16031:District Six
16019:– About the
16010:
15982:
15953:
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15796:
15772:
15771:Keable, Ken
15765:
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15751:. Retrieved
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15589:
15582:Bibliography
15567:. Retrieved
15559:The Guardian
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15319:the original
15309:
15299:
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15275:The Guardian
15273:
15257:
15247:– via
15241:. Retrieved
15230:
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15205:
15193:. Retrieved
15187:. FairVote.
15178:
15166:. Retrieved
15162:the original
15152:
15144:
15143:Jeffery, A.
15139:
15123:
15118:
15104:
15092:. Retrieved
15074:
15062:. Retrieved
15051:
15039:. Retrieved
15025:
15013:. Retrieved
15009:the original
14999:
14991:the original
14986:
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14966:16 September
14964:. Retrieved
14950:
14940:16 September
14938:. Retrieved
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14650:. Retrieved
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14540:. Retrieved
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14466:. Retrieved
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14318:the original
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13611:The Guardian
13610:
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13588:. Retrieved
13580:The Guardian
13579:
13569:
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13549:The Guardian
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12553:Commonwealth
12552:
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12531:. Retrieved
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12396:the original
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12299:. Apfn.org.
12294:
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11521:
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11463:
11456:
11435:cite journal
11412:
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11329:
11317:. Retrieved
11284:
11280:
11270:
11264:. Routledge.
11261:
11255:
11243:. Retrieved
11223:
11216:
11208:the original
11201:
11192:
11180:. Retrieved
11176:the original
11166:
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11135:
11129:
11112:. New York:
11109:
11096:
11087:
11075:. Retrieved
11071:the original
11066:
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11045:. Retrieved
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11027:
11015:. Retrieved
11011:the original
11006:
10997:
10988:
10979:
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10954:
10946:
10941:
10936:Knopf. p. 35
10933:
10928:
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10907:
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10877:
10865:. Retrieved
10829:
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10414:. Retrieved
10399:
10387:. Retrieved
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10360:
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10328:
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10267:. Retrieved
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10241:. Retrieved
10227:
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10200:
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10129:. Retrieved
10113:
10083:. Retrieved
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9746:
9739:
9731:
9726:
9718:
9713:
9701:. Retrieved
9687:
9668:
9662:
9650:. Retrieved
9642:The Guardian
9641:
9631:
9619:. Retrieved
9610:
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9534:
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9448:the original
9438:
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9371:
9349:. Retrieved
9337:
9327:
9321:. AllAfrica.
9318:
9308:
9296:. Retrieved
9287:
9277:
9265:. Retrieved
9261:the original
9256:
9246:
9227:
9199:
9193:
9181:. Retrieved
9149:. Retrieved
9135:
9115:
9092:
8893:Global North
8890:
8883:
8882:is entitled
8869:
8857:
8839:
8812:
8785:
8775:Leon Wessels
8762:Adriaan Vlok
8740:
8724:
8704:Western Cape
8692:
8675:
8649:
8642:
8632:
8622:
8610:
8603:
8592:
8588:Kempton Park
8565:Janusz Waluś
8561:Johannesburg
8550:
8535:
8529:township of
8516:
8512:
8496:
8485:
8478:
8474:
8467:
8458:Negotiations
8441:
8434:
8407:
8378:
8362:
8351:
8347:
8331:
8312:
8303:
8299:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8265:United Party
8246:, signed by
8241:
8218:
8207:
8203:
8178:
8157:
8129:
8109:
8102:
8082:
8074:interrogated
8052:Western Cape
8032:Eastern Cape
8025:
8017:
8004:Allan Boesak
7998:
7990:
7982:
7962:
7934:
7914:
7890:in 1981 and
7884:
7877:
7860:
7829:
7777:Shimon Peres
7767:
7763:
7756:The Guardian
7755:
7752:Shimon Peres
7746:The Guardian
7744:
7725:
7697:
7681:
7663:
7628:
7621:
7607:
7547:
7543:Oliver Tambo
7530:
7504:
7443:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7391:Garry Sobers
7384:
7375:John Vorster
7368:
7356:against the
7343:
7315:
7296:
7252:
7241:
7219:in 1962 and
7210:
7202:
7192:
7190:
7182:
7171:
7157:
7127:
7114:
7082:
7074:
7060:
7050:
7046:
7033:Commonwealth
7030:
7020:announced a
6993:
6990:Commonwealth
6654:
6608:Helen Suzman
6605:
6601:Desmond Tutu
6593:Helen Joseph
6589:Allan Boesak
6585:Desmond Tutu
6577:Oscar Mpetha
6566:
6557:
6541:
6530:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6436:
6430:January 2020
6427:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6384:
6372:Please help
6367:verification
6364:
6332:
6309:
6306:Conservatism
6292:Christianity
6280:
6258:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6209:
6206:
6161:
6154:
6134:Jerry Jooste
6131:
6127:
6114:
6108:
6101:
6086:
6062:malnutrition
6059:
6051:
6034:
6031:
5987:Eastern Cape
5972:
5958:
5935:
5920:
5912:
5908:
5869:
5633:Gender-blind
5512:Human rights
5332:Racial quota
5319:
5299:Jewish quota
5279:Gerontocracy
5274:Gender roles
5252:Disabilities
5237:Blood purity
5203:Wife selling
5193:White flight
5173:Slut-shaming
5153:Scapegoating
5071:Murder music
4726:Palestinians
4669:Anti-Zionism
4537:South Africa
4522:Black people
4500:South Africa
4308:Christianity
4298:Baháʼí Faith
4213:Sectarianism
4153:Heterosexism
4118:Ephebiphobia
4088:Anti-Masonry
3947:Hair texture
3821:
3810:
3805:Trade unions
3802:
3798:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3735:
3726:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3683:
3671:Please help
3666:verification
3663:
3618:District Six
3591:Until 1955,
3590:
3582:Johannesburg
3561:
3534:
3530:
3493:
3469:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3410:
3408:and whites.
3394:
3382:
3380:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3340:Constitution
3320:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3229:
3202:
3183:
3175:
3156:
3136:
3124:
3103:
3095:
3035:
3025:Constitution
3012:
2941:
2814:
2769:
2764:
2671:
2632:
2600:
2596:
2584:
2579:
2566:
2535:
2523:James Mpanza
2506:World War II
2502:
2438:United Party
2435:
2431:voters' roll
2421:rather than
2381:In 1905 the
2380:
2351:Cecil Rhodes
2328:
2324:
2308:
2284:
2271:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2237:Dutch Empire
2210:
2205:
2189:
2188:
2154:
2127:, including
2117:
2110:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2055:minoritarian
2040:
2029:South Africa
1873:
1872:
1689:
1645:LGBT history
1544:
1532:World War II
1502:Jameson Raid
1382:Zulu Kingdom
1317:Pre-colonial
1298:South Africa
1092: /
1082:
1039:Saudi Arabia
931:South Africa
930:
914:Nazi Germany
875:
868:
787: /
560:District Six
522:Desmond Tutu
512:Oliver Tambo
502:Helen Suzman
402:Bram Fischer
87:
72:
46:
37:This is the
31:
21920:White pride
21782:White trash
21767:Poor Whites
21691:White guilt
21550:New Zealand
21438:Puerto Rico
21393:Los Angeles
21339:El Salvador
21175:by location
20359:Cape Malays
20080:Immigration
19931:Agriculture
19752:Earthquakes
19633:Cape Colony
19613:Kaditshwene
19374:Black Codes
19322:labor camps
19229:Afghanistan
18816:Anti-racism
18557:Middle East
18451:South Korea
18446:North Korea
18361:Hate speech
18283:Substantive
18263:Neocolonial
17234:Rooi gevaar
17113:2021 unrest
17043:Nkandlagate
16872:Third Force
16733:Rugby union
16331:(1981–1994)
16323:(1979–1994)
16315:(1977–1994)
16307:(1976–1994)
16299:(1910–1961)
16291:(1902–1910)
16283:(1902–1910)
16275:(1886–1891)
16267:(1885–1887)
16259:(1884–1888)
16251:(1882–1885)
16243:(1882–1883)
16235:(1870–1873)
16227:(1861–1879)
16219:(1856–1902)
16211:(1854–1902)
16203:(1843–1910)
16195:(1839–1843)
16187:(1816–1897)
16179:(1795–1910)
16177:Cape Colony
16169: 1780
16154: 1780
16141:(1652–1806)
16131: 1220
16124: 1075
15325:22 February
15243:13 November
14420:(1): 5–35.
14387:Dubow, Saul
14327:15 December
13759:13 December
13652:14 February
12646:22 February
12402:28 December
10867:13 November
10708:Rielations.
10085:23 February
9621:21 February
9454:26 December
9351:20 November
9084:Annotations
9032:Negrophobia
8905:Third World
8819:Palestinian
8731:Freedom Day
8716:Thabo Mbeki
8048:Vereeniging
7978:securocrats
7743:. In 2010,
7708:Warsaw Pact
7683:containment
7550:Switzerland
7454:arrival of
7260:Ivory Coast
7133:Netherlands
6842:Resolutions
6816:Conferences
6799:TransAfrica
6612:Colin Eglin
6495:Sharpeville
6389:"Apartheid"
6333:Television
6268:Cape Malays
6260:Indonesians
6220:South Korea
6164:Sipho Mange
5916:pencil test
5527:Nonviolence
5522:LGBT rights
5487:Empowerment
5455:Anti-racism
5369:Segregation
5314:No kid zone
5108:Persecution
5021:Hate speech
4972:Gay bashing
4947:Ethnic joke
4902:Dog whistle
4847:Blood libel
4517:Azerbaijani
4413:Neopaganism
4406:Persecution
4367:Persecution
4350:Persecution
4313:Catholicism
4293:Exclusivism
4235:Transphobia
4218:Supremacism
4173:Lesbophobia
4093:Aporophobia
4058:Anti-autism
3893:Taste-based
3888:Statistical
3813:hard liquor
3761:Grahamstown
3688:"Apartheid"
3598:Meadowlands
3472:ethnostates
3308:Bonteheuwel
3211:(ANC), the
3148:shanty town
2645:Legislation
2542:voting bloc
2519:Alfred Xuma
2497:D. F. Malan
2477:Institution
2458:integration
2331:Cape Colony
2285:During the
2065:as well as
1928:especially
1799:Uukwaluudhi
1750:History of
1552:Legislation
1527:World War I
1432:Cape Colony
1349:Kaditshwene
1296:History of
1183:Citizenship
1151:Residential
1034:Gulf states
956:Black Codes
844:Pass system
768:Allegations
462:Thabo Mbeki
457:Govan Mbeki
447:D. F. Malan
442:Mac Maharaj
377:P. W. Botha
304:Broederbond
22064:Categories
21883:Quebeckers
21869:Old Stock
21648:White gods
21387:California
21316:Costa Rica
20337:Afrikaners
20325:San people
20208:Literature
20155:Xenophobia
20075:Healthcare
20055:Disability
19978:(currency)
19883:Parliament
19858:Government
19843:Corruption
19678:Border War
19477:See also:
19465:Xenophobia
19317:Internment
19302:Ethnocracy
18695:Vietnamese
18468:Arab world
18366:Hate group
18356:Hate crime
18293:Xenophobia
18273:Scientific
18258:Linguistic
18052:Greyshirts
17816:Volksparty
17347:Black Sash
17008:Xenophobia
17001:Travelgate
16758:Border War
16562:Bantustans
16460:Great Trek
16405:Xhosa Wars
16265:Upingtonia
16249:Stellaland
15015:3 December
14732:9 February
14622:8 November
14468:8 November
13785:79–82, 477
13748:The Nation
13698:8 November
13023:7 February
12971:7 November
12909:NZ History
12157:Wiredspace
12136:7 November
11996:boxrec.com
11724:15 January
11678:(4): 517.
11245:28 October
10832:(3): 000.
10157:P. Brits,
10015:. Hansard.
9893:0869755277
9127:References
8967:Afrophobia
8944:Law portal
8909:developing
8737:Contrition
8553:Chris Hani
8507:referendum
8499:right-wing
8430:common law
8225:Mozambique
8034:, and the
8021:necklacing
7965:P.W. Botha
7880:safehouses
7868:preemptive
7844:Mozambique
7804:See also:
7781:P.W. Botha
7754:said that
7700:free world
7614:Democratic
7610:Republican
7579:free trade
7523:Olof Palme
7491:See also:
7464:home video
7456:television
7403:grand slam
7346:All Blacks
7246:president
7152:See also:
7102:arms trade
7087:, and the
7022:referendum
7005:speech in
6628:Black Sash
6537:Steve Biko
6475:youth wing
6400:newspapers
6245:gold mines
6150:Free State
6093:balkanised
6081:See also:
6071:dependents
5900:Madagascar
5809:Stereotype
5804:Speciesism
5685:Oppression
5680:Oikophobia
5576:Allophilia
5552:Toleration
5401:Sodomy law
5294:Internment
5208:Witch-hunt
5086:Blackhawks
5016:Hate group
5004:Hate crime
4977:Gendercide
4967:Freak show
4957:Excellence
4917:Employment
4887:Defamation
4806:Vietnamese
4801:Venezuelan
4686:Lithuanian
4340:Falun Gong
4262:Xenophobia
4257:Vegaphobia
4240:Non-binary
4198:Pedophobia
4163:Homophobia
3977:Skin color
3937:Disability
3908:Attributes
3883:Structural
3729:March 2022
3699:newspapers
3630:Cape Flats
3610:Cato Manor
3593:Sophiatown
3552:See also:
3496:Basterland
3332:Parliament
3236:bantustans
3225:censorship
3203:After the
3176:Under the
2554:colour bar
2546:Afrikaners
2529:, and the
2272:Hottentots
2260:Swellendam
2175:Precursors
2112:bantustans
2075:inequality
2053:. In this
1985:Afrikaans:
1803:Uukwangali
1567:Bantustans
1106:Mauritania
1010:Roma walls
936:Bantustans
780:Xenophobia
570:Sophiatown
537:Jacob Zuma
422:Joel Joffe
412:Chris Hani
397:Ruth First
382:Steve Biko
239:Black Sash
22105:Apartheid
21878:Canadians
21873:Americans
21840:Alt-right
21757:Hillbilly
21571:Apartheid
21533:Australia
21514:Venezuela
21464:Argentina
21424:Baltimore
21411:Louisiana
21344:Guatemala
21305:Caribbean
20475:–present)
20349:Coloureds
20095:Languages
20060:Education
20009:Transport
19941:Companies
19893:President
19848:Elections
19797:Provinces
19757:Estuaries
19747:Districts
19718:Geography
19673:Apartheid
19357:Apartheid
19290:Bantustan
19175:Civil War
18999:Religious
18876:Race card
18811:Alt-right
18611:Argentina
18572:Palestine
18490:Australia
18316:Apartheid
18304:of racism
17268:Volkstaat
17259:Uitlander
17190:Boerehaat
17166:Anarchism
16973:Arms Deal
16936:apartheid
16596:Pass laws
16573:Apartheid
16518:1910–1948
16437:1815–1910
16375:1652–1815
15928:144871273
15914:: 36–42.
15825:224798450
15779:Pontypool
15677:Zed Books
15666:MacMillan
15654:151467416
15610:145782935
15362:Apartheid
13315:3 January
13285:3 January
13140:13 August
12889:13 August
12476:, 2001, 9
12470:Les Payne
12417:A War Won
12307:3 January
12109:145782935
11923:154741874
11700:144615165
11309:154050355
11182:7 January
11158:0962-6298
10846:0022-3816
10554:About.com
10517:About.com
10467:About.com
10443:About.com
9821:R.W Lee.
9703:11 August
9346:0015-7120
8729:known as
8557:Dawn Park
8531:Boipatong
8338:pass laws
8327:Cape Town
8038:region ("
7535:Stockholm
7525:made the
7418:boycotted
7395:Australia
7358:Springbok
7307:Isolation
7293:Beginning
7266:, Gabon,
7264:Mauritius
7233:Swaziland
7203:In 1966,
7007:Cape Town
6927:Activists
6672:Campaigns
6272:Malaysian
5968:Afrikaans
5960:Education
5955:Education
5923:townships
5896:Sri Lanka
5866:Coloureds
5782:Christian
5710:Prejudice
5658:Masculism
5606:Diversity
5384:religious
5359:Redlining
4952:Ethnocide
4912:Education
4791:Ukrainian
4721:Pakistani
4711:Mongolian
4632:Australia
4614:Hungarian
4569:Colombian
4549:Bulgarian
4423:Rastafari
4372:Ahmadiyya
4278:Religious
4250:Trans men
4208:Pregnancy
4143:Gayphobia
4138:Fatphobia
4043:Acephobia
4038:Arophobia
4014:Viewpoint
3622:Cape Town
3510:in 1977,
3506:in 1976,
3437:Bantustan
3425:the Crown
3397:Afrikaner
3286:pass laws
3194:Communism
3115:townships
3099:Afrikaans
3010:(1990–93)
2615:Transvaal
2580:apartheid
2442:Jan Smuts
2268:pass laws
2266:extended
2255:Heemraden
2249:Landdrost
2194:Afrikaans
2190:Apartheid
2159:with the
2069:and then
2067:Coloureds
2018:aparthood
1874:Apartheid
1545:Apartheid
1490:Boer Wars
1220:Ethnicity
1136:Academies
1061:Uthapuram
941:Pass laws
877:Indigénat
870:Code Noir
836:Australia
814:Redlining
591:Vlakplaas
555:Bantustan
492:Joe Slovo
88:Apartheid
21777:Rednecks
21603:Criollos
21502:Suriname
21492:Paraguay
21487:Colombia
21418:Maryland
21354:Honduras
21329:Dominica
21288:Barbados
21267:Pakistan
21251:Zimbabwe
21201:Botswana
20411:Category
20320:Khoekhoe
20198:HIV/AIDS
20120:Religion
20085:Intersex
20065:Feminism
20045:Cannabis
19994:Taxation
19898:timeline
19878:Military
19821:Politics
19807:Wildlife
19704:Military
19692:By topic
19628:Ndwandwe
19586:Timeline
19566:articles
19490:Category
19450:Shunning
19446:(Canada)
19409:Nativism
19263:Dynamics
19140:Rhodesia
19135:Portugal
19130:Malaysia
19095:Bulgaria
19037:Portugal
18931:Category
18846:Lynching
18821:Casteism
18666:Japanese
18525:Portugal
18456:Thailand
18424:Zimbabwe
18288:Symbolic
18278:Societal
18268:Romantic
18233:Gendered
18213:Cultural
18203:Colorism
18198:Aversive
18143:Category
18045:Boeremag
17536:Jeugkrag
17487:Het Volk
17181:Baasskap
17123:incident
16726:Olympics
16305:Transkei
16108:polities
16106:Defunct
15994:Archived
15753:20 March
15747:Archived
15563:Archived
15509:Archived
15485:Archived
15481:BBC News
15463:Archived
15439:Archived
15435:NBC News
15416:Archived
15411:B'Tselem
15381:Archived
15343:Archived
15292:Archived
15266:Archived
15237:Archived
15189:Archived
15088:Archived
15041:27 April
15035:Archived
14960:Archived
14934:Archived
14895:22512618
14836:Archived
14726:Archived
14646:Archived
14642:TheCable
14616:Archived
14583:11 April
14577:Archived
14542:11 April
14536:Archived
14462:Archived
14229:Archived
14128:7 August
14122:Archived
13753:Archived
13692:Archived
13646:Archived
13615:Archived
13584:Archived
13553:Archived
13309:Archived
13305:BBC News
13259:25 March
13250:Archived
13241:(1989).
13215:Archived
13131:Archived
13084:. p. 46.
13059:cite web
13049:16 April
13043:Archived
13017:Archived
12965:Archived
12933:Archived
12917:Archived
12883:Archived
12848:25 March
12808:25 March
12802:Archived
12681:Archived
12576:Archived
12558:8 August
12527:Archived
12503:Archived
12438:Archived
12358:15604160
12301:Archived
12216:26 April
12210:Archived
12185:Archived
12161:Archived
12072:4 August
12066:Archived
12040:Archived
12014:Archived
11992:"BoxRec"
11970:Archived
11941:Archived
11792:Archived
11763:25 March
11757:Archived
11655:14 March
11649:Archived
11629:25 March
11623:Archived
11594:Archived
11561:Archived
11526:Archived
11369:Archived
11350:Archived
11313:Archived
11239:Archived
11118:Archived
11041:Archived
10961:(1977).
10893:(1998).
10858:Archived
10854:53381097
10763:Archived
10546:Archived
10509:Archived
10459:Archived
10435:Archived
10410:Archived
10383:Archived
10344:Archived
10308:29 April
10302:Archived
10263:Archived
10243:25 March
10237:Archived
10131:25 March
10122:Archived
10079:Archived
10029:Archived
10009:Archived
9989:Archived
9829:27 March
9697:Archived
9652:25 March
9646:Archived
9615:Archived
9611:BBC News
9292:Archived
9177:Archived
9145:Archived
9104:in 1994.
8916:See also
8833:and the
8634:Die Stem
8625:car bomb
8370:Zimbabwe
8078:tortured
8070:censored
8040:Pretoria
8001:Reverend
7993:whipping
7942:Brussels
7852:Botswana
7848:Zimbabwe
7631:leverage
7541:such as
7533:held in
7519:Sweden's
7237:Botswana
7142:Zimbabwe
7065:—
6516:-origin
6328:Abortion
6312:gambling
6276:Filipino
6254:Japanese
5884:European
5821:The talk
5757:Snobbery
5675:Net bias
5497:Feminism
5416:Ugly law
5257:Catholic
5223:Policies
5066:Mortgage
5061:Lynching
4992:examples
4987:Genocide
4907:Economic
4892:Democide
4852:Bullying
4756:Scottish
4751:Romanian
4716:Nigerian
4659:Japanese
4594:Georgian
4579:Filipino
4512:Assyrian
4485:Armenian
4475:American
4470:Albanian
4450:national
4428:Yazidism
4345:Hinduism
4303:Buddhism
4193:Nepotism
4188:Misogyny
4183:Misandry
4108:Clannism
4103:Biphobia
4048:Adultism
3957:Language
3844:a series
3842:Part of
3793:homeland
3789:dom pass
3570:Transkei
3504:Transkei
3477:baasskap
3401:Boer War
3261:autonomy
2635:baasskap
2607:Pretoria
2592:Cold War
2403:dominion
2042:baasskap
1795:Uukwambi
1741:a series
1739:Part of
1676:Timeline
1287:a series
1285:Part of
1238:Category
1158:Xinjiang
1101:Malaysia
1094:barriers
1005:Slovenia
926:Rhodesia
751:Overview
725:a series
723:Part of
682:Category
586:Sun City
80:a series
78:Part of
43:reviewed
22160:Fascism
21968:Portals
21954:Commons
21772:Redlegs
21524:Oceania
21508:Uruguay
21470:Bolivia
21359:Jamaica
21293:Bermuda
21283:Bahamas
21241:Tunisia
21231:Reunion
21226:Namibia
21221:Morocco
21191:Algeria
20395:Outline
20376:Chinese
20371:Indians
20364:Griquas
20342:British
20315:Khoisan
20268:Ndebele
20188:Cuisine
20165:Culture
20135:Smoking
20110:Poverty
20033:Society
19999:Tourism
19936:Banking
19919:Economy
19767:Islands
19762:Forests
19735:Climate
19699:Economy
19574:History
19519:Commons
19424:Rankism
19394:Hafrada
19348:Related
19244:Judaism
19120:Germany
19080:Bahrain
19057:Myanmar
19052:Bahrain
18941:Commons
18851:Passing
18806:Ableism
18729:Mexican
18649:Chinese
18545:Ukraine
18510:Germany
18500:Denmark
18461:Vietnam
17948:SAAPAWU
17279:Defunct
17242:Slavery
16446:Mfecane
15956:. 1994
15852:, 2005.
15839:, 1988.
15792:. 1982.
15726:, 1996.
15697:Jacobin
15668:, 1977.
15569:14 July
15540:4343950
15390:14 July
15249:YouTube
15195:13 July
15168:13 July
15094:13 July
15064:13 July
14505:2152052
13559:3 April
12997:19 June
12046:15 June
12020:15 June
11976:15 June
11947:15 June
11790:: 204.
11680:Bibcode
11498:"Intro"
11469:102–109
10659:14 July
10416:20 June
10389:20 June
10350:20 June
10269:13 July
10187:, 1996.
9183:1 March
8586:of the
8527:Gauteng
8452:Namibia
8448:Namibia
8382:Senegal
8358:rubicon
8315:Marxist
8149:Factors
8112:Inkatha
7926:Lubango
7601:". The
7587:Marxist
7527:keynote
7480:Betamax
7256:Liberia
7229:Lesotho
7217:Nigeria
7062:racism.
6477:of the
6414:scholar
6296:Judaism
5981:in the
5880:Khoisan
5628:Figleaf
5031:Housing
4786:Turkish
4731:Pashtun
4701:Mexican
4681:Kurdish
4654:Italian
4604:Haitian
4589:Finnish
4564:Chinese
4559:Chechen
4554:Catalan
4544:Bengali
4465:African
4448:Ethnic/
4401:Judaism
4387:Sunnism
4377:Shi'ism
4288:Atheism
4113:Elitism
4004:Species
3942:Genetic
3932:Dialect
3785:dompass
3713:scholar
3500:Basters
3338:of the
3109:in the
2675:(1894)
2558:mandate
2389:of the
2329:In the
2241:slavery
2063:Indians
2037:Namibia
2012:
2002:transl.
1980:-(h)ayt
1932::
1923:-(h)yte
1752:Namibia
1665:Slavery
1243:Commons
1176:Related
1146:Schools
1141:Housing
1116:Myanmar
1111:Morocco
1084:Hafrada
1066:Muslims
1022:Schools
1000:Romania
840:Canada
21818:White
21589:Castas
21544:Hawaii
21475:Brazil
21405:Hawaii
21369:Panama
21364:Mexico
21299:Canada
21246:Zambia
21216:Malawi
21196:Angola
21183:Africa
20416:Portal
20332:Whites
20293:Tswana
20288:Tsonga
20233:Sports
20183:Cinema
20115:Racism
20070:Health
19956:Energy
19838:Courts
19802:Rivers
19564:
19506:racial
19501:gender
19419:Racism
19350:topics
19216:Gender
19125:Israel
19115:France
19085:Brazil
19075:Canada
19022:Serbia
19017:Israel
18773:Slavic
18768:Romani
18763:Muslim
18736:Jewish
18683:Korean
18644:Asians
18616:Brazil
18599:Mexico
18589:Canada
18577:Turkey
18567:Israel
18530:Russia
18520:Poland
18505:France
18495:Europe
18414:Africa
18248:Patent
18228:Formal
18208:Covert
18184:Racism
17899:FOSATU
17746:SAYRCO
17718:SADECO
17634:Occupy
17173:Azania
17121:Lady R
17050:Racism
16879:CODESA
16340:Events
16329:Ciskei
16241:Goshen
16171:–1819)
16156:–1817)
15926:
15898:
15864:: **.
15823:
15679:, 1984
15652:
15608:
15538:
15372:un.org
15130:
14915:
14893:
14842:4 June
14796:
14775:
14754:
14687:
14652:27 May
14608:
14569:
14528:
14503:
14454:
14257:
14235:10 May
14210:
14189:
14093:
14068:
14043:
14015:
13987:
13962:
13934:
13909:
13884:
13856:
13831:
13791:
13724:
13684:
13621:24 May
13613:. UK.
13590:24 May
13582:. UK.
13551:. UK.
13513:
13481:
13449:
13413:
13388:
13363:
13338:
13195:News24
12875:
12839:
12794:
12533:27 May
12356:
12349:535952
12346:
12263:
12167:28 May
12107:
11921:
11821:
11798:2 July
11749:
11698:
11672:Review
11600:20 May
11567:20 May
11532:20 May
11475:
11319:4 June
11307:
11301:158943
11299:
11231:
11156:
11077:4 June
11067:News24
11047:4 June
11017:4 June
11007:News24
10852:
10844:
10694:
10585:
10375:
10336:
10294:
10207:
9927:
9890:
9792:
9762:
9675:
9589:
9547:
9522:
9479:
9411:
9379:
9344:
9234:
9206:
9151:7 June
8572:Polish
8546:Ciskei
8410:stroke
8404:, 1992
8229:Angola
8164:mining
8123:, the
8092:, the
7938:London
7898:and a
7850:, and
7840:Zambia
7836:Angola
7816:, and
7741:Israel
7666:Soviet
7552:, the
7511:Sweden
7460:Equity
7243:Malawi
7225:Zambia
7178:Malawi
7168:Zambia
7164:Lusaka
6937:Equity
6595:, and
6514:Thembu
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6387:
6288:Canaan
6264:Muslim
6224:Taiwan
6190:, and
6146:Welkom
5999:Tswana
5983:Ciskei
5902:, and
5814:threat
5668:autism
5389:sexual
5379:racial
5262:Jewish
5113:Pogrom
5091:Chiefs
5081:Braves
4796:Uyghur
4771:Somali
4766:Slavic
4746:Romani
4741:Quebec
4736:Polish
4676:Korean
4637:Canada
4624:Indian
4609:Hazara
4584:Fulani
4495:France
4460:Afghan
4382:Sufism
4098:Audism
4029:Social
3952:Height
3781:dompas
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3616:, and
3614:Durban
3606:Triomf
3602:Soweto
3586:Soweto
3574:Ciskei
3516:Ciskei
3488:Ciskei
3254:. The
3238:. The
3027:(1996)
3021:(1995)
3016:(1993)
2995:(1983)
2989:(1982)
2984:(1982)
2975:(1980)
2970:(1977)
2965:(1973)
2960:(1971)
2955:(1970)
2950:(1968)
2945:(1968)
2939:(1967)
2924:(1964)
2918:(1963)
2913:(1961)
2908:(1961)
2903:(1961)
2898:(1961)
2893:(1960)
2888:(1959)
2883:(1959)
2878:(1959)
2873:(1957)
2868:(1956)
2863:(1956)
2858:(1956)
2853:(1955)
2848:(1954)
2843:(1953)
2838:(1953)
2833:(1953)
2828:(1953)
2823:(1952)
2818:(1952)
2808:(1951)
2803:(1951)
2798:(1951)
2793:(1951)
2788:(1950)
2783:(1950)
2778:(1950)
2773:(1950)
2762:(1949)
2746:(1946)
2740:(1945)
2735:(1936)
2730:(1936)
2725:(1931)
2720:(1930)
2715:(1927)
2710:(1927)
2705:(1923)
2700:(1913)
2695:(1911)
2690:(1909)
2685:(1906)
2680:(1894)
2669:(1892)
2525:, the
2357:, the
2289:, the
2192:is an
2104:. The
1743:on the
1289:on the
1073:Israel
1029:Cyprus
581:Soweto
549:Places
366:People
314:COSATU
264:FOSATU
174:CODESA
109:Events
22054:1990s
22042:1980s
22030:1970s
22018:1960s
22006:1950s
21994:1940s
21804:Basic
21799:Becky
21789:Karen
21576:Aryan
21481:Chile
21349:Haiti
21211:Kenya
20465:Years
20402:Index
20303:Xhosa
20298:Venda
20283:Swazi
20278:Sotho
20218:Music
20213:Media
20150:Women
20050:Crime
19976:Rand
19772:Lakes
19591:Years
19496:caste
19224:Islam
19150:Spain
19047:Spain
18951:Index
18712:Women
18702:Black
18621:Chile
18540:Spain
18515:Italy
18483:Sudan
18473:Libya
18441:Japan
18436:China
18218:Cyber
18080:PAGAD
17976:SATUC
17969:SARHU
17955:SACTU
17934:NURHS
17892:FNETU
17878:CTSWU
17871:CNETU
17864:BLATU
17739:SAYCO
17627:NUSAS
17508:IDASA
17319:AITUP
16934:Post-
16321:Venda
16048:JSTOR
15924:S2CID
15821:S2CID
15650:S2CID
15606:S2CID
15384:(PDF)
15367:(PDF)
14891:S2CID
14501:JSTOR
14321:(PDF)
14314:(PDF)
13253:(PDF)
13246:(PDF)
13134:(PDF)
13127:(PDF)
12105:S2CID
11919:S2CID
11696:S2CID
11305:S2CID
11297:JSTOR
11121:(PDF)
11106:(PDF)
10974:p. 15
10861:(PDF)
10850:S2CID
10822:(PDF)
10125:(PDF)
10118:(PDF)
9298:2 May
9267:2 May
8687:fraud
8567:, an
8402:Davos
8366:Kenya
8223:from
8214:Japan
7985:SWAPO
7759:'
7470:(now
7350:Maori
7327:Tokyo
7268:Zaire
7037:India
6754:1986
6748:1977
6742:1977
6736:1973
6730:1962
6587:, Dr
6421:JSTOR
6407:books
6320:Lenin
6216:Japan
6027:Natal
6007:Venda
5995:Sotho
5991:Xhosa
5985:(now
5904:China
5892:India
5888:Malay
5876:Bantu
5792:white
5123:Purge
4811:Welsh
4776:Tatar
4696:Māori
4691:Malay
4649:Irish
4599:Greek
4574:Croat
4532:China
4490:Asian
4362:Islam
4223:White
3962:Looks
3927:Class
3922:Caste
3869:Forms
3720:JSTOR
3706:books
3512:Venda
3413:Natal
2611:Natal
2355:Natal
2320:Xhosa
2206:-heid
2198:apart
2035:(now
1835:SWAPO
1629:Topic
1163:Yemen
1126:Sudan
1056:India
995:Italy
775:Caste
21938:Race
21497:Peru
21323:Cuba
21260:Asia
21161:Bold
21108:2024
21103:2023
21098:2022
21093:2021
21088:2020
21083:2019
21078:2018
21073:2017
21068:2016
21063:2015
21058:2014
21053:2013
21048:2012
21043:2011
21038:2010
21033:2009
21028:2008
21023:2007
21018:2006
21013:2005
21008:2004
21003:2003
20998:2002
20993:2001
20980:2000
20975:1999
20970:1998
20965:1997
20960:1996
20955:1995
20950:1994
20945:1993
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