Architecture of Canada

858:, and the houses they built echoed their roots. The surroundings forced enough differences that a unique style developed, and the house of the New France farmer remains a symbol of French-Canadian nationalism. These were rectangular structures of one storey, but with an extremely tall and steep roof, sometimes almost twice as tall as the house below. This roof design perhaps developed to prevent the accumulation of snow. The houses were usually built of wood, though the surviving ones are almost all built of stone. Landmarks in the rural areas were the churches and the mansion of the 65: 1359: 1562: 1040:. Unlike during the previous centuries there was now easy communication between Canada and the architectural centres of the United States and Britain. It was common for Canadian architects to travel, study, and work in these other areas, and it was also increasingly common to hire foreign architects. This meant that ideas and styles developed elsewhere were quickly adopted in Canada. These were diverse styles, but one common element were attempts to revive ideas of the past. The first such style to come to prominence was the 262: 3256: 3078: 536: 1246: 1536: 1393:. The T-D Centre was one of the most prominent of the early glass and steel panelled office towers, which would be imitated around the world. The International Style period coincided with a major building boom in Canada, and few restrictions on massive building projects. International Style skyscrapers came to dominate many of Canada's major cities, especially Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, and Toronto. In Montreal fewer such buildings were erected, but those that were such as 1025: 1202: 866: 839: 3242: 3090: 1474: 606: 127: 24: 1488:

and exterior of the building. It was a style used focally for institutional buildings for government, academic, and cultural uses, but also for high-rise residential and commercial buildings. At the same time, urban activists, architects and governments increasingly moved to influence development in favour of heritage preservation, historic view, corridor preservation, and contextual sensitivity in scale and materials.

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and formalized shapes and spaces of the Modernist movement were replaced by unapologetically diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Architects produced what they perceived to be more meaningful buildings with pluralism, double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and contextualism. Skyscrapers like

694:. These were wood-framed structures, covered with an outer layer of bark, reeds, or woven mats; usually in a cone shape although sometimes a dome. These groups changed locations every few weeks or months. They would take the outer layer of the wigwam with them, and leave the heavy wood frame in place. The frame could be reused if the tribe returned to the location at a later date. 667: 1315:, pioneered the British Columbia version of the "West Coast style", variations of which are also common in Washington, Oregon and California. Erickson-designed houses are prized for their intimacy and taste, as well as their advantageous use of natural settings. A lesser, though much more common, form of Modernist architecture developed during the 1960s was the 974:. The railway needed to build stations every 13 km of its 4200 km route in order to rewater the steam engines. Many of these stations became a nucleus of towns. These stations were built to standardized designs, with a number of different sizes for stations of differing importance. Other important monuments throughout the prairies were the 926:, after the revolution this style fell out of favour due to its association with the colonial regime, but the Loyalists embraced the style as an overt symbol of their loyalty. The style had also, however, fallen out of style in Britain, and Canada was alone in embracing Georgian architecture for much of the early nineteenth century. 1547:, completed in 1987, is an important example of public architecture in the style. It makes reference to local farm architecture around the suburban area of Mississauga as well as a clocktower—a feature associated with traditional city centres. It exhibits references to past architectural ideas, yet is decidedly untraditional. The 942:

mostly used by the middle and upper classes, and also for institutional buildings such as churches and government structures. In rural areas, and among the urban poor, simpler styles dominated. In the Maritimes the New England style cottages continued to be popular. For the first settlers in Ontario the

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was the mainstream style in Canada by the 1980s. Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of Modernism and perceived problems with the style. The functional

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had been seen in Canada prior to the decade, but became more dominant in the 1970s with the backlash against the International Style. The style emphasized the reflection of the functional components of the interior in the exterior, along with geometric and sculptural uses of concrete on the interior

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opened in 1966 proved to be more architecturally significant in Canada because its individual stations each contained unique Modernist architecture with expressive uses of colour, form, and materials by different architects and incorporated works of art to enhance the experience of using the system.

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of the Parliament Buildings burnt down in 1916 it was rebuilt in a similar Gothic style to that that had been used fifty years earlier. At the same time, Modernism inspired the Gothic style employed, and the Neo-Gothic buildings of the era often saw more sparse ornamentation and incorporated steel

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For some immigrants to the prairies, most notably the Ukrainians, there was not enough capital to buy a predesigned home, but since the immigrants were highly experienced with farming on the very similar Ukrainian steppe, houses identical to the peasant cottages of Eastern Europe were built across

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in Calgary define the style in terms of high-rise corporate architecture. These towers feature combinations of International Style design features with ornamental and potentially symbolic references to past architectural styles such as Art Deco, with pronounced base, middle, and top sections, and

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style, which first came to Canada in the 1830s. This became the dominant architectural style for churches, especially Anglican and Roman Catholic ones, which both embraced Gothic Revival as evidence of their conservatism. It also was used for scholastic structures, such as universities and some

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In Lower Canada the Georgian style was employed by the English minority, but this minority dominated the commercial and political class. French-Canadian architecture kept many of its traditional forms, but also adopted some English styles. Throughout British North America the Georgian style was

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are scattered across the Interior landscape. These were structures shaped like an upturned bowl, placed on top of a 3-or-4-foot-deep (0.91 or 1.22 m) pit. The bowl, made of wood, would be covered with an insulating layer of earth. The house would be entered by climbing down a ladder at the

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Postmodernism visibly declined by the 2000s, when architecture in Canada became more varied. Lowrise residential subdivision architecture became more strongly focused on imitating traditional styles from the likes of the Georgian and Victorian eras, though low-rise infill projects in cities

1257:. In the latter half of the twentieth century, Toronto's influence on other Canadian cities, largely because of the control of capital (especially banks) meant that Western Canadian cities, particularly Vancouver, became filled with lesser versions of their counterparts in Toronto (e.g. 835:, while the Lower Town consisted of densely packed structures on narrow streets. In Acadia, buildings were generally more functional, with wood framed walls filled with wattle and daub. This type of construction was common throughout both Acadia and New England in the 17th century. 1491:

The new Canadian architecture once again turned to the past. A prominent heritage preservation movement developed, and most cities today have heritage districts of restored structures. Old factories and warehouses, rather than be demolished, have been refurbished, such as the

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The first English settlements in what would become Canada were in Newfoundland, growing out of the temporary fishing settlements that had been established in the sixteenth century. The first English settlement in the Maritimes was in Halifax, and then along the

886:. Trade links between the two areas were close, and many of the settlers in the Maritimes were from there. Some of the first houses erected in Halifax were actually prefabricated structures assembled in Boston or New York and shipped to the new settlement. 985:. For those who were unsure of how to build a home, an industry of predesigned and prefabricated homes sold by catalogue developed. A settler could simply order plans for a few dollars, or also order the precut lumber, and premade doors and windows. The 705:. These were large structures, several times longer than they were wide holding a large number of people. They were built with a frame of saplings or branches, covered with a layer of bark or woven mats. An example of a long house settlement is within 587:, closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in Canada, Europe and the United States. However, design has long needed to be adapted to Canada's climate and geography, and at times has also reflected the uniqueness of Canadian culture. 862:. The seigneurs built much larger homes for themselves, but rarely were the manors ornate. Each parish had its church, often smaller copies of major churches in Quebec City or Montreal. A unique style of French-Canadian church thus developed. 1181:

in France. The railways were seen as symbols of Canada, and the mix of French and English ideas was also considered distinctly Canadian. During the Interwar years the Château style was used in several prominent public structures, such as the

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was the standard first house. Logs were a byproduct of the need the clear the land, and log cabins were cheap and easy to build. After a few years of farming it was typical to build a more elegant farmhouse. The most common design was the

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also built unique structures. In the long run, however, the second and third generation immigrants tended to embrace the more British styles: the churches remained distinctly Eastern, but the houses largely conformed to the rest.

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While the glass towers of the International Style skyscraper were at first unique and interesting, the idea was soon repeated to the point of ubiquity. Architects attempted to put new twists into such towers, such as the

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became the dominant style for banks and government buildings, with the latter style being frequently used from the turn of the twentieth century to the 1930s for monumental public buildings such as Toronto's

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came to dominate the Canadian scene in the 1950s through 1970s. Many of the most prominent Canadian projects of this period were designed by foreigners, who won open contests. Prominent Modernists such as

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rapid transit system relied on modern minimalist designs from its beginning in 1985, with some design variation and artwork in terms of the stations in the system which have been added since its opening.

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At the same time developments, especially those in United States, were not ignored. Toronto closely followed Chicago and New York as the home of skyscrapers employing new steel framed construction and

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was a housing form that emerged in 19th century Toronto, that incorporated Gothic Revival elements throughout its front façade. Some of the most prominent Gothic Revival structures are the original

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who in 1881 was appointed Chief Dominion Architect. The Chief Dominion Architect(s) designed a number of prominent public buildings in Canada including post offices, armouries and drill halls:

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was developed. The tipi consisted of a thin wooden frame and an outer covering of animal hides. The structures could be quickly erected, and were light enough to transport long distances.

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was completed 1954 as the first subway line in Canada, with sleek but austere and repetitive station architecture, influenced by the International Style. Yet the opening of the

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While there is little wood native to the prairies, the railway enabled it to be imported at relatively low cost. It was still common to build a first temporary home out of

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were mostly concerned with defence. Quebec City was divided into the Upper Town, which housed the fortress, Intendant's house, and churches made of stone in imitation of

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In the far north, where wood was scarce and solid shelter essential for survival, several innovative architectural styles were developed. One of the most famous is the

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designed major works in Canada. At the same time top Canadian architects did much of their work abroad. One of the first and most prominent Modernist structures was

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led to attempts to proclaim a unique Canadian architecture, distinct from that of Britain and the United States. One style promoted as distinctly Canadian was the

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society lived in permanent and semi-permanent agricultural settlements holding several hundred to several thousand people. The standard form of housing was the

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similarly evokes Postmodern aesthetic ideals, though references a different architectural past, demonstrating the eclectic nature of the style in Canada.

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and fostered by the unique building materials and physical setting resulted in various daring new styles of housing, particularly on Vancouver's ritzy

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demonstrated an increased popularity of the Modern aesthetic. High-rise architecture generally turned to new variations on the International Style.

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and several Canadian firms and artists. Montreal continued upon its legacy of unique station architecture in expanding its system. Vancouver's

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in Ottawa and the CPR's "railway Gothic", Gothic architecture had become closely associated with Canada and while the United States embraced

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is a notable early example completed in 1963. It adds strong Gothic influences to a Modern concrete, brick, and glass aesthetic. The

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of 1910 offered homes from a shack for $ 165 to a nine-room house for $ 1,025. These structures were erected across the prairies.

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was also felt as the architecture of the region also borrowed some techniques and styles from Germany and Switzerland, notably at

1986: 1672: 1319:, a two-story stuccoed box which took up most of a city lot, and typically featured two suites, one upstairs and one downstairs. 627: 559: 144: 37: 1859: 1433:, were more successful than their counterparts in the United States. The postwar period saw the rise of massive and low density 3826: 3666: 3622: 3607: 3457: 3280: 3128: 170: 3762: 3671: 3645: 3407: 1642: 1117: 3790: 3729: 3686: 3640: 3632: 3612: 3602: 3542: 3402: 2065: 1657: 1637: 1558:, completed in 1991, and designed by Raymond Moriyama, is an example of government architecture located outside of Canada. 678:

lived in a wide array of structures. The semi-nomadic peoples of the Maritimes, Quebec, and Northern Ontario, such as the

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The pattern of building in the west was very different. The first settlements in much of the West were the forts of the

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The movements and styles popular in the United States and Britain were not totally ignored in Canada. Several landmark

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architecture became the dominant one for upper and middle-class houses across Canada. Early in the twentieth style the

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Some of the most impressive First Nations architecture was that of the settled people of the west coast such as the

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the standard form of life was a nomadic one, with the people often moving to a new location each day to follow the

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revival that was underway in the United States also made some incursions to Canada, as did diverse styles such as

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being Canada's first community constructed on rigidly Modernist lines. One important development was the rise of

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adopted a design similar to the pit houses of the BC interior, but because of the lack of wood they instead used

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Modernism appeared in a number of guises. In the 1920s and 1930s the banks and insurance companies embraced

3452: 3417: 2652: 2627: 2559: 2020: 1784:"de Gannes-Cosby House — National historic site designation - de Gannes-Cosby House National Historic Site" 1093: 762:, named for the number of beams that supported the roof. The front of each house would be decorated with a 3472: 3467: 3422: 3327: 3051: 2632: 2507: 2365: 1979: 1697: 1647: 1187: 1109: 510: 401: 43: 1783: 3518: 3121: 2995: 2949: 2787: 2642: 2566: 2467: 2451: 2155: 2125: 2095: 2076: 1524: 1262: 702: 501: 327: 322: 245: 1019: 3487: 3432: 3427: 3349: 2893: 2845: 2811: 2549: 2384: 2281: 2206: 1946: 1934: 1707: 1292:

and emulations of Californian Spanish and other distinctly western North America styles were common.

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The Modernist styles had mixed results when applied to residential structures, such as the large

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The 1970s represented a turning point away from the International Style and Modernist planning.

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Victorian styles of architecture dominated in Canada from the mid-nineteenth century up to the

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This influenced Toronto to take a similar course with its Spadina line by 1978, commissioning

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received commissions to design a small number of prominent urban landmarks. For instance,

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style popular in British India became a fixture in local house design, and styles such as

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The first Europeans to inhabit what would become Canada were the French settlers of the

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planks. These were large square, solidly built houses. The most advanced design was the

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Maison de Julien Gendreau (1728), an archetypal example of a rural New France home, in

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Without Our Past?: a Handbook for the Preservation of Canada's Architectural Heritage

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that became the commercial, and often social, centres of these suburban areas. The

1343: 1195: 1146: 1074: 887: 687: 515: 478: 426: 396: 1833:"A. Public Work Architects | Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada" 882:. The style that developed in the Maritimes was very close to the architecture of 3246: 3094: 2913: 2850: 2816: 2620: 2345: 2323: 2318: 1509: 1426: 1414: 1331: 1304: 1285: 1221: 1191: 1158: 1037: 975: 847: 458: 421: 406: 391: 379: 349: 3272: 2968: 2918: 2340: 2328: 2294: 2100: 1501: 1442: 1430: 1409: 1398: 1372:

After the Second World War, the desire for unique Canadian styles faded as the

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The English speaking population of Canada grew dramatically with the influx of

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In Vancouver during the 1950s and 1960s, Modernist architectures inspired by

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Canadian architects returned to the Middle Ages for inspiration, by way of

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style during the interwar period. In part because of the prominence of the

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cottages were built throughout the region. However, the influence of the

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The settlers of the rural areas along the St. Lawrence largely came from

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was the world's largest mall for a 23-year period from 1981 until 2004.

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Ukrainian churches built across the prairies. Other groups such as the

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constructed in this era. Massive Canadian housing projects, such as

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The desire for a unique Canadian style also led to a revival of the

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over the short sides, and a smaller gable over the main entrance.

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Ricketts, Shannon; Maitland, Leslie; Hucker, Jacqueline (2004),

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was a prominent supporter of the style. The third and current

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Further south, in what is today Southern Ontario and Quebec,

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The Royal Ontario Museum, with its 2007 "Crystal" addition

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Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-08-03).

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One of the earliest extant houses in Maritime Canada,

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Eastern Connecticut State University (January 2007).

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in Calgary, while Toronto saw the completion of the

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became quite popular, especially on the West Coast.

1781: 1739:(in French). Culture et communications Québec. 2013 850:, Nova Scotia, was constructed in the Acadian style 151:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1942:Grignon, Marc. "Architectural History: 1759-1867". 1678:List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto 1145:and structures like the massive Princes' Gates at 3302: 3813: 730:the standard for of home was the semi-permanent 719:herds. Housing thus had to be portable, and the 1953:Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1806: 1104:were erected in this period. Several landmark 970:. The next important presence was that of the 3550: 3288: 3122: 1980: 1401:, were large enough to dominate the skyline. 560: 1811:. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 11–12. 1088:Other revived styles also became prominent. 784: 634:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 583:is, with the exception of that of Canadian 52:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3557: 3543: 3295: 3281: 3129: 3115: 2051:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 1987: 1973: 1807:McHugh, Patricia; Bozikovic, Alex (2017). 1069:(1897–1914); Edgar L Worwood (1914–1918); 567: 553: 1959:Canada by Design: Parliament Hill, Ottawa 1468: 1013: 734:, thousands of relics of which, known as 654:Learn how and when to remove this message 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 211:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1905:A guide to Canadian architectural styles 1560: 1534: 1472: 1357: 1244: 1200: 1023: 928: 864: 837: 794: 665: 72:This article includes a list of general 2523: 1673:List of heritage buildings in Vancouver 1437:surrounding most Canadian cities, with 1249:Marine Building lobby (Vancouver), 2018 905: 3814: 2947: 1353: 674:Prior to the arrival of Europeans the 3538: 3276: 3110: 2753:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 1968: 1848:List of Dominion Architects of Canada 1643:Gothic Revival architecture in Canada 1628:List of prominent Canadian architects 1326:structures were erected, such as the 1118:Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick 3565:Lists of tallest buildings in Canada 1658:List of tallest structures in Canada 1638:Examination for Architects in Canada 1020:Victorian_architecture § Canada 754:skills to construct large houses of 632:adding citations to reliable sources 599: 149:adding citations to reliable sources 120: 58: 17: 3026:Topics by provinces and territories 1851: 1653:List of tallest buildings in Canada 1633:Society of Architectural Historians 1240: 13: 1881: 1809:Toronto Architecture: A City Guide 1737:www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca 1586:Michael Lee-Chin "Crystal" at the 1152: 260: 78:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 3838: 1922: 33:This article has multiple issues. 3254: 3241: 3240: 3089: 3088: 3076: 1860:"World's Largest Shopping Malls" 1713:Canadian Centre for Architecture 1612: 1532:prominent atrium common spaces. 604: 595: 534: 125: 63: 22: 2111:Former colonies and territories 1839:from the original on 2015-06-24 1668:Pedimental sculptures in Canada 1108:structures erected include the 707:Crawford Lake Conservation Area 136:needs additional citations for 41:or discuss these issues on the 2046:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 1961:at Library and Archives Canada 1825: 1800: 1775: 1751: 1663:List of old Canadian buildings 1237:frames in their construction. 1053:in Ottawa, by noted architect 1032:in Toronto, built in 1845–1848 1: 3827:British colonial architecture 3585:Timeline of tallest buildings 3303:Architecture of North America 1718: 1083:Joseph Charles Gustave Brault 823:. The initial settlements at 746:. These people used advanced 1280:. In British Columbia, the 1094:British Columbia Legislature 728:Interior of British Columbia 7: 3575:Tallest buildings in Canada 2091:Crown and Indigenous people 1698:Architecture of Quebec City 1648:List of armouries in Canada 1605: 1188:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1110:National Assembly of Quebec 902:in Kingsburg, Nova Scotia. 10: 3843: 2981:Provincial and territorial 2904:Inventions and discoveries 2041:British Canada (1763–1867) 1994: 1703:Architecture of St. John's 1263:Bentall Centre (Vancouver) 1017: 788: 670:A group of Haida bighouses 590: 3776: 3748: 3685: 3654: 3631: 3593: 3580:Tallest buildings by city 3570: 3501: 3358: 3308: 3236: 3210: 3177:Newfoundland and Labrador 3149: 3070: 3034: 3008: 2859: 2775: 2745: 2697: 2688: 2589: 2427: 2363: 2279: 2270: 2240: 2207:Newfoundland and Labrador 2179: 2168: 2074: 2011: 2002: 1947:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1935:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1708:Architecture of Vancouver 1186:building. Prime Minister 937:in Toronto, built in 1822 1688:Architecture of Montreal 1556:Embassy of Canada, Tokyo 1549:Vancouver Public Library 1545:Mississauga Civic Centre 1387:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1379:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1363:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1157:In the period after the 972:Canadian Pacific Railway 785:Arrival of the Europeans 160:"Architecture of Canada" 2141:Persons of significance 2136:National Historic Sites 1683:Architecture of Toronto 1516:Postmodern architecture 1404:The first phase of the 1391:Toronto-Dominion Centre 1367:Toronto-Dominion Centre 1313:Simon Fraser University 1134:Beaux-Arts architecture 1030:St. Michael's Cathedral 912:United Empire Loyalists 93:more precise citations. 3822:Architecture in Canada 3138:Architecture of Canada 2036:New France (1534–1763) 1930:Architecture in Canada 1693:Architecture of Ottawa 1600:Art Gallery of Ontario 1566: 1540: 1521:1000 de La Gauchetière 1485:Brutalist architecture 1480: 1469:Late and postmodernism 1465:were based in Canada. 1369: 1334:also in that city and 1250: 1213: 1092:buildings such as the 1071:Richard Cotsman Wright 1033: 1014:Victorian architecture 966:and the cabins of the 938: 874: 851: 808: 671: 581:architecture of Canada 265: 3218:Northwest Territories 3142:province or territory 2248:Northwest Territories 2151:Territorial evolution 1887:Falkner, Ann (1977), 1564: 1539:Mississauga City Hall 1538: 1494:Queen's Quay Terminal 1476: 1361: 1248: 1205:The "Chateaux-style" 1204: 1098:Old Toronto City Hall 1079:Charles D. Sutherland 1027: 932: 868: 844:de Gannes-Cosby house 841: 798: 781:bones for the frame. 669: 264: 3655:Prairies/Territories 3192:Prince Edward Island 2222:Prince Edward Island 1588:Royal Ontario Museum 1506:CAMH Research Centre 1336:Commerce Court North 1259:TD Tower (Vancouver) 1222:Parliament Buildings 1163:Canadian nationalism 1051:Parliament Buildings 960:Hudson's Bay Company 906:Growth and expansion 833:Baroque architecture 791:Acadian architecture 739:centre of the roof. 628:improve this section 145:improve this article 2577:Firearms regulation 1908:, Broadview Press, 1620:Architecture portal 1374:International Style 1354:International style 1328:Vancouver City Hall 1207:Banff Springs Hotel 1175:Banff Springs Hotel 1106:Second Empire Style 1059:Thomas Seaton Scott 1028:The Gothic Revival 949:Ontario Style House 933:The Georgian style 916:American Revolution 892:Foreign Protestants 690:generally lived in 2758:Population centres 1567: 1541: 1481: 1447:West Edmonton Mall 1370: 1297:Frank Lloyd Wright 1251: 1214: 1114:Montreal City Hall 1090:Romanesque Revival 1034: 964:North West Company 939: 875: 852: 809: 672: 266: 3809: 3808: 3532: 3531: 3270: 3269: 3261:Canada portal 3104: 3103: 3083:Canada portal 3004: 3003: 2771: 2770: 2585: 2584: 2540:Political parties 2508:Foreign relations 2423: 2422: 2310:Canadian Prairies 2300:Pacific Northwest 2266: 2265: 2164: 2163: 2121:Foreign relations 1455:Toronto City Hall 1395:Place Ville-Marie 1317:Vancouver Special 1270:Modern Classicism 1171:Château Frontenac 1081:(1936–1947); and 987:Eaton's catalogue 664: 663: 656: 577: 576: 541:Canada portal 254:Culture of Canada 239: 238: 231: 221: 220: 213: 195: 119: 118: 111: 56: 3834: 3595:British Columbia 3559: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3493:Washington, D.C. 3297: 3290: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3162:British Columbia 3131: 3124: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3092: 3091: 3081: 3080: 3079: 2945: 2944: 2788:Higher education 2695: 2694: 2680:Science and tech 2567:Multiculturalism 2521: 2520: 2503:Local government 2468:House of Commons 2452:Governor General 2288: 2277: 2276: 2192:British Columbia 2177: 2176: 2031:Pre-colonization 2009: 2008: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1918: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1862:. Archived from 1855: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1733:"Gendreau House" 1729: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1592:Daniel Libeskind 1584:Deconstructivist 1527:in Toronto, and 1525:Brookfield Place 1427:housing projects 1348:Spanish Colonial 1344:Egyptian Revival 1338:in Toronto. The 1278:Francis Sullivan 1241:Modernist period 1196:Second World War 1147:Exhibition Place 1122:Queen Anne Style 1075:Thomas W. Fuller 659: 652: 648: 645: 639: 608: 600: 569: 562: 555: 539: 538: 537: 323:Multiculturalism 241: 240: 234: 227: 216: 209: 205: 202: 196: 194: 153: 129: 121: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 89:this article by 80:inline citations 67: 66: 59: 48: 26: 25: 18: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3772: 3744: 3735:Waterloo Region 3681: 3650: 3627: 3589: 3566: 3563: 3533: 3528: 3497: 3354: 3304: 3301: 3271: 3266: 3255: 3253: 3232: 3206: 3145: 3135: 3105: 3100: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3030: 3000: 2943: 2855: 2846:Social programs 2812:Law enforcement 2767: 2741: 2684: 2581: 2519: 2419: 2359: 2346:Atlantic Canada 2324:Canadian Shield 2319:Northern Canada 2286: 2285: 2262: 2236: 2172:and territories 2171: 2160: 2070: 2017: 1998: 1993: 1925: 1916: 1884: 1882:Further reading 1879: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1788:parks.canada.ca 1780: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1510:KPMB Architects 1471: 1415:Arthur Erickson 1356: 1332:Marine Building 1305:Arthur Erickson 1286:Arts and Crafts 1243: 1192:Hotel Vancouver 1159:First World War 1155: 1153:Canadian styles 1120:. In the 1890s 1038:First World War 1022: 1016: 976:grain elevators 908: 848:Annapolis Royal 815:settlements of 793: 787: 660: 649: 643: 640: 625: 609: 598: 593: 573: 535: 533: 526: 525: 509: 497: 489: 488: 365: 355: 354: 298:Free expression 276: 235: 224: 223: 222: 217: 206: 200: 197: 154: 152: 142: 130: 115: 104: 98: 95: 85:Please help to 84: 68: 64: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3250: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3086: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3047:Historiography 3044: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2763:Municipalities 2760: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2701: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2675:Transportation 2672: 2667: 2662: 2660:Stock exchange 2657: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628:Communications 2625: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2595: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2474:Prime Minister 2471: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2395:National Parks 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2341:Eastern Canada 2338: 2337: 2336: 2329:Central Canada 2326: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2295:Western Canada 2291: 2289: 2287:(west to east) 2274: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2086:Constitutional 2082: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1938: 1924: 1923:External links 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1899: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1850: 1824: 1817: 1799: 1774: 1750: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1607: 1604: 1502:Massey College 1470: 1467: 1443:shopping malls 1431:St. James Town 1410:Montreal Metro 1406:Toronto subway 1399:Place Victoria 1355: 1352: 1242: 1239: 1154: 1151: 1102:Langevin Block 1042:Gothic Revival 1015: 1012: 935:Campbell House 907: 904: 888:Cape Cod style 871:Simeon Perkins 786: 783: 764:heraldric pole 760:six beam house 662: 661: 612: 610: 603: 597: 594: 592: 589: 575: 574: 572: 571: 564: 557: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 507:Historiography 504: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 388: 387: 377: 372: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 336: 335: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 289: 288: 277: 272: 271: 268: 267: 257: 256: 250: 249: 237: 236: 219: 218: 133: 131: 124: 117: 116: 71: 69: 62: 57: 31: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3839: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3715:Niagara Falls 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:San Francisco 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443:New York City 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408:Fredricksburg 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3360:United States 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3263: 3262: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3172:New Brunswick 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3097: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2929:Protectionism 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2604:Dairy farming 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2491:Supreme Court 2489: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2352: 2351:The Maritimes 2349: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2202:New Brunswick 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106:First Nations 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1917: 1915:1-55111-546-8 1911: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1897:0-8020-6298-9 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1866:on 2012-03-05 1865: 1861: 1854: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1818:9780771059896 1814: 1810: 1803: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:Norman Foster 1573: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523:in Montreal, 1522: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:Robson Square 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Prairie Style 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Supreme Court 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:Château Style 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Union Station 1135: 1131: 1130:Neoclassicism 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1085:(1947–1952) 1084: 1080: 1077:(1927–1936), 1076: 1073:(1918–1927); 1072: 1068: 1065:(1880–1897); 1064: 1063:Thomas Fuller 1061:(1871–1881); 1060: 1056: 1055:Thomas Fuller 1052: 1048: 1047:bay-and-gable 1043: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 945: 936: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 903: 901: 900:Shobac Campus 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 872: 867: 863: 861: 857: 849: 845: 840: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 806: 805:Île d'Orléans 802: 801:Saint-Laurent 797: 792: 782: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 737: 736:quiggly holes 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 709: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:First Nations 668: 658: 655: 647: 637: 633: 629: 623: 622: 618: 613:This section 611: 607: 602: 601: 596:First Nations 588: 586: 585:First Nations 582: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 551: 550: 548: 547: 542: 532: 531: 530: 529: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 359: 358: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 340:Protectionism 338: 334: 331: 330: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 287: 284: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 270: 269: 263: 259: 258: 255: 252: 251: 247: 243: 242: 233: 230: 215: 212: 204: 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: – 161: 157: 156:Find sources: 150: 146: 140: 139: 134:This article 132: 128: 123: 122: 113: 110: 102: 92: 88: 82: 81: 75: 70: 61: 60: 55: 53: 46: 45: 40: 39: 34: 29: 20: 19: 16: 3453:Philadelphia 3433:Miami Modern 3418:Jacksonville 3309: 3252: 3245: 3202:Saskatchewan 3137: 3093: 3074: 3042:Bibliography 2964:Coat of arms 2948: 2869:Architecture 2868: 2839:Homelessness 2690:Demographics 2609:Floriculture 2545:Human rights 2524: 2513:Peacekeeping 2442:Constitution 2364: 2305:Great Plains 2280: 2232:Saskatchewan 2075: 2019: 2012: 1945: 1933: 1904: 1888: 1868:. Retrieved 1864:the original 1853: 1841:. Retrieved 1827: 1808: 1802: 1791:. Retrieved 1787: 1777: 1766:. Retrieved 1763:www.pc.gc.ca 1762: 1753: 1741:. Retrieved 1736: 1727: 1572:Starchitects 1568: 1553: 1542: 1529:Bankers Hall 1514: 1490: 1482: 1463:George Baird 1451: 1424: 1403: 1371: 1321: 1294: 1267: 1252: 1234:Centre Block 1215: 1179:Loire Valley 1156: 1149:in Toronto. 1143:John M. Lyle 1087: 1045:houses. The 1035: 991: 980: 957: 940: 920:Upper Canada 909: 876: 853: 810: 768: 741: 725: 710: 696: 673: 650: 641: 626:Please help 614: 580: 578: 502:Bibliography 464:Peacekeeping 370:Architecture 369: 225: 207: 198: 188: 181: 174: 167: 155: 143:Please help 138:verification 135: 105: 96: 77: 49: 42: 36: 35:Please help 32: 15: 3768:Quebec City 3710:Mississauga 3677:Yellowknife 3473:San Antonio 3468:Puerto Rico 3438:New Orleans 3423:Kansas City 3328:Quebec City 3211:Territories 3182:Nova Scotia 2924:Individuals 2732:2021 Census 2717:Immigration 2599:Agriculture 2560:Transgender 2400:Great Lakes 2380:Earthquakes 2334:Great Lakes 2241:Territories 2212:Nova Scotia 2131:Monarchical 2116:Immigration 1596:Frank Gehry 1498:Ronald Thom 1459:Jane Jacobs 1301:North Shore 1230:John Ruskin 1126:Tudor Style 1067:David Ewart 999:onion domed 884:New England 880:South Shore 829:Quebec City 452:Video games 308:Immigration 91:introducing 3816:Categories 3801:St. John's 3796:Saint John 3519:Costa Rica 3340:St. John's 3052:Historians 2909:Literature 2822:Corruption 2805:Euthanasia 2795:Healthcare 2737:Population 2459:Parliament 2429:Government 2066:since 1982 1870:2008-07-29 1843:2015-05-31 1793:2023-12-10 1768:2023-12-10 1719:References 1290:Queen Anne 1218:Neo-Gothic 1116:, and the 1018:See also: 1007:Doukhobors 1003:Hutterites 914:after the 846:(1708) in 825:Port Royal 813:New France 789:See also: 703:long house 511:Historians 442:Newspapers 432:Television 417:Literature 171:newspapers 74:references 38:improve it 3667:Saskatoon 3623:Vancouver 3608:Coquitlam 3488:St. Louis 3428:Las Vegas 3373:Allentown 3350:Vancouver 3150:Provinces 2827:Terrorism 2783:Education 2722:Languages 2710:Ethnicity 2705:Canadians 2653:Petroleum 2633:Companies 2535:Elections 2415:Volcanism 2390:Mountains 2272:Geography 2180:Provinces 2170:Provinces 2101:Etymology 2061:1960–1981 2056:1945–1960 2014:Year list 1578:designed 1439:Don Mills 1255:elevators 944:log cabin 896:Lunenburg 860:seigneurs 748:carpentry 732:pit house 699:Iroquoian 688:Algonquin 615:does not 402:Festivals 318:Languages 286:Ethnicity 281:Canadians 201:June 2021 99:July 2016 44:talk page 3778:Atlantic 3763:Montreal 3758:Gatineau 3695:Hamilton 3672:Winnipeg 3646:Edmonton 3463:Portland 3458:Plymouth 3398:Columbus 3323:Montreal 3247:Category 3167:Manitoba 3095:Category 3035:Research 3009:Contents 2991:Heraldic 2899:Identity 2894:Holidays 2889:Folklore 2800:Abortion 2727:Religion 2665:Taxation 2572:Cannabis 2550:Intersex 2526:Politics 2498:Military 2410:Wildlife 2197:Manitoba 2126:Military 2096:Economic 2021:timeline 1837:Archived 1606:See also 1419:Skytrain 1383:I.M. Pei 1350:styles. 1340:Georgian 1330:and the 1324:Art Deco 1282:bungalow 1226:Art Deco 995:prairies 924:Georgian 856:Normandy 756:redcedar 713:Prairies 644:May 2021 496:Research 474:Religion 469:Politics 447:Internet 313:Holidays 303:Identity 293:Folklore 246:a series 244:Part of 3791:Moncton 3786:Halifax 3740:Windsor 3730:Toronto 3725:Sudbury 3705:Markham 3687:Ontario 3641:Calgary 3633:Alberta 3613:Kelowna 3603:Burnaby 3509:Bermuda 3483:Seattle 3413:Houston 3403:Detroit 3393:Chicago 3388:Buffalo 3378:Atlanta 3345:Toronto 3223:Nunavut 3187:Ontario 3157:Alberta 3062:Surveys 3057:Studies 3021:Outline 2996:Tartans 2950:Symbols 2939:Theatre 2884:Cuisine 2861:Culture 2834:Poverty 2776:Society 2670:Tourism 2643:Fishing 2616:Banking 2591:Economy 2447:Monarch 2385:Islands 2282:Regions 2253:Nunavut 2217:Ontario 2187:Alberta 2004:History 1743:9 March 1598:of the 1580:The Bow 1478:The Bow 1435:suburbs 1211:Alberta 752:joinery 726:In the 711:On the 692:wigwams 680:Mi'kmaq 636:removed 621:sources 591:History 521:Surveys 516:Studies 484:Theatre 397:Cuisine 328:Symbols 274:History 185:scholar 87:improve 3750:Quebec 3720:Ottawa 3700:London 3662:Regina 3618:Surrey 3524:Mexico 3502:Others 3383:Boston 3368:Albany 3335:Ottawa 3318:Quebec 3310:Canada 3197:Quebec 2959:Anthem 2934:Sports 2879:Cinema 2851:Values 2698:Topics 2638:Energy 2621:Dollar 2486:Courts 2463:Senate 2405:Rivers 2375:Cities 2366:Topics 2227:Quebec 2146:Racism 2077:Topics 1996:Canada 1912: 1895: 1815: 1272:. The 1100:, and 821:Canada 817:Acadia 686:, and 479:Sports 427:Cinema 407:Humour 385:Quebec 380:Comics 363:Topics 350:Values 248:on the 187: 180: 173: 166: 158: 76:, but 3448:Omaha 3228:Yukon 3016:Index 2986:Royal 2919:Media 2914:Music 2817:Crime 2746:Lists 2258:Yukon 2156:Women 968:Metis 953:gable 779:whale 775:Thule 771:igloo 744:Haida 717:bison 459:Music 437:Radio 422:Media 392:Crime 345:Women 333:Royal 192:JSTOR 178:books 3514:Cuba 3140:(by 2974:List 2969:Flag 2555:LGBT 2479:list 1910:ISBN 1893:ISBN 1813:ISBN 1745:2022 1554:The 1543:The 1461:and 1397:and 1381:and 1346:and 1311:and 1173:and 1132:and 1005:and 993:the 962:and 842:The 827:and 819:and 750:and 721:tipi 684:Cree 619:any 617:cite 579:The 164:news 2874:Art 2648:Oil 2437:Law 1590:by 1508:by 1500:'s 1389:'s 1365:'s 1209:in 1141:by 983:sod 630:by 412:Law 375:Art 147:by 3818:: 1944:" 1932:" 1835:. 1786:. 1761:. 1735:. 1602:. 1288:, 1261:, 1161:, 1112:, 1096:, 803:, 682:, 47:. 3558:e 3551:t 3544:v 3296:e 3289:t 3282:v 3144:) 3130:e 3123:t 3116:v 2470:) 2461:( 2023:) 2018:( 1988:e 1981:t 1974:v 1940:" 1928:" 1873:. 1846:. 1821:. 1796:. 1771:. 1747:. 807:. 657:) 651:( 646:) 642:( 638:. 624:. 568:e 561:t 554:v 232:) 226:( 214:) 208:( 203:) 199:( 189:· 182:· 175:· 168:· 141:. 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 83:. 54:) 50:(

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