368:(the use of aerial photographs to make maps and surveys) and stereophotogrammetry, are also used today to increase accuracy. Once the measurements are complete, there is an analysis of the structural stability of the building and its living pattern of movement. No building is permanently still; soil and wind can affect building stability and need to be documented. Finally, the architect or surveyor tests the electrical connections, plumbing, and other utilities present in the building (this is more for historic and re-purposed buildings). For both ancient and historic buildings, lightning conductors and fire-fighting equipment are checked to make sure they can provide sufficient protection.
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approach. Every restoration project will adhere to the standard that the property is to be used as it was originally intended. This standard will guide all other decisions in the restoration process. This would include which materials are selected, to methods of construction, and finishing touches to the building such as fixtures. The property being restored is considered a record of its time. Any work undertaken will only be to restore the site to the specified time period and no removal of those historical elements will be made, however this does not exclude removing elements not historically accurate to the site.
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feast on the wooden structural elements of a historic building to rodents who may gnaw on or burrow into the building and objects within the building. Damage created by large pest infestations such as termites can be irreversible, with building restoration taking the form of replacement in order to maintain a sound structure for the building. The most effective way to mitigate pest damage is to implement proactive measures prior to a pest infestation that may cause irreparable damage. These measures can include blocking off exterior openings, placing and checking traps for signs of pests and involving a
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damage can also increase the likelihood of water damage due to exposure to the elements, sprinkler systems and water used by safety personnel to put out the fire. Building restoration needed for this time of damage can include replacing wooden beams and structural elements as soon as possible to ensure that the building does not collapse, removing burnt flooring and plaster, and following a detailed plan of action to make sure that elements of the building are not lost during the restoration process. Creating positive connections with local fire service personnel and establishing a
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flooding, the building can be raised or moved to a higher location. To mitigate general water control, an inspection checklist can be created for staff to inspect noticeable pipes, make note of any leaks within the building during storms as well as ensuring exterior elements of the historic building are adequately removing water such as drains and gutters. Internal humidity control devices can also mitigate mold and damage stemming from moisture. An example of water damage and building restoration is the extensive flooding of
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materials associated with the time period, however this may not always be possible. If the changes of plasters and colored layers on the building are not documented and difficult to analyze, diagnostic methods such as stereomicroscopy, optical microscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) can be applied to identify the materials that were used before to provide information for better conservation and restoration solutions.
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106:. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identify and value historic cultural resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for interpretation, protection, and education. Typically this process operates as a specialized aspect of a society's planning system, and its practitioners are termed built or historic environment conservation professionals.
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213:"emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but more latitude is provided for replacement because it is assumed the property is more deteriorated prior to work. (Both Preservation and Rehabilitation standards focus attention on the preservation of those materials, features, finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships that, together, give a property its historic character." See also
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1116:, both interior and exterior, can cause significant damage to the structural integrity of a historic building and can create numerous types of damage that may need to be addressed during restoration. This can include burst pipes or flooding resulting in the peeling of paint from internal walls, the running of dyes from textiles and general staining. Water damage also includes
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restoration and prevention efforts include removing salt, checking for cracks in the flooring that may allow water to seep in and adding water pumps in the back of the building. An emergency fund of €1m was implemented by the local government to aid in these efforts and further discussions of flood protection for the city are ongoing.
936:- When a building is demolished what is lost cannot be measured. The site could hold a one of a kind design element or a historically significant past currently unknown. The One chance rule is guided by the idea that there is only one chance to restore a site and missing that opportunity could destroy a site of unknown significance.
736:. It emphasizes the preservation of structures such as historic sites, houses, monuments, and other significant properties through careful maintenance and upkeep. Restoration aims to create accurate depictions of these locations and protect them against deterioration that could make them inaccessible or unrecognizable in the future.
1155:. With over 600 historic buildings with wooden elements, Colonial Williamsburg has seen termite damage and has since created an extensive action plan in order prevent and detect termite activity. These measures include routine inspections, training staff in termite detection and performing restoration where needed.
764:, building restoration is the action or process of accurately revealing, recovering or representing the state of a historic building, as it appeared at a particular period in its history, while protecting its heritage value. Restoration work may be performed to reverse decay, or alterations made to the buildings.
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levels of vibration that are deemed safe in and around the building. Understanding the structural health of the building, including vibration measuring, can help in determining restoration work that is safe to perform. An example of physical forces that will require building restoration is damage to the historic
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can impact a historic building in various ways both internally and externally. Powerful storms and winds can cause external damage to the building while internal forces such as strong impacts can cause cracks to walls or damage objects held within the building. Physical forces also include shocks and
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Restoration of historic buildings varies from country to country, just as with cultural heritage sites and other building restoration projects. Before any work is done on a historic building, conservator-restorers should consult local requirements. Best practices listed above still apply. One example
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Although rare, there are times when a site would be demolished or reconstruction is chosen over restoration. This decision is made primarily when the resources to restore the site are unavailable. The challenge to reconstruction is that there is an element of conjecture in the process that can easily
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the most substantial type of treatment, it allows for the recreation of a former sites, landscape, or objects that no longer exists using all new materials. It is limited to aspects of a historic building that are essential for understanding and must be completed on documentary and physical evidence.
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is a more lenient standard of preservation because it assumes the building is so deteriorated that it needs repair to prevent further damage. It focuses on maintaining the materials, features, and spatial relationships that give a building historic character and allows for additions or alterations to
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conservation, the organizations can help in raising the required funding to implement conservation initiatives and plans, and often serve as a link between the community and local/federal governments to advance conservation projects. A brief list of architectural conservation organizations is below:
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was the conservationist school of thought that believed historic buildings could be improved, and sometimes even completed, using current day materials, design, and techniques. In this way it is very similar to the
Modernist architectural theory, except it does not advocate the destruction of ancient
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like preservation, it works to maintain as much of the original material as possible. However, the focus of restoration is to present the property at a specific point in history. As result repairs and recreations of certain elements or fixtures are completed and anything which postdates the intended
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to clean smog deposits from soft-stoned buildings — a technique employed in the UK in the 1960s and 1970s — which has damaged the external faces of stonework to the extent that in some cases, later, the stonework has needed to be replaced. Contemporary building codes recognize such problems, and (it
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that occurred on 15 April 2019. The fire caused significant damage to the roof and wooden structures including the destruction of the cathedral’s spire. The cause of the fire is still under investigation but may be due to an electrical shortage. Reconstruction and restoration plans were approved on
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can be a significant threat to historic buildings as many of the original components of these buildings may be made of wood or other flammable substances. Damage can result from internal fires such as electrical faults, external fires including forest fires and damage due to lightning strikes. Fire
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As buildings can sustain various forms of damage and deterioration over time, understanding the cause of this damage and finding the best way to treat and prevent it is an important aspect to building restoration. The Agents of
Deterioration are the ten primary sources of damage to heritage objects
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policies for collection items that will be removed during the process, guidelines for the care of collection during the restoration process, and a section of ethical guidelines to follow as the restoration moves forward. Additional sections can be added to the collection management policy depending
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Since
Historic Building Conservation is more about fostering a deep appreciation for these famous structures and learning more about why they exist, rather than just keeping historic structures standing tall and looking as beautiful as ever, true historic building preservation aims for a high level
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The first step in any building conservation project is a sensitive assessment of its history and merits. As noted architect Donald Insall states, "Every building has its own biography. A knowledge of the whole life of a building brings an essential understanding of its features and its problems.
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and its corresponding architectural perspective, which eschewed sentimental attachment to old buildings and structures in favor of technological and architectural progress and change. Prior to this time most of the ancient buildings that were still standing had only survived because they either had
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building in
Worcester, Massachusetts. Strong winds during a storm on 13 April 2020 caused portions of the copper roofing to be pulled from the building, allowing further damage to the attic and internal water damage. With the cancellation of spring events due to COVID-19, restoration plans such as
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All materials from the selected restoration period will be preserved for restoration. This includes materials, architectural features, design elements such as paint or wallpaper associated with the restoration period. Materials and architectural elements not specific to that period will be removed
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Extensive documentation must be conducted. This includes taking an inventory of all objects and fixtures within the building. Photographing the building inside and outside is mandatory. Every element and feature of the building must be photographed and documented in writing such as their location
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of old paint layers now allow a corresponding chemical recipe and color to be re-produced. But this is often only a beginning as many of the original materials are either unstable or in many cases environmentally unsound. Many eighteenth century greens were made with arsenic and lead, materials no
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There are many organizations that work to raise public awareness of the necessity to preserve ancient and historic buildings and areas, across communities, users and government. In addition to promoting the cultural value of these buildings, and encouraging appropriate policies and strategies for
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As the Earth's climate patterns change, so too do the environmental conditions governing these buildings. For example, the
Colosseum has already faced lightning, fire, and earthquakes. The changing climate increases the accumulation of salt crystals on the outside of monuments like the Colosseum
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were used because they were plentiful and renewable. Unfortunately, the organic materials used were also very susceptible to the two most significant impediments to preservation and conservation: the elements and life (both human and animal). Over time inorganic materials like brick, stone, metal,
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The growth of the architectural conservation movement took place at a time of significant archaeological discovery and scientific advancement. Those educated in the field began to see various examples of architecture as either being "correct" or "incorrect". Because of this, two schools of thought
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One of the biggest challenges to building restoration is that each country has their own terminology, standards, regulations and oversights which impact every restoration process. As a result, there are no international set of standards. Conservators often follow best practices in the restoration
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that can damage the fragile structure of the building, such as vibrations stemming from construction or large events. Building restoration and damage prevention can include training staff on proper object handling within the space, performing evaluations on structural integrity and measuring the
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and awareness can prevent a variety of damage to historic buildings as well as preventing further damage in the future. Pests can include a variety of things from termites (termite, (order
Isoptera), any of a group of cellulose-eating insects) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter) who can
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Any treatments undertaken during restoration efforts will follow best practices for the material being treated. Treatments that will cause damage to the building or the historical materials within will not be used. Any treatment will affect the material, so conservators must carefully select the
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If a part of the building, fixtures, or design features are deteriorated, conservators must first attempt to repair the damage. If this is not possible, then a replacement is made. If replacement occurs, the new feature must match the original in color and design. Ideally, conservators will use
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The salt crystals further contribute to the black effect that man-made pollution has on these buildings. The
Parthenon is especially exposed and many of the remaining marbles are eroding to the point that they may no longer be identifiable. The pollution from corrosive agents in the air has also
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is the physical and emotional reflection of a society, their legacy, and what they value. Tangible or physical representations include the material of the culture, locations of cultural significance, and the community associated with the culture. Intangible representations include oral stories,
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If a restoration requires an addition to the building, these changes must be proven through historical documentation and physical proof. Restoration avoids conjecture, and adding details that are not proven to have existed will only damage the value and significance of the site. If the building
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which owns and maintains thousands of historic buildings and has been a leader in historic preservation for over 100 years. The standards were developed in 1975 and updated in 1992. The standards deal with the "...materials, features, finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships..." of historic
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within the building. It is recommended that wood, textiles and other absorbent materials that have sustained extensive water damage and cannot be dried and cleaned be removed and replaced, as they may continue to foster mold growth. For historic buildings in areas that are prone to persistent
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Buildings are structures which have, from time to time, particular purposes. They require ongoing maintenance to prevent them falling into disrepair as a result of the ravages of time and use. Building restoration can be thought of as that set of activities which are greater than year-to-year
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The
Conservation Architect must consider factors that deal with issues of prolonging the life and preserving the integrity of architectural character, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood. In this sense, the term refers to the
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in Venice, Italy. While rising flood waters have been an increasing concern, a large flood on 12 November 2019 caused significant damage to the building, including damage to marble flooring, the deterioration of mosaics and mortar from salt in the water, and flooding of the crypt. Building
835:"places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance and repair". In other words, all the materials added to a building over its lifetime are retained and work is only completed when it is essential to prevent deterioration of the site.
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is the "preservation and repair of archaeological, historical, and cultural sites and artifacts". When dealing with building conservation, there are four primary types of treatment, or ways in which a property can be managed. Each one has their own objectives and limitations.
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restoring the copper roof and fully repairing internal areas from water damage are pending. Recent research has found that self-healing coatings can be applied to rock and stone to repair cracks as they begin to appear; this technique has already been successfully applied at
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buildings in their current state, or would prevent further damage and deterioration to them. This school of thought saw the original design of old buildings as correct in and of themselves. Two of the main proponents of preservation and conservation in the 19th century were
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Not all building conservation seeks to follow the original design of the building. It is reasonably commonplace for the shell of a building — its external walls — to be retained whilst an entirely new building is constructed within. This approach is also referred to as
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Most ancient buildings are constructed of stone and have survived from antiquity as a result of the stability of this building material. However, stone can deteriorate rapidly without protection, particularly in the modern era of pollution and climate change.
920:. Financially, businesses are better off restoring a building and adapting it for modern use than constructing a new site. The buildings are often built to better standards and as mentioned above have unique architectural elements that can increase business.
896:- Buildings hold intrinsic value not only in the history of the building, how it was used, but also how it was built. Historic buildings, notably pre-WWII, are built with higher quality materials and built under different standards than modern buildings.
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concrete, and terra cotta began to be used by ancient people instead of organic ones, due to their durability. In fact, we know that these materials are durable because many ancient structures that are composed of them, even some built as far back as the
926:- One of the most important reasons that a site is restored is because of its cultural significance. Certain sites are tied to a nation’s identity making the site more valuable for what it provides to the culture than if it were demolished. According to
207:, "places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance and repair. It reflects a building's continuum over time, through successive occupancies, and the respectful changes and alterations that are made."
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Analysis of the site should be the first step in the restoration process. Conservators will need to examine the site to determine its status and what changes have previously been made and what work will need to be done going forward including
2267:"The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings: Choosing an Appropriate Treatment for the Historic Building"
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of authenticity, accurately replicating historic materials and techniques as much as possible, ideally using modern techniques only in a concealed manner where they will not compromise the historic character of the structure's appearance.
321:. While tourism provides both economical and cultural benefits, it can also be destructive. The Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off limits to the public due to the deterioration that has been caused by tourists. The pyramids in
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Although techniques of architectural conservation are improving, the action of cleaning or repairing buildings can, with hindsight, be seen to cause problems that at the time were unforeseen. A good example is the unrestrained use of
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on the building being restored, the items in the collection, and the historical significance of the site which could influence specific restoration requirements. One example of a collections management policy for restoration is the
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In addition to the design and art/science definition described above, architectural conservation also refers to issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and
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For instance a restoration might involve the replacement of outdated heating and cooling systems with newer ones, or the installation of climate controls that never existed at the time of building after careful study.
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period is documented and removed. The extent of a restoration is limited by the existing structure or proof of pre-existing features that were previously modified. Designs that were never executed cannot be included.
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longer allowed in paints. Another problem occurs when the original pigment came from a material no longer available. For example, in the early to mid-19th century, some browns were produced from bits of ground
71:. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice.
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has a unique approach to the preservation of historic buildings, which focuses on the materials that were used in the building's construction and what knowledge can be learned from the remaining material.
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https://rm.coe.int/strategy-21-conservation-restoration-of-cultural-hehttps://rm.coe.int/strategy-21-conservation-restoration-of-cultural-heritage-in-less-than/16807bfbbaritage-in-less-than/16807bfbba
916:- Historic buildings store a lot of embodied energy. Hence, it is better to preserve or re-use them rather than demolition. Restoring a building for another purpose than its original intent is called
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for the restoration. This policy will include a statement of purpose, a plan for the restoration including a list of all proposed changes to the site, a list of the current collection of the site,
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dedicated to the goddess Athena, its purpose over time changed to
Christian church, mosque, and powder magazine before it became one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.
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As a movement, architectural conservation in general, and the preservation of ancient structures specifically, gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a response to
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902:- Buildings have personalities, specific architectural elements that make the building unique and more valuable. Saving these unique traits within original building are ideal.
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alter the site unintentionally. Another reason not to restore a building is the value and knowledge that can be gained from the material remaining within the building. The
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of objects. While each of the ten agents can affect a historic building, some agents cause more common types of damage that may be addressed through building restoration.
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and buildings comprised in a comprehensive list by the
Canadian Conservation Institute. The Agents are physical forces, fire, pests, light (ultraviolet and infrared),
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Exterior and interior paint colors present similar problems over time. Air pollution, acid rain, and sun take a toll, and often many layers of different paint exist.
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Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, India. The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993, and since then has undergone extensive restoration work, which is complete.
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The next two treatments are a subset of preservation with some variation to account for the different requirements of the building and the needs of the institution.
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will work with a historic paint color re-creator s to replicate the antique paints in durable, stable, and environmentally safe materials. In the United States the
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16 July by the French parliament to recreate damaged structures in a way that preserves the historical and architectural integrity of their original construction.
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At the end of this assessment process, the conservator will analyze all the collected data and decide on a conservation plan based on available funding sources..
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223:"focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from other periods."
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Unlike the other treatments, a reconstruction must be labeled as a "contemporary re-creation" as it has historical foundations but is new in construction.
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994:. The initial phase of restoration began in 1997, and has continually developed over the years. The Collection Management Policy above is from 2004.
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have also encountered problems due to large numbers of tourists; more tourists mean greater humidity and water presence, which can lead to erosion.
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is constantly evolving as new sites of cultural significance are added. Another great resource for restoration of cultural heritage sites is the
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after a destructive fire in 1992. The 1985–1989 removal of 38 layers of paint and the cleaning and repair of the exterior sandstone walls of the
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Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings - Simple Preservation Techniques for Ancient Buildings." Suite101.com. 20 January 2010.
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professional to check the building regularly. An example of pest damage and control involving building restoration is the approach taken by
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231:, "establishes limited opportunities to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in all new materials."
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and function. While this may seem to be excessive, this is a crucial step in understanding the site and what work will need completed.
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face common preservation issues. The most prominent factors affecting these structures are the environment, pollution, and tourism.
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Architectural conservation is the process by which individuals or groups attempt to protect valued buildings from unwanted change.
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930:, “the renovation of heritage buildings is essential to the permanent residence of history and culture in the nation’s psyche.”
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Griffith, Richard(2010) 'Listed building control? A critique of historic building administration', CulturalTrends, 19: 3, p.192
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Martin-Gil, J; Ramos-Sanchez, MC; Martin-Gil, FJ (1999). "Ancient pastes for stone protection against environmental agents".
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is a guiding resource in the conservation of cultural heritage sites. UNESCO's mission is to identify, protect, and preserve
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treatment method best for the material. For example, a brick facade will have a different treatment method from wrought iron.
796:. In cases like this the standards allow other materials with similar appearance to be used and organizations like Britain's
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The phrase covers a wide span of activities, from the cleaning of the interior or exterior of a building — as took place at
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are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural
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1922:"5 reasons we should restore historical buildings | Buildingtalk | Construction news and building products for specifiers"
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Conservation-Restoration of Cultural Heritage. (n.d.). Conservation-Restoration of Cultural Heritage. Retrieved from
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sites pose different challenges and often follow different guidelines because of designation of a heritage site. The
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structures. One of the most ardent supporters of this school of thought in the 19th century was the French architect
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were used interchangeably to refer to the architectural school of thought that either encouraged measures that would
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2394:"New law regarding Notre Dame says restoration must preserve its 'historic, artistic and architectural interest'"
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American Alliance of Museums. (2012). Developing a Collections Management Policy. Alliance Reference Guide, 1–12.
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can help to prevent or minimize future fire-related situations. An example of fire damage and restoration is the
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2134:"Colors, Materials, and Techniques in Historical Buildings in Rome: Diagnostic Investigations and Case Studies"
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The International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of Structures of Architectural Heritage
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tool" and is allied with – and often equated to – its parent fields, of historic environment conservation and
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387:— to the rebuilding of damaged or derelict buildings, such as the restoration of the Windsor Great Hall in
2062:"6 Tips for Documenting Historic Details Before They Disappear | National Trust for Historic Preservation"
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2673:"Nanotech for historic building preservation: bacterial coating lets historic buildings self-repair"
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Betz, K. W. (6 November 2017). Preserve, Rehab, Restore, Or Reconstruct? Retrieved 2 May 2020, from
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The Mount. (9 April 2020). The Estate: The Mount: Edith Wharton's Home. Retrieved 3 May 2020, from
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before and after the 2019 fire, with early signs of restoration following significant fire damage
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All of the above factors complicate the conservation options available to treat these buildings.
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of the United States defined the following treatment approaches to architectural conservation:
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Other nations recognize some or all of these as potential treatments for historic structures.
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buildings and are divided into preservation, rehabilitating, restoration and reconstruction.
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520:(International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property)
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The earliest building materials used by ancient peoples, such as wood and mud, were organic.
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He gives the Parthenon in Athens as an example; built between 447 and 432 BCE to serve as a
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The Conservation Movement: A History of Architectural Preservation: Antiquity to Modernity
466:(United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations) World Heritage Centre
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describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of any
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St Paul's Cathedral, London, clad for refurbishment — in this case, cleaning the exterior.
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Caliano, Eduardo; Gallo, Chiara; Messuti, Nicolino; Napoli, Carmine (19 February 2022).
1865:"Six Practical Reasons to Save Old Buildings | National Trust for Historic Preservation"
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design did not exist in the period selected, it will not be included in the restoration.
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2256:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1995. 18-5. Print.
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436:
67:. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate
3804:
3320:
3004:
2944:
2934:
2824:
2165:
2153:
2036:"The ABC Method: a risk management approach to the preservation of cultural heritage"
1758:
1283:
1223:
1075:
1027:
103:
60:
2095:
1959:
1805:
1779:
1019:
3799:
3709:
3391:
3029:
2368:
2145:
1389:
1263:
1121:
890:
The reasons to restore a building most frequently fall into five main categories.
488:
310:
and the Parthenon. This phenomenon increases the deterioration of these buildings.
90:
3864:
2149:
744:
3859:
3769:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3325:
3240:
3212:
2984:
2786:
2369:"Notre-Dame Updates: What We Know About the Cathedral Five Months After the Fire"
1504:
1148:
446:
AIC-ASG (The American Institute for Conservation – Architectural Specialty Group)
2254:
Guidelines for the evaluation and control of lead-based paint hazards in housing
1630:
1120:
growth and internal deterioration due to incorrect humidity levels or a lack of
3844:
3829:
3764:
3714:
3335:
3250:
3024:
2869:
2498:"Governing body of St Mark's basilica wants to build a Perspex anti-flood wall"
2323:
1213:
917:
773:
412:
388:
365:
292:
280:
214:
185:
162:
85:"professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as a
49:
2549:“Preserving History: Subterranean Termite Prevention in Colonial Williamsburg”
2192:
http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/Cultural_Heritage/What_is_Cultural_Heritage
259:
Conservation patches on mosaics wall of Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau (
3976:
3774:
3704:
3270:
3124:
3034:
2157:
1393:
1173:
991:
777:
728:
describes a particular treatment approach and philosophy within the field of
240:
2523:
139:
significant cultural or religious import, or they had yet to be discovered.
3784:
3739:
3315:
3275:
420:
404:
122:
2010:
1986:"British and European Standards for Heritage and Conservation - Tim Yates"
1469:
Secretary of Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties
691:
669:
526:(International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)
336:
250:
3719:
3355:
3300:
3245:
3192:
3152:
3009:
2859:
1578:
1102:
1037:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
392:
158:
1078:, thieves and vandals, water, pollutants, incorrect temperature and the
1031:
traditions, and the emotional connection to the cultural ancestors. The
3779:
3759:
3290:
3157:
3147:
3099:
2904:
805:
400:
285:
155:
360:
Once the assessment is complete, the next step is a thorough measured
3789:
3142:
1163:
361:
303:
299:
260:
244:
135:
117:
555:
3794:
3754:
3749:
3295:
3119:
2203:
437:
Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation
2759:
1060:
of restoration of historic buildings is the work conducted by the
1044:
969:
Before any work on the site is done, a conservator will develop a
364:
with a tape, rod and level. Modern measuring techniques, such as
255:
3182:
2864:
2228:
1891:"Embodied Energy and Historic Preservation A Needed Reassessment"
1379:
1134:
718:
657:
399:
maintenance, but which by retaining the building are less than a
318:
181:
2737:
927:
846:
Renovation of Notre-Dame de Paris following the April 2019 fire.
798:
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
3074:
3064:
2823:
781:
463:
384:
354:
272:
236:
2190:
What is Cultural Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved 3 May 2020, from
2011:"Technical Preservation Services (U.S. National Park Service)"
1728:
1188:
267:
239:
recognizes preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration. The
184:
and elsewhere, with results that were deplored at the time by
3109:
3014:
1780:"Historic Building Restoration, Preservation, and Renovation"
793:
753:
714:
709:
682:
589:"Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property"
395:
in the United States are an example of building restoration.
289:
27:
Process of preservation of historically significant buildings
1948:
https://www.commarch.com/preserve-rehab-restore-reconstruct/
1606:
1490:
1488:
1486:
984:
Edith Wharton Restoration, Inc. Collection Management Policy
469:
Council of Europe, Architectural and Archaeological Heritage
317:
The third factor affecting ancient building conservation is
247:, identifies preservation, restoration, and reconstruction.
2890:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
2874:
1367:
Conserving Buildings: A Manual of Techniques and Materials.
1117:
535:
TPRM (Trustees of the Public Reservations in Massachusetts)
143:
began to emerge within the field of building conservation.
57:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
1843:"Historic Preservation Treatment Toward A Common Language"
1662:
1531:"www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2007-06-08-colosseum_N.htm"
1234:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
857:
be made that do not destroy the integrity of the property.
2895:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
2697:
2131:
1483:
427:
3281:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
1898:
UMass Blogs, APT Bulletin, Vol 36, No 4 (2005), pp 45-72
1757:. Tulane University Library: Routledge. pp. ix–xi.
3929:
Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
1706:
251:
Common architectural conservation/preservation problems
2502:
The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
2476:
The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
2398:
The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
1620:. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 April 2010
1603:. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 April 2010
541:(Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage)
474:
Association for Preservation Technology International
298:
Ancient buildings such as the Egyptian pyramids, the
2646:"Storm damages historic Mechanics Hall in Worcester"
1553:"www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/13/2215521.htm"
1184:
1916:
1914:
816:are examples of this type of heritage restoration.
580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
496:(American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society)
1633:. UAC Water Restoration Division. 17 October 2006.
1352:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1334:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
118:History of the architectural conservation movement
3934:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
3070:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
2885:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
2096:https://www.edithwharton.org/discover/the-estate/
1465:"Introduction: Choosing an appropriate treatment"
1138:An example of building damage created by termites
1033:conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
3974:
3957:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
3947:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
3911:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
1911:
1254:Conservation and restoration of historic gardens
514:(US Department of Housing and Urban Development)
275:bridge wall fixing the hard-metal connecting bar
3952:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
3924:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
1329:International Journal of Architectural Heritage
942:Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
458:Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
3888:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
3045:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
2472:"The cost of Venice's worst floods since 1966"
1777:
1524:
1522:
1244:Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage
776:, the complex of former royal palaces outside
482:(International Council on Monuments and Sites)
2809:
2366:
1430:
1428:
1296:, with a listing of National Trusts worldwide
885:
69:conservation-restoration of cultural heritage
2108:"Popular Techniques in Building Restoration"
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
713:Rebuilding of the historical city centre of
126:Windows, c.1270, on the carefully preserved
2670:
2446:"Dealing with Debris and Damaged Buildings"
1804:. Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from
1752:
1519:
948:
705:of Berlin before and after its restoration.
451:Institute of Historic Building Conservation
3453:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
2816:
2802:
2367:Richman-Abdou, Kelly (10 September 2019).
1425:
1068:
3000:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
2594:"Monitoring and Treating for Pesky Pests"
2547:Jones, R., Silence, P. & Webster, M.
1827:
1631:"Building restoration from flood project"
1249:Category:Restored and conserved buildings
640:Learn how and when to remove this message
2900:Conservation science (cultural property)
2712:"Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome"
2671:Heingartner, Douglas (20 January 2021).
1505:"www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/colosseum/qanda/"
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1345:Western Association for Art Conservation
1133:
1084:
1018:
904:
841:
802:National Trust for Historic Preservation
743:
708:
690:
424:is to be hoped) mitigate poor outcomes.
335:
266:
254:
121:
109:
39:
31:
2760:"Journal of Architectural Conservation"
1888:
1374:A History of Architectural Conservation
1365:Weaver, Martin and Frank Matero (1997)
331:
180:of medieval churches was widespread in
14:
3975:
698:Veterinary School's Anatomical Theatre
428:Case example: Ancient stone structures
2797:
1840:
1748:
1746:
1599:Art conservation and restoration,"
1528:
1450:
1339:Journal of Architectural Conservation
909:Decorative Pillar in Montreal, Quebec
819:
191:
1612:"Art conservation and restoration,"
1289:National Register of Historic Places
784:is an example of this sort of work.
578:adding citations to reliable sources
549:
508:(Historic American Buildings Survey)
79:
2557:, 2013. Retrieved on 29 April 2020.
1316:
340:A preserved historical alleyway in
96:
24:
3085:Preservation (library and archive)
1743:
1436:"Art conservation and restoration"
1359:
314:attributed to this deterioration.
25:
3999:
2740:. Aic.stanford.edu. 15 March 2011
1575:"www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm"
1055:Restoration of Historic Buildings
3988:Restored and conserved buildings
3939:Conservation-restoration of the
3815:Indigenous intellectual property
2554:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
1438:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1325:The official journal of the IHBC
1187:
750:Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta
668:
656:
554:
3050:Inventory (library and archive)
2950:Cultural property documentation
2774:
2752:
2730:
2704:
2690:
2664:
2638:
2612:
2586:
2560:
2541:
2524:"termite | insect | Britannica"
2516:
2490:
2464:
2438:
2412:
2386:
2360:
2335:
2327:. 26 April 2015. Archived from
2311:
2285:
2259:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2125:
2100:
2088:
2079:
2054:
2028:
2003:
1978:
1952:
1940:
1882:
1857:
1812:
1794:
1771:
1721:
1699:
1677:
1655:
1637:
1623:
1593:
1577:. .american.edu. Archived from
1369:New York: John Wiley & Sons
1294:National Trust (disambiguation)
957:Best practices are as follows:
565:needs additional citations for
3448:Bone, horn, and antler objects
2990:Digital photograph restoration
1645:"Architecture Specialty Group"
1618:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1601:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1567:
1545:
1497:
1416:
1407:
545:
502:(Commons Preservation Society)
188:and are now widely regretted.
74:
46:Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
13:
1:
3633:South Asian household shrines
3331:Reconstruction (architecture)
3261:Cultural property radiography
3218:Registrar (cultural property)
2970:Cultural resources management
2930:Collections management system
2150:10.1080/00393630.2022.2037971
1889:Jackson, Mike (2 June 2011).
1847:Cultural Resources Management
1685:"Archeology and Architecture"
1401:
347:
44:Revision and conservation of
3902:Conservation-restoration of
3893:Conservation-restoration of
3266:Detachment of wall paintings
3040:Intangible cultural heritage
2955:Cultural property exhibition
2940:Cultural heritage management
2598:www.colonialwilliamsburg.org
2347:www.buildingconservation.com
2208:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1990:www.buildingconservation.com
1802:"Definition of Conservation"
1529:David, Ariel (8 June 2007).
1471:. U.S. National Park Service
1413:Weaver and Matero 1997, p. 1
977:policies for new additions,
971:collection management policy
374:
7:
3346:Transfer of panel paintings
1753:Glendinning, Miles (2013).
1651:. www.culturalheritage.org.
1555:. Abc.net.au. 13 April 2008
1180:
1076:incorrect relative humidity
804:is a helpful resource. The
739:
61:immovable cultural property
10:
4004:
3983:Architectural conservation
3810:Heritage language learning
3080:Optical media preservation
886:Reasonings for restoration
730:architectural conservation
198:Department of the Interior
3878:
3850:Oral history preservation
3691:
3420:
3364:
3231:
3133:
2965:Cultural property storage
2960:Cultural property imaging
2835:
2293:"Agents of deterioration"
808:painted interiors of the
663:Before restoration (2001)
147:Preservation/Conservation
3897:by ElĂas GarcĂa MartĂnez
3115:Sustainable preservation
1394:10.1179/sic.1999.44.1.58
1372:Jokilehto, Yukka (2007)
1204:Conservation-restoration
1107:Notre-Dame de Paris fire
949:Standards of restoration
675:After restoration (2009)
3855:Preservation of meaning
3840:Language revitalization
3508:Illuminated manuscripts
3286:Historic paint analysis
3178:Conservation technician
2980:Deaccessioning (museum)
2920:Collections maintenance
2845:Agents of deterioration
2138:Studies in Conservation
1782:. Pearl Bay Corporation
1614:Encyclopædia Britannica
1382:Studies in Conservation
1069:Agents of Deterioration
1015:Cultural heritage sites
990:, the historic home of
825:Historical conservation
789:Historic paint analysis
756:being restored in 2011.
532:(National Park Service)
460:(in the United Kingdom)
453:(in the United Kingdom)
342:Beirut Central District
271:Punched lead cast in a
3865:Tradition preservation
3518:Iron and steel objects
3407:Outdoor bronze objects
3351:UVC-based preservation
3208:Photograph conservator
3173:Conservation scientist
2925:Collections management
2855:Archaeological science
1269:Heritage organizations
1259:Docomomo International
1139:
1093:
1024:
910:
847:
757:
722:
706:
344:
276:
264:
131:
53:
37:
3870:Traditional knowledge
3835:Language preservation
3443:Ancient Greek pottery
3341:Textile stabilization
3203:Paintings conservator
3090:Preservation metadata
2975:Database preservation
2829:historic preservation
2698:"Welcome to the IHBC"
1824:Sunday, 11 April 2021
1731:. iscarsah.icomos.org
1729:"iscarsah.icomos.org"
1274:Historic preservation
1229:Historic preservation
1153:Colonial Williamsburg
1137:
1088:
1062:National Park Service
1022:
924:Cultural significance
908:
845:
814:Boston Public Library
762:historic preservation
747:
734:historic preservation
712:
694:
339:
295:, still stand today.
270:
258:
178:Victorian restoration
174:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
128:Old Synagogue, Erfurt
125:
110:Functional definition
43:
35:
3658:Time-based media art
3468:Copper-based objects
3382:Archaeological sites
3311:Mass deacidification
3256:Cradling (paintings)
3168:Conservator-restorer
2995:Digital preservation
2785:25 July 2011 at the
2233:World Monuments Fund
2112:Concrete Renovations
1926:www.buildingtalk.com
1820:"Mold Removal Guide"
1778:Van Sanford, Scott.
1310:World Monuments Fund
1305:World Heritage Sites
1279:Sustainable heritage
1049:World Monuments Fund
1041:World Heritage Sites
900:Architectural Design
726:Building restoration
721:after the civil war.
574:improve this article
332:Conservation process
151:protect and maintain
65:conservator-restorer
18:Building restoration
3962:World Heritage Site
3825:Indigenous language
3725:Endangered language
3623:Shipwreck artifacts
3603:Photographic plates
3553:Musical instruments
3306:Lining of paintings
3223:Textile conservator
3198:Objects conservator
3188:Exhibition designer
3095:Preservation survey
3020:Found in collection
2910:Collection (museum)
2880:Calendar (archives)
2850:Archival processing
2626:. 22 September 2017
2574:. 22 September 2017
2426:. 22 September 2017
2299:. 14 September 2017
2273:on 22 November 2013
2042:. 14 September 2017
1960:"The SPAB Approach"
1808:on 24 January 2020.
1195:architecture portal
1127:St. Mark’s Basilica
1090:Notre-Dame de Paris
1045:World Heritage List
998:during restoration.
810:Vermont State House
703:Humboldt University
407:of a new building.
381:St Paul's Cathedral
3820:Indigenous culture
3163:Collection manager
3060:Media preservation
3055:Inventory (museum)
2915:Collection catalog
2600:. 22 November 2019
2528:www.britannica.com
2331:on 24 August 2015.
2252:Jacobs, David E..
1928:. 24 February 2017
1300:The Georgian Group
1239:Traditional trades
1140:
1094:
1025:
911:
848:
820:Types of treatment
758:
723:
707:
345:
277:
265:
192:Current treatments
132:
54:
38:
3970:
3969:
3919:Pompeian frescoes
3805:Heritage language
3695:cultural heritage
3483:Flags and banners
3428:cultural property
3392:Heritage railways
3372:cultural property
3321:Paleo-inspiration
3005:Film preservation
2945:Cultural property
2935:Cultural heritage
2825:Cultural heritage
2718:on 12 August 2006
2620:"Physical forces"
2478:. 4 February 2020
2319:"Restored chapel"
1841:Weeks, K (1996).
1764:978-0-415-54322-4
1284:Materials science
1224:Barcelona Charter
1028:Cultural Heritage
650:
649:
642:
624:
281:Organic materials
104:built environment
80:Narrow definition
16:(Redirected from
3995:
3906:by Thomas Eakins
3904:The Gross Clinic
3800:Folklore studies
3710:Applied folklore
3683:Wooden furniture
3678:Wooden artifacts
3673:Woodblock prints
3653:Tibetan thangkas
3513:Insect specimens
3402:Outdoor artworks
3397:Historic gardens
3030:Heritage science
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
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2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2714:. Archived from
2708:
2702:
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2509:
2504:. 3 January 2020
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2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:"After the Fire"
2339:
2333:
2332:
2315:
2309:
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2306:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2269:. Archived from
2263:
2257:
2250:
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2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2204:"World Heritage"
2200:
2194:
2188:
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2176:
2170:
2169:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2098:
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2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2066:savingplaces.org
2058:
2052:
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2026:
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2023:
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2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1982:
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1956:
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1944:
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1869:savingplaces.org
1861:
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1681:
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1670:
1665:. whc.unesco.org
1663:"whc.unesco.org"
1659:
1653:
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1641:
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1634:
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1448:
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1445:
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1414:
1411:
1397:
1317:Related journals
1264:English Heritage
1219:Florence Charter
1197:
1192:
1191:
1122:humidity control
1103:fire safety plan
760:In the field of
685:, Czech Republic
672:
660:
645:
638:
634:
631:
625:
623:
582:
558:
550:
489:Historic England
97:Broad definition
91:art conservation
21:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3913:The Last Supper
3880:
3874:
3860:Primitive music
3770:Folk instrument
3745:Family folklore
3735:Ethnomusicology
3730:Ethnochoreology
3697:
3694:
3687:
3608:Plastic objects
3593:Performance art
3578:Panel paintings
3573:Painting frames
3538:Leather objects
3458:Ceramic objects
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:and restoration
3423:
3416:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:and restoration
3367:
3360:
3326:Paper splitting
3241:Aging (artwork)
3233:
3227:
3213:Preservationist
3135:
3129:
2985:Digital library
2837:
2831:
2822:
2792:
2787:Wayback Machine
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2652:. 14 April 2020
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2400:. 2 August 2019
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1839:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1581:on 25 July 2012
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1362:
1360:Further reading
1319:
1314:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1159:Physical forces
1149:pest management
1071:
951:
934:One chance rule
888:
822:
742:
689:
688:
687:
686:
681:Castle gate of
678:
677:
676:
673:
665:
664:
661:
646:
635:
629:
626:
583:
581:
571:
559:
548:
439:
430:
377:
350:
334:
300:Roman Colosseum
253:
194:
120:
112:
99:
82:
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Living history
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:Language death
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Folk etymology
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Dance notation
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Silver objects
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3412:Outdoor murals
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Rissverklebung
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Arrested decay
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3234:and techniques
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Heritage asset
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Bioarchaeology
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2773:
2751:
2729:
2703:
2689:
2677:PsychNewsDaily
2663:
2637:
2611:
2585:
2559:
2540:
2515:
2489:
2463:
2437:
2411:
2385:
2359:
2334:
2324:Times of Malta
2310:
2284:
2258:
2245:
2220:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2144:(3): 365–379.
2124:
2099:
2087:
2078:
2053:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1951:
1939:
1910:
1881:
1856:
1826:
1811:
1793:
1770:
1763:
1742:
1720:
1698:
1676:
1654:
1636:
1622:
1605:
1592:
1566:
1544:
1533:. Usatoday.com
1518:
1496:
1482:
1449:
1424:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Venice Charter
1211:
1209:Athens Charter
1206:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1169:Mechanics Hall
1156:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1070:
1067:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
979:deaccessioning
967:
963:
950:
947:
918:adaptive reuse
914:Sustainability
887:
884:
883:
882:
878:Reconstruction
874:
873:
872:
871:
861:
860:
859:
858:
854:Rehabilitation
837:
836:
821:
818:
774:Tsarskoye Selo
741:
738:
680:
679:
674:
667:
666:
662:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
648:
647:
562:
560:
553:
547:
544:
543:
542:
536:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
486:
483:
477:
470:
467:
461:
454:
447:
438:
435:
429:
426:
413:adaptive reuse
389:Windsor Castle
376:
373:
366:photogrammetry
349:
346:
333:
330:
293:Great Pyramids
252:
249:
233:
232:
228:Reconstruction
224:
218:
215:adaptive reuse
211:Rehabilitation
208:
193:
190:
186:William Morris
163:William Morris
119:
116:
111:
108:
98:
95:
81:
78:
76:
73:
50:Czech Republic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4000:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Folk medicine
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Ancient music
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Stained glass
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Road vehicles
3616:
3614:
3613:Rail vehicles
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:New media art
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Ivory objects
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Human remains
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Glass objects
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:of immovable
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Desmet method
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:and expertise
3132:
3126:
3125:Web archiving
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Inherent vice
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2761:
2755:
2739:
2738:"JAIC online"
2733:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2625:
2624:www.canada.ca
2621:
2615:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2572:www.canada.ca
2569:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2452:. 4 June 2013
2451:
2447:
2441:
2425:
2424:www.canada.ca
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2373:My Modern Met
2370:
2363:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2298:
2297:www.canada.ca
2294:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2041:
2040:www.canada.ca
2037:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1966:. 6 July 2017
1965:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1554:
1548:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1174:Tintern Abbey
1170:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
992:Edith Wharton
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
958:
955:
946:
943:
937:
935:
931:
929:
928:Building Talk
925:
921:
919:
915:
907:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
879:
876:
875:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
855:
852:
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3785:Folk process
3740:Ethnopoetics
3698:preservation
3558:Neon objects
3431:by item type
3422:Conservation
3375:by item type
3366:Conservation
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3316:Overpainting
3276:Display case
3105:Repatriation
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3941:H.L. Hunley
3720:Early music
3668:Vinyl discs
3663:Totem poles
3598:Photographs
3543:Lighthouses
3533:Lacquerware
3488:Fur objects
3426:of movable
3356:VisualAudio
3301:Leafcasting
3246:Anastylosis
3193:Mount maker
3153:Art handler
3010:Finding aid
2860:Archaeology
2762:. Routledge
2533:17 November
2450:www.epa.gov
2277:13 December
2015:www.nps.gov
1964:spab.org.uk
1903:17 November
1853:(1): 32–35.
1376:, Routledge
1098:Fire damage
867:Restoration
546:Restoration
393:White House
221:Restoration
169:Restoration
161:and artist
159:John Ruskin
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3977:Categories
3780:Folk music
3760:Folk dance
3693:Intangible
3291:Inpainting
3158:Auctioneer
3148:Art dealer
3100:Provenance
2905:Collecting
2838:and issues
2682:3 February
1709:. apti.org
1707:"apti.org"
1402:References
1164:vibrations
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630:March 2011
600:newspapers
401:demolition
348:Assessment
302:, and the
286:Bronze Age
156:art critic
130:in Germany
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3895:Ecce Homo
3790:Folk play
3643:Taxidermy
3588:Parchment
3568:Paintings
3143:Archivist
2766:6 January
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375:Treatment
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3881:projects
3795:Foodways
3755:Folk art
3750:Folklore
3648:Textiles
3498:Herbaria
3473:Feathers
3438:Aircraft
3296:Kintsugi
3120:Treasure
2783:Archived
2650:masslive
1649:AIC/FAIC
1442:29 April
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3879:Notable
3583:Papyrus
3528:Judaica
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2568:"Pests"
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