Byzantine Papacy - Knowledge

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chain that connected the present to the classical past and gave his beloved Rome the aura of eternity. Most of all, it was the empire that guarded and protected the holy catholic and apostolic church. The emperor was God's elected representative on Earth. He held the empire in the name of Christ whose instrument he was and from whom he derived his power and authority. To criticize the emperor was sacrilege; to fail to obey and pray for him, whether he was good or bad, unthinkable impiety."

227: 583:), even while Constans II's workmen were stripping the bronze from the monuments of the city to be melted down and taken to Constantinople with the Emperor when he departed. However, both Vitalian and Constans II would have been confident upon his departure that the political and religious relationship between Rome and Constantinople was effectively stabilized, leaving Constans II free to focus his forces against the Arabs. After Constans II was murdered in Sicily by 5099: 5111: 115: 25: 1366:

century, the percentage of Easterners was higher for the priesthood. In contrast, a 679 synod convoked by Agatho was predominantly eastern (more than half of the bishops and two-thirds of the priests). These monastics "brought with them from the East an unbroken legacy of learning that, though shattered almost beyond recognition in the West, Byzantium had preserved in nearly pristine form from ancient times".

433:, chosen for his ability to combat various heresies originating from the East in his native tongue. As a result of Theodore's ability to debate his adversaries in their own language, "never again would the Papacy suffer the sort of embarrassment that had resulted from Honorius's linguistic carelessness". Theodore took the nearly unprecedented measure of appointing 579:. Much has been said of Constans II's motives—perhaps to move the imperial capital to Rome or to reconquer large swathes of territory in the mold of Justinian I—but more likely he only intended to achieve limited military victories against the Slavs, Lombards, and Arabs. Vitalian heaped upon Constans II honors and ceremony (including a tour of 618:, condemning Pope Honorius and the proponents of monothelitism. Over the next ten years, reconciliation increased the power of papacy: the church of Ravenna abandoned its claim to independent status (formerly endorsed by Constans II), imperial taxation was lessened, and the right of papal confirmation was delegated from Constantinople to the 683:, releasing those conscripted into the army as security on those payments. Popes of this period explicitly recognized imperial sovereignty over Rome and sometimes dated their personal correspondence in the regnal years of the Byzantine Emperor. However, this political unity did not also extend to theological and doctrinal questions. 317:, who reigned from 642 to 649, as the first Eastern pope of the Byzantine papacy). Boniface III was able to obtain an imperial proclamation declaring Rome as "the head of all the churches" (reaffirming Justinian I's naming the pope "the first among all the priests"), a decree Phocas intended as much to humiliate the 1528:, both traditions originating in Constantinople. The "liturgical byzantinization" furthered by Vitalian would be continued by his successors. However, the Latin language made a liturgical resurgence—officially replacing Greek—between 660 and 682; Greek again re-emerged during the papacy of 1608:

in Mass except during the fifty days between Easter and Pentecost; in a letter, Gregory I acknowledged the development, but claimed it originated in Jerusalem and reached Rome not through Constantinople but through Jerome and Pope Damasus. Similarly, Gregory I claimed an "ancient origin" for allowing

1453:

Even the native traditions of Roman religious art were now transformed by Eastern influence, the monumental realism of the Roman style, represented in the apse of SS Cosmas and Damian, being replaced by the delicate formalism of the paintings of Santa Maria Antiqua, or the Byzantine-style icon of the

453:

ensured that "Rome and Constantinople were now in schism and at open war" over the Christology that would characterize the Christian empire. A Greek pope excommunicating the Patriarch no doubt proved a "distressing spectacle" for the emperors intent upon restoring religious unity. Theodore's boldness

537:

According to Ekonomou, the inhabitants of both East and West had "grown weary of the decades of religious warfare", and the arrest of Martin I did much to dissipate the "religious fever of the empire's Italian subjects". Rapprochement within the empire was viewed as critical to combating the growing

752:

mutinied in favor of Sergius I upon their arrival in Rome. Not long after, Justinian II was deposed in a coup (695). However, the thirteen revolts in Italy and Sicily that preceded the fall of the exarchate in 751 were uniformly "imperial in character" in that they still harbored "allegiance to the

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Rome experienced a "short cultural efflorescence" in the early sixth century as a result of the translation of Greek works—"both sacred and profane"—into Latin, with the rise of an intellectual class fluent in both languages. Because traditional Classical education in Rome had declined

1251:

According to Duffy, by the end of the 7th century, "Greek-speakers dominated the clerical culture of Rome, providing its theological brains, its administrative talent, and much of its visual, musical, and liturgical culture". Ekonomou argues that "after four decades of Byzantine rule, the East was

1319:

accumulated in significant numbers in the early sixth century; a similar phenomenon occurred with the inhabitants of the eastern territories later re-conquered by the Byzantines. Greeks accounted for nearly the entire medical community of Rome and a Greek school of medicine was established during

1624:

Despite his vehement public statements to the contrary, Gregory I himself was an agent of creeping Byzantine influence. As Ekonomou states, Gregory "not only reflect but was in many ways responsible for Rome's ambivalent attitude toward the East". For example, he organized a series of liturgical

1365:

At the end of the sixth century Easterners remained a minority of the Roman clergy, although they were doubtlessly admitted into it (as determined by the names subscribing to synodical proceedings). Although they constituted less than one percent of the hierarchy at the beginning of the seventh

1256:

Once the political bonds had been reformed, both Rome and the Papacy would quickly begin to experience, even before the sixth century came to a close, its influence in other ways as well." Ekonomou views the Byzantine influence as organic rather than "an intentional or systematic program" by the

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and a dutiful subject of the emperor who occupied the throne in Constantinople. The empire was, after all, the terrestrial image of the kingdom of heaven. It was a sacred realm of which Rome and the papacy were integral components. It represented culture and civilization. It was the irrefragable

644:, a Greek Sicilian, started "a nearly unbroken succession of Eastern pontiffs spanning the next three quarters of a century". The Third Council of Constantinople and the Greek Popes ushered in "a new era in relations between the eastern and western parts of the empire". During the pontificate of 1723:

in northern Italy, which undoubtedly show strong Byzantine influence, would put them into this period, but most scholars now date them much later. There has been much speculation, in respect of Castelseprio and other works, about Greek artists escaping from iconoclasm to the West, but there is

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or "Greek bank") refers to the segment of the Tiber's bank "heavily populated by Easterners, including Greeks, Syrians, and Egyptians". The Byzantine quarter quickly became the economic center of Imperial Rome during this period (marked by Santa Maria in Cosmedin, a name also given to Byzantine

807:

Popes of the first half of the eighth century perceived Constantinople as a source of legitimating authority and in practice "paid handsomely" to continue to receive imperial confirmation, but Byzantine authority all but vanished in Italy (except for Sicily) as the emperors became increasingly

1599:

As a result of this theological flowering, "for the first time in well over a century, the church of Rome would be in a position to debate theological issues with Byzantium from a position of equality in both intellectual substance and rhetorical form". However, "the irony was that Rome would

1507:

continued almost unchecked, and translators remained in short supply throughout Gregory I's papacy. Only at the end of the sixth century did knowledge of the Greek language (and the corresponding supply of Greek texts) undergo a "slightly increased vitality". Conversely, knowledge of Latin in

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issued a decree denouncing bribery in papal elections and forbidding discussion of candidates for three days after the funeral of the previous pope; thereafter, Boniface III decreed that the clergy and the "sons of the Church" (i.e. noble laymen) should meet to elect a successor, each voting

1646:, "sharpened and fixed" by various confrontations with the emperor. Eastern monastics, if not Byzantine society at large, in the fourth and fifth centuries came to regard Rome as "not just another patriarch" but as a unique source of doctrinal authority. According to Ekonomou, the 771:

Greek was the language of choice during this period as countless Easterners rose through the ranks of the clergy. According to Ekonomou, between 701 and 750, "Greeks outnumbered Latins by nearly three and a half to one". Any power vacuum was swiftly filled from Rome: for example,

1320:

this time. Most Greek inhabitants of Rome during this period, however, would have been members of monastic religious communities, although it is questionable whether any exclusively Greek monasteries were established. However, by 678, there were four Byzantine monasteries:

1670:, although the process of this transition is hard to follow, not least because there are even fewer surviving mosaics from the period in the Greek-speaking world than in Italy. The magnificent sequence of mosaics in Ravenna continued under the Exarchate, with those in the 206:

Greek-speakers from Greece, Syria, and Sicily replaced members of the powerful Roman nobles in the papal chair during this period. Rome under the Greek popes constituted a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions, reflected in art as well as liturgy.

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Zacharias to arrest the pope himself. Justinian II attempted to apprehend Sergius I as his predecessor had done with Martin I, underestimating the resentment against imperial authority among those in power in Italy, and the Italian-born troops from Ravenna and the

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By the beginning of the eighth century, bilingual liturgies were common place, with Greek taking precedence. Thus, Greek literary customs found their way into the entire liturgical calendar, particularly papal rituals. This period laid the groundwork for Western

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experience its revitalization not by drawing upon its own pitiable resources, but rather through the collaboration of a Greco-Palestinian pope and a Constantinopolitan monk employing a style of theological discourse whose tradition was purely Eastern".

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was thoroughly bilingual by mid-century, with its "administrative apparatus" run by Greeks. Until recently, scholars believed that papal texts were written in Latin and then translated into Greek; however, the evidence regarding the proceedings of the

458:"the strong undercurrent of Roman rancor against such heavy-handed use of imperial force emanating from Ravenna since the Maurikios incident enthusiastic acceptance of imperial political authority exercised with such brutality was perceptibly waning". 271:

Although the Byzantine troops that captured Italy called themselves Romans, many inhabitants of the city had a deep-seated mistrust of Greeks, and Hellenistic influence more generally. Before long, the citizens of Rome petitioned Justinian to recall

1652:"best reflect the impact that the East exercised on Rome and the Papacy in the late sixth century" as they "gave Italy holy men who were part of an unmistakable hagiographical tradition whose roots lay in the Egyptian desert and the Syrian caves". 1588:, who was carried under heavy imperial guard from Rome to Constantinople in 654, typifies the theological development of Eastern monasticism in Rome vis-a-vis conflicts with the Byzantine emperors. Maximus and his fellow Graeco-Palestinian future 538:

Lombard and Arab threat and thus no pope "referred again to Martin I" for seventy-five years. Although the Roman uneasiness of electing a successor while Martin I lived and the Byzantine desire to punish Rome for the council caused the immediate

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ideal of the Christian Roman Empire" and harbored no sovereign political ambitions for the Italian peninsula. Indeed, rather than capitalize on any anti-Byzantine sentiments in Italy, Sergius I himself attempted to quell the entire controversy.

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As early as the papacy of Gregory I, the churches of Italy and Sicily began "increasingly following Eastern ritualistic forms", which Gregory I himself endeavored to combat and modify. For example, Roman churches adopted the practice of saying

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to enshrine in the temple. A 610 synod ruled that monks could be full members of the clergy, a decision that would massively increase the hordes of Greek monks about to flee to Rome as the Slavs conquered much of the Balkan coast. At this time

903:: it strengthened the imperial grip on the southern empire, but all but guaranteed the eventual destruction of the exarchate of Ravenna, which finally occurred at Lombard hands in 751. In effect, the papacy had been "cast out of the empire". 768:, who was on his way to Rome where he would execute four high-ranking papal officials who had refused to accompany the pope. While Rome's rejection of the Trullan canons remained, the visit largely healed the rift between pope and emperor. 764:(in office 708–715) to appear in Constantinople by imperial mandate. Pope Constantine, a Syrian, left for Constantinople in 710 with thirteen clerics, eleven of them fellow Easterners. Crossing paths with Constantine in Naples was exarch 397:, their intellectual acumen and higher learning, and the spiritual authority of the Roman church and the Papacy to mobilize the battle and win the war against the last of the great Christological controversies to confront the church." 950:, relations were clearly strained between the papacy and Byzantium. Indeed, he notes the anger of the Byzantine civil service at the Emperor being addressed by the Pope as "Emperor of the Greeks" as opposed to that of the Romans. 1625:

processions in Rome to "assuage the wrath of God and relieve the city's suffering" from the plague which killed his predecessor, which greatly resembled Byzantine liturgical processions which Gregory I would have witnessed as

1409:

Byzantine traders came to dominate the economic life of Rome. Persons from all portions of the Byzantine empire were able to follow traditional trade routes to Rome, making the city truly "cosmopolitan" in its composition.

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into a Christian church, the first pagan Roman temple so converted. Boniface III himself attempted to outdo Phocas's efforts to Christianize the site, collecting twenty-four cartloads of martyr bones from the

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status was never acknowledged, for the time solidifying the idea that the convening of ecumenical councils was an imperial prerogative. Within four years of the council's adjournment, both Martin I and

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and elaborate processions with Greek chants into the Roman liturgy. The "more learned and sophisticated theological interests" of the Greek popes also added a new "doctrinal edge" to the claims of the

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According to Eamon Duffy, "one of the worst elements in Martin's suffering was the knowledge that while he still lived the Roman Church had bowed to imperial commands, and had elected a new pope",

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led a synod in Rome of predominantly Latin bishops that stymied Imperial efforts to enforce doctrinal unity (and thus end the domestic strife which much aided the Persian advance) on the issue of

648:(684–685), Constantine IV waived the requirement of imperial approval for consecration as pope, recognizing the sea change in the demographics of the city and its clergy. Benedict II's successor 1635:

also comports with several Byzantine influences. However, it as after the death of Gregory I that Eastern influence became for more apparent and the adoption of Byzantine practices accelerated.

986:. The series of popes from John V to Zachary (685–752) is sometimes referred to as the "Byzantine captivity" because only one pope of this period, Gregory II, was not of "Eastern" extraction. 652:

was elected "by the general population", returning to the "ancient practice". The ten Greek successors of Agatho were likely the intended result of Constantine IV's concession. The deaths of

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The prestige of Gregory I ensured a gradual incorporation of Eastern influence, which retained the distinctiveness of the Roman church; Gregory's two successors were chosen from his former

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Four churches in Rome have mosaics of saints near where their relics were held; these all show an abandonment of classical illusionism for large-eyed figures floating in space. They are

1475:"nearly to the point of extinction", even learned Latin scholars could not read such works in their original Greek and were forced to rely on translation. Many such texts appeared in the 760:(in office 705–707) asking him to enumerate the specific canons of the Council he found problematic and to confirm the rest; however, John VII took no action. In 710 Justinian II ordered 710:

Justinian II's initial acts appeared to continue the rapprochement initiated under Constans II and Constantine IV. However, reconciliation was short-lived, and Justinian II convoked the

389:

of ascetic emigrations to the Holy Land" that followed the Gothic invasions of 408–410. Although the immigrating monastics were relatively small in number, their influence was immense:

871:

Leo III responded in 732/33 by confiscating all papal patrimonies in south Italy and Sicily, together constituting most papal income at the time. He further removed the bishoprics of

622:. It was during this period that the papacy began "thinking of the Universal Church not as the sum of individual churches as the East did, but as synonymous with the Roman Church". 463: 1491:

and later the Lateran). The papal library contained only a very few texts in the year 600, but boasted shelves of codices (primarily in Greek) by 650. Moreover, the staff of the

5167: 692: 410:, often resulting in extremely lengthy delays (Sabinian: 6 months; Boniface III: 1 year; Boniface IV: 10 months; Boniface V: 13 months), due to the difficulty of travel, the 521:, "the Romans were as prepared to forget Pope Martin as Constans II was relieved to see him removed to the remote northern shores of the Black Sea". Thirty years later, the 485:) abducted by imperial troops to Constantinople, found guilty of treason, and exiled to Crimea where he died in 655. Although Martin I's main crime was the promotion of the 631: 414:, and the whims of the emperors. Disputes were often theological; for example, Severinus was not consecrated for 20 months after his election due to his refusal to accept 5137: 722:, which although primarily targeted at Eastern lapses, conflicted with existing practices in the West. Sergius I would have objected to the approval of all eighty-five 1442: 370:

were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Rome, and Constantinople was one of "the last places to which one could turn for refuge in the early seventh century".

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Although antagonism about the expense of Byzantine domination had long persisted within Italy, the political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the

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to the shrine of St. Peter in thanks for the pope's assistance in his release from the Lombards, Gregory III defiantly had the material crafted into icons.

591:. Constantine IV returned the favor by refusing to support the striking of Vitalian's name from the diptychs of Byzantine churches and depriving Ravenna of 446: 5047: 552:. The exarch, who, invariably, was a Greek from the court of Constantinople, had the power to approve papal consecration from the time of Honorius I. 1554:

Many features of the papal court originated during this period, modeled after similar Byzantine court rituals. For example, the papal office of the

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Western Christendom during this period "absorbed Constantinopolitan liturgical customs and practices into its forms of worship and intercession".

714:(692, unattended by Western prelates) which settled upon a variety of decrees "calculated to offend Westerners", the canons of which were sent to 280:. Anti-Byzantine sentiment could also be found throughout the Italian peninsula, and reception of Greek theology in Latin circles was more mixed. 1333: 1325: 1267: 393:"Amidst an atmosphere that warmly welcomed them, the small force of monks and clerics who came to Rome at this time would combine their zeal for 1686:

was "by far the most outstanding patron of the Byzantine iconographic style", commissioning innumerable works from "traveling Greek craftsmen".

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from the Greek, noting that only Roman clerics (rather than the entire congregation in unison) recited it, and thereafter affixed an additional

718:(in office 687–701) for his signature; Sergius refused and openly flouted the new laws. The key point of contention were the regulations of the 1520:

to train ceremonial chanters, which was almost entirely "in imitation of its Byzantine model". Vitalian also introduced the celebration of the

1345: 489:, the council itself was a "manifestly Byzantine affair" by virtue of its participants and doctrinal influences (particularly its reliance on 296:

according to his conscience. This abated factionalism for the next four successions, each resulting in quick elections and imperial approval.

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Talbot Rice is more confident than many more recent scholars of the ability to distinguish between Western and Eastern style at this period.

1398: 1374: 418:, dying only months after he finally received permission to be consecrated in 640. When Greek Pope Theodore attempted to excommunicate two 264:, holding only a "sham election" to replace Vigilius; afterwards, Justinian was content to be limited to the approval of the pope, as with 4916: 959: 1667: 1609:

subdeacons to participate in mass without tunics (a practice common in Constantinople). Gregory was also keen to distinguish the Latin

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Virgin now in the church of Santa Francesca Romana. The worship of the Roman Church itself was being transformed by Eastern influence.

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During the pontificate of John V (685–686), the Emperor substantially lessened the taxation burden on papal patrimonies in Sicily and

426:, arrested and exiled the papal aristocracy at the imperial court, and desecrated the altar of the papal residence in Constantinople. 1675: 4910: 35: 1458:

Santa Maria in Cosmedin was given to Greek monks fleeing the iconoclastic persecution, and was built on a Greek plan with three

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Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752

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would vindicate the council's condemnation of Monothelitism, but not before the synod "ushered in the period of Rome's "Greek

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insisted on being consecrated immediately without waiting for imperial approval, and was (after a delay due to the revolt of

430: 65: 1428:, dedicated to Eastern Saints: Cosmas and Damian, Sergius and Bacchus, Hadrian, Quiricius and Giulitta, and Cyrus and John. 313:

was very likely of Greek extraction, making him the "Easterner on the papal throne" in 607 (many authors incorrectly regard

571:(d. 638). Vitalian himself was possibly of Eastern extraction, and certainly nominated Greeks to important sees, including 934:. Byzantium suffered a series of military setbacks during this period, virtually losing its grip on Italy. By the time of 195:

before consecration could occur; however, theological conflicts were common between pope and emperor in the areas such as

5077: 587:, Vitalian refused to support Mezezius's usurpation of the throne, gaining the favor of Constans II's son and successor, 1707:

show similar developments, but it is difficult to see specifically Byzantine elements in the emerging medieval style of

72: 5053: 1720: 1311:

Byzantine immigrants to Rome included merchants from Byzantine territories such as Syria and Egypt. Refugees from the

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to last fourteen months, the next seven popes were more agreeable to Constantinople, and approved without delay, but

406:

It was regarded as mandatory of a pope-elect to seek the confirmation of his appointment from Constantinople before

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inexorably insinuating itself into the city on the Tiber. Even Gregory would succumb, perhaps unwittingly, to the

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from papal jurisdiction, instead subjecting them to the Patriarch of Constantinople. This was in effect an act of

79: 3428: 947: 607: 5187: 5152: 3482: 968:. Of the thirteen popes from 678 to 752, only Benedict II and Gregory II were native Romans; all the rest were 556: 470: 50: 191:, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the 1516: 61: 5071: 1694: 1643: 1424:

Greek speaking prelates also become common in Rome at this time, concentrated around a ring of churches on

818: 5142: 4900: 1715:, which very probably passed through the hands of Gregory I. The earliest estimates for the date of the 318: 221: 177: 3477: 816:"Like every Roman pontiff who had come before him, Zacharias considered himself a loyal servant of the 143: 599:

was struck off the diptychs in the Monothelite East, a policy which did not change for the succeeding

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was impelled to wait a year in 684, whereafter the Emperor consented to delegate the approval to the

972:, from Greece, Syria, or Byzantine Sicily. Many popes of this period had previously served as papal 5177: 1648: 1546:("Mother of God") in the East, where Mary was regarded as the special protector of Constantinople. 576: 522: 239: 173: 907:, in 741, was the last pope to announce his election to a Byzantine ruler or seek their approval. 3462: 1446: 1257:

emperors or exarchs, who focused more on political control and taxation than cultural influence.

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was the last pope of Greek extraction and the last to seek imperial confirmation of his election.

749: 147: 1304:("little Aventine") once it developed into a "Greco-oriental quarter" after successive waves of 5115: 1704: 1671: 1566:

of the Byzantine court, with both responsible for the management of finances and the wardrobe.

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Non-monks also emigrated to Rome, as can be seen in the skyrocketing popularity of names like

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of the seventh century in effect reversed the "avalanche of ascetics to the East" and the "

268:

after his election. Justinian's successors would continue the practice for over a century.

181: 283:

The continuing power of appointment of the Byzantine emperor can be seen in the legend of

46: 8: 4756: 4139: 3421: 1679: 1394: 1393:). Ekonomou cites the appearance of these names, along with the disappearance of Probus, 580: 567:

of the churches in Byzantium—the only name of a pope so entered since the pontificate of

776:

came to the aid of the exarchate of Ravenna in 729 by helping to crush the rebellion of

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The Byzantine period saw the disappearance of most remnants of classical style from

1240: 4866: 4841: 4821: 4796: 4781: 4751: 4690: 4685: 4635: 4565: 4555: 4535: 4510: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4440: 4399: 4349: 4344: 4334: 4314: 4304: 4264: 4209: 4184: 4159: 4134: 4124: 4114: 4099: 3998: 3978: 3968: 3933: 3868: 3863: 3843: 3803: 3743: 3682: 3667: 3662: 3597: 3582: 3557: 3547: 1401:

as evidence of the "radical transformation in the ethnic composition of the city".

1221: 1209: 1153: 1064: 1058: 1021: 880: 844: 761: 723: 645: 545: 506: 355: 325: 276:(who captured Rome in 552), declaring that they would rather still be ruled by the 234:, the only extant public monument erected in seventh-century Rome by the Byzantines 231: 165: 157: 135: 4969: 4936: 4856: 4766: 4741: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4645: 4580: 4545: 4530: 4465: 4455: 4430: 4384: 4364: 4329: 4319: 4299: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4249: 4244: 4194: 4179: 4104: 4084: 4064: 4049: 4044: 4024: 3988: 3973: 3893: 3878: 3873: 3838: 3828: 3813: 3773: 3763: 3748: 3738: 3728: 3592: 3537: 3441: 3397: 3364: 1617: 1589: 1562: 1480: 1390: 1215: 1098: 1076: 1070: 1015: 1000: 884: 856: 836: 773: 514: 438: 378: 314: 261: 161: 1344:; Ekonomou suggests there were at least two more Byzantine monasteries in Rome: 664:

the remainder of the elections under Byzantine rule were without serious issue.

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status, returning it to papal jurisdiction. Nonetheless, Vitalian's successors

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for supporting monothelitism, imperial troops looted the papal treasury in the

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The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages (Routledge Revivals) 476-752

156:(liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine-ruled 5131: 4851: 4831: 4806: 4675: 4640: 4615: 4570: 4550: 4475: 4470: 4450: 4324: 4259: 4219: 4199: 4189: 4094: 4003: 3958: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3853: 3833: 3823: 3798: 3758: 3707: 3697: 3692: 3672: 3627: 3587: 3572: 3552: 3494: 3452: 1733: 1683: 1661: 1627: 1611: 1593: 1511: 1476: 1425: 1285: 1197: 1119: 1113: 1104: 1036: 1009: 991: 974: 923:. This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining 757: 731: 592: 560: 478: 466: 415: 301: 265: 256: 251: 226: 196: 188: 152: 835:. The exarch was lynched while trying to enforce the iconoclastic edict and 726:(rather than only the first fifty), various liberalizations of the issue of 309:, whose disputed claim to the throne Gregory had enthusiastically endorsed. 5065: 4881: 4861: 4846: 4826: 4811: 4801: 4660: 4655: 4595: 4590: 4540: 4224: 4169: 4164: 4119: 4109: 4008: 3983: 3953: 3888: 3808: 3733: 3647: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3562: 1488: 1353: 1227: 1191: 1092: 1088: 904: 872: 800: 741:

and another papal counselor as a warning, and then dispatched his infamous

703: 672: 596: 540: 407: 363: 637:

and ten of his next twelve successors were culturally of Greek extraction.

42: 4836: 4716: 4711: 4665: 4289: 4154: 4149: 4054: 3993: 3938: 3928: 3923: 3793: 3617: 3567: 3522: 3319: 1712: 1556: 1529: 1349: 1159: 1147: 1141: 928: 916: 653: 649: 641: 634: 611: 442: 386: 374: 329: 243: 169: 3208: 1701:(640s), and the chapel of San Venanzio in the Lateran Basilica (c. 640) 4950: 4625: 4144: 4129: 3943: 3918: 3753: 3657: 3577: 3527: 3469: 1341: 1297: 1165: 1135: 657: 600: 568: 526: 496: 491: 200: 606:

Constantine IV abandoned the policy of monothelitism and summoned the

3687: 1639: 1632: 1542: 1537: 1386: 1378: 1091:(640–642), Dalmatian, first pope born and raised east of Italy since 965: 943: 924: 888: 675:

during the reign of Conon also decreased taxes on the patrimonies of

114: 1771:

All are dated based on the reigns of the Pope who commissioned them.

1574: 24: 3489: 1433: 1370: 785: 676: 668: 584: 351: 671:, also eliminating the surtax on grains and other imperial taxes. 332:

only three weeks after Boniface III's consecration, and in 609 by

1508:

Constantinople was "not only rare but a 'complete anachronism'".

1463: 1441:, an emerging Byzantine quarter of the city, and the churches of 1382: 1305: 1053: 931: 876: 680: 564: 504:

were arrested and tried in Constantinople for "transgressing the

359: 123: 2300:

Byzantium in the Seventh Century The Transformation of a Culture

462: 3369:. Routledge Revivals. Vol. II: L–Z. Taylor & Francis. 3232: 1716: 1312: 979: 900: 896: 892: 840: 347: 306: 273: 373:

Another wave of monastic refugees, bringing with them various

324:

Phocas had a gilded statue of himself erected on a monumental

126:, consecrated in 547, combines Western and Byzantine elements. 1438: 964:

The Byzantine Papacy was composed of the following popes and

848: 367: 277: 691: 3437: 3056: 3044: 2919: 2871: 2847: 2425: 2384: 2113: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1823: 1821: 1459: 860: 756:

In 705 the restored Justinian II sought to compromise with

139: 3196: 3139: 3137: 3034: 3032: 3019: 3017: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2721: 2719: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2333: 2331: 2242: 2240: 2215: 2213: 2091: 2089: 1503:

Despite the conquest, the decline of the knowledge of the

260:

to Constantinople, in his place; Justinian next appointed

3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3004: 3002: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2704: 2643: 2154: 2152: 2040: 2038: 2011: 1929: 630: 381:

ravaged the eastern Byzantine possessions. The following

142:

from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the

3297:

Dale, Thomas E.A. (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.).

3244: 2960: 2958: 2492: 1907: 1905: 1890: 1869: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1682:

or the Western Emperors of the preceding decades. Greek

1638:

Sergius I incorporated the Syrian custom of singing the

3184: 3172: 3134: 3029: 3014: 2982: 2907: 2895: 2859: 2801: 2731: 2716: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2408: 2396: 2372: 2355: 2343: 2328: 2316: 2283:

John Norman Davidson Kelly, Michael J. Walsh · (2010).

2264: 2252: 2237: 2225: 2210: 2137: 2125: 2101: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 915:

Within 50 years (Christmas 800), the papacy recognised

3149: 3122: 3095: 3073: 3071: 2999: 2943: 2931: 2883: 2830: 2813: 2784: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2692: 2680: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2593: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2149: 2035: 2023: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1970: 1968: 1953: 1941: 1917: 1857: 1833: 1122:(657–672), likely of eastern extraction (father named 5168:

8th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire

3280:

Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections

2970: 2955: 1902: 1799: 1789: 1787: 839:

saw iconoclasm as the latest in a series of imperial

305:

to Constantinople, in an effort to gain the favor of

3256: 3220: 2437: 1845: 16:

Byzantine domination of the Roman papacy, 537 to 752

3068: 2743: 2622: 2605: 2164: 1980: 1965: 614:sent a representative. The council returned to the 401: 5138:6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire 1784: 1362:, dedicating to serving the indigent of the city. 3083: 2666:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 185. 1340:alludes to these four monasteries in a letter to 287:writing to Constantinople, asking them to refuse 5129: 3436: 2191: 1466:barrier, introduced to the West at this period. 784:in 743 and 749 negotiated the withdrawal of the 737:Justinian II first sent a magistrate to arrest 660:resulted in contested elections, but following 429:Theodore was Greek-Palestinian, the son of the 2297: 441:to Palestine, with the intent of deposing the 3422: 1500:reveals exactly the opposite to be the case. 1431:Greek influence was concentrated also in the 1288:overlooking this quarter became known as the 1052:, likely born in Rome to a Greek father from 3324:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes 686: 625: 51:introducing citations to additional sources 3392: 3277: 3238: 3214: 2649: 2302:. Cambridge University Press. p. 314. 1884: 1827: 1674:(527–548, spanning the change of rule) and 1260: 960:List of leaders during the Byzantine Papacy 855:), which declared iconoclasm punishable by 532: 3429: 3415: 953: 3362: 2498: 859:. When the exarch donated six columns of 734:, and the depiction of Christ as a lamb. 172:reconquered the Italian peninsula in the 3340: 3250: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3143: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3023: 3008: 2993: 2976: 2964: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2824: 2807: 2795: 2778: 2766: 2737: 2725: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2431: 2419: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2349: 2337: 2322: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2231: 2219: 2158: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1896: 1863: 1851: 1839: 1812: 1573: 1377:, and Sergius (and, to a lesser extent: 1239: 795: 698:'s refused to endorse the canons of the 690: 629: 461: 225: 113: 41:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1469: 910: 238:After his invasion of Italy during the 5130: 2287:. Oxford University Press. p. 74. 1724:little or no direct evidence of this. 1676:Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe 150:, and many popes were chosen from the 3410: 3318: 3271: 3077: 2949: 2754: 2661: 2637: 2616: 2599: 2450: 2179: 1993: 1974: 1793: 1315:persecutions in North Africa and the 1244:The Byzantine-influenced interior of 942:, despite Byzantium's recovery under 791: 563:. Vitalian's name was entered on the 5183:Christianity in the Byzantine Empire 3383: 3363:Kleinhenz, Christopher, ed. (2017). 3296: 3262: 3226: 3089: 1749: 1300:. This region was later called the 215: 18: 5173:Byzantine Empire–Holy See relations 2196:. Taylor and Francis. p. 194. 13: 1540:, built closely after the cult of 14: 5199: 3386:Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages 3278:Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). 1549: 336:authorized the conversion of the 5109: 5098: 5097: 1765: 1756: 1413: 1030:, "the Great" (590–604), former 402:Monothelitism conflict (638–654) 34:relies largely or entirely on a 23: 3366:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 3299:Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia 2655: 2291: 2276: 2185: 948:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 938:'s late-10th-century visits to 608:Third Council of Constantinople 483:Olympius, the exarch of Ravenna 3402:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books. 1711:of c. 595, the earliest Latin 1569: 1298:the district of Constantinople 866: 178:appointed the next three popes 1: 2662:Noble, Thomas F. X. (2010) . 3388:. Columbia University Press. 3217:, pp. 126–130, 148–150. 1778: 1644:primacy of the Roman Pontiff 1101:(642–649), Greek-Palestinian 819:imperium Romanum Christianum 420:Patriarchs of Constantinople 375:Christological controversies 7: 1727: 1655: 1483:circa 535 (moved by future 1479:, which was established by 1404: 449:. Theodore's deposition of 319:Patriarch of Constantinople 222:Papal selection before 1059 10: 5204: 1659: 1417: 978:(equivalent of the modern 957: 730:, various prohibitions on 603:until after Donus' death. 250:to abdicate and installed 246:forced the Goth-appointed 219: 210: 5093: 5020: 4960: 4899: 4890: 4704: 4418: 4017: 3721: 3515: 3448: 3384:Lunt, William E. (1950). 2192:Jeffrey Richards (2014). 1695:Sant'Agnese fuori le mura 1691:San Lorenzo fuori le Mura 1235: 927:towards the new power of 851:in Rome (attended by the 843:. In 731, his successor, 812:. According to Ekonomou: 788:from imperial territory. 687:Quinisext Council dispute 626:The Greek Popes (678–752) 377:, arrived in Rome as the 5163:8th-century Christianity 5158:7th-century Christianity 5148:6th-century Christianity 2664:The Republic of St Peter 1744: 1514:(657–672) established a 1261:Demographic and monastic 577:Archbishop of Canterbury 533:Reconciliation (654–678) 523:Sixth Ecumenical Council 4911:During the Roman Empire 2298:John F. Haldon (1990). 1705:Illuminated manuscripts 1447:Santa Maria in Cosmedin 1443:San Giorgio in Vellabro 1246:Santa Maria in Cosmedin 954:List of Byzantine popes 750:Duchy of the Pentapolis 5116:Catholic Church Portal 4976:Conflicts with the HRE 3282:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1672:Basilica of San Vitale 1581: 1498:Lateran Council of 649 1456: 1449:. According to Duffy, 1420:Byzantine architecture 1284:). The portion of the 1248: 804: 707: 638: 487:Lateran Council of 649 477:Theodore's successor, 474: 235: 187:With the exception of 148:episcopal consecration 127: 120:Basilica of San Vitale 5188:History of the papacy 5153:752 disestablishments 4892:History of the papacy 2285:A Dictionary of Popes 1699:Santo Stefano Rotondo 1586:Maximus the Confessor 1579:Maximus the Confessor 1577: 1451: 1330:SS. Andreas and Lucia 1243: 853:Archbishop of Ravenna 799: 694: 633: 502:Maximus the Confessor 465: 445:bishop successors of 412:Byzantine bureaucracy 362:, peninsular Greece, 229: 220:Further information: 117: 5054:Revolutionary Papacy 5048:Age of Enlightenment 1709:St Augustine Gospels 1532:and his successors. 1487:to his monastery on 1470:Literary and musical 1230:(741–752), Calabrian 1200:(705–707), Calabrian 936:Liudprand of Cremona 911:Subsequent relations 833:Leo III the Isaurian 706:to order his arrest. 240:Gothic War (535–554) 182:Exarchate of Ravenna 174:Gothic War (535–554) 47:improve this article 4901:Antiquity and Early 4705:17th–21st centuries 4419:13th–16th centuries 3348:. Lexington Books. 3342:Ekonomou, Andrew J. 3241:, pp. 148–168. 3065:, pp. 257–264. 3053:, pp. 250–257. 2928:, pp. 213–214. 2880:, pp. 207–211. 2856:, pp. 204–206. 2434:, pp. 219–220. 2393:, pp. 216–217. 2122:, pp. 158–159. 1680:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1359:monasteria diaconia 1168:(686–687), Sicilian 1150:(682–683), Sicilian 656:and (even more so) 431:bishop of Jerusalem 321:as exalt the pope. 5143:537 establishments 5036:Reformation Papacy 5030:Renaissance Papacy 4972:(1012–1044 / 1048) 4925:Ostrogothic Papacy 4018:9th–12th centuries 3394:Talbot Rice, David 3272:General references 3239:Talbot Rice (1968) 3215:Talbot Rice (1968) 2650:Baumgartner (2003) 1885:Baumgartner (2003) 1828:Baumgartner (2003) 1582: 1249: 1174:(687–701), Syrian 1107:(649–653), former 1039:(604–606), former 1003:(556–561), former 994:(537–555), former 921:Holy Roman Emperor 805: 792:Iconoclasm dispute 708: 639: 616:Chalcedonian Creed 573:Theodore of Tarsus 475: 473:and died in exile. 236: 138:domination of the 128: 62:"Byzantine Papacy" 5125: 5124: 5089: 5088: 4981:Wandering Papacy 4944:Saeculum obscurum 4917:Under Constantine 3722:5th–8th centuries 3516:1st–4th centuries 3500:papal resignation 3205:, pp. 20–21. 3119:, pp. 79–80. 2952:, pp. 66–67. 2781:, pp. 13–14. 2713:, pp. 96–97. 2602:, pp. 62–63. 2020:, pp. 97–98. 1938:, pp. 54–59. 1899:, pp. 48–49. 1750:Explanatory notes 1739:Rule of the Dukes 1397:, Venantius, and 1317:Laurentian schism 1276:churches founded 1271:(also called the 1224:(731–741), Syrian 1212:(708–715), Syrian 1178:Antipope Theodore 1162:(685–686), Syrian 1130:Pope Adeodatus II 1046:Pope Boniface III 778:Tiberius Petasius 766:John III Rizocopo 728:clerical celibacy 712:Quinisext Council 700:Quinisext Council 620:Exarch of Ravenna 610:in 680, to which 550:exarch of Ravenna 495:). The council's 451:Patriarch Pyrrhus 343:Catacombs of Rome 311:Pope Boniface III 293:Pope Boniface III 216:Origins (534–638) 144:Byzantine Emperor 112: 111: 97: 5195: 5113: 5101: 5100: 5021:Early Modern and 4931:Byzantine Papacy 4897: 4896: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3389: 3380: 3359: 3337: 3312: 3293: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3147: 3141: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2828: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2499:Kleinhenz (2017) 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1978: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1810: 1797: 1791: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1668:mosaics in Italy 1302:piccolo Aventino 1222:Pope Gregory III 1210:Pope Constantine 1194:(701–705), Greek 1184:Antipope Paschal 1154:Pope Benedict II 1144:(678–681), Greek 1065:Pope Adeodatus I 1059:Pope Boniface IV 1022:Pope Pelagius II 845:Pope Gregory III 810:Muslim conquests 762:Pope Constantine 724:Apostolic Canons 646:Pope Benedict II 581:St. Peter's tomb 546:Pope Benedict II 469:was abducted by 447:Sergius of Joppa 383:Muslim conquests 356:Prima Justiniana 232:Column of Phocas 134:was a period of 132:Byzantine Papacy 107: 104: 98: 96: 55: 27: 19: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5178:Byzantine Italy 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5085: 5068:(1929–present) 5022: 5016: 4970:Tusculan Papacy 4962: 4956: 4937:Frankish Papacy 4902: 4886: 4700: 4414: 4013: 3717: 3511: 3444: 3442:Catholic Church 3435: 3377: 3356: 3334: 3309: 3290: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3251:Ekonomou (2007) 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3203:Ekonomou (2007) 3201: 3197: 3191:Ekonomou (2007) 3189: 3185: 3179:Ekonomou (2007) 3177: 3173: 3167:Ekonomou (2007) 3165: 3150: 3144:Ekonomou (2007) 3142: 3135: 3129:Ekonomou (2007) 3127: 3123: 3117:Ekonomou (2007) 3115: 3111: 3105:Ekonomou (2007) 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3063:Ekonomou (2007) 3061: 3057: 3051:Ekonomou (2007) 3049: 3045: 3039:Ekonomou (2007) 3037: 3030: 3024:Ekonomou (2007) 3022: 3015: 3009:Ekonomou (2007) 3007: 3000: 2994:Ekonomou (2007) 2992: 2983: 2977:Ekonomou (2007) 2975: 2971: 2965:Ekonomou (2007) 2963: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2938:Ekonomou (2007) 2936: 2932: 2926:Ekonomou (2007) 2924: 2920: 2914:Ekonomou (2007) 2912: 2908: 2902:Ekonomou (2007) 2900: 2896: 2890:Ekonomou (2007) 2888: 2884: 2878:Ekonomou (2007) 2876: 2872: 2866:Ekonomou (2007) 2864: 2860: 2854:Ekonomou (2007) 2852: 2848: 2842:Ekonomou (2007) 2840: 2831: 2825:Ekonomou (2007) 2823: 2814: 2808:Ekonomou (2007) 2806: 2802: 2796:Ekonomou (2007) 2794: 2785: 2779:Ekonomou (2007) 2777: 2773: 2767:Ekonomou (2007) 2765: 2761: 2753: 2744: 2738:Ekonomou (2007) 2736: 2732: 2726:Ekonomou (2007) 2724: 2717: 2711:Ekonomou (2007) 2709: 2705: 2699:Ekonomou (2007) 2697: 2693: 2687:Ekonomou (2007) 2685: 2681: 2674: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2588:Ekonomou (2007) 2586: 2582: 2576:Ekonomou (2007) 2574: 2570: 2564:Ekonomou (2007) 2562: 2558: 2552:Ekonomou (2007) 2550: 2541: 2535:Ekonomou (2007) 2533: 2529: 2523:Ekonomou (2007) 2521: 2517: 2511:Ekonomou (2007) 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2487:Ekonomou (2007) 2485: 2481: 2475:Ekonomou (2007) 2473: 2469: 2463:Ekonomou (2007) 2461: 2457: 2449: 2438: 2432:Ekonomou (2007) 2430: 2426: 2420:Ekonomou (2007) 2418: 2409: 2403:Ekonomou (2007) 2401: 2397: 2391:Ekonomou (2007) 2389: 2385: 2379:Ekonomou (2007) 2377: 2373: 2367:Ekonomou (2007) 2365: 2356: 2350:Ekonomou (2007) 2348: 2344: 2338:Ekonomou (2007) 2336: 2329: 2323:Ekonomou (2007) 2321: 2317: 2310: 2296: 2292: 2281: 2277: 2271:Ekonomou (2007) 2269: 2265: 2259:Ekonomou (2007) 2257: 2253: 2247:Ekonomou (2007) 2245: 2238: 2232:Ekonomou (2007) 2230: 2226: 2220:Ekonomou (2007) 2218: 2211: 2204: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2165: 2159:Ekonomou (2007) 2157: 2150: 2144:Ekonomou (2007) 2142: 2138: 2132:Ekonomou (2007) 2130: 2126: 2120:Ekonomou (2007) 2118: 2114: 2108:Ekonomou (2007) 2106: 2102: 2096:Ekonomou (2007) 2094: 2087: 2081:Ekonomou (2007) 2079: 2075: 2069:Ekonomou (2007) 2067: 2063: 2057:Ekonomou (2007) 2055: 2051: 2045:Ekonomou (2007) 2043: 2036: 2030:Ekonomou (2007) 2028: 2024: 2018:Ekonomou (2007) 2016: 2012: 2006:Ekonomou (2007) 2004: 2000: 1992: 1981: 1973: 1966: 1960:Ekonomou (2007) 1958: 1954: 1948:Ekonomou (2007) 1946: 1942: 1936:Ekonomou (2007) 1934: 1930: 1924:Ekonomou (2007) 1922: 1918: 1912:Ekonomou (2007) 1910: 1903: 1897:Ekonomou (2007) 1895: 1891: 1883: 1870: 1864:Ekonomou (2007) 1862: 1858: 1852:Ekonomou (2007) 1850: 1846: 1842:, pp. 1–2. 1840:Ekonomou (2007) 1838: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1813:Ekonomou (2007) 1811: 1800: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1730: 1664: 1658: 1618:Christe Eleison 1590:Pope Theodore I 1572: 1563:protovestiarios 1552: 1524:and baptism at 1517:schola cantorum 1481:Pope Agapetus I 1472: 1422: 1416: 1407: 1263: 1238: 1233: 1216:Pope Gregory II 1099:Pope Theodore I 1077:Pope Honorius I 1071:Pope Boniface V 1016:Pope Benedict I 1001:Pope Pelagius I 962: 956: 913: 869: 857:excommunication 837:Pope Gregory II 808:pressed by the 794: 774:Pope Gregory II 689: 628: 535: 517:. According to 515:Pope Eugenius I 439:apostolic vicar 404: 379:Sassanid Empire 315:Pope Theodore I 262:Pope Pelagius I 224: 218: 213: 108: 102: 99: 56: 54: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5201: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5063: 5060:Roman Question 5057: 5051: 5050:(c. 1640–1740) 5045: 5042:Baroque Papacy 5039: 5033: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5011:Western Schism 5008: 5005:Avignon Papacy 5002: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4951:Crescentii era 4948: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4907: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Alexander VIII 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4140:Anastasius III 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3390: 3381: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3338: 3332: 3316: 3307: 3294: 3288: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3265:, p. 741. 3255: 3253:, p. 266. 3243: 3231: 3229:, p. 743. 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3148: 3146:, p. 116. 3133: 3121: 3109: 3094: 3082: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3041:, p. 250. 3028: 3026:, p. 165. 3013: 2998: 2996:, p. 134. 2981: 2969: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2916:, p. 120. 2906: 2904:, p. 212. 2894: 2882: 2870: 2868:, p. 206. 2858: 2846: 2829: 2812: 2810:, p. 204. 2800: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2742: 2740:, p. 161. 2730: 2728:, p. 129. 2715: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2672: 2654: 2642: 2621: 2604: 2592: 2590:, p. 300. 2580: 2578:, p. 272. 2568: 2566:, p. 271. 2556: 2554:, p. 245. 2539: 2537:, p. 269. 2527: 2525:, p. 270. 2515: 2513:, p. 224. 2503: 2501:, p. 851. 2491: 2489:, p. 223. 2479: 2477:, p. 222. 2467: 2465:, p. 221. 2455: 2453:, p. 6f2. 2436: 2424: 2422:, p. 218. 2407: 2405:, p. 217. 2395: 2383: 2381:, p. 216. 2371: 2369:, p. 215. 2354: 2352:, p. 244. 2342: 2340:, p. 199. 2327: 2325:, p. 119. 2315: 2308: 2290: 2275: 2273:, p. 181. 2263: 2261:, p. 180. 2251: 2249:, p. 176. 2236: 2234:, p. 168. 2224: 2222:, p. 164. 2209: 2202: 2184: 2163: 2148: 2146:, p. 160. 2136: 2134:, p. 159. 2124: 2112: 2110:, p. 158. 2100: 2098:, p. 141. 2085: 2083:, p. 140. 2073: 2071:, p. 131. 2061: 2059:, p. 115. 2049: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1979: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1901: 1889: 1868: 1866:, p. 2–3. 1856: 1844: 1832: 1817: 1798: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1631:. Gregory I's 1571: 1568: 1551: 1550:Organizational 1548: 1522:Easter vespers 1505:Greek language 1493:papal chancery 1485:Pope Gregory I 1471: 1468: 1418:Main article: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1338:Constantine IV 1262: 1259: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1204:Pope Sisinnius 1201: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1172:Pope Sergius I 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1117: 1111: 1102: 1096: 1086: 1083:Pope Severinus 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1048:(607), former 1043: 1034: 1028:Pope Gregory I 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 998: 988: 984:Constantinople 970:Greek-speaking 958:Main article: 955: 952: 940:Constantinople 912: 909: 868: 865: 825: 824: 793: 790: 782:Pope Zacharias 744:protopatharios 739:John of Portus 720:Trullan canons 716:Pope Sergius I 696:Pope Sergius I 688: 685: 662:Pope Sergius I 627: 624: 589:Constantine IV 534: 531: 460: 459: 435:Stephen of Dor 424:Lateran Palace 403: 400: 399: 398: 285:Pope Gregory I 248:Pope Silverius 217: 214: 212: 209: 193:bishop of Rome 110: 109: 45:. Please help 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5200: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4961:High and Late 4959: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777:Benedict XIII 4775: 4773: 4772:Innocent XIII 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737:Alexander VII 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4606:Innocent VIII 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Callixtus III 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4506:Boniface VIII 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Celestine III 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380:Alexander III 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Anastasius IV 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Sylvester III 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:Benedict VIII 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Anastasius II 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3495:Pope emeritus 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3453:List of popes 3451: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3401: 3400: 3399:Byzantine Art 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3376:9781351664431 3372: 3368: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3355:9780739119778 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3333:9780300091656 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308:9780415939317 3304: 3301:. Routledge. 3300: 3295: 3291: 3289:9780312294632 3285: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3193:, p. 44. 3192: 3187: 3181:, p. 47. 3180: 3175: 3169:, p. 17. 3168: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3131:, p. 85. 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3107:, p. 23. 3106: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3080:, p. 67. 3079: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3011:, p. 14. 3010: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2940:, p. 45. 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2892:, p. 20. 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2844:, p. 19. 2843: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2827:, p. 18. 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2798:, p. 42. 2797: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2769:, p. 13. 2768: 2763: 2757:, p. 66. 2756: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2707: 2701:, p. 97. 2700: 2695: 2689:, p. 48. 2688: 2683: 2675: 2673:9780812200911 2669: 2665: 2658: 2652:, p. 12. 2651: 2646: 2640:, p. 64. 2639: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2619:, p. 63. 2618: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2311: 2309:9780521319171 2305: 2301: 2294: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2203:9781317678175 2199: 2195: 2188: 2182:, p. 61. 2181: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2161:, p. 43. 2160: 2155: 2153: 2145: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2047:, p. 99. 2046: 2041: 2039: 2032:, p. 98. 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2008:, p. 96. 2007: 2002: 1996:, p. 60. 1995: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1977:, p. 57. 1976: 1971: 1969: 1962:, p. 64. 1961: 1956: 1950:, p. 63. 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1926:, p. 54. 1925: 1920: 1914:, p. 49. 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1887:, p. 11. 1886: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1836: 1830:, p. 10. 1829: 1824: 1822: 1815:, p. 50. 1814: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1796:, p. 68. 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1734:Caesaropapism 1732: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1684:Pope John VII 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1662:Byzantine art 1653: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1628:apocrisiarius 1622: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1612:Kyrie Eleison 1607: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1594:Monothelitism 1591: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1560:imitated the 1559: 1558: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1512:Pope Vitalian 1509: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:papal library 1467: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1426:Palatine Hill 1421: 1414:Architectural 1411: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385:, Paschalis, 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:Aquas Salvias 1331: 1327: 1326:Domus Ariscia 1323: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1268:schola Graeca 1258: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1206:(708), Syrian 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198:Pope John VII 1196: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120:Pope Vitalian 1118: 1115: 1114:Pope Eugene I 1112: 1110: 1109:apocrisiarius 1106: 1105:Pope Martin I 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1050:apocrisiarius 1047: 1044: 1042: 1041:apocrisiarius 1038: 1037:Pope Sabinian 1035: 1033: 1032:apocrisiarius 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010:Pope John III 1008: 1006: 1005:apocrisiarius 1002: 999: 997: 996:apocrisiarius 993: 992:Pope Vigilius 990: 989: 987: 985: 981: 977: 976: 971: 967: 961: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 930: 926: 922: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 821: 820: 815: 814: 813: 811: 802: 798: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 769: 767: 763: 759: 758:Pope John VII 754: 751: 746: 745: 740: 735: 733: 732:blood as food 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 705: 701: 697: 693: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 636: 632: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 593:autocephalous 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561:Pope Vitalian 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 542: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 508: 503: 498: 494: 493: 488: 484: 480: 479:Pope Martin I 472: 468: 467:Pope Martin I 464: 457: 456: 455: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 416:monothelitism 413: 409: 396: 392: 391: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 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3914:Adeodatus II 3859:Boniface III 3713:Anastasius I 3398: 3385: 3365: 3345: 3323: 3320:Duffy, Eamon 3314:Google books 3298: 3279: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3124: 3112: 3092:, p. 3. 3085: 3078:Duffy (1997) 3058: 3046: 2979:, p. 8. 2972: 2967:, p. 7. 2950:Duffy (1997) 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2803: 2774: 2762: 2755:Duffy (1997) 2733: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2663: 2657: 2645: 2638:Duffy (1997) 2617:Duffy (1997) 2600:Duffy (1997) 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2451:Duffy (1997) 2427: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2345: 2318: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2227: 2193: 2187: 2180:Duffy (1997) 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1994:Duffy (1997) 1975:Duffy (1997) 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1892: 1859: 1854:, p. 2. 1847: 1835: 1794:Duffy (1997) 1767: 1758: 1721:Castelseprio 1703: 1688: 1665: 1647: 1637: 1626: 1623: 1616: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1583: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1541: 1534: 1515: 1510: 1502: 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4993:, 1262–1297 4987:, 1257–1281 4978:(1048–1257) 4963:Middle Ages 4903:Middle Ages 4867:John Paul I 4842:Benedict XV 4822:Gregory XVI 4797:Clement XIV 4782:Clement XII 4752:Innocent XI 4691:Innocent IX 4686:Gregory XIV 4636:Clement VII 4566:Gregory XII 4556:Boniface IX 4536:Innocent VI 4511:Benedict XI 4501:Celestine V 4496:Nicholas IV 4491:Honorius IV 4441:Innocent IV 4400:Clement III 4350:Innocent II 4345:Honorius II 4335:Gelasius II 4315:Gregory VII 4305:Nicholas II 4265:Benedict IX 4210:Benedict VI 4185:Agapetus II 4160:Stephen VII 4135:Sergius III 4125:Benedict IV 4115:Theodore II 4100:Boniface VI 3999:Stephen III 3979:Gregory III 3969:Constantine 3934:Benedict II 3869:Adeodatus I 3864:Boniface IV 3844:Pelagius II 3804:Boniface II 3744:Celestine I 3683:Sylvester I 3668:Marcellus I 3663:Marcellinus 3598:Callixtus I 3583:Eleutherius 3558:Telesphorus 3548:Alexander I 3470:Papal names 3263:Dale (2004) 3227:Dale (2004) 3090:Lunt (1950) 1713:Gospel book 1697:(625–638), 1570:Theological 1557:vestararius 1530:Pope Agatho 1350:St. Erasmus 1273:ripa Graeca 1160:Pope John V 1148:Pope Leo II 1142:Pope Agatho 929:Carolingian 917:Charlemagne 867:Final break 831:of Emperor 654:Pope John V 650:Pope John V 642:Pope Agatho 635:Pope Agatho 612:Pope Agatho 557:Constans II 471:Constans II 443:Monothelite 387:brain drain 330:Roman Forum 254:, a former 244:Justinian I 170:Justinian I 5132:Categories 5023:Modern Era 4953:(974–1012) 4857:John XXIII 4767:Clement XI 4742:Clement IX 4732:Innocent X 4727:Urban VIII 4722:Gregory XV 4646:Julius III 4581:Nicholas V 4546:Gregory XI 4531:Clement VI 4466:Innocent V 4456:Clement IV 4431:Gregory IX 4385:Lucius III 4365:Eugene III 4330:Paschal II 4320:Victor III 4300:Stephen IX 4285:Damasus II 4280:Clement II 4275:Gregory VI 4250:Sergius IV 4245:John XVIII 4195:Benedict V 4180:Marinus II 4105:Stephen VI 4085:Adrian III 4065:Nicholas I 4050:Sergius II 4045:Gregory IV 4025:Stephen IV 3989:Stephen II 3974:Gregory II 3894:Theodore I 3879:Honorius I 3874:Boniface V 3839:Benedict I 3829:Pelagius I 3814:Agapetus I 3774:Gelasius I 3764:Simplicius 3749:Sixtus III 3739:Boniface I 3729:Innocent I 3593:Zephyrinus 3507:Pope-elect 3483:non-extant 1437:along the 1399:Importunus 1375:Thalassios 1342:Pope Donus 1294:Blachernas 1278:in Ravenna 1166:Pope Conon 1136:Pope Donus 1124:Anastasios 829:iconoclasm 658:Pope Conon 601:Pope Donus 569:Honorius I 527:intermezzo 497:ecumenical 492:florilegia 291:election. 242:, Emperor 201:iconoclasm 103:April 2014 73:newspapers 4947:(904–964) 4939:(756–857) 4933:(537–752) 4927:(493–537) 4919:(312–337) 4817:Pius VIII 4747:Clement X 4681:Urban VII 4631:Adrian VI 4621:Julius II 4601:Sixtus IV 4576:Eugene IV 4521:John XXII 4516:Clement V 4486:Martin IV 4461:Gregory X 4390:Urban III 4375:Adrian IV 4360:Lucius II 4295:Victor II 4240:John XVII 4230:Gregory V 4205:John XIII 4090:Stephen V 4080:Marinus I 4075:John VIII 4070:Adrian II 4040:Valentine 4035:Eugene II 4030:Paschal I 3964:Sisinnius 3949:Sergius I 3884:Severinus 3849:Gregory I 3819:Silverius 3789:Hormisdas 3784:Symmachus 3769:Felix III 3703:Damasus I 3678:Miltiades 3653:Eutychian 3643:Dionysius 3638:Sixtus II 3633:Stephen I 3623:Cornelius 3543:Evaristus 3538:Clement I 3533:Anacletus 3463:canonised 3458:graphical 1779:Citations 1649:Dialogues 1640:Agnus Dei 1633:mariology 1606:Allelueia 1543:Theotokos 1538:mariology 1391:Theodoros 1387:Stephanos 1379:Gregorios 1218:(715–731) 1156:(684–685) 1138:(676–678) 1132:(672–676) 1116:(654–657) 1095:(417–418) 1079:(625–638) 1073:(619–625) 1067:(615–618) 1061:(608–615) 1024:(579–590) 1018:(575–579) 1012:(561–574) 966:antipopes 944:Romanos I 925:Byzantium 889:Nicopolis 395:Chalcedon 360:Illyricum 136:Byzantine 43:talk page 5104:Category 5078:Cold War 4852:Pius XII 4832:Leo XIII 4807:Pius VII 4676:Sixtus V 4641:Paul III 4616:Pius III 4571:Martin V 4551:Urban VI 4476:John XXI 4471:Adrian V 4451:Urban IV 4325:Urban II 4260:John XIX 4220:John XIV 4200:Leo VIII 4190:John XII 4095:Formosus 4004:Adrian I 3959:John VII 3909:Vitalian 3904:Eugene I 3899:Martin I 3854:Sabinian 3834:John III 3824:Vigilius 3799:Felix IV 3759:Hilarius 3708:Siricius 3698:Liberius 3693:Julius I 3673:Eusebius 3628:Lucius I 3588:Victor I 3573:Anicetus 3553:Sixtus I 3490:Antipope 3396:(1968). 3344:(2007). 3322:(1997). 1728:See also 1693:(580s), 1656:Artistic 1526:Epiphany 1434:diaconia 1405:Economic 1371:Sisinnes 1322:San Saba 1296:, after 1286:Aventine 881:Syracuse 841:heresies 786:Lombards 677:Bruttium 669:Calabria 585:Mezezius 565:diptychs 555:Emperor 519:Ekonomou 352:Dalmatia 338:Pantheon 189:Martin I 4997:Perugia 4991:Orvieto 4985:Viterbo 4882:Francis 4862:Paul VI 4847:Pius XI 4827:Pius IX 4812:Leo XII 4802:Pius VI 4661:Pius IV 4656:Paul IV 4596:Paul II 4591:Pius II 4541:Urban V 4225:John XV 4170:Leo VII 4165:John XI 4120:John IX 4110:Romanus 4009:Leo III 3984:Zachary 3954:John VI 3889:John IV 3809:John II 3734:Zosimus 3648:Felix I 3613:Anterus 3608:Pontian 3603:Urban I 3563:Hyginus 3440:of the 1717:frescos 1464:templon 1395:Faustus 1383:Ioannes 1308:monks. 1306:Sabaite 1054:Antioch 932:Francia 877:Corinth 681:Lucania 328:in the 211:History 124:Ravenna 87:scholar 4837:Pius X 4717:Paul V 4712:Leo XI 4666:Pius V 4290:Leo IX 4155:Leo VI 4150:John X 4055:Leo IV 3994:Paul I 3939:John V 3929:Leo II 3924:Agatho 3794:John I 3618:Fabian 3568:Pius I 3478:extant 3474:Tombs 3373: 3352: 3330: 3305: 3286: 2670: 2306: 2200: 1462:and a 1389:, and 1332:, and 1313:Vandal 1282:Naples 1236:Legacy 980:nuncio 901:triage 897:Patras 895:, and 893:Athens 885:Reggio 780:, and 366:, and 348:Salona 334:iussio 326:column 307:Phocas 274:Narses 166:Sicily 158:Greece 89: 82: 75: 68: 60: 4626:Leo X 4145:Lando 4130:Leo V 3944:Conon 3919:Donus 3754:Leo I 3658:Caius 3578:Soter 3528:Linus 3523:Peter 3438:Popes 1745:Notes 1460:apses 1439:Tiber 1186:(687) 1180:(687) 1085:(640) 982:) in 849:synod 507:Typos 368:Crete 278:Goths 164:, or 162:Syria 94:JSTOR 80:books 3688:Mark 3371:ISBN 3350:ISBN 3328:ISBN 3303:ISBN 3284:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2304:ISBN 2198:ISBN 1445:and 1348:and 1280:and 1265:The 946:and 861:onyx 679:and 529:'". 230:The 199:and 176:and 146:for 130:The 118:The 66:news 1719:at 1352:on 1292:or 919:as 575:as 510:". 437:as 358:in 350:in 289:his 122:in 49:by 5134:: 3326:. 3151:^ 3136:^ 3097:^ 3070:^ 3031:^ 3016:^ 3001:^ 2984:^ 2957:^ 2832:^ 2815:^ 2786:^ 2745:^ 2718:^ 2624:^ 2607:^ 2542:^ 2439:^ 2410:^ 2357:^ 2330:^ 2239:^ 2212:^ 2166:^ 2151:^ 2088:^ 2037:^ 1982:^ 1967:^ 1904:^ 1871:^ 1820:^ 1801:^ 1786:^ 1621:. 1596:. 1381:, 1336:. 1328:, 1324:, 891:, 887:, 883:, 879:, 875:, 354:, 203:. 184:. 168:. 160:, 3430:e 3423:t 3416:v 3379:. 3358:. 3336:. 3311:. 3292:. 2676:. 2312:. 2206:. 1126:) 105:) 101:( 91:· 84:· 77:· 70:· 53:. 39:.

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