5695:, the party began to confront members who were of non-Arab, especially Iranian origin. One memo which was directly sent from the party Secretariat to Saddam read, "the party suffers from the existence of members who are not originally Arabs as this might constitute a danger to the party in the future". The Secretariat recommended that people who were of Iranian origin not be allowed to become party members. In his reply to the document, Saddam wrote, "1) Agree with the opinion of the Party Secretariat; 2) To be discussed in the Command meeting". All of those who were denied membership, and all of those whose memberships were revoked, were loyal Ba'athists. For instance, one Ba'athist of Iranian origin whose membership was revoked had been a member of the party since 1958, had also participated in the
4505:. He believed that the Arab League strengthened both regional interests and the reactionary classes, thus weakening the chance of establishing an Arab nation. Because the majority of Arab states were under the rule of the reactionary classes, Aflaq revised his ideology to meet reality. Instead of creating an Arab nation through an Arab-wide progressive revolution, the main task would be of progressive revolutionaries spreading the revolution from one Arab country to the next. Once successfully transformed, the created progressive revolutionary countries would then one by one unite until the Arab world had evolved into a single Arab nation. The revolution would not succeed if the progressive revolutionary governments did not contribute to spreading the revolution.
5175:
5284:
4943:, the former Secretary General of the National Command of the unitary Ba'ath Party, agreed with the distinction of "neo-Ba'ath", writing that from 1961 onwards there existed two Ba'ath parties: "the military Ba'ath Party and the Ba'ath Party, and real power lay with the former". According to Razzaz, the military Ba'ath (as paraphrased by Martin Seymour) "was and remains Ba'athist only in name; that it was and remains little more than a military clique with civilian hangers-on; and that from the initial founding of the Military Committee by disgruntled Syrian officers exiled in
4925:
1496:
5054:
3938:
35:
14189:
3882:
4450:. The revolutionary party would seize political power and from there on transform society for the greater good. While the revolutionary party was numerically a minority, it was an all-powerful institution which had the right to initiate a policy, even if the majority of the population were against it. As with the Leninist model, the Ba'ath party would dictate what was right and what was wrong, since the general population were still influenced by the old value and moral system.
4549:, or a religious or non-enlightened dictatorship weakened liberty as ideas came from above, not from below through human interaction. One of the Ba'ath party's main priorities, according to Aflaq, was to disseminate new ideas and thoughts and to give individuals the liberty they needed to pursue ideas. To do this, the party would interpose itself between the Arab people and both their foreign imperialist oppressors and those forms of tyranny that arise within Arab society.
4498:, would oppose the "progressive" revolution. Even if the revolution succeeded in one "region" (country), that region would be unable to develop because of the resource constraints, small populations and anti-revolution forces held by other Arab leaders. For a revolution to succeed, the Arab world would have to evolve into an "organic whole" (literally become one). In short, Aflaq though that Arab unity would be both the cause of the progressive revolution and its effect.
14152:
12045:
2436:
4057:. Aflaq's movement supported Gaylani's government and the Iraqi government's war against the British and organized volunteers to go to Iraq and fight for the Iraqi government. However, Arsuzi opposed Gaylani's government, considering the coup to be poorly planned and a failure. Because of this, Arsuzi's party lost members and support that transferred to Aflaq's movement. Arsuzi's direct influence in Arab politics collapsed after
14228:
14201:
14177:
3894:
3865:
14164:
136:
8104:
The far-right seems to genuinely believe part of Assad's rhetoric....In this fanciful telling, Assad is manning the gates of civilisation, holding out against unspecified barbarians... Sunni
Muslims are, in Duke's mind, "demonic forces". That he conflates Syrians protesting for freedom and an end to dictatorship with jihadists is almost incidental. The far-right and Assad share hatreds.
4355:
4443:
leadership was imbued with the thoughts of enlightenment. However, the party was also a political organisation, and, as Aflaq notes, politics was "a means is the most serious of matters at this present stage". Ba'athism was similar to
Leninist thought in that a vanguard party would rule for an unspecified length to construct a "new society".
4068:'s war of independence from France in 1943. Stille, the movement did not solidify for years until it held its first party congress in 1947 and formally merged with Arsuzi's Arab Ba'ath Party. Although socialist values existed in the two Ba'ath movements from their inception, they weren't emphasized until the party merged with
4379:'s view that language was the principal defining and unifying factor of the "Arab nation" because language led to the unity of thought, norms and ideals. History was another unifying feature for them, as it was the "fertile ground in which our consciousness took shape". The centre of Aflaq's Ba'athist thought was the feature
5976:
5041:
in the neo-Ba'athist military committee. A tense power rivalry existed between Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad, with the former as the leader of civilian Ba'athists while the latter increased his control of the military-wing of the party and various army units. The rivalry culminated in the bloodless 1970
5040:
governments". Contrary to expectations, Aflaq remained with the Ba'ath movement and became the ideologue of the Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement. His ideological views remained more or less the same, but in Iraq he was sidelined politically. In post-1966 Syria, the real centre of power had been vested
4916:
is the true goal of Arab unity... Arab unity is the obligatory basis for constructing a socialist society". With the rise of the Syrian neo-Ba'athists, however, this focus shifted. As
American scholar John F. Devlin writes, the "Ba'ath Party, which started with unity as its overwhelming top priority,
4709:
was necessary or economic equality, but instead socialism was "a means to satisfy the animal needs of man so he can be free to pursue his duties as a human being". In other words, socialism was a system which freed the population from enslavement and created independent individuals. However, economic
4390:
This renaissance, according to Aflaq, could only be reached by uniting the Arab nation, and it would transform the Arab world politically, economically, intellectually, and morally. This "future renaissance" would be a "rebirth", while the first Arab renaissance had been the seventh-century emergence
8103:
Nazis like Assad because he has killed, and is killing, a lot of
Muslims. This is essential to their view of the world. Anyone who sets out to murder Muslims and Arabs can be considered a friend. In this sense the far-right love affair with Assad can be considered almost tactical, a means to an end.
6057:
In practice, the economic doctrine of the Ba'th eschewed private enterprise and called for a state directed economy, much like the USSR. According to the basic documents of the party: the national wealth is the property of the state; the traditional distribution (i.e. the holding of most arable land
4750:
Though a
Christian, Aflaq viewed the creation of Islam as proof of "Arab genius" and a testament of Arab culture, values, and thought. According to Aflaq, the essence of Islam was its revolutionary qualities. Aflaq called on all Arabs, both Muslims and non-Muslims alike, to admire the role Islam had
3986:
in 1940, later renamed the Arab Ba'ath
Movement in 1943. Though Aflaq was influenced by him, Arsuzi initially did not cooperate with Aflaq's movement. Arsuzi suspected that the existence of the Arab Ihya Movement, which occasionally titled itself "Arab Ba'ath" during 1941, was part of an imperialist
5690:
could either approve or disapprove of marriages between party members, and in a party document, party branches were ordered "to thoroughly check the Arabic origin of not only the prospective wife but also her family, and no approval should be given to members who plan to marry of non-Arab origin".
4490:'s unification of Germany established the most repressive nation the world had ever seen, a development which could largely be blamed on the existing monarchy and the reactionary class. To copy the German example, he thought, would be disastrous and would lead to the enslavement of the Arab people.
4474:
class. He believed the ruling class, who supported the monarchy as the leaders of the Arab Revolt did, were synonymous with a reactionary class. In Ba'athist ideology, the ruling class is replaced by a revolutionary progressive class. Aflaq was bitterly opposed to any kind of monarchy and described
4917:
which was prepared to work within a variety of Middle
Eastern political systems, which wanted social justice in society, had pretty much disappeared by the early 1960s. In its place rose Ba'ath organisations which focused primarily on their own region, which advocated, and created where possible,
4557:
ruled by the Ba'ath party, which disseminated information to the public, was in many ways contrary to his view on individual interactions. The Ba'ath party through its preeminence would establish "liberty". According to Aflaq, liberty could not just come from nowhere as it needed an enlightened
4493:
The only way to combat the reactionary classes lay in "progressive" revolution, Aflaq claimed, central to which is the struggle for unity. This struggle could not be separated from the social revolution, for to separate these two would be to weaken the movement. The reactionary classes, who are
4442:
The party's main task before the revolution was to spread enlightened ideas to the people and to challenge reactionary and conservative elements in society. According to Aflaq, a Ba'ath party would ensure a policy of proselytization to keep the uneducated masses out of the party until the party
4777:
of making any concessions to the rioters, exclaiming that the Ba'ath Party "is with faith, but is not a religious party, nor should it be one". During his vice presidency, at the time of the Shia riots, Saddam discussed the need to convince large segments of the population to convert to the
5094:", the Ba'ath party instrumentalizes its control over Syria's political, social, economic, cultural, educational and religious spheres to enforce its neo-Ba'athist ideology in the wider society and preserve the Assad family's grip on power. The goal of General Assad was to consolidate the
4398:
Aflaq thought that the Arab nation could only reach this renaissance through a revolutionary process towards the goals of "unity, liberty, and socialism". In Aflaq's view, a nation could only "progress" or "decline", and Arab states of his time were consistently declining because of their
4729:
had given socialism an authentic Arab expression. Socialism was viewed by Aflaq as justice, and the reforms of
Muhammad were both just and wise. According to Aflaq, modern Ba'athists would initiate another way of just and radical forms just as Muhammad had done in the seventh century.
4426:
Aflaq believed that the youth were the key for a successful revolution. The youth were open to change and enlightenment because they still had not been indoctrinated with other views. According to Aflaq, a major problem was the disillusionment of the Arab youth. Disillusionment led to
4701:
that was dominated by a "pseudo-feudalist" economic system in which the repression of the peasant nullified the people's political liberty. Liberty meant little to nothing to the general poverty-stricken populace of Syria, and Aflaq saw socialism as the solution to their plight.
4540:
Aflaq saw liberty as one of the defining features of Ba'athism. Articulation of thoughts and the interaction between individuals were a way of building a new society. According to Aflaq, it was liberty which created new values and thoughts. Aflaq believed that living under
4693:" period, in other words, a period of modernisation. While unity brought the Arab world together and liberty provided the Arab people with freedom, socialism was the cornerstone which made unity and liberty possible as no socialism meant no revolution. In Aflaq's view, a
3979:. The closest they ever came to being members of the same organization was in 1939, when, together with Michel Quzman, Shakir al-As and Ilyas Qandalaft, they briefly tried to establish a party. The party likely failed due to personal animosity between Arsuzi and Aflaq.
4832:, creating 'a world of appearances' that perpetuated its power and dominance over its people. Constructing a reality that was 'permeated with hypocrisy and lies' where ... 'the repression of culture is called its development' ... its people were forced to â
4666:
was the only truth, as Aflaq believed that
Marxism had forgotten human spirituality. While believing that the concept would work for small and weak societies, he thought that the concept of dialectical materialism as the only truth in Arab development was wrong.
5345:
politics. Saddam claimed that the Arab nation did not have the class structure which existed in other nations and that class divisions were more along national lines between Arabs and non-Arabs rather than within the Arab community. However, he spoke fondly of
5226:
and views political disputes and conflicts in a military manner as "battles" requiring "fighting", "mobilization", "battlefields", "bastions", and "trenches". Saddamism was officially supported by Saddam's government and promoted by the Iraqi daily newspaper
4552:
While the notion of liberty was an important ideal to Aflaq, he favored the
Leninist model of a continuous revolutionary struggle and he did not develop concepts for a society in which liberty was protected by a set of institutions and rules. His vision of a
8043:
German far-right and neo-Nazi politicians are taking trips to Syria, claiming it's now safe for refugees to return and praising murderous dictator Bashar al-Assad... neo-Nazis in Greece have bragged that they were training to go and fight alongside Assad's
6058:
by absentee landowners who leaded the land out to the peasants) is unjust and therefore it must be corrected; farming land should be allocated according to the capability to husband it; factories will be cooperative; trade will be controlled by the state.
5089:
fashion, creating a government based upon and revolving around its leader. Under this socio-political system, the Ba'ath party portrays the wisdom of Assad as "beyond the comprehension of the average citizen". Through this apparatus, also known as the
4536:
concept of liberty, in Aflaq's vision, liberty would be ensured by a Ba'ath party which was not elected by the populace because the party had the common good at heart. Historian Paul Salem considered the weakness of such a system "quite obvious".
5703:
because he supported the Ba'athist cause. Later, the authorities began to specifically look for people of Iraqi origin, and any contact which they had with Iran and/or Iranians functioned as a good enough reason to deny them party membership.
4710:
equality was a major tenet in Ba'athist ideology, as the elimination of inequality would "eliminate all privilege, exploitation, and domination by one group over another". In short, if liberty was to succeed, the Arab people needed socialism.
4107:. Scholar Ofra Bengio claims that as a consequence of the split, Arsuzi took Aflaq's place as the official father of Ba'athist thought in the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, while in the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement Aflaq was still considered the
5388:. Strongmen swiftly emerged in the Baâathist milieu to establish family firms... Subordination of the party, however, went together with rigorous deployment of the party apparatus and ideology to regiment society."â Prof. William Harris,
4789:
stated that Aflaq had converted to Islam before his death, but an unnamed Western diplomat in Iraq told William Harris that Aflaq's family was not aware that he had undergone any religious conversion. Prior to, during, and after the
4630:
Article 32: Workers will participate in the management of the factory and will be granted, in addition to their wages which will be fixed by the state, a share of the profits of the factory in a proportion to be fixed by the
4623:
Article 30: Agricultural property will be fixed in proportion to the owner's ability to exploit it fully without exploiting the effort of others, under the supervision of the state and in accordance with its general economic
4415:". These problems, Aflaq believed, could only be resolved through a revolutionary process, and a revolution could only succeed if the revolutionaries were pure and devoted nearly religiously to the task. Aflaq supported the
4266:
during his life. It recast conservative Arab nationalist thought to reflect strong revolutionary and progressive themes. For example, Aflaq insisted on the overthrow of the old ruling classes and supported the creation of a
4751:
played in creating an Arab character, but his view on Islam was purely spiritual and Aflaq emphasized that it "should not be imposed" on state and society. Time and again, Aflaq emphasized that the Ba'ath party was against
5267:"Saddamism ... is a phenomenon rooted in violence, in the manipulation of the tools and means of violence to achieve expressly political ends. Saddamism is not plain thuggery, as many people wrongly think; this is no
890:
10544:
5464:, the party's emblem was the tiger because it would "excite the imagination of the youth, in the tradition of Nazism and Fascism, but taking into consideration the fact that the Arab is in his nature distant from
5035:
In 1968, Al-Bitar left the Ba'ath movement, claiming that "these parties had ceased to be what they set up to be, retaining only their names and acting as the organs of power and the instruments of regional and
9181:
4739:
Europe is as fearful of Islam today as she has been in the past. She now knows that the strength of Islam (which in the past expressed that of the Arabs) has been reborn and has appeared in a new form: Arab
5384:). Both countries endured clan-based autocracies wielding ideological absolutism, malignancy of a different order from the standard republican and monarchical authoritarianism of the late twentieth-century
4661:
tenets, and he considered the Marxist concept of the importance of material economic conditions in life to be one of modern humanity's greatest discoveries. However, he disagreed with the Marxist view that
4645:
Article 36: The state will directly supervise internal and foreign trade in order to abolish exploitation between consumer and producer, and in order to protect trade and national production from foreign
5151:, but it is the closest thing the Syrian government has to an all-encompassing belief system, since both Ba'athist and Arab nationalist beliefs of old have been watered down to not hurt the government's
7881:
5409:
variant of fascism, even though Aflaq and other Ba'athist leaders criticized particular fascist ideas and practices". According to him, the Ba'ath movement shared several characteristics with the
4475:
the Arab Revolt as "the illusions of kings and feudal lords who understood unity as the gathering of backwardness to backwardness, exploitation to exploitation and numbers to numbers like sheep".
10534:
10441:
9875:
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4041:(LNA) in 1939 after its popular leader died and the party fell into disarray, founding the short-lived Arab National Party. It dissolved later that year. On 29 November 1940, Arsuzi founded the
8060:
7985:
5350:
and commended Lenin for giving Russian socialism a uniquely Russian specificity that Marx alone was incapable of doing. He also expressed admiration for other communist leaders such as
4962:
The coup left Salah Jadid in power, and under him, the Syrian government abandoned the traditional goal of pan-Arab unity and replaced it with a radical form of Western socialism. The
5876:
2645:
2346:
in an unspecified length of timeâthe Ba'ath party theoretically uses an unspecified amount of time to develop an "enlightened" Arabic society. Ba'athism is based on the principles of
166:
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9532:
5860:
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of 1990â91, the government became progressively more Islamic, and by the beginning of the 1990s, Saddam proclaimed the Ba'ath party to be the party "of Arabism and Islam".
5826:
8077:
far-right support for Assad hinges on a number of factors: "Anti-imperialist/anti-globalism sentiment with a strong focus on national states..Islamophobia.. Anti-Semitism
8030:
5893:
10683:
10524:
10483:
4573:
We did not adopt socialism out of books, abstractions, humanism, or pity, but rather out of need ... for the Arab working class is the mover of history in this period.
2062:
2004:
8117:
7461:
Marczak, Shields, Nikki, Kirril; J. Bellamy, McLoghlin, Alex, Stephen (2020). "1. Fateful Choices: Political Leadership and the Paths to and from Mass Atrocities".
5586:, had died in Syria in 2010 under the asylum of Bashar al-Assad. Under the alias "Dr. Georg Fischer", Brunner assisted Syrian rulers Bashar al-Assad and his father
4613:
Article 27: The present distribution of wealth in the Arab homeland is unjust. It will therefore be reviewed and distributed among the citizens in a just manner...
790:
5077:) is a neo-Ba'athist ideology based on the policies of Hafez al-Assad after his seizure of power in the 1970 coup, described in official Ba'athist history as the
5001:
During Jadid's rule, neo-Ba'athist ideologues openly denounced religion as a source of what they considered the "backwardness" of the Arabs. The Jadid regime was
4478:
According to Aflaq, it was the reactionary class's view of Arab unity which had left the Arab Revolt "struggling for unity without blood and nerve". He saw the
7954:
5530:, a political party which existed in Syria from 1932 to 1939 and was strongly influenced by fascism and Nazism, as evidenced by its paramilitary "Ironshirts".
5098:
with the Ba'ath party as its vanguard by establishing a "coup-proof" system that eliminated factional rivalries. As soon as he seized power, the armed forces,
4395:, according to Aflaq. The new renaissance would bring another Arab message, summed up in the Ba'ath party's slogan, "One Nation, Bearing an Eternal Message".
8064:
7889:
5005:
and imposed severe restrictions on religious freedom, banning religious preaching and persecuting the clergy. Neo-Ba'athists viewed the religious clerics as
5526:
had reinforced the nobility and purity of the Arabs, which had both degenerated because Islam had been adopted by other peoples. He was associated with the
4912:
In the original Ba'ath ideology, pan-Arabism was the means to reach the end of both economic and social transformation. As an early party document states, "
10473:
5625:
propaganda, which portrayed Muslims as a civilizational enemy to the West. Several Western far-right groups also view Bashar al-Assad as an authoritarian,
1999:
12728:
10504:
9203:
5129:. It's the domination of a minority, and I'm not talking just of the Alawites, who control the society's nervous system. I include also the army and the
1925:
910:
4766:
government and stated a Ba'athist state would replace religion with a state "based on a foundation, Arab nationalism, and a moral; freedom". During the
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11804:
10718:
7931:
10551:
10529:
10431:
2404:
2067:
2025:
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governments, which rested heavily on military power and which were very close to other socialist movements and were less distinctively Ba'athist".
10436:
7490:
7395:
7285:
6817:
6774:
4906:
4189:
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901:
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credentials. State propaganda characterises Assadism as a neo-Ba'athist current that evolved Ba'athist ideology with the needs of the modern era.
5553:
purposes, but "as an example of the successful organisation of an entire society by the state for the achievement of national goals". Journalist
4620:
and transport are the property of the nation and will be administered by the state directly. Companies and foreign concessions will be abolished.
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9130:
7993:
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11281:
10894:
3949:
1846:
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872:
176:
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5843:
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concept, arguing that it hampers Arab unity. Ba'athists contend that socialism is the only way to develop modern Arab society and unite it.
1904:
1867:
885:
10775:
10390:
5687:
4786:
4362:
2094:
2020:
5421:, a romantic, mythopoetic, and elitist 'revolutionary' vision, the desire to create a 'new man' and restore past greatness, a centralised
3967:. They are considered the founders of the ideology, despite forming different organizations. In the 1940s, Bitar and Aflaq co-founded the
5817:
4045:. A significant conflict and turning point in the development of Ba'athism occurred when Arsuzi's and Aflaq's movements sparred over the
3924:
681:
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is today considered the founder of the Ba'athist movement, or at least its most notable contributor. Other notable ideologues include
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shift was reflected strongly in the ideological propaganda of the new government, marked by widespread usage of terminology such as "
4627:
Article 31: Small industrial property will be fixed proportionately to the economic standards enjoyed by other citizens in the state.
4275:
from the state. Not all these ideas were his, but it was Aflaq who succeeded in turning these beliefs into a transnational movement.
2286:
2127:
1799:
1544:
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761:
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following a successful revolution, which was not an "inevitable outcome". In Ba'athist ideology, the vanguard was the Ba'ath party.
11914:
11844:
11809:
10738:
10519:
10448:
5868:
5131:
1883:
726:
676:
5102:, security forces, and bureaucracy were purged, subjugating them to party command by installing Ba'athist elites loyal to Assad.
4869:
ideological basis by stressing the preeminence of the military apparatus. This ideological transformation was continued after the
746:
736:
716:
701:
11774:
10879:
10858:
10708:
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4886:
4686:. What was a struggle between various classes in the West was in the Arab world a fight for political and economic independence.
4446:
Aflaq supported the idea of a committed activist revolutionary party based on the Leninist model, which in practice was based on
2591:
1784:
829:
721:
671:
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5565:" for advocating unrealistic objectives and being remorseless about his crimes, despite losing most of his Syrian territories.
5174:
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5433:' factions and so forth; several close associates later admitted that Aflaq had been directly inspired by certain fascist and
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1941:
1920:
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210:
200:
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9140:
8007:
5700:
4836:â ... It was not important whether or not a person truly believed these lies; ultimately, it was whether they acted as
4762:
According to Ba'athist ideology, all religions were equal. Despite his anti-atheist stance, Aflaq was a strong supporter of
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theorists". Others have argued against Aflaq's fascist credentials, based on the fact that he was an active member of the
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10979:
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1962:
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regularly reject accusations of sheltering Brunner to this day, it had long denied permission to probe his whereabouts.
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symbols ". Arsuzi's Ba'ath Party believed in the virtues of "one leader" and Arsuzi himself personally believed in the
2231:
940:
12423:
4893:. Following its violent seizure of power, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 400 people, the neo-Ba'athist
4239:
was largely synonymous with that of Aflaq's. For more than 2 decades, Michel Aflaq's 1940 essay compilation, titled, "
3982:
Arsuzi formed the Arab Ba'ath in 1940 and his views influenced Aflaq, who alongside the more junior Bitar founded the
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6788:
K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal".
6754:
6745:
K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal".
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Article 26: The Arab Ba'ath Party is socialist, believing that the economic wealth of the homeland belongs to the
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The neo-Ba'athist, Assadist system has controlled Syrian politics since the 1970 coup. It is largely built upon
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11854:
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10828:
9198:
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6122:
4678:, Aflaq was uncertain what place the working class had in history. In contrast to Marx, Aflaq also believed in
4361:, the founder of Ba'athist thought who, after the Ba'ath Party splintered, became the chief ideologist for the
4185:
1217:
861:
731:
588:
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13286:
7370:
Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State management of Religion in Syria".
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Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State Management of religion in Syria".
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6859:
5561:
in 2015 and described him to be as delusional as "Hitler in his bunker when the Russians were an hour outside
4590:
parties, the Ba'ath party founders constructed a socialist vision which they believed to be more adaptable to
4018:. His views were influenced by a number of prominent European philosophical and political figures, among them
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was just a group, albeit the most important group, in a much larger movement to free the Arab nation. Unlike
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Al-Om, Tamara; Fares, Obaida (2014). "21: Syria's 'Arab Spring': Women and the Struggle to Live in Truth".
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father of Ba'athist thought. The Iraqi Ba'ath wing granted asylum to Aflaq after seizing power through the
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in nature. Rather, the party claimed that it was a popular revolutionary movement, so the people rejected
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5537:, the head of the Iraqi intelligence services, Saddam Hussein drew inspiration on how to rule Iraq from
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of the party and the military, and he also built a government based on loyalty to the leader's family.
4994:. The government supported a more radical economic program including state ownership over industry and
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in 1959, the chain of events and the total corruption of Ba'athism proceeded with intolerable logic".
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and believed that in the Arab world, all classes, not just the working class, were working against
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is an important pillar of the Ba'athist programme. Although influenced by Western socialists and
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Liberty is not a luxury in the life of the nation but its basis and its essence and its meaning.
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7372:
Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran
7262:
Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran
5510:'s advances for party-to-party relations, but he was also influenced by the racial theories of
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that calls upon Arab countries to adopt Saddamist Iraqi political discourse and to reject "the
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According to Aflaq, the ultimate goal of socialism was not to answer the question of how much
3603:
2377:. Although inspired by Western socialist thinkers, early Ba'athist theoreticians rejected the
13625:
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7465:. University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia: UTS ePRESS. pp. 15â17.
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in the two countries. Hostilities between the two Ba'ath movements lasted until the death of
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narrated a reality all of its own â far removed from reality itself â derived from its own
4689:
For Aflaq, socialism was a necessary means to accomplish the goal of initiating an Arabic "
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emerged dominant in the Syrian and Iraqi Ba'ath parties, respectively, eventually building
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with Arab characteristics which is separate from the international socialist movement and
8:
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6213:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 18.
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818:
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6346:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 18â20.
6307:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 18â19.
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which overthrew the Old Guard led by Aflaq and Bitar, resulting in a schism within the
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plot to prevent his influence over the Arabs by creating a movement of the same name.
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8402:
8374:
8355:
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to be liquidated by the Ba'athist state. The party disseminated the doctrine of the "
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1706:
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365:
8673:
Arab-Jewish Relations: From Conflict to Resolution?: Essays in Honour of Moshe Maʻoz
7737:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 18.
7567:
The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba'th Party
6268:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 18.
5362:
due to their spirit of asserting national independence rather than their communism.
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7506:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
7426:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
5722:
5665:
5653:
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5292:
5251:
5139:
slogans, the state is run by a class who has made a fortune without contributingâa
5085:'s leadership role in Syrian politics and constructed the Assad regime in a highly
4998:, while at the same time trying to restructure agrarian relations and production.
4990:
holding ministerial posts, and Jadid established "fairly close relations" with the
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1061:
468:
76:
56:
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13231:
8061:"Europe's far-right activists continue to throw their weight behind Syria's Assad"
7508:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. pp. 254, 326â327.
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8015:
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by claiming that the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians were the ancestors of the
5114:
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5206:). It is officially described as a distinct variation of Ba'athism. It espouses
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Article 29: Public utility institutions, major natural resources, the principal
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9568:
9558:
9512:
9432:
9395:
9375:
9332:
9300:
9218:
9213:
9145:
9053:
8625:
The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union and the Middle East, 1958-68
8307:
7928:"Most-wanted Nazi likely died four years ago in Syria, says man who hunted him"
6410:
5587:
5583:
5579:
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to signify that it existed in harmony with and was in some ways subordinate to
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61:
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during his stay in France, and that he was influenced by some of the ideas of
4598:
Charter outlines the key principles of Ba'athist socialism. Some of them are:
4064:
Aflaq's Arab Ba'ath Movement's next major political action was its support of
3658:
14242:
14044:
13885:
13875:
13840:
13815:
13785:
13715:
13710:
13645:
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10000:
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7428:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. pp. 325â326.
5575:
5538:
5453:
5328:
5099:
5006:
4671:
4428:
4322:
4243:" (trans: "The Road to Renaissance") was the primary ideological book of the
4162:
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1391:
1335:
1200:
1148:
963:
288:
71:
34:
13456:
5258:. Thus, Saddam and his supporters claimed that there is no conflict between
5202:. It has also been referred to by Iraqi politicians as Saddamist Ba'athism (
5109:
and ethnic favoritism. For example, Hafez al-Assad began the ethnoreligious
5016:", which conceptualised the "new Arab man" as an atheist who campaigned for
3991:
3070:
13985:
13965:
13960:
13950:
13890:
13765:
13630:
13356:
13336:
13331:
13301:
13201:
12723:
12389:
12325:
12015:
11656:
11516:
11511:
11367:
11293:
11083:
10571:
10514:
9925:
9628:
9548:
9470:
9427:
9295:
9279:
9274:
9084:
8392:
8388:
7657:
5622:
5599:
5550:
5542:
5351:
5308:
5276:
5232:
5182:
5037:
5002:
4956:
4933:
4898:
4825:
4811:
4639:
4483:
4482:
as proof of this, putting him at odds with some Arab nationalists who were
4404:
4369:
4358:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4212:
4174:
4146:
4058:
3956:
3528:
3478:
3473:
3458:
3415:
3400:
3370:
3295:
3280:
3255:
3215:
3175:
3150:
3115:
3030:
2335:
2282:
1983:
1586:
1238:
1133:
1033:
545:
81:
13595:
8495:
Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence
5699:, and had even been imprisoned by the authorities in the aftermath of the
4501:
A major obstacle to the success of the revolution in Aflaq's mind was the
3518:
14049:
14039:
13990:
13980:
13975:
13945:
13775:
13750:
13745:
13700:
13565:
13506:
13446:
13401:
13216:
13123:
13085:
13010:
12959:
12879:
12631:
12330:
12240:
12168:
11631:
11488:
11335:
11330:
11276:
11255:
11128:
11103:
10733:
10350:
10095:
10015:
9990:
9975:
9970:
9935:
9860:
9618:
9598:
9475:
9449:
8745:
8653:
8249:
5649:
5545:, and he had once asked Barzan to procure copies of their works, not for
5503:
5414:
5406:
5355:
5336:
5259:
5142:
5126:
4979:
4929:
4909:
of the Ba'ath Party, and many Syrian Ba'athist leaders defected to Iraq.
4874:
4866:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4546:
4542:
4502:
4471:
4459:
4420:
4412:
4384:
4302:
4295:
4294:, Arab-centric ideology. It claims to represent the "Arab spirit against
4287:
4236:
4166:
4158:
4096:
3945:
3751:
3633:
3468:
3430:
3410:
3350:
3310:
3275:
3210:
3200:
3180:
3135:
3050:
3020:
2982:
2877:
2720:
2650:
2516:
2355:
2331:
2270:
2182:
1611:
1361:
1295:
1138:
795:
513:
455:
417:
337:
181:
154:
66:
7303:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.
7299:
Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".
7264:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. pp. 86â89.
7225:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.
7221:
Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".
7085:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.
7081:
Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".
5198:
is a political ideology based on the politics related to and pursued by
2407:
is quite distinct from the Ba'athism which Aflaq and Bitar wrote about.
14059:
13995:
13665:
13655:
13575:
12713:
12584:
12449:
12408:
12384:
12259:
12220:
11566:
11483:
11478:
11407:
11123:
10330:
9730:
8521:
7955:"A Long-Sought Fugitive Died Four Years Ago in Syria, Nazi Hunter Says"
7882:"'Sociopath or new Hitler?' Interviewer questions Assad's mental state"
7463:
Genocide Perspectives VI: The Process and the Personal Cost of Genocide
5680:
5638:
5606:
5484:
5385:
5223:
5215:
5029:
4882:
4767:
4763:
4722:
4467:
4263:
3721:
3628:
3365:
3195:
2897:
2852:
2347:
2266:
1076:
558:
127:
86:
4955:"marked the end of Ba'athist politics in Syria". Ba'ath party founder
14107:
14102:
14029:
13850:
13635:
13590:
13525:
13381:
12985:
12924:
12812:
12682:
12553:
12479:
12444:
12268:
12195:
12133:
12091:
11250:
11118:
9188:
8699:
8630:
8580:
8553:
7460:
5664:
The Ba'ath regimes have been accused of promoting an aggressive Arab
5511:
5446:
5418:
5243:
5219:
5195:
5190:
5136:
5025:
4987:
4913:
4745:
From one of Aflaq's works dating back to 1943 about Islam's character
4675:
4583:
4400:
4298:
4283:
4142:
4023:
3955:
Ba'athism originated in the political thought of Syrian philosophers
3716:
3558:
3390:
3100:
2937:
2922:
2812:
2792:
2782:
2427:
2366:
2187:
2177:
1264:
1249:
473:
96:
7374:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 89.
5652:
group Black Lily joined the Syrian civil war to fight alongside the
5621:. Assad's bombings of Syrian cities were praised in the far-right's
4091:
in Syria. In 1966, the military wing of the Syrian Ba'ath initiated
2277:
government. The ideology is officially based on the theories of the
14127:
14122:
14024:
13550:
12494:
12489:
12454:
12315:
12225:
11990:
11699:
11195:
10874:
8600:
The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
8328:
5499:
5465:
5272:
5152:
5110:
5106:
5066:
5021:
4959:
shared the sentiment by stating, "I no longer recognise my party!"
4897:
purged the classical Ba'athist leaders of the old guard, including
4791:
4726:
4416:
4338:
4305:". It holds ideological similarity and a favourable outlook to the
2403:" because the form of Ba'athism developed by the leadership of the
2262:
1721:
1711:
508:
7910:
7733:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6342:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6303:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6264:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6209:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
4079:
Taking advantage of the chaotic years of the 1950s and 1960s, the
13940:
13835:
12755:
12230:
12185:
7522:
6995:
Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization
5634:
5605:
Bashar al-Assad's Ba'athist regime received support from Western
5413:
movements, such as "the attempt to synthesize radical, illiberal
5402:
5316:
5247:
4752:
4658:
4587:
4529:
4065:
3448:
2927:
2907:
2378:
1356:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1259:
1254:
1056:
271:
264:
8031:"The European Far-Right's Sick Love Affair With Bashar al-Assad"
5894:"The European Far-Right's Sick Love Affair With Bashar al-Assad"
5877:"Western Far-right Worries Syrians and Delights Bashar al-Assad"
4290:
ideology. Ba'athism as developed by Aflaq and Bitar is a unique
2369:
economic policies such as state ownership of natural resources,
13870:
13805:
12516:
8348:
Arab nationalism: a History: Nation and State in the Arab World
8091:"Why Nazis from Charlottesville to Europe love Bashar al-Assad"
7614:
5844:"Why Nazis from Charlottesville to Europe love Bashar al-Assad"
5562:
5546:
5482:; they were one of the first groups to plan the translation of
5434:
4975:
4850:
4824:
which 'demands conformity, uniformity and discipline' ...
4759:, as the fundamentalists represented a "shallow, false faith".
4607:
3453:
1383:
1128:
309:
14227:
14200:
14176:
7664:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
3893:
3864:
12500:
11794:
7442:
6787:
6749:. Oxford 0X3 OBW, England: Pergamon Press. pp. 825â827.
6744:
5731:
5519:
5507:
5473:
5373:
5255:
5125:
and later Syrian dissident, stated that "Assadism is a false
4951:, a member of the Ba'ath old guard, agreed, stating that the
4944:
4862:
4698:
4635:
4392:
4272:
4228:
3944:, politician who influenced Ba'athist thought and, after the
3265:
2392:
2327:
2278:
1306:
1291:
135:
12059:
8855:
Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime
8244:
The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity
7023:
5734:
4251:
are considered by some, such as historian Paul Salem of the
5377:
5211:
4771:
riots against the Iraqi Ba'ath government in the late-1970s
4232:
4223:, who worked directly with Aflaq. From the founding of the
2698:
968:
277:
8294:
Ben-Tzur, Avraham (1968). "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria".
7369:
7259:
5335:'s claim that non-MarxistâLeninist parties are inherently
4986:
played an important role in Jadid's government, with some
8219:
8217:
8215:
7770:
7768:
5737:
4905:. The coup led a permanent schism between the Syrian and
4885:"neo-Ba'ath" organization that became independent of the
4865:
as the "Neo-Ba'ath", claiming they had gone beyond their
4785:
When Aflaq died in 1989, an official announcement by the
4354:
2301:. Ba'athist leaders of the modern era include the former
8991:
7690:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7407:
7405:
7339:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
7190:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
6792:. Oxford 0X3 OBW, England: Pergamon Press. p. 826.
6035:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
6003:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
5827:"Why do Italian fascists adore Syria's Bashar al-Assad?"
4982:
was proclaimed as a "people's war" against Israel). The
2399:
means of governance. Ba'athist Syria has been labelled "
2338:, values and society. It also advocates the creation of
8650:
Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East
7862:
7801:
7799:
7735:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7062:
6344:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
6305:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
6266:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
6211:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
4184:
In Iraq, Saddam Hussein was toppled in 2003 during the
8832:
Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World
8212:
8200:
7765:
7546:
7170:
7158:
5502:
and it was owned by Aflaq. Arsuzi did not support the
5498:âaccording to Moshe Ma'oz, the only copy of it was in
5275:
on the rampage. Saddamism is too political for that."â
5222:
discourse" that it claims collapsed after 1967. It is
4200:
began after Bashar al-Assad's brutal crackdown of the
14216:
8188:
7832:
7830:
7714:
7702:
7638:
7626:
7602:
7583:
7534:
7402:
7146:
6912:
6910:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
5861:"How the European far right coopted an Arabic letter"
5740:
5380:
decades of tyranny, termed âsecurity and stabilityâ (
4321:
and historically opposed affiliation with either the
8901:
Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World
8788:
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein
7796:
7113:
7011:
6942:
6829:
6827:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6667:
6665:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6506:
6504:
6487:
6485:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6433:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6087:
6085:
5781:
5760:
5728:
5476:. The party's members read Nazi literature, such as
4650:
Constitution of Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (1947),
4153:
and ideological indoctrination and subordinated all
8445:
The Ba'th Party: A History from its origins to 1966
8054:
8052:
7930:. Fox News Channel. 1 December 2014. Archived from
5743:
5725:
5637:. Several pro-Assadist slogans were chanted in the
11805:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
10719:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
8957:The Constitution of the Arab Socialist Baath Party
8923:
8718:
8691:
8622:
8572:
8467:
8417:
8268:
8241:
8118:"Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?"
7661:
7569:(4th ed.). London: I. B Tauris. p. 144.
7134:
7048:The Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management Project
6063:
5533:According to a British journalist who interviewed
4558:progressive group to create a truly free society.
8008:"Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner 'died in Syria'"
4845:âTamara Al-Om, British-Syrian political scientist
4258:Aflaq's ideology was developed in the context of
4165:to the party and the state. Both regimes pursued
2265:which promotes the creation and development of a
14240:
9204:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
8689:
8465:
8049:
7620:
6615:
5492:; and they also actively searched for a copy of
2395:) prevented criticism of their ideology through
5613:extremists, who became aware of him during the
5590:for over 30 years, serving as an instructor on
5045:, a military coup that placed Assad in power.
4642:will be founded which will issue the currency..
4431:and individualism was not a healthy sign in an
3948:splintered, became the chief ideologist of the
2315:, and his son, the current president of Syria,
9131:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
8597:
7528:
7448:
5303:). Iraqi and Syrian Ba'athist leaders (of the
4061:authorities expelled him from Syria in 1941.
16:Pan-Arabist and nationalist-socialist ideology
12075:
11835:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
11282:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
11211:
10895:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
8977:
8878:A Political and Economic Dictionary of Africa
8511:
7986:"Eichmann's Best Man Lived and Died in Syria"
7909:. 3 February 2015. p. 21. Archived from
7565:Van Dam, Nikolaos (2011). "10: Conclusions".
6897:
5319:and opposed the orthodox Marxist concepts of
4083:, led by its civilian leadership, launched a
4081:Military Committee of the Syrian Ba'ath party
3918:
2387:The two Ba'athist states which have existed (
2232:
1456:
10682:
7394:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7284:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7041:
5775:
5238:Saddam and his ideologists sought to fuse a
4873:, led by radical leftist officers including
4670:For a people as spiritual as the Arabs, the
8690:al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008).
7489:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6816:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6773:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5949:
5926:
5648:in 2017. Neo-nazi militants from the Greek
5441:, he participated in the activities of the
5032:, and every value of the old social order.
4684:capitalist domination of the foreign powers
4169:of ethnic minorities and legitimized their
4141:Throughout their reigns, the two Ba'athist
12082:
12068:
11218:
11204:
8984:
8970:
8694:Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History
8547:
8531:Challenges to Democracy in the Middle East
8271:Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq
6992:
6631:
5824:
5594:, combating internal dissent, and purging
4578:Aflaq's view on the necessity of socialism
3925:
3911:
2239:
2225:
1463:
1449:
134:
39:The flag of the Baath Party, based on the
10776:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
8765:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
8742:The Political Economy of Syria under Asad
8466:Ghareeb, Edmund; Dougherty, Beth (2004).
8058:
5795:, meaning "renaissance" or "resurrection"
5683:government and certain political groups.
5479:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
5405:, claims that "Ba'athism may have been a
5396:
4638:between citizens will be forbidden and a
2373:, distribution of lands to peasants, and
2095:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
11915:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
11845:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
11810:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
10739:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
8387:
8345:
8325:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
8322:
8293:
7983:
7868:
7774:
7068:
7029:
7017:
6599:
6144:
6128:
5825:Strickland, Patrick (14 February 2018).
5659:
5282:
5173:
5052:
4923:
4353:
3936:
12537:MarxismâLeninismâMaoismâGonzalo Thought
11790:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
11775:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
10880:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
10859:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
10709:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
8852:
8804:
8739:
8716:
8620:
8570:
8368:
8223:
8206:
8028:
7952:
7720:
7708:
7696:
7644:
7632:
7608:
7564:
7552:
7411:
7176:
7164:
7152:
6865:
5891:
5147:". Assadism is less an ideology than a
4881:, which moved the party further into a
4853:historian Avraham Ben-Tzur labeled the
4804:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
4697:would not succeed in a country such as
4439:, where it was seen as a healthy sign.
14241:
12542:MarxismâLeninismâMaoismâPrachanda Path
11785:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
10791:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
8898:
8875:
8785:
8598:Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010).
8528:
8512:Hannah, Sami; Gardner, George (1969).
8442:
8420:People and Politics in the Middle East
8415:
8266:
8194:
8115:
7852:
7836:
7817:
7732:
7656:
7596:
7540:
7503:
7423:
6976:
6960:
6948:
6932:
6916:
6881:
6439:
6341:
6302:
6263:
6247:
6208:
6192:
6176:
6160:
6112:
6091:
6076:
5971:
5969:
5165:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
4453:
4192:was subsequently banned under the new
2400:
2322:The Ba'athist ideology advocates the "
2128:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
14082:International socialist organizations
12063:
11199:
11060:
10681:
10388:
9249:
9031:
8965:
8829:
8762:
8670:
8647:
8575:Syria 1945â1986: Politics and Society
8497:(2 ed.). Sussex Academic Press.
8492:
8144:"The ultra-nationalist Arab identity"
8088:
7805:
7298:
7220:
7128:
7080:
6849:
6833:
6728:
6703:
6687:
6671:
6652:
6583:
6558:
6542:
6526:
6510:
6491:
6472:
6451:
6423:
6385:
5858:
5841:
5790:
5769:
5679:, was accused of being racist by the
5617:that was partially brought on by the
4713:Aflaq labeled this form of socialism
3694:International socialist organizations
2642:To each according to his contribution
862:Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
11225:
10910:Palestinian National Salvation Front
8921:
8514:Arab Socialism: A Documentary Survey
8029:Huetlin, Josephine (28 March 2018).
7140:
5952:"Is Syria No Longer a Pariah State?"
5950:Ker-Lindsay, James (27 April 2023).
5929:"Is Syria No Longer a Pariah State?"
5927:Ker-Lindsay, James (27 April 2023).
5892:Huetlin, Josephine (28 March 2018).
5807:
5518:. Arsuzi claimed that historically,
5315:Saddam's government was critical of
4594:context. Articles 26â37 of the 1947
886:Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)
14163:
11825:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
10980:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
10945:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
8239:
8059:MacDonald, Alex (2 December 2014).
7786:
6040:. pp. 364, 365. Archived from
5966:
5776:
5756:
4992:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4657:Michel Aflaq was a deep admirer of
4134:in 2000, after which his successor
13:
11765:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
11287:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
11030:General Federation of Trade Unions
10890:Lebanese National Resistance Front
10603:National Progressive Front (Syria)
8604:American University in Cairo Press
7984:Chandler, Adam (2 December 2014).
7953:Rudoren, Jodi (30 November 2014).
7344:. pp. 364â365. Archived from
7195:. pp. 364â365. Archived from
6008:. pp. 364â365. Archived from
5158:
4138:pursued reconciliation with Iraq.
1667:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
14:
14300:
11830:Palestine Liberation Organization
11061:
10854:Palestine Liberation Organization
10598:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
10251:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
9681:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
8950:
8373:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press.
8063:. Middle East Eye. Archived from
8014:. 1 December 2014. Archived from
7888:. 28 January 2015. Archived from
5883:. 3 November 2022. Archived from
5808:Elba, Mariam (8 September 2017).
5495:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
5401:Cyprian Blamires, a historian of
4301:" and "Arab history against dead
4247:. Additionally, Aflaq's views on
1072:Arab International Media Services
14226:
14199:
14187:
14175:
14162:
14151:
14150:
12044:
12043:
11770:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
11453:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
10759:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
10389:
9663:Members of the Regional Commands
8162:
8136:
8116:Whelan, Brian (1 October 2013).
8109:
8082:
8022:
8000:
7904:"Syria & Iraq: January 2015"
7050:. University of Central Arkansas
6997:. Routledge. pp. 188, 189.
5798:
5721:
5456:, one of the co-founders of the
4797:
4733:
4721:. According to Aflaq, who was a
4695:constitutional democratic system
3892:
3880:
3863:
2434:
2115:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
1494:
1007:Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing
919:Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ)
33:
14006:
13517:
13173:
13134:
13110:
12818:Dictatorship of the proletariat
11413:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
11007:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
9141:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
8296:Journal of Contemporary History
8089:Snell, James (17 August 2017).
7977:
7946:
7920:
7896:
7874:
7726:
7650:
7558:
7497:
7454:
7417:
7363:
7331:
7292:
7253:
7214:
7182:
7074:
7035:
6986:
6790:Socialist Models of Development
6781:
6747:Socialist Models of Development
6738:
6395:
6335:
6296:
6257:
6202:
5842:Snell, James (17 August 2017).
5701:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
5439:SyrianâLebanese Communist Party
5325:dictatorship of the proletariat
5262:heritage and Arab nationalism.
5204:Al-Baʽthiya Al-Saddamiyya
4519:Aflaq in a speech dated to 1959
4278:The core basis of Ba'athism is
4204:, which continues to this day.
911:Federation of Arab Trade Unions
13061:Organizational self-management
11855:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
11617:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
10829:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
9250:
8371:Historical Dictionary of Syria
8232:
7670:University of California Press
6027:
5995:
5943:
5920:
5859:Ayoub, Joey (3 October 2022).
5714:
5372:"The Baâathist triumph gifted
5365:
4725:, the teaching and reforms of
4349:
902:International Confederation of
1:
14274:Syncretic political movements
13041:Free association of producers
12798:Critique of political economy
12089:
11040:General Union of Syrian Women
10950:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
10905:Palestinian National Alliance
9177:Revolutionary Command Council
9069:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
8470:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
5914:
5582:and a key participant in the
5557:interviewed Syrian president
4207:
4173:by implanting conspiratorial
3994:who had been associated with
3950:Syrian-dominated Ba'ath Party
2527:Critique of political economy
1738:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
625:Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
14138:Socialist calculation debate
14113:Economic calculation problem
13081:Socialist mode of production
11800:Federation of Arab Republics
11760:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
11750:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
11351:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
11299:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
10849:National Democratic Alliance
10834:Forces of Freedom and Change
9831:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
9791:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
9741:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
8721:Iraq, the contemporary state
8550:Syria: Revolution from Above
8548:Hinnebusch, Raymond (2002).
8533:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
8369:Commins, David Dean (2004).
7621:al-Marashi & Salama 2008
6616:Ghareeb & Dougherty 2004
5528:League of Nationalist Action
5169:
4928:Syrian neo-Ba'athist leader
4859:8th of March 1963 Revolution
4561:
4524:Fundamentally, Aflaq had an
4363:Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath Party
4219:, who influenced Aflaq, and
4039:League of Nationalist Action
3797:Socialist calculation debate
3767:List of socialist economists
3742:Economic calculation problem
2627:Socialist mode of production
2484:Socialist calculation debate
2269:through the leadership of a
1762:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
913:and Labor Societies (FATULS)
579:Federation of Arab Republics
245:Middle East and North Africa
7:
14206:Organized Labour portal
12935:Socialisation of production
11925:Flag of the Arab Federation
11755:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
11745:Arab Socialist Action Party
10975:Social Democratic Unionists
10940:Arab Democratic Union Party
10636:National Defense Battalions
9032:
8994:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
8120:. Vice News. Archived from
5782:
5761:
5516:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
5242:connection between ancient
5048:
4344:
4016:Japanese economic "miracle"
3971:, while Arsuzi founded the
1767:Assadist-Saddamist conflict
881:Union for the Mediterranean
857:Economic and Social Council
623:Cooperation Council for the
559:Attempts at political union
191:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
14305:
13442:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
13267:Victor Prosper Considerant
11896:On the Way of Resurrection
11889:The Battle for One Destiny
11820:Lebanese National Movement
11261:Third International Theory
11153:On the Way of Resurrection
11146:The Battle for One Destiny
10935:Arab Socialist Union Party
10885:Lebanese National Movement
10115:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
9826:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
8859:Cambridge University Press
8346:Choueiri, Youssef (2000).
8323:Blamires, Cyprian (2006).
8308:10.1177/002200946800300310
7529:Korany & Dessouki 2010
7449:Korany & Dessouki 2010
5250:civilization in Iraq with
5188:
5162:
5065:at a military ceremony in
4817:The Power of the Powerless
4801:
4565:
4508:
4309:politics of Indian leader
4255:, as romantic and poetic.
4163:civil society institutions
2410:
1661:The Battle for One Destiny
1656:On the Way of Resurrection
1067:Arabian Television Network
875:Social Development (AFESD)
873:Arab Fund for Economic and
498:Third International Theory
14146:
14095:
14072:
14004:
13515:
13307:William Batchelder Greene
13242:Francisco Largo Caballero
13171:
13132:
13108:
13099:
12978:
12768:
12640:
12595:
12417:
12253:
12112:
12099:
12039:
11948:
11905:
11873:
11850:Unified Political Command
11740:Arab Nationalist Movement
11685:
11637:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
11497:
11466:
11433:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
11304:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
11269:
11233:
11162:
11137:
11071:
11067:
11056:
11035:General Union of Peasants
11022:
10927:
10867:
10844:National Consensus Forces
10821:
10814:
10747:
10696:
10692:
10677:
10657:Revolutionary Youth Union
10649:
10618:
10611:
10590:
10564:
10492:
10414:
10403:
10399:
10384:
10369:
10259:
10219:
10212:
10157:
10132:
10125:
10109:
9874:
9669:
9662:
9531:
9485:
9463:
9442:
9415:
9368:
9361:
9320:
9288:
9267:
9260:
9256:
9245:
9159:
9098:
9077:
9046:
9042:
9027:
9001:
8905:Syracuse University Press
8836:Syracuse University Press
8675:. Sussex Academic Press.
8394:Saddam: His Rise and Fall
6898:Hannah & Gardner 1969
4919:authoritarian centralised
4317:, and Yugoslavian leader
4194:De-Ba'athification policy
4128:personalist dictatorships
4002:. He was inspired by the
3792:Socialism and LGBT rights
2736:Socialist-oriented market
2684:Socialist planned economy
2587:Material balance planning
2139:
2126:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2055:
2034:
2013:
1992:
1971:
1950:
1934:
1913:
1897:
1876:
1855:
1834:
1813:
1792:
1697:November 1963 coup d'Ă©tat
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
904:Arab Trade Unions (ICATU)
584:Unified Political Command
105:
47:
32:
23:
13452:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
12945:Socialist market economy
11358:1952 Egyptian revolution
10985:Socialist Unionist Party
10955:Libyan National Movement
10781:Arabic Toilers' Movement
10685:Associated organizations
10545:National Security Bureau
10493:Syrian-dominated faction
9921:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
9856:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
9706:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
9406:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
9321:Syrian-dominated faction
9017:Syrian-dominated faction
8932:Cornell University Press
8926:The Origins of Alliances
8853:Sassoon, Joseph (2012).
8805:Ruthven, Malise (2006).
8740:Perthes, Volker (1997).
8621:Laqueur, Walter (1969).
8529:Harris, William (1997).
8449:Hoover Institution Press
8443:Devlin, John F. (1975).
7757:: CS1 maint: location (
7485:: CS1 maint: location (
7323:: CS1 maint: location (
7245:: CS1 maint: location (
7105:: CS1 maint: location (
7042:Mullenbach, Mark (ed.).
6812:: CS1 maint: location (
6769:: CS1 maint: location (
6366:: CS1 maint: location (
6327:: CS1 maint: location (
6288:: CS1 maint: location (
6233:: CS1 maint: location (
5707:
5675:, which has ties to the
5596:Syria's Jewish community
5578:, the right-hand man of
5307:) during the funeral of
4857:which took power in the
4470:because it was led by a
4462:(1916â1918) against the
4458:According to Aflaq, the
4262:and other events in the
3990:Arsuzi was an Arab from
2731:Socialist market economy
2656:Workers' self-management
2622:Socialism in one country
2469:Age of the Enlightenment
1555:Baath Party (pro-Syrian)
13163:Ătienne-Gabriel Morelly
13153:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
12833:Equality of opportunity
12788:Criticism of capitalism
12532:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
12289:Left-wing laissez-faire
12011:Palestinian nationalism
11930:Flag of the Arab Revolt
11423:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
11403:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
11383:1961 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
10960:National Covenant Party
10764:Arab Socialist Movement
10415:Iraqi-dominated faction
10341:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
10031:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
9716:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
9686:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
9289:Iraqi-dominated faction
9209:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
9199:Union of Arab Republics
9151:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9126:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9106:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9064:Arab Socialist Movement
9008:Iraqi-dominated faction
8899:Viorst, Milton (1995).
8813:Oxford University Press
8790:. W. W. Norton and Co.
8786:Mackey, Sandra (2003).
8769:Oxford University Press
8571:Hopwood, Derek (1988).
8416:Curtis, Michel (1971).
8277:Oxford University Press
5673:National Vanguard Party
5615:European refugee crisis
5569:Simon Wiesenthal Center
5092:Ba'atho-Assadist system
4953:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4907:Iraqi regional branches
4871:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4782:'s stance on religion.
4664:dialectical materialism
4419:view of the need for a
4231:and the early 1960s in
4227:until the mid-1950s in
4179:anti-Western sentiments
4074:Arab Socialist Movement
3732:Criticism of capitalism
2743:Participatory economics
2577:Labour-time calculation
2295:Syrian-led Ba'ath Party
2275:socialist revolutionary
1757:Intervention in Lebanon
1545:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)
1092:Arab Capital of Culture
832:Industrialization (AOI)
589:Union of Arab Republics
172:Western Sahara conflict
122:Part of a series on the
107:Political position
41:flag of the Arab Revolt
13826:José Carlos Mariåtegui
13771:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
13756:Martin Luther King Jr.
13432:Luis Emilio Recabarren
13427:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
13362:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
13051:Labor-time calculation
13016:Decentralized planning
12920:Proletarian revolution
12875:State-owned enterprise
12793:Criticism of socialism
11438:1969 Libyan revolution
11316:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
10990:Syrian Communist Party
10796:Palestinian Arab Front
10326:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
10306:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
10296:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
10246:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
10051:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
10026:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
9961:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
9866:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
9801:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
9746:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
9701:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
9401:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
9306:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
8922:Walt, Stephen (1987).
8876:Seddon, David (2006).
8763:Pipes, Daniel (1992).
8648:Jones, Jeremy (2007).
8426:Transaction Publishers
7504:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
7424:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
7044:"Syria (1946âpresent)"
5535:Barzan Ibrahim Tikriti
5443:French Communist Party
5397:Allegations of fascism
5393:
5331:, as well as opposing
5312:
5305:pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party
5280:
5231:owned by Saddam's son
5186:
5070:
5061:alongside his brother
4984:Syrian Communist Party
4937:
4842:
4787:Iraqi Regional Command
4748:
4655:
4640:single government bank
4581:
4522:
4433:underdeveloped country
4366:
4235:, the ideology of the
4202:2011 Syrian revolution
4186:United States invasion
4047:1941 Iraqi coup d'etat
3952:
3737:Criticism of socialism
2689:Decentralized planning
2592:Peerâtoâpeer economics
2287:Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party
1785:Regional organisations
1637:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
997:QatarâBahrain Causeway
525:Anti-Iranian sentiment
14269:Left-wing nationalism
14169:Socialism WikiProject
13931:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
13626:Cornelius Castoriadis
13492:Alfred Russel Wallace
13257:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
13222:Louis Auguste Blanqui
13182:Stephen Pearl Andrews
13011:Cooperative ownership
12527:MaoismâThird Worldism
11996:Jordanian nationalism
11730:Arab Islamic Republic
11725:Arab Higher Committee
11602:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
11582:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
11393:North Yemen civil war
11326:ArabâIsraeli conflict
10806:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
10321:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
10271:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
10046:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
9841:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
9594:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
9455:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
9090:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
8717:Niblock, Tim (1982).
8671:Maʻoz, Moshe (2005).
8267:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
8101:on 27 December 2022.
8041:on 16 November 2022.
7301:The Truth About Syria
7223:The Truth About Syria
7083:The Truth About Syria
5956:World Politics Review
5933:World Politics Review
5771:[albaÊËΞijja]
5688:Iraqi Regional Branch
5660:Allegations of racism
5642:Unite the Right rally
5382:al-amn wa al-istiqrar
5370:
5287:(from left to right:
5286:
5265:
5181:(right) talking with
5177:
5056:
5043:Corrective Revolution
4949:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
4927:
4808:
4737:
4600:
4571:
4532:. In contrast to the
4512:
4448:democratic centralism
4357:
4253:Middle East Institute
4221:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
4155:student organisations
4051:Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani
3961:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
3940:
2299:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2141:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
1752:Corrective Revolution
1592:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1184:Arab Champions League
830:Arab Organization for
814:Joint Defence Council
613:Organizational unions
574:Arab Islamic Republic
177:ArabâIsraeli conflict
92:Left-wing nationalism
14254:Political ideologies
14194:Communism portal
14182:Socialism portal
14133:Socialism by country
13731:Pablo Iglesias Posse
13437:Henri de Saint-Simon
13392:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
13046:Industrial democracy
12853:History of socialism
12848:History of communism
12843:History of anarchism
12031:Tunisian nationalism
12001:Lebanese nationalism
11961:Egyptian nationalism
11956:Algerian nationalism
11860:United Arab Republic
11735:Arab Liberation Army
11715:Arab Ba'ath Movement
11572:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
10900:National Union Front
10231:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
10189:Abdul Halim Khaddam
10144:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9996:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
9941:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
9811:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
9736:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9589:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9391:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9362:Regional Secretaries
9059:Arab Ba'ath Movement
8882:Taylor & Francis
8830:Salem, Paul (1994).
8493:Ginat, Rami (2010).
7032:, pp. 180, 181.
5904:on 16 November 2022.
5871:on 20 December 2022.
5854:on 27 December 2022.
5018:socialist revolution
4891:unified Ba'ath party
4466:failed to unify the
4383:(literally meaning "
4307:Non-Aligned Movement
4225:Arab Ba'ath Movement
3998:politics during the
3887:Communism portal
3870:Socialism portal
2562:Industrial democracy
2512:Collective ownership
2365:Ba'athism advocates
1622:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1525:Arab Ba'ath Movement
1012:SaudiâEgypt Causeway
891:Chambers of Commerce
599:United Arab Republic
354:Human Rights Charter
13936:George Bernard Shaw
13846:François Mitterrand
13761:Alexandra Kollontai
13736:Jayaprakash Narayan
13417:Constantin Pecqueur
13237:Philippe Buonarroti
13192:John Goodwyn Barmby
13091:Workplace democracy
13001:Calculation in kind
12991:Anarchist economics
12940:Socialist economics
12838:Equality of outcome
12778:Anarchist economics
12485:Ho Chi Minh Thought
12358:Libertarian Marxism
12353:Left-libertarianism
12021:Sahrawi nationalism
11378:1959 Mosul uprising
11311:Great Syrian Revolt
11023:Other organizations
10965:Popular Unity Party
10815:Political alliances
10346:Wael Nader al-Halqi
10213:Heads of government
10056:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
10011:Abdul Halim Khaddam
9981:Mohammad al-Hussein
9966:Wael Nader al-Halqi
9806:Taha Yassin Ramadan
9796:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
9786:Ali Hassan al-Majid
9771:Latif Nassif Jassim
9261:General Secretaries
9194:Corrective Movement
9116:1959 Mosul uprising
8725:. Croom Helm, Ltd.
8240:Ali, Tariq (2003).
8150:. 21 September 2013
8018:on 1 December 2014.
7996:on 2 December 2014.
7916:on 23 October 2019.
7531:, pp. 423â424.
6413:on 21 October 2020.
5887:on 3 November 2022.
5881:The Syrian Observer
5423:authoritarian party
5390:University of Otago
5149:cult of personality
5135:. And despite its
5081:. It enshrines the
5079:Corrective Movement
4822:totalitarian regime
4755:, but also against
4618:means of production
4486:. In Aflaq's view,
4454:Reactionary classes
4437:developed countries
4181:upon the citizens.
4087:that established a
4053:and the subsequent
4028:Friedrich Nietzsche
4014:movements, and the
4012:Italian unification
3973:Arab National Party
3772:Market abolitionism
3757:Left-libertarianism
2694:Inclusive Democracy
2661:Workplace democracy
2507:Calculation in kind
2489:Socialist economics
2479:Revolutions of 1848
2405:Syrian Ba'ath party
2344:political pluralism
1017:Bridge of the Horns
819:United Arab Command
594:United Arab Kingdom
14289:Left-wing politics
14279:Types of socialism
14118:Marxist philosophy
14035:Kemal KılıçdaroÄlu
13856:Gamal Abdel Nasser
13811:Alasdair MacIntyre
13581:Simone de Beauvoir
13352:Ferdinand Lassalle
13119:Tommaso Campanella
13066:Production for use
13026:Economic democracy
12895:Mode of production
12885:Left-wing politics
12864:The Internationale
12547:Xi Jinping Thought
12026:Syrian nationalism
12006:Libyan nationalism
11966:Greater Mauritania
11882:The Arab Awakening
11865:United Arab States
11840:Rejectionist Front
11647:Gamal Abdel Nasser
11458:Yemeni unification
11448:Lebanese Civil War
11428:17 July Revolution
11398:Ramadan Revolution
11373:14 July Revolution
10915:Rejectionist Front
10311:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
10286:Nureddin al-Atassi
10174:Nureddin al-Atassi
10006:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
9911:Nureddin al-Atassi
9821:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
9721:Salih Mahdi Ammash
9691:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
9644:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
9574:Nureddin al-Atassi
9508:Nureddin al-Atassi
9386:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
9338:Abdullah al-Ahmar
9328:Nureddin al-Atassi
9224:De-Ba'athification
9167:17 July Revolution
9121:Ramadan Revolution
9111:14 July Revolution
8808:Islam in the World
8148:Al Arabiya English
8124:on 2 February 2022
7965:on 3 December 2014
7959:The New York Times
7934:on 1 December 2014
5837:on 5 January 2023.
5820:on 5 October 2017.
5697:Ramadan Revolution
5677:Iraqi Ba'ath party
5592:torture techniques
5470:racial superiority
5313:
5289:Taha Yasin Ramadan
5187:
5071:
4938:
4932:(right) alongside
4903:Salah al-Din Bitar
4895:military committee
4814:'s description in
4534:liberal democratic
4480:German unification
4367:
4315:Gamal Abdel Nasser
4313:, Egyptian leader
4241:Fi Sabil al-Baâath
4190:Iraqi Ba'ath party
4171:authoritarian rule
4097:Ba'athist movement
3984:Arab Ihya Movement
3953:
3777:Marxist philosophy
2597:Production for use
2567:Inputâoutput model
2532:Economic democracy
2310:president of Syria
2267:unified Arab state
2099:1960–1962/63
1727:De-Ba'athification
1702:17 July Revolution
1692:Ramadan Revolution
1002:King Fahd Causeway
896:Arab Customs Union
867:Arab Monetary Fund
631:Arab Maghreb Union
604:United Arab States
14214:
14213:
14087:Socialist parties
14068:
14067:
13971:Ram Manohar Lohia
13911:Gaetano Salvemini
13696:Mikhail Gorbachev
13407:Antonie Pannekoek
13036:Equal opportunity
13031:Economic planning
12764:
12763:
12653:African-Caribbean
12641:Regional variants
12368:Council communism
12236:Saint-Simonianism
12057:
12056:
11986:Iraqi nationalism
11677:Constantin Zureiq
11527:Abdul Rahman Arif
11507:Butrus al-Bustani
11193:
11192:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11052:
11051:
11048:
11047:
10928:Political parties
10923:
10922:
10801:Socialist Lebanon
10673:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10560:
10559:
10406:Regional branches
10380:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10365:
10364:
10336:Riyad Farid Hijab
10301:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
10208:
10207:
10194:
10121:
10120:
10071:Hikmat al-Shihabi
9886:Abdullah al-Ahmar
9851:Hardan al-Tikriti
9781:Adnan Khayr Allah
9776:Rashid Taan Kazim
9711:Salah Omar al-Ali
9554:Abdullah al-Ahmar
9527:
9526:
9357:
9356:
9343:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9236:
8845:978-0-8156-2628-2
8797:978-0-393-32428-0
8732:978-0-7099-1810-3
8709:978-0-415-40078-7
8613:978-977-416-360-9
8590:978-0-04-445046-7
8540:978-1-55876-149-0
8516:. Brill Archive.
7699:, pp. 70â71.
7576:978-1-84885-760-5
7472:978-0-9775200-3-9
7381:978-0-8047-8301-9
7310:978-1-4039-8273-5
7271:978-0-8047-8301-9
7232:978-1-4039-8273-5
7092:978-1-4039-8273-5
7004:978-0-415-52391-2
5573:Nazi war-criminal
5555:Jonathan Teperman
5458:Arab Ba'ath Party
5240:pseudo-historical
5208:Iraqi nationalism
5123:Arab Ba'ath Party
5057:Ba'athist leader
4834:live within a lie
4494:content with the
4435:, in contrast to
4151:mass surveillance
4004:French Revolution
3935:
3934:
3727:Communist society
3699:Socialist parties
2958:Saint-Simonianism
2547:Equal opportunity
2537:Economic planning
2474:French Revolution
2375:planned economies
2330:" as well as the
2303:president of Iraq
2249:
2248:
2152:
2151:
2105:Socialist Lebanon
2076:
2075:
1747:1966 coup d'Ă©tats
1566:
1565:
1473:
1472:
1438:
1437:
1208:
1207:
1024:
1023:
840:
839:
770:
769:
648:Foreign relations
638:
637:
408:
407:
366:Ahmed Aboul Gheit
360:Secretary General
328:
327:
224:
223:
117:
116:
14296:
14284:State ideologies
14264:Arab nationalism
14231:
14230:
14222:
14204:
14203:
14192:
14191:
14190:
14180:
14179:
14166:
14165:
14154:
14153:
14055:Yanis Varoufakis
14008:
13921:Jean-Paul Sartre
13906:Bertrand Russell
13881:Sylvia Pankhurst
13861:Jawaharlal Nehru
13726:Dolores IbĂĄrruri
13691:Einar Gerhardsen
13671:Alexander DubÄek
13621:Nikolai Bukharin
13531:Salvador Allende
13519:
13502:Wilhelm Weitling
13487:Suzanne Voilquin
13472:William Thompson
13462:Lysander Spooner
13422:Georgi Plekhanov
13412:Giovanni Pascoli
13377:Errico Malatesta
13372:Helen Macfarlane
13317:Alexander Herzen
13292:Friedrich Engels
13287:Prosper Enfantin
13282:W. E. B. Du Bois
13252:Edward Carpenter
13212:Eduard Bernstein
13175:
13158:Sylvain Maréchal
13136:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13071:Public ownership
13021:Direct democracy
13006:Common ownership
12970:Workers' council
12955:State capitalism
12870:Internationalism
12803:Critique of work
12783:Anti-revisionism
12460:MarxismâLeninism
12294:Left-wing market
12251:
12250:
12211:Social democracy
12094:
12084:
12077:
12070:
12061:
12060:
12047:
12046:
11920:Eagle of Saladin
11627:Amin al-Husseini
11592:Faisal I of Iraq
11562:Sultan al-Atrash
11557:Mansur al-Atrash
11532:Abdul Salam Arif
11341:War of Attrition
11227:Arab nationalism
11220:
11213:
11206:
11197:
11196:
11089:Arab nationalism
11079:Anti-imperialism
11069:
11068:
11058:
11057:
10839:March 8 Alliance
10819:
10818:
10751:
10750:Breakaway groups
10694:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10678:
10616:
10615:
10442:Regional Command
10412:
10411:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10385:
10316:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
10263:
10223:
10217:
10216:
10190:
10161:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10066:Farouk al-Sharaa
10061:Hammouda Sabbagh
9951:Ibrahim al-Hadid
9931:Mahdi Dakhlallah
9916:Shibli al-Aysami
9878:
9726:Hussein Al-Awadi
9696:Saad Abdul-Majid
9673:
9667:
9666:
9614:Akram al-Hawrani
9584:Shibli al-Aysami
9579:Mansur al-Atrash
9541:
9540:National Command
9535:
9498:Shibli al-Aysami
9366:
9365:
9339:
9311:Salah Al-Mukhtar
9265:
9264:
9258:
9257:
9247:
9246:
9229:Syrian civil war
9136:Ar-Rashid revolt
9044:
9043:
9036:
9029:
9028:
9018:
9009:
8995:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8963:
8962:
8945:
8929:
8918:
8895:
8872:
8857:(1st ed.).
8849:
8826:
8801:
8782:
8759:
8736:
8724:
8713:
8697:
8686:
8667:
8644:
8628:
8617:
8594:
8578:
8567:
8544:
8525:
8508:
8489:
8473:
8462:
8447:(2nd ed.).
8439:
8423:
8412:
8399:Harper Perennial
8384:
8365:
8342:
8319:
8290:
8274:
8263:
8247:
8227:
8221:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8097:. Archived from
8086:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8072:
8067:on 1 August 2020
8056:
8047:
8046:
8037:. Archived from
8026:
8020:
8019:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7992:. Archived from
7981:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7961:. Archived from
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7908:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7892:on 6 March 2022.
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7850:
7844:
7834:
7825:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7794:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7763:
7762:
7756:
7748:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7667:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7581:
7580:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7484:
7476:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7400:
7399:
7393:
7385:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7343:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7322:
7314:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7283:
7275:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7244:
7236:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7111:
7110:
7104:
7096:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6990:
6984:
6974:
6968:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6930:
6924:
6914:
6905:
6895:
6889:
6879:
6873:
6863:
6857:
6847:
6841:
6831:
6822:
6821:
6811:
6803:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6760:
6742:
6736:
6726:
6711:
6701:
6695:
6685:
6679:
6669:
6660:
6650:
6639:
6629:
6623:
6613:
6607:
6597:
6591:
6581:
6566:
6556:
6550:
6540:
6534:
6524:
6518:
6508:
6499:
6489:
6480:
6470:
6459:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6409:. Archived from
6399:
6393:
6383:
6372:
6371:
6365:
6357:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6326:
6318:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6279:
6261:
6255:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6232:
6224:
6206:
6200:
6190:
6184:
6174:
6168:
6158:
6152:
6142:
6136:
6126:
6120:
6110:
6099:
6089:
6080:
6074:
6061:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6039:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6007:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5958:. Archived from
5947:
5941:
5940:
5935:. Archived from
5924:
5908:
5905:
5900:. Archived from
5888:
5872:
5867:. Archived from
5855:
5850:. Archived from
5838:
5833:. Archived from
5821:
5816:. Archived from
5802:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5718:
5666:ultranationalism
5654:Syrian Arab Army
5629:bulwark against
5619:Syrian Civil War
5417:and non-Marxist
5411:European fascist
5333:MarxismâLeninism
5293:Shibli al-Aysami
5252:Arab nationalism
5117:, co-founder of
4887:National Command
4846:
4820:of life under a
4746:
4719:Arab nationalism
4651:
4579:
4520:
4374:Arab nationalist
4311:Jawaharlal Nehru
4249:Arab nationalism
4198:deadly civil war
4101:Syrian-dominated
4070:Akram Al-Hawrani
4037:Arsuzi left the
3996:Arab nationalist
3927:
3920:
3913:
3899:Organized Labour
3897:
3896:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3868:
3867:
3812:Workers' council
3449:Gracchi Brothers
2973:Social democracy
2716:Market socialism
2704:Project Cybersyn
2632:Soviet democracy
2617:Social ownership
2572:Internationalism
2552:Free association
2522:Common ownership
2438:
2415:
2414:
2352:Arab nationalism
2340:one-party states
2260:Arab nationalist
2241:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2211:Socialism portal
2206:
2168:Arab nationalism
2148:
2135:
2122:
2091:
2090:
1790:
1789:
1772:Syrian civil war
1562:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1223:
1222:
1196:Arabian Gulf Cup
1189:Cup Winners' Cup
1153:
1107:Jerusalem (2008)
1062:Arab Media Group
1039:
1038:
935:
934:
824:Peninsula Shield
785:
784:
653:
652:
469:Arab nationalism
423:
422:
369:
349:Founding Charter
343:
342:
239:
238:
167:Somali Civil War
160:Syrian Civil War
149:
148:
145:Political Issues
138:
119:
118:
77:Anti-imperialism
57:Arab nationalism
37:
21:
20:
14304:
14303:
14299:
14298:
14297:
14295:
14294:
14293:
14239:
14238:
14237:
14225:
14217:
14215:
14210:
14198:
14188:
14186:
14174:
14142:
14091:
14064:
14000:
13926:Arthur Scargill
13896:Pierre Renaudel
13706:Antonio Gramsci
13686:Muammar Gaddafi
13681:Faiz Ahmad Faiz
13676:Albert Einstein
13616:Aristide Briand
13606:Murray Bookchin
13601:Grace Lee Boggs
13586:Walter Benjamin
13556:Chiang Kai-shek
13536:InejirĆ Asanuma
13511:
13482:Benjamin Tucker
13342:Peter Kropotkin
13322:Thomas Hodgskin
13297:Charles Fourier
13277:Théodore Dézamy
13227:Philippe Buchez
13187:Mikhail Bakunin
13167:
13143:Gracchus Babeuf
13128:
13095:
13076:Social dividend
12974:
12950:Socialist state
12915:Post-capitalism
12910:Planned economy
12905:Nationalization
12770:
12760:
12636:
12591:
12421:
12413:
12311:Insurrectionary
12257:
12249:
12115:
12108:
12095:
12090:
12088:
12058:
12053:
12035:
11971:Greater Morocco
11944:
11940:Pan-Arab colors
11935:Hawk of Quraish
11901:
11869:
11720:Arab Federation
11681:
11667:Abdullah Rimawi
11642:Mostéfa Merarda
11597:Muammar Gaddafi
11577:Ahmed Ben Bella
11552:Jamal al-Atassi
11542:Bashar al-Assad
11493:
11462:
11443:Black September
11321:Anglo-Iraqi War
11265:
11229:
11224:
11194:
11181:
11177:Pan-Arab colors
11171:Aráž ul-FurÄtayn
11158:
11133:
11063:
11044:
11018:
10919:
10863:
10810:
10769:Damascus branch
10749:
10743:
10714:Free Iraqi Army
10704:Al-Abud Network
10688:
10684:
10661:
10645:
10631:Fedayeen Saddam
10626:Ba'ath Brigades
10607:
10586:
10577:Sawt al-Jamahir
10556:
10535:Central Command
10488:
10405:
10395:
10391:
10372:
10361:
10261:
10255:
10221:
10204:
10199:Bashar al-Assad
10179:Ahmad al-Khatib
10159:
10153:
10134:
10117:
10105:
10076:Hammud al-Shufi
10041:Zuhair Masharqa
10036:Ibrahim Makhous
10021:Ahmad al-Khatib
9986:Hisham Ikhtiyar
9906:Rifaat al-Assad
9896:Bashar al-Assad
9876:
9870:
9836:Talib El-Shibib
9751:Saadoun Ghaidan
9671:
9658:
9654:Khaled Yashruti
9649:Talib El-Shibib
9639:Abdullah Rimawi
9604:Wahib al-Ghanim
9564:Bashar al-Assad
9539:
9533:
9523:
9518:Bashar al-Assad
9493:Hammud al-Shufi
9481:
9459:
9438:
9423:Abdullah Rimawi
9411:
9381:Talib El-Shibib
9353:
9348:Bashar al-Assad
9316:
9284:
9252:
9233:
9155:
9094:
9073:
9038:
9034:
9023:
9016:
9007:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8953:
8948:
8942:
8915:
8892:
8869:
8846:
8823:
8798:
8779:
8756:
8733:
8710:
8683:
8664:
8641:
8614:
8591:
8564:
8541:
8505:
8486:
8476:Scarecrow Press
8459:
8436:
8409:
8381:
8362:
8352:Wiley-Blackwell
8339:
8327:. Vol. 1.
8287:
8260:
8235:
8230:
8222:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8189:
8179:
8177:
8176:. 22 March 2003
8168:
8167:
8163:
8153:
8151:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8127:
8125:
8114:
8110:
8087:
8083:
8070:
8068:
8057:
8050:
8035:The Daily Beast
8027:
8023:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7982:
7978:
7968:
7966:
7951:
7947:
7937:
7935:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7913:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7851:
7847:
7835:
7828:
7816:
7812:
7804:
7797:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7766:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7731:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7655:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7584:
7577:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7502:
7498:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7459:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7422:
7418:
7410:
7403:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7368:
7364:
7354:
7352:
7351:on 23 July 2011
7348:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7297:
7293:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7258:
7254:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7219:
7215:
7205:
7203:
7202:on 23 July 2011
7199:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7114:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7079:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7005:
6991:
6987:
6975:
6971:
6959:
6955:
6947:
6943:
6931:
6927:
6915:
6908:
6896:
6892:
6880:
6876:
6864:
6860:
6848:
6844:
6832:
6825:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6786:
6782:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6743:
6739:
6727:
6714:
6702:
6698:
6686:
6682:
6670:
6663:
6651:
6642:
6632:Hinnebusch 2002
6630:
6626:
6614:
6610:
6598:
6594:
6582:
6569:
6557:
6553:
6541:
6537:
6525:
6521:
6509:
6502:
6490:
6483:
6471:
6462:
6450:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6422:
6418:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6384:
6375:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6340:
6336:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6301:
6297:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6262:
6258:
6246:
6242:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6207:
6203:
6191:
6187:
6175:
6171:
6159:
6155:
6143:
6139:
6127:
6123:
6111:
6102:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6064:
6050:
6048:
6047:on 23 July 2011
6044:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6015:on 23 July 2011
6012:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5986:
5984:
5977:"Mawrid Reader"
5975:
5974:
5967:
5962:on 2 June 2023.
5948:
5944:
5939:on 2 June 2023.
5925:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5898:The Daily Beast
5875:
5803:
5799:
5787:
5766:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5662:
5646:Charlottesville
5559:Bashar al-Assad
5460:established by
5399:
5394:
5368:
5360:Josip Broz Tito
5342:petit bourgeois
5281:
5193:
5185:(left) in 1988.
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:Iraqi Ba'athism
5115:Jamal al-Atassi
5096:socialist state
5063:Rifaat al-Assad
5051:
5028:, imperialism,
4941:Munif al-Razzaz
4848:
4844:
4806:
4800:
4773:, Aflaq warned
4747:
4744:
4736:
4652:
4649:
4592:Arab historical
4580:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4555:one-party state
4528:perspective on
4521:
4518:
4511:
4456:
4411:, intellectual
4352:
4347:
4319:Josip Broz Tito
4269:secular society
4210:
4136:Bashar al-Assad
4120:Al-Assad family
4105:Iraqi-dominated
4089:one-party state
4055:Anglo-Iraqi War
4032:Oswald Spengler
4000:interwar period
3931:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3862:
3855:
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3807:Socialist state
3802:Socialist Party
3747:Economic system
3712:
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3435:
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2823:Democratic road
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2612:Social dividend
2602:Sharing economy
2502:
2494:
2493:
2464:
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2413:
2317:Bashar al-Assad
2254:, also spelled
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2204:Politics portal
2202:
2194:
2193:
2192:
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2154:
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2109:1965–1970
2088:
2086:Splinter groups
2078:
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2030:
2009:
1988:
1967:
1946:
1930:
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1632:Bashar al-Assad
1602:Wahib al-Ghanim
1597:Abdullah Rimawi
1576:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1549:1968–2003
1539:1947–1966
1529:1940–1947
1519:1940–1947
1508:
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1129:Arabic language
1112:Damascus (2009)
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569:Arab Federation
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11:
5:
14302:
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14259:Arab socialism
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14015:Pedro Castillo
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13956:E. P. Thompson
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13916:Bernie Sanders
13913:
13908:
13903:
13901:B. T. Ranadive
13898:
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13873:
13868:
13866:Ernst Niekisch
13863:
13858:
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13843:
13838:
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13831:Adrien Marquet
13828:
13823:
13821:Nelson Mandela
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13801:Rosa Luxemburg
13798:
13793:
13791:Vladimir Lenin
13788:
13783:
13781:Henri Lefebvre
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13741:Russell Jacoby
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13721:Saddam Hussein
13718:
13713:
13708:
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13661:Eugene V. Debs
13658:
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13611:Bertolt Brecht
13608:
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13578:
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13571:Henri Barbusse
13568:
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13546:Clement Attlee
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13541:Hafez al-Assad
13538:
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13467:Fred M. Taylor
13464:
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13397:William Morris
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13262:James Connolly
13259:
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13207:Edward Bellamy
13204:
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13148:Victor d'Hupay
13145:
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13097:
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13058:
13056:Labour voucher
13053:
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12877:
12872:
12867:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
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12835:
12830:
12825:
12823:Egalitarianism
12820:
12815:
12810:
12808:Class struggle
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12774:
12772:
12766:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12736:
12734:In one country
12726:
12721:
12716:
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12706:
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12700:
12699:
12689:
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12406:
12405:
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12398:
12397:
12392:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12363:Left communism
12355:
12350:
12349:
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12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
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11950:
11949:Related topics
11946:
11945:
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11911:
11909:
11903:
11902:
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11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11815:Islamic Legion
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11705:Al-Mourabitoun
11702:
11697:
11691:
11689:
11683:
11682:
11680:
11679:
11674:
11672:Hamdeen Sabahi
11669:
11664:
11662:Fuad al-Rikabi
11659:
11654:
11652:Adnan Pachachi
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11622:Saddam Hussein
11619:
11614:
11612:Sati' al-Husri
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11547:Hafez al-Assad
11544:
11539:
11537:Zaki al-Arsuzi
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11470:
11468:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11418:Aden Emergency
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11363:Iraqi Intifada
11360:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11348:
11346:Yom Kippur War
11343:
11338:
11333:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11296:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11279:
11273:
11271:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11241:Arab socialism
11237:
11235:
11231:
11230:
11223:
11222:
11215:
11208:
11200:
11191:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11166:
11164:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11156:
11149:
11141:
11139:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11094:Arab socialism
11091:
11086:
11081:
11075:
11073:
11065:
11064:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10997:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10931:
10929:
10925:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10871:
10869:
10865:
10864:
10862:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10825:
10823:
10816:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10761:
10755:
10753:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10724:Jeish Muhammad
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10700:
10698:
10690:
10689:
10675:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10653:
10651:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10622:
10620:
10613:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10594:
10592:
10591:Popular fronts
10588:
10587:
10585:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10568:
10566:
10562:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10548:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10496:
10494:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10418:
10416:
10409:
10397:
10396:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10359:
10356:Hussein Arnous
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10291:Hafez al-Assad
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10267:
10265:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10241:Sa'dun Hammadi
10238:
10236:Saddam Hussein
10233:
10227:
10225:
10214:
10210:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10196:
10186:
10184:Hafez al-Assad
10181:
10176:
10171:
10165:
10163:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10149:Saddam Hussein
10146:
10140:
10138:
10127:
10126:Heads of state
10123:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10113:
10111:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10091:Muhammad Umran
10088:
10086:Hasan Turkmani
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9901:Hafez al-Assad
9898:
9893:
9891:Hussein Arnous
9888:
9882:
9880:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9816:Fuad al-Rikabi
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9766:Saddam Hussein
9763:
9758:
9756:Sa'dun Hammadi
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9677:
9675:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9634:Fuad al-Rikabi
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9569:Hafez al-Assad
9566:
9561:
9559:Zaki al-Arsuzi
9556:
9551:
9545:
9543:
9529:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9515:
9513:Hafez al-Assad
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9473:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9433:Akram al-Homsi
9430:
9425:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9409:
9403:
9398:
9396:Saddam Hussein
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9376:Fuad al-Rikabi
9372:
9370:
9363:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9345:
9335:
9333:Hafez al-Assad
9330:
9324:
9322:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9314:
9308:
9303:
9301:Saddam Hussein
9298:
9292:
9290:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9271:
9269:
9262:
9254:
9253:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9219:Iraqi conflict
9216:
9214:Faith Campaign
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9174:
9172:Ba'athist Iraq
9169:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9146:1964 Hama riot
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9050:
9048:
9040:
9039:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9012:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8989:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8952:
8951:External links
8949:
8947:
8946:
8941:978-0801494185
8940:
8919:
8914:978-0224033237
8913:
8896:
8890:
8873:
8868:978-0521149150
8867:
8850:
8844:
8827:
8822:978-0195138412
8821:
8802:
8796:
8783:
8778:978-0195060225
8777:
8760:
8755:978-1860641923
8754:
8737:
8731:
8714:
8708:
8687:
8681:
8668:
8663:978-1845112707
8662:
8645:
8639:
8618:
8612:
8595:
8589:
8568:
8563:978-0415267793
8562:
8545:
8539:
8526:
8509:
8504:978-1845193966
8503:
8490:
8485:978-0810843301
8484:
8463:
8458:978-0817965617
8457:
8440:
8435:978-0878555000
8434:
8413:
8408:978-0060505431
8407:
8385:
8380:978-0810849341
8379:
8366:
8361:978-0631217299
8360:
8343:
8337:
8320:
8302:(3): 161â181.
8291:
8286:978-0195151855
8285:
8264:
8259:978-1859844571
8258:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8211:
8199:
8187:
8161:
8135:
8108:
8081:
8048:
8021:
7999:
7976:
7945:
7919:
7895:
7873:
7871:, p. 121.
7861:
7845:
7826:
7810:
7808:, p. 141.
7795:
7779:
7764:
7743:
7725:
7713:
7701:
7689:
7682:
7649:
7637:
7625:
7623:, p. 108.
7613:
7601:
7599:, p. 208.
7582:
7575:
7557:
7555:, p. 189.
7545:
7543:, p. 146.
7533:
7521:
7514:
7496:
7471:
7453:
7451:, p. 423.
7441:
7434:
7416:
7401:
7380:
7362:
7330:
7309:
7291:
7270:
7252:
7231:
7213:
7181:
7179:, p. 201.
7169:
7167:, p. 178.
7157:
7145:
7133:
7131:, p. 158.
7112:
7091:
7073:
7071:, p. 180.
7061:
7034:
7022:
7010:
7003:
6985:
6969:
6953:
6941:
6925:
6906:
6890:
6874:
6858:
6842:
6823:
6798:
6780:
6755:
6737:
6712:
6696:
6680:
6661:
6640:
6624:
6608:
6592:
6567:
6551:
6535:
6519:
6500:
6481:
6460:
6444:
6432:
6416:
6403:"Michel Aflaq"
6394:
6373:
6352:
6334:
6313:
6295:
6274:
6256:
6240:
6219:
6201:
6185:
6169:
6153:
6137:
6121:
6100:
6081:
6062:
6026:
5994:
5965:
5942:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5889:
5873:
5856:
5839:
5822:
5797:
5792:[baÊΞ]
5712:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5661:
5658:
5584:Final Solution
5571:reported that
5425:divided into '
5407:Middle Eastern
5398:
5395:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5348:Vladimir Lenin
5321:class conflict
5297:Saddam Hussein
5264:
5200:Saddam Hussein
5189:Main article:
5179:Saddam Hussein
5171:
5168:
5160:
5157:
5119:Zaki al-Arsuzi
5059:Hafez al-Assad
5050:
5047:
5011:Arab Socialist
5003:anti-religious
4968:class struggle
4936:(centre), 1963
4879:Hafez al-Assad
4807:
4799:
4796:
4775:Saddam Hussein
4757:fundamentalism
4742:
4735:
4732:
4715:Arab socialism
4654:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4575:
4568:Arab socialism
4566:Main article:
4563:
4560:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4464:Ottoman Empire
4455:
4452:
4421:vanguard party
4377:Sati' al-Husri
4372:supported the
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4280:Arab socialism
4271:by separating
4260:decolonisation
4209:
4206:
4196:. In Syria, a
4149:that enforced
4132:Hafez al-Assad
4124:Saddam Hussein
3975:and later the
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3904:
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3889:
3877:
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3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Libertarianism
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:Related topics
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
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3696:
3690:
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3684:
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3677:
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3318:
3313:
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3303:
3298:
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3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
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3223:
3218:
3213:
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3193:
3188:
3183:
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3168:
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3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
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3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
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3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
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2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Labour voucher
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
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2524:
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2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2409:
2382:class-struggle
2360:Arab socialism
2313:Hafez al-Assad
2306:Saddam Hussein
2291:Zaki al-Arsuzi
2281:intellectuals
2271:vanguard party
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Arab socialism
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:Related topics
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2137:
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2117:
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2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
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1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
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1865:
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1796:
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1788:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1733:Baathist Syria
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1687:Ba'athist Iraq
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Saddam Hussein
1624:
1619:
1617:Hafez al-Assad
1614:
1609:
1607:Fuad al-Rikabi
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Zaki al-Arsuzi
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
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1521:
1520:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
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1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
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1368:
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1365:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
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1342:
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1340:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1285:
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1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1182:
1180:
1178:Pan Arab Games
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Algiers (2007)
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
986:
985:
979:
978:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
959:BerlinâBaghdad
953:
952:
946:
945:
944:
943:
933:
931:Transportation
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
916:
909:
907:
900:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
871:
869:
864:
859:
853:
848:
847:
844:
843:
838:
837:
836:
835:
828:
826:
821:
816:
808:
807:
801:
800:
799:
798:
793:
783:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
767:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
679:
677:European Union
674:
669:
663:
660:
659:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
621:
616:
615:
609:
608:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
552:
551:
549:
548:
543:
537:
535:
533:
532:
527:
521:
519:
517:
516:
511:
505:
501:
500:
495:
493:
492:
487:
485:Arab socialism
481:
479:
477:
476:
471:
465:
460:
459:
451:
450:
449:
448:
446:Fattah el-Sisi
443:
438:
430:
429:
421:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
392:
386:
383:
382:
374:
373:
372:
371:
358:
356:
351:
341:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
306:
303:
302:
296:
295:
293:
292:
285:
283:Eastern Arabia
280:
275:
268:
260:
257:
256:
250:
249:
248:
247:
237:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
221:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
163:
162:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
131:
130:
124:
123:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
62:Arab socialism
59:
53:
51:
45:
44:
38:
30:
29:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14301:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14223:
14220:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14195:
14185:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14171:
14170:
14161:
14159:
14158:
14149:
14148:
14145:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14094:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14079:
14077:
14075:
14074:Organizations
14071:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14045:Lula da Silva
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14012:
14010:
14003:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13886:Fred Paterson
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13876:George Orwell
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13841:Salama Moussa
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13816:Nestor Makhno
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13796:György Lukåcs
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13786:Claude Lefort
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13716:Eric Hobsbawm
13714:
13712:
13711:Safdar Hashmi
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13646:Jeremy Corbyn
13644:
13642:
13641:G. D. H. Cole
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13561:Deng Xiaoping
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13514:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13497:Josiah Warren
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13477:Pyotr Tkachev
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13387:Louise Michel
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13367:Pierre Leroux
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13347:Paul Lafargue
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13247:Ătienne Cabet
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13232:Georg BĂŒchner
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13197:Enrico Barone
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13179:
13177:
13170:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13140:
13138:
13131:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13116:
13114:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13098:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12983:
12981:
12977:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12965:Welfare state
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12900:Nanosocialism
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12890:Mixed economy
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12865:
12861:
12859:
12858:Impossibilism
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12828:Equal liberty
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12767:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12698:
12697:Eurocommunism
12695:
12694:
12693:
12690:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12598:
12594:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12581:
12578:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12560:
12559:Neo-Stalinism
12557:
12556:
12555:
12552:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12519:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12512:Khrushchevism
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12502:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12462:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12420:
12419:Authoritarian
12416:
12410:
12407:
12403:
12400:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12364:
12361:
12360:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12306:Individualist
12304:
12302:
12299:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12286:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12271:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12256:
12252:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12218:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12201:Revolutionary
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12119:
12117:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12085:
12080:
12078:
12073:
12071:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12050:
12042:
12041:
12038:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11981:Greater Yemen
11979:
11977:
11976:Greater Syria
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11947:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11898:
11897:
11893:
11891:
11890:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11872:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11687:Organizations
11684:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11607:George Habash
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11587:Izzat Darwaza
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11522:Yasser Arafat
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11499:Personalities
11496:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11474:Arab identity
11472:
11471:
11469:
11465:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11388:Arab Cold War
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11221:
11216:
11214:
11209:
11207:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11155:
11154:
11150:
11148:
11147:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11136:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11114:Republicanism
11112:
11110:
11109:Progressivism
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11062:Miscellaneous
11059:
11055:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11021:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11008:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10926:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10866:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10820:
10817:
10813:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10746:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10729:Rejectionists
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10680:
10676:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10589:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10553:
10550:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10532:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10387:
10383:
10371:* = incumbent
10368:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10281:Yusuf Zuayyin
10279:
10277:
10276:Amin al-Hafiz
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10258:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10218:
10215:
10211:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10169:Amin al-Hafiz
10167:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10156:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10124:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10101:Yusuf Zuayyin
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10081:Mustafa Tlass
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
10001:Sami al-Jundi
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9956:Amin al-Hafiz
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9946:Marwan Habash
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9873:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9846:Khamis Sirhan
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9761:Qusay Hussein
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9668:
9665:
9661:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9624:Zuheir Mohsen
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:Amin al-Hafiz
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9536:
9530:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9503:Amin al-Hafiz
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9360:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9287:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9248:
9244:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9030:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9013:
9011:
9010:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8996:
8987:
8982:
8980:
8975:
8973:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8943:
8937:
8933:
8928:
8927:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8897:
8893:
8891:1-85743-212-6
8887:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8809:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8688:
8684:
8682:9781903900680
8678:
8674:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8646:
8642:
8640:9780710066367
8636:
8632:
8627:
8626:
8619:
8615:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8586:
8582:
8577:
8576:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8500:
8496:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8471:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8390:
8389:Coughlin, Con
8386:
8382:
8376:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8338:9781576079409
8334:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8273:
8272:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8251:
8246:
8245:
8238:
8237:
8226:, p. 44.
8225:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8209:, p. 43.
8208:
8203:
8197:, p. 52.
8196:
8191:
8175:
8171:
8170:"Baath Party"
8165:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8053:
8045:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7912:
7905:
7899:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7870:
7869:Coughlin 2005
7865:
7858:
7854:
7849:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7814:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7777:, p. 84.
7776:
7775:Blamires 2006
7771:
7769:
7760:
7754:
7746:
7744:9780190874872
7740:
7736:
7729:
7723:, p. 70.
7722:
7717:
7711:, p. 71.
7710:
7705:
7698:
7693:
7685:
7683:9780520921245
7679:
7675:
7671:
7666:
7665:
7659:
7658:Makiya, Kanan
7653:
7647:, p. 64.
7646:
7641:
7635:, p. 65.
7634:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7611:, p. 62.
7610:
7605:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7578:
7572:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7530:
7525:
7517:
7515:0-691-00254-1
7511:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7437:
7435:0-691-00254-1
7431:
7427:
7420:
7414:, p. 89.
7413:
7408:
7406:
7397:
7391:
7383:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7347:
7340:
7334:
7326:
7320:
7312:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7281:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7248:
7242:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7198:
7191:
7185:
7178:
7173:
7166:
7161:
7155:, p. 88.
7154:
7149:
7143:, p. 88.
7142:
7137:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7108:
7102:
7094:
7088:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7069:Ben-Tzur 1968
7065:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7030:Ben-Tzur 1968
7026:
7019:
7018:Ben-Tzur 1968
7014:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6962:
6957:
6951:, p. 36.
6950:
6945:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6911:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6839:
6835:
6830:
6828:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6801:
6799:0-08-027921-X
6795:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6758:
6756:0-08-027921-X
6752:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6601:
6600:Blamires 2006
6596:
6589:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6442:, p. 22.
6441:
6436:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6369:
6363:
6355:
6353:9780190874872
6349:
6345:
6338:
6330:
6324:
6316:
6314:9780190874872
6310:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6285:
6277:
6275:9780190874872
6271:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6236:
6230:
6222:
6220:9780190874872
6216:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6146:
6145:Choueiri 2000
6141:
6134:
6130:
6129:Choueiri 2000
6125:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6059:
6043:
6036:
6030:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5919:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:The Intercept
5811:
5810:"Mariam Elba"
5806:
5805:
5801:
5793:
5786:
5784:
5772:
5765:
5763:
5754:
5748:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5693:war with Iran
5689:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5580:Adolf Eichman
5577:
5576:Alois Brunner
5574:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5539:Joseph Stalin
5536:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:Sami al-Jundi
5452:According to
5450:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:state atheism
5326:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5301:Izzat at-Duri
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5111:Alawitization
5108:
5103:
5101:
5100:secret police
5097:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5020:and rejected
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5007:class enemies
5004:
4999:
4997:
4996:foreign trade
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:term, as the
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:Syrian regime
4823:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4798:Neo-Ba'athism
4795:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4741:
4734:Role of Islam
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4707:state control
4703:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4672:working class
4668:
4665:
4660:
4646:competition."
4644:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:authoritarian
4515:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:Germanophiles
4481:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4429:individualism
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:"illnesses"â"
4396:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:materialistic
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:police states
4144:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Related lists
3828:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Progressivism
3785:
3783:
3782:Nanosocialism
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:Organizations
3683:
3682:
3675:
3674:Ocasio-Cortez
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:van der Lubbe
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Chernyshevsky
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:Intellectuals
3012:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Revolutionary
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Laissez-faire
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Authoritarian
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
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2637:Strike action
2635:
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2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Equal liberty
2540:
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2533:
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2523:
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2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:neo-Ba'athist
2398:
2397:authoritarian
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:protectionism
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:their culture
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:enlightenment
2320:
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2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
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1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
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1927:
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1708:
1707:IranâIraq War
1705:
1703:
1700:
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1695:
1693:
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1526:
1522:
1518:
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1512:
1507:
1506:Organisations
1502:
1501:
1497:
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1345:
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1339:
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1337:
1336:Arab diaspora
1332:
1331:
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1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
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1199:
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1005:
1003:
1000:
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984:
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975:
972:
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965:
962:
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951:
948:
947:
942:
939:
938:
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936:
928:
927:
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917:
914:
908:
905:
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884:
882:
879:
876:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
851:
846:
845:
833:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
809:
806:
805:Joint defence
803:
802:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
775:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
752:United States
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
696:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:Latin America
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
667:African Union
665:
664:
662:
661:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
643:
632:
629:
626:
620:
619:
618:
617:
614:
611:
610:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
520:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
503:
499:
496:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
480:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
464:
463:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
444:
442:
441:King Abdullah
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
425:
424:
419:
414:
413:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
385:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
367:
361:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
333:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
305:
304:
301:
298:
297:
291:
290:
289:Bab-el-Mandeb
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:
269:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
229:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
142:
141:
137:
133:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
72:Republicanism
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
52:
50:
46:
42:
36:
31:
22:
19:
14167:
14155:
13986:Clara Zetkin
13966:Leon Trotsky
13961:Ernst Toller
13951:R. H. Tawney
13891:Karl Polanyi
13766:James Larkin
13631:Noam Chomsky
13357:Pyotr Lavrov
13337:Karl Kautsky
13332:Mother Jones
13312:Charles Hall
13302:Emma Goldman
13272:Claire DĂ©mar
13202:August Bebel
12996:Basic income
12499:
12375:Luxemburgism
12326:Neozapatismo
12274:Collectivist
12124:21st century
12016:Pan-Islamism
11894:
11887:
11880:
11780:Ba'ath Party
11657:Ameen Rihani
11517:Jassem Alwan
11512:Michel Aflaq
11368:Algerian War
11294:Iraqi Revolt
11245:
11169:
11151:
11144:
11098:
11084:Anti-Zionism
10697:Armed groups
10641:Popular Army
10619:Paramilitary
10392:Organization
10191:
9926:Muhsen Bilal
9629:Munif Razzaz
9549:Michel Aflaq
9471:Isam al-Qadi
9428:Munif Razzaz
9340:
9296:Michel Aflaq
9280:Munif Razzaz
9275:Michel Aflaq
9085:Michel Aflaq
9047:Predecessors
9014:
9005:
8925:
8900:
8877:
8854:
8831:
8807:
8787:
8764:
8741:
8720:
8693:
8672:
8649:
8624:
8599:
8574:
8549:
8530:
8513:
8494:
8469:
8444:
8419:
8393:
8370:
8347:
8324:
8299:
8295:
8270:
8243:
8224:Sassoon 2012
8207:Sassoon 2012
8202:
8190:
8178:. Retrieved
8173:
8164:
8152:. Retrieved
8147:
8138:
8126:. Retrieved
8122:the original
8111:
8102:
8099:the original
8094:
8084:
8076:
8069:. Retrieved
8065:the original
8042:
8039:the original
8034:
8024:
8016:the original
8011:
8002:
7994:the original
7990:The Atlantic
7989:
7979:
7967:. Retrieved
7963:the original
7958:
7948:
7936:. Retrieved
7932:the original
7922:
7911:the original
7898:
7890:the original
7885:
7876:
7864:
7848:
7813:
7782:
7734:
7728:
7721:Niblock 1982
7716:
7709:Niblock 1982
7704:
7697:Niblock 1982
7692:
7663:
7652:
7645:Niblock 1982
7640:
7633:Niblock 1982
7628:
7616:
7609:Niblock 1982
7604:
7566:
7560:
7553:Perthes 1997
7548:
7536:
7524:
7505:
7499:
7462:
7456:
7444:
7425:
7419:
7412:Hopwood 1988
7371:
7365:
7353:. Retrieved
7346:the original
7333:
7300:
7294:
7261:
7255:
7222:
7216:
7204:. Retrieved
7197:the original
7184:
7177:Commins 2004
7172:
7165:Laqueur 1969
7160:
7153:Laqueur 1969
7148:
7136:
7082:
7076:
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7047:
7037:
7025:
7013:
6994:
6988:
6972:
6956:
6944:
6928:
6893:
6877:
6866:Ruthven 2006
6861:
6845:
6789:
6783:
6746:
6740:
6699:
6683:
6627:
6611:
6595:
6554:
6538:
6522:
6447:
6435:
6419:
6411:the original
6406:
6397:
6343:
6337:
6304:
6298:
6265:
6259:
6243:
6210:
6204:
6188:
6172:
6156:
6140:
6124:
6079:, p. 8.
6056:
6049:. Retrieved
6042:the original
6029:
6017:. Retrieved
6010:the original
5997:
5985:. Retrieved
5983:. p. 80
5980:
5960:the original
5955:
5945:
5937:the original
5932:
5922:
5902:the original
5897:
5885:the original
5880:
5869:the original
5864:
5852:the original
5847:
5835:the original
5830:
5818:the original
5813:
5800:
5780:
5762:al-BaÊżthÄ«yah
5759:
5716:
5685:
5670:
5663:
5627:anti-semitic
5623:Islamophobic
5604:
5600:Assad regime
5598:. While the
5567:
5543:Adolf Hitler
5532:
5514:philosopher
5506:and refused
5493:
5483:
5477:
5451:
5400:
5381:
5371:
5352:Fidel Castro
5340:
5314:
5309:Michel Aflaq
5277:Kanan Makiya
5266:
5260:Mesopotamian
5237:
5233:Uday Hussein
5228:
5203:
5194:
5183:Michel Aflaq
5140:
5130:
5104:
5091:
5083:Assad family
5074:
5072:
5034:
5000:
4974:" (itself a
4972:people's war
4961:
4957:Michel Aflaq
4939:
4934:Michel Aflaq
4911:
4899:Michel Aflaq
4855:Ba'ath Party
4849:
4843:
4837:
4833:
4815:
4812:Vaclav Havel
4809:
4784:
4761:
4749:
4740:nationalism.
4738:
4712:
4704:
4688:
4669:
4656:
4634:Article 35:
4601:
4596:Ba'ath Party
4582:
4572:
4551:
4539:
4523:
4513:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4477:
4457:
4445:
4441:
4425:
4405:sectarianism
4397:
4389:
4380:
4370:Michel Aflaq
4368:
4359:Michel Aflaq
4335:Eastern Bloc
4327:Western Bloc
4277:
4257:
4245:Ba'ath party
4240:
4237:Ba'ath Party
4213:Michel Aflaq
4211:
4183:
4175:anti-Zionist
4161:, and other
4159:trade unions
4140:
4117:
4113:coup of 1968
4108:
4093:another coup
4085:coup in 1963
4078:
4063:
4059:Vichy French
4036:
3992:Alexandretta
3989:
3981:
3969:Ba'ath Party
3957:Michel Aflaq
3954:
3946:Ba'ath Party
2843:Evolutionary
2763:21st-century
2557:Freed market
2386:
2364:
2342:and rejects
2321:
2283:Michel Aflaq
2255:
2251:
2250:
1745: /
1731:
1717:UN sanctions
1685:
1587:Michel Aflaq
1535:Ba'ath Party
1487:
1431:
1371:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1279:
1226:
1218:Demographics
1166:
1147:
1090:
1042:
982:
949:
804:
691:
657:Multilateral
656:
612:
557:
546:Anti-Zionism
541:Antisemitism
530:Anti-Shi'ism
489:
454:
427:Arab leaders
426:
379:Institutions
377:
299:
287:
270:
263:
253:
190:
82:Anti-Zionism
18:
14050:Evo Morales
14040:Kim Jong Un
14020:Hugo ChĂĄvez
13991:Howard Zinn
13981:Cornel West
13976:H. G. Wells
13946:Sun Yat-sen
13776:Jack Layton
13751:Kim Il Sung
13746:Kim Jong-il
13701:Maxim Gorky
13651:Marcel DĂ©at
13566:Jiang Zemin
13507:Oscar Wilde
13447:George Sand
13402:Robert Owen
13327:Jean JaurĂšs
13217:Louis Blanc
13124:Thomas More
13086:Technocracy
12960:Trade union
12930:Revisionism
12880:Land reform
12751:Third World
12678:Nationalist
12465:Brezhnevism
12438:Nechayevism
12380:Mao-Spontex
12346:Syndicalist
12336:Communalism
12331:Platformism
12284:Free-market
12255:Libertarian
12241:Technocracy
12191:Nationalist
12169:Syndicalism
11710:Arab Ba'ath
11632:Salah Jadid
11489:Arabization
11336:Six-Day War
11331:Suez Crisis
11277:Arab Revolt
11256:Pan-Arabism
11129:Vanguardism
11104:Pan-Arabism
10734:Snake Party
10520:South Yemen
10351:Imad Khamis
10096:Salim Yasin
10016:Imad Khamis
9991:Salah Jadid
9976:Hilal Hilal
9971:Salim Hatum
9936:Ahmad Diyab
9861:Tahir Yahya
9619:Salah Jadid
9599:Elias Farah
9476:Rakad Salem
9450:Assem Qanso
9054:Arab Ba'ath
8654:I.B. Tauris
8233:Works cited
8195:Seddon 2006
7855:, pp.
7853:Curtis 1971
7841:pp. 137â138
7839:, pp.
7837:Curtis 1971
7820:, pp.
7818:Curtis 1971
7597:Bengio 1998
7541:Viorst 1995
6979:, pp.
6977:Harris 1997
6961:Harris 1997
6949:Harris 1997
6933:Harris 1997
6917:Harris 1997
6882:Mackey 2003
6852:, pp.
6706:, pp.
6690:, pp.
6655:, pp.
6545:, pp.
6529:, pp.
6475:, pp.
6440:Devlin 1975
6407:harvard.edu
6248:Bengio 1998
6193:Curtis 1971
6179:, pp.
6177:Curtis 1971
6161:Curtis 1971
6147:, pp.
6113:Curtis 1971
6094:, pp.
6092:Curtis 1971
6077:Devlin 1975
5691:During the
5681:Mauritanian
5650:Strasserist
5551:antisemitic
5504:Axis powers
5462:Zaki Arsuzi
5415:nationalism
5366:Controversy
5356:Há» ChĂ Minh
5145:parasitaire
5143:bourgeoisie
5127:nationalism
5087:personalist
5038:dictatorial
4980:Six-Day War
4930:Salah Jadid
4875:Salah Jadid
4840:they did."
4810:"Much like
4691:renaissance
4680:nationalism
4547:colonialism
4543:imperialism
4503:Arab League
4472:reactionary
4460:Arab Revolt
4413:reactionism
4409:regionalism
4385:renaissance
4381:baʽth
4350:Arab nation
4337:during the
4217:Zaki Arsuzi
4167:Arabization
4143:autocracies
4043:Arab Ba'ath
4020:Georg Hegel
3977:Arab Ba'ath
3965:Zaki Arsuzi
3942:Zaki Arsuzi
3874:WikiProject
3752:French Left
3544:Spiridonova
3443:Politicians
3356:Castoriadis
3036:Saint-Simon
2988:Third World
2983:Syndicalism
2918:Nationalist
2893:Libertarian
2858:Free-market
2721:Lange model
2709:Soviet-type
2679:Communalism
2651:Vanguardism
2607:Spontaneism
2517:Cooperative
2463:Development
2356:pan-Arabism
2332:renaissance
2183:Pan-Arabism
2145:2002–
2132:1970–
2119:1966–
1612:Salah Jadid
1559:1966–
1515:Arab Ba'ath
1362:Marsh Arabs
1296:Arabization
1281:Ethnicities
1117:Doha (2010)
992:Dubai Smile
796:Arab Revolt
791:Expenditure
514:Sunni Islam
436:King Salman
278:Nile Valley
182:Pan-Arabism
155:Arab Winter
67:Pan-Arabism
14243:Categories
14157:Categories
14060:Xi Jinping
13996:J. Posadas
13666:John Dewey
13656:Guy Debord
13576:Jyoti Basu
13457:EugĂšne Sue
12771:and issues
12769:Key topics
12746:Sri Lankan
12719:Melanesian
12714:Indonesian
12663:Bolivarian
12585:Lassallism
12573:Tkachevism
12450:Bolshevism
12424:from above
12409:Third camp
12385:Trotskyism
12260:from below
12226:Icarianism
12221:Fourierism
12206:Scientific
12139:Democratic
12114:Schools of
11874:Literature
11567:Tariq Aziz
11484:Arab world
11479:Arab Union
11408:Dhofar War
11138:Literature
11124:Secularism
11012:in Lebanon
10565:Newspapers
10510:Mauritania
10464:Mauritania
10331:Adel Safar
9731:Tariq Aziz
9341:(de facto)
9251:Leadership
9160:Post-split
8746:I.B.Tauris
8522:B0007DTQ2S
8128:6 December
8071:6 December
7969:1 December
7938:1 December
7886:Al Arabiya
7806:Maʻoz 2005
7789:, p.
7672:. p.
7129:Pipes 1992
6963:, p.
6935:, p.
6919:, p.
6900:, p.
6884:, p.
6868:, p.
6850:Salem 1994
6836:, p.
6834:Salem 1994
6731:, p.
6729:Salem 1994
6688:Salem 1994
6674:, p.
6672:Salem 1994
6653:Salem 1994
6634:, p.
6618:, p.
6602:, p.
6586:, p.
6584:Salem 1994
6561:, p.
6559:Salem 1994
6543:Salem 1994
6527:Salem 1994
6513:, p.
6511:Salem 1994
6494:, p.
6492:Salem 1994
6473:Salem 1994
6454:, p.
6452:Ginat 2010
6426:, p.
6424:Jones 2007
6388:, p.
6386:Salem 1994
6250:, p.
6195:, p.
6163:, p.
6131:, p.
6115:, p.
5987:24 October
5981:ejtaal.net
5915:References
5865:Al Jazeera
5831:Al Jazeera
5485:Mein Kampf
5427:right-wing
5386:Arab world
5244:Babylonian
5224:militarist
5216:Arab world
5163:See also:
5132:mukhabarat
5073:Assadism (
5030:capitalism
4988:communists
4883:militarist
4802:See also:
4780:party line
4624:programme.
4496:status quo
4468:Arab world
4264:Arab world
4208:Definition
4188:, and the
4076:in 1953.
3845:Socialists
3840:By country
3722:Capitalism
3604:Mitterrand
3569:Gerhardsen
3514:Liebknecht
3499:Markievicz
3426:Varoufakis
3376:Fotopoulos
3046:Saint-Just
3041:Buonarroti
3026:Campanella
2963:Scientific
2898:Marhaenism
2853:Fourierism
2838:Ecological
2818:Democratic
2348:secularism
1951:Mauritania
1650:Literature
1386:(majority)
1347:Lifestyles
1245:Christians
1241:(majority)
1149:Mu'allaqat
1144:Literature
1082:Al Jazeera
1077:Al Arabiya
757:Uzbekistan
400:Parliament
338:Governance
128:Arab world
87:Secularism
14249:Ba'athism
14233:Socialism
14108:Communism
14103:Anarchism
14030:Hu Jintao
13851:Imre Nagy
13636:M. N. Roy
13596:LĂ©on Blum
13591:Tony Benn
13526:Tariq Ali
13382:Karl Marx
12986:Adhocracy
12925:Reformism
12813:Democracy
12683:Chiangist
12673:Communist
12620:communism
12615:anarchism
12610:Christian
12597:Religious
12554:Stalinism
12480:Guevarism
12470:Castroism
12445:Blanquism
12321:Mutualism
12279:Communist
12269:Anarchism
12196:Reformist
12164:Labourism
12134:Communist
12092:Socialism
11907:Symbolism
11251:Nasserism
11246:Ba'athism
11163:Symbolism
11119:Saddamism
11099:Ba'athism
10582:Al-Thawra
10572:Al-Ba'ath
10515:Palestine
10469:Palestine
10192:(interim)
9464:Palestine
9268:Pre-split
9189:Arab Belt
9099:Pre-split
8700:Routledge
8631:Routledge
8581:Routledge
8554:Routledge
8316:159345006
7753:cite book
7481:cite book
7390:cite book
7319:cite book
7280:cite book
7241:cite book
7141:Walt 1987
7101:cite book
7054:12 August
6808:cite book
6765:cite book
6704:Salem1994
6362:cite book
6323:cite book
6284:cite book
6229:cite book
5804:Sources:
5631:globalism
5611:far-right
5512:racialist
5447:Karl Marx
5431:left-wing
5419:socialism
5337:bourgeois
5220:Nasserite
5214:-centred
5196:Saddamism
5191:Saddamism
5170:Saddamism
5141:nouvelle
5137:socialist
5121:'s early
5075:Assadiyah
5026:feudalism
4723:Christian
4676:Karl Marx
4584:Socialism
4562:Socialism
4401:feudalism
4299:communism
4292:left-wing
4284:socialism
4024:Karl Marx
3717:Anarchism
3639:Gorbachev
3489:Malatesta
3484:Bernstein
3261:Pankhurst
3241:Pannekoek
3231:Luxemburg
3186:Plekhanov
3161:Carpenter
3156:Kropotkin
2953:Ricardian
2943:Religious
2938:Reformism
2923:Nkrumaism
2913:Municipal
2813:Communism
2808:Christian
2793:Blanquism
2783:Anarchism
2726:Mutualism
2428:Socialism
2367:socialist
2308:, former
2293:(per the
2285:(per the
2252:Ba'athism
2188:Saddamism
2178:Nasserism
2068:pro-Syria
2047:pro-Syria
2026:pro-Syria
2005:pro-Syria
1984:pro-Syria
1972:Palestine
1963:pro-Syria
1926:pro-Syria
1889:pro-Syria
1868:pro-Syria
1847:pro-Syria
1826:pro-Syria
1805:pro-Syria
1488:Ba'athism
1265:Mandaeans
974:Palestine
762:Venezuela
692:Bilateral
490:Ba'athism
474:Nasserism
234:Geography
112:Left-wing
97:Socialism
26:Ba'athism
14128:Old Left
14123:New Left
14096:See also
14025:Bob Crow
13551:Aung San
12979:Concepts
12756:Yugoslav
12692:European
12605:Buddhist
12568:National
12507:Kadarism
12495:Husakism
12490:Hoxhaism
12475:CeauÈism
12455:Leninism
12433:Barracks
12402:Orthodox
12395:Posadism
12390:Pabloism
12316:Magonism
12149:Feminist
12129:Agrarian
12049:Category
11991:Islamism
11700:Al-Fatat
11467:Concepts
11234:Ideology
11072:Ideology
10875:Ahd Bloc
9078:Founders
8391:(2005).
8329:ABC-CLIO
8180:14 April
8154:14 April
8095:New Arab
8012:BBC News
7787:Ali 2003
7660:(1998).
5848:New Arab
5644:held in
5639:neo-Nazi
5607:neo-Nazi
5524:Muhammad
5500:Damascus
5311:in 1989.
5273:Idi Amin
5269:Papa Doc
5248:Assyrian
5153:populist
5107:nepotism
5067:Damascus
5049:Assadism
5022:religion
4964:far-left
4914:ocialism
4867:pan-Arab
4830:ideology
4792:Gulf War
4743:â
4727:Muhammad
4648:â
4631:state...
4576:â
4517:â
4488:Bismarck
4417:Leninist
4345:Concepts
4339:Cold War
4323:American
4303:reaction
4288:pan-Arab
4103:and one
3835:Category
3574:Erlander
3534:Kerensky
3504:Connolly
3361:Thompson
3346:Bookchin
3336:Montseny
3286:Vanzetti
3251:Einstein
3221:Landauer
3126:Saltykov
3121:Lassalle
3081:Proudhon
2863:Gandhian
2848:Feminist
2798:Buddhist
2778:Agrarian
2756:Variants
2420:a series
2418:Part of
2263:ideology
2258:, is an
2256:Baathism
2063:pro-Iraq
2042:pro-Iraq
2021:pro-Iraq
2000:pro-Iraq
1979:pro-Iraq
1958:pro-Iraq
1942:pro-Iraq
1921:pro-Iraq
1905:pro-Iraq
1884:pro-Iraq
1863:pro-Iraq
1842:pro-Iraq
1821:pro-Iraq
1800:pro-Iraq
1722:Iraq War
1712:Gulf War
1480:a series
1478:Part of
1397:Armenian
1373:Language
1270:Hinduism
1228:Religion
1201:Arab Cup
1057:Nile-SAT
1052:Arab-SAT
950:Railways
941:Aviation
780:Military
742:Pakistan
509:Islamism
456:Ideology
320:ad-Dahna
49:Ideology
13941:Sukarno
13836:Mao Dun
12724:Mexican
12709:Israeli
12668:Chinese
12648:African
12627:Islamic
12522:Dengism
12231:Owenism
12216:Utopian
12186:Marxian
12176:Liberal
12144:Ethical
12116:thought
12106:Outline
12102:History
11695:Al-Awda
11270:History
11000:Unified
10995:Bakdash
10822:Current
10786:Al-Awda
10540:History
10505:Lebanon
10479:Tunisia
10454:Lebanon
10427:Bahrain
10422:Algeria
9537:of the
9534:Members
9443:Lebanon
9182:Members
9035:History
8044:troops.
7857:132â138
7822:137â138
7355:8 March
7206:8 March
6181:132â133
6149:144â145
6096:135â138
6051:8 March
6019:8 March
5774:, from
5757:ۧÙŰšŰčŰ«ÙŰ©
5635:Zionism
5472:of the
5429:' and '
5403:fascism
5317:Marxism
5210:and an
5014:New Man
4970:" and "
4889:of the
4851:Israeli
4764:secular
4753:atheism
4659:Marxist
4588:Marxist
4530:liberty
4509:Liberty
4329:or the
4109:de jure
4066:Lebanon
3669:SĂĄnchez
3654:Sankara
3614:Mandela
3599:Kreisky
3589:Allende
3584:Senghor
3579:Douglas
3564:Durruti
3529:Trotsky
3421:Graeber
3401:Hampton
3371:Chomsky
3316:Marcuse
3301:Gramsci
3291:Bordiga
3281:Polanyi
3236:Russell
3226:Berkman
3216:Goldman
3206:Du Bois
3176:Kautsky
3171:Bellamy
3136:Tolstoy
3111:Wallace
3096:Bakunin
3086:Greeley
3076:Blanqui
3056:Fourier
3003:Zionist
2993:Utopian
2933:Popular
2928:Owenism
2908:Marxism
2888:Liberal
2873:Islamic
2833:Ethical
2828:Digital
2803:Chinese
2768:African
2452:Outline
2447:History
2411:History
2379:Marxist
2326:of the
2297:), and
2273:over a
2147:present
2134:present
2121:present
2035:Tunisia
1914:Lebanon
1814:Bahrain
1793:Algeria
1680:History
1561:present
1422:Persian
1412:Kurdish
1357:Bedouin
1317:Somalis
1312:Nubians
1302:Berbers
1260:Shabaks
1255:Yazidis
1239:Muslims
1134:Cuisine
1034:Culture
983:Bridges
850:Economy
727:Eritrea
712:Eritrea
395:Summits
390:Council
315:Arabian
300:Deserts
272:Mashriq
265:Maghreb
254:Regions
14219:Portal
13871:Ne Win
13806:Lu Xun
13101:People
12729:Soviet
12704:Indian
12632:Jewish
12517:Maoism
12341:Social
12181:Market
10868:Former
10500:Jordan
10449:Jordan
9416:Jordan
8938:
8911:
8888:
8865:
8842:
8819:
8794:
8775:
8752:
8729:
8706:
8679:
8660:
8637:
8610:
8587:
8560:
8537:
8520:
8501:
8482:
8455:
8432:
8405:
8377:
8358:
8335:
8314:
8283:
8256:
7741:
7680:
7573:
7512:
7469:
7432:
7378:
7307:
7268:
7229:
7089:
7001:
6796:
6753:
6350:
6311:
6272:
6217:
5753:Arabic
5563:Berlin
5547:racist
5490:Arabic
5358:, and
5327:, and
5069:, 1984
4976:Maoist
4838:though
4608:nation
4331:Soviet
4145:built
4099:: one
4008:German
4006:, the
3963:, and
3664:Marcos
3659:ChĂĄvez
3649:Corbyn
3624:Manley
3619:DubÄek
3609:Nasser
3549:Makhno
3539:Attlee
3524:Martov
3509:Gandhi
3464:Babeuf
3454:Mazdak
3416:Hedges
3396:Ăcalan
3381:Newton
3341:Sartre
3331:Guérin
3326:Orwell
3276:Korsch
3271:LukĂĄcs
3256:Keller
3246:Rocker
3191:Ferrer
3146:Morris
3141:Michel
3116:Lavrov
3106:Engels
3091:Herzen
3066:Leroux
2998:Yellow
2903:Market
2878:Jewish
2673:Models
2358:, and
2279:Syrian
1898:Kuwait
1877:Jordan
1575:People
1427:Somali
1417:Nubian
1407:Hebrew
1402:Berber
1384:Arabic
747:Turkey
737:Israel
717:France
702:Brazil
310:Sahara
14005:21st
13516:20th
13172:19th
13133:18th
13109:16th
12580:State
12501:Juche
12301:Green
12159:Guild
12154:Green
11795:Fatah
10970:Sawab
10650:Youth
10612:Wings
10552:Yemen
10530:Syria
10525:Sudan
10484:Yemen
10474:Sudan
10459:Libya
10432:Egypt
10262:Syria
10160:Syria
10110:Yemen
9877:Syria
9486:Syria
8312:S2CID
8250:Verso
7914:(PDF)
7907:(PDF)
7349:(PDF)
7342:(PDF)
7200:(PDF)
7193:(PDF)
6981:39â40
6854:69â70
6708:66â67
6692:67â68
6657:65â66
6547:64â65
6531:63â64
6477:61â62
6045:(PDF)
6038:(PDF)
6013:(PDF)
6006:(PDF)
5783:baÊżth
5708:Notes
5588:Hafez
5520:Islam
5508:Italy
5488:into
5474:Arabs
5466:pagan
5374:Syria
5256:Arabs
5229:Babil
4945:Cairo
4863:Syria
4699:Syria
4636:Usury
4393:Islam
4333:-led
4325:-led
4273:Islam
4229:Syria
3850:Songs
3824:Lists
3629:Palme
3479:Bebel
3469:Blanc
3431:Saito
3406:ĆœiĆŸek
3386:Wolff
3321:James
3306:Sacco
3296:Serge
3266:Volin
3211:Gorky
3201:Wells
3196:Dewey
3181:Wilde
3166:Sorel
3151:Jones
3061:Cabet
3031:Paine
2978:State
2968:Sewer
2868:Guild
2646:needs
2501:Ideas
2393:Syria
2328:Arabs
2056:Yemen
2014:Syria
1993:Sudan
1935:Libya
1835:Egypt
1322:other
1307:Kurds
1292:Arabs
1168:Sport
1157:Dress
1043:Media
964:Hejaz
722:India
707:China
672:ASEAN
418:Unity
216:Syria
211:Libya
201:Egypt
12739:Real
12658:Arab
10437:Iraq
10222:Iraq
10135:Iraq
9672:Iraq
9369:Iraq
8936:ISBN
8909:ISBN
8886:ISBN
8863:ISBN
8840:ISBN
8817:ISBN
8792:ISBN
8773:ISBN
8750:ISBN
8727:ISBN
8704:ISBN
8677:ISBN
8658:ISBN
8635:ISBN
8608:ISBN
8585:ISBN
8558:ISBN
8535:ISBN
8518:ASIN
8499:ISBN
8480:ISBN
8453:ISBN
8430:ISBN
8403:ISBN
8375:ISBN
8356:ISBN
8333:ISBN
8281:ISBN
8254:ISBN
8182:2023
8156:2023
8130:2014
8073:2014
7971:2014
7940:2014
7759:link
7739:ISBN
7678:ISBN
7571:ISBN
7510:ISBN
7491:link
7487:link
7467:ISBN
7430:ISBN
7396:link
7376:ISBN
7357:2013
7325:link
7305:ISBN
7286:link
7266:ISBN
7247:link
7227:ISBN
7208:2013
7107:link
7087:ISBN
7056:2013
6999:ISBN
6818:link
6814:link
6794:ISBN
6775:link
6771:link
6751:ISBN
6368:link
6348:ISBN
6329:link
6309:ISBN
6290:link
6270:ISBN
6235:link
6215:ISBN
6053:2013
6021:2013
5989:2023
5788:IPA:
5767:IPA:
5686:The
5671:The
5633:and
5609:and
5541:and
5522:and
5435:Nazi
5378:Iraq
5376:and
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5212:Iraq
4901:and
4877:and
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4387:").
4233:Iraq
4122:and
4118:The
4030:and
4010:and
3644:Lula
3559:Nagy
3554:Tito
3519:Blum
3494:Debs
3474:Hong
3459:Roux
3411:West
3366:Ward
3351:Zinn
3101:Marx
3051:Owen
3021:More
2773:Arab
2699:OGAS
2391:and
2389:Iraq
1856:Iraq
1743:1963
1392:Afar
1250:Jews
969:ONCF
732:Iran
206:Iraq
8304:doi
8174:NPR
7791:110
7674:274
6902:297
6886:187
6870:319
6456:120
6252:218
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