332:
decreased peak flows and the depth, duration and extent of flooding downstream during the wet season. It also reduced the total amount of water available for farming, since a large sheet of water in a hot and arid area loses much to evaporation. In the downstream areas, of a total of 19,000 hectares of floodplain land, the dam resulted in loss of 7,000 hectares of rice production and 5,000 hectares of dry season crops. This loss was partially offset by increases in lower-value millet and sorghum production, but 12,000 people were forced to move. The loss of agricultural output has been valued at US$ 7 million annually.
53:
324:
286:, with further upstream dams for flood control. The FAO report emphasized the importance of a gradual approach that would have minimal impact on existing land use patterns, in part because of lack of experience with irrigation projects in the region. In 1971 the Nigerian military government invited proposals for design and supervision of the project and, in 1972, awarded the job to Impressit Bakolori Nigeria, a company owned 60% by the Nigerian government and 40% by a subsidiary of
40:
307:
plant. The irrigation pipes and canals were not completed until 1983 and covered only 23,000 hectares compared to 30,000 hectares originally planned. Water was delivered to 15,000 hectares by sprinklers and to 8,000 hectares by gravity. Sprinklers are expensive but make more efficient use of water if well maintained. After cost overruns, the irrigation project ended up as one of the most expensive per hectare in the world.
299:
60:
341:
capacity of the reservoir for fish production. The reservoir is less productive than the river and the river's natural lakes and pools. In the irrigated area, the higher water table combined with high evaporation rates has caused salinization, which has already ruined half of the irrigable land. There were also higher levels of water-born diseases. Attempts to introduce new varieties of
256:
zone of northern
Nigeria. Annual rainfall is unpredictable, ranging from 500 mm to 1,300 mm per year during the June–September period. Before construction of the dam, about 50,000 farmers in the Sokoto River floodplain practiced intensive recession farming, growing rice and sorghum in
306:
Construction of the dam began in 1974 and was completed in 1978, after which it took three years for the reservoir to fill. The dam is a 5.5 km (3 mi) earth-fill embankment, with a central concrete structure 360 m long and 48 m high incorporating a small 3 MW hydroelectric power
310:
Construction of the dam, with land leveling, clearing and canal construction destroyed valuable farmland and trees. The local farmers became landless peasants. Most received no compensation, or were given worthless land. Those that stayed were forced to grow unfamiliar crops such as wheat. During
340:
The reservoir has a relatively small littoral area, which limits the size of spawning and nursery areas of most fish species. The water is turbid, holding suspended soil particles that block the light and inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants on which fish depend for food. This limits the
331:
The downstream floodplain farmers required large-scale water release before the growing season, with diminished flows later as they practiced flood recession agriculture. Dam operators were not sensitive to this need, releasing insufficient water at inappropriate times. The dam significantly
348:
By 2003, the sprinkler system was no longer operational and only 7,500 hectares were being cultivated, mostly for rice, using gravity-fed irrigation. Land was left untilled. Many residents drifted away to the cities. The
Bakolori Dam resulted in a 53% decrease in the usable cropped area.
290:. During the 1972 to 1974 study period, the scope of the project expanded to cover a single large dam and a large-scale mechanized irrigation scheme. Local farmers were not consulted in the planning process and no study was made of the downstream impact.
269:
Farmers in the area, living at subsistence levels, were more concerned with avoiding risk than maximizing profit. The area is subject to periodic droughts, and the desire for a stable water supply was one of the motives for constructing the dam.
243:
Dam construction displaced many peasant farmers without providing alternative land or financial compensation. Many people died in protests over their loss of livelihood. The project has become known as a classic example of development failure.
265:
do not usually work the field but do have ownership rights and assist in processing. Women who are not under seclusion are active in farming. Often the land was owned communally without formal records of ownership.
315:, promised to address all their grievances. However, on 28 April 1980 police moved in on unarmed demonstrators and killed over 380 people. The government played down the incident, claiming only 25 had died.
652:
809:
345:
inter-cropped with millet, sorghum and groundnuts had little success due to the relatively low yield of this traditional crop and the high cost of the irrigation systems.
311:
construction, the local farmers were deprived of the means to make a living for several years. Confronted by demonstrators in
November 1979, the governor of Sokoto State,
360:
in 1988 concluded that "a more complete economic appraisal of the scheme at
Bakolori would have been less favourable than the calculation upon which it was approved."
583:
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425:
17:
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Adams, W.M. (September 1993). "Development's deaf ear: Downstream users and water releases from the
Bakolori Dam, Nigeria".
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the wet season and vegetable crops such as onions, garlic and tomatoes in the dry season. Many farmers used the
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The future of large dams: dealing with social, environmental, institutional and political costs
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practice of lifting water from the river to pour into irrigation channels or ponds. Women in
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221:. It was completed in 1978 and its reservoir filled by 1981. It is a major reservoir on the
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426:"DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF BAKOLORI IRRIGATION PROJECT IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA"
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The dam has a capacity of 450 million cubic meters, with a reservoir covering 8,000
739:"Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Irrigated Rice Productivity in Nigeria"
528:
1045:
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808:
G. E. Hollis; M. M. Holland; E. Maltby & J. S. Larson (January–March 1988).
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1101:
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963:
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312:
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106:
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702:"Fishery Resources of Nigerian Inland Waters - The Niger/Sokoto River Basin"
282:(FAO) issued a report that recommended a small dam and irrigation scheme at
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222:
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1004:
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653:"Water Resources and Environment Technical Note G.3 Wetlands Management"
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392:"Bakolori Dam and Bakolori Irrigation Project – Sokoto River, Nigeria"
327:
Sketch map of Sokoto River showing
Bakolori Dam and irrigation project
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994:
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39:
622:
Green development: environment and sustainability in the Third World
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233:. Water from the dam supplies the Bakolori Irrigation Project.
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726:. International Grain Legume Information Centre. p. 88.
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744:. West Africa Rice Development Association. Archived from
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M. Kebbeh, S. Haefele and S. O. Fagade1 (September 2003).
493:
Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and
Practice
390:
Akané Hartenbach & Jürgen Schuol (October 2005).
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Displacement and the politics of violence in
Nigeria
423:
302:
Sokoto River Basin, showing the location of the dam
854:
1099:
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817:. Nature and Resources. Vol. XXIV. UNESCO.
840:
681:"Fishery Resources of Nigerian Inland Waters"
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252:The Sokoto River runs through the semi-arid
240:extending 19 km (12 mi) upstream.
768:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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495:. Cambridge University Press. p. 312.
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593:. World Commission on Dams. Archived from
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419:
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491:David Anderson; Richard H. Grove (1990).
784:"Background on issues relating to Water"
724:Tropical grain legume bulletin, Issue 28
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1128:20th-century architecture in Nigeria
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59:
704:. Food and Agriculture Organization
683:. Food and Agriculture Organization
67:Location of Bakolori Dam in Nigeria
24:
397:. Eawag aquatic research institute
25:
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433:Nordic Journal of African Studies
280:Food and Agriculture Organization
786:. United Nations. Archived from
58:
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673:
582:Adams, William (January 2000).
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856:Dams and reservoirs in Nigeria
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539:
484:
13:
1:
424:MOHAMMED KUTA YAHAYA (2002).
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336:Reservoir and irrigation area
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618:Adams, William Mark (2001).
584:"Downstream Impacts of Dams"
533:10.1016/0305-750X(93)90121-O
439:(3): 411–430. Archived from
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722:M.O.E. Orode (1984-11-09).
470:. BRILL. 1997. p. 76.
352:The authors of a report on
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18:Bakolori irrigation project
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651:de Schutter, Joop (2003).
229:, which in turn feeds the
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546:Scudder, Thayer (2005).
658:. Washington, D.C. US:
199:Installed capacity
123:Construction began
1123:Dams completed in 1978
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303:
158:Maradun, zamfara state
626:. Routledge. p.
554:. Earthscan. p.
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301:
225:, a tributary of the
149:Earth-fill embankment
145:Type of dam
811:Wise Use of Wetlands
354:Wise Use of Wetlands
107:12.51194°N 6.18333°E
591:Thematic Review I.1
185:Total capacity
103: /
944:Challawa Gorge Dam
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1118:Earth-filled dams
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1041:Asejire Reservoir
900:Cross River State
521:World Development
319:Downstream impact
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139:Dam and spillways
131:Opening date
112:12.51194; 6.18333
16:(Redirected from
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527:(9): 1405–1416.
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27:Dam in Nigeria
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1079:Zamfara State
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964:Katsina State
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637:0-415-14766-2
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313:Shehu Kangiwa
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284:Talata Mafara
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278:In 1969, the
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1113:Sokoto State
1064:Bakolori Dam
1063:
1056:Sokoto State
882:Bauchi State
810:
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:the original
778:
753:. Retrieved
746:the original
732:
723:
717:
706:. Retrieved
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685:. Retrieved
675:
664:. Retrieved
662:. p. 15
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621:
613:
602:. Retrieved
595:the original
590:
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448:. Retrieved
441:the original
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432:
399:. Retrieved
353:
351:
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339:
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309:
305:
294:Construction
277:
268:
251:
242:
235:
223:Sokoto River
215:Sokoto State
211:Bakolori Dam
210:
208:
33:Bakolori Dam
1069:Goronyo Dam
1005:Shiroro Dam
987:Niger State
918:Gombe State
231:Niger River
110: /
86:Coordinates
1102:Categories
1015:Ogun State
1000:Kainji Dam
972:Jibiya Dam
954:Watari Dam
936:Kano State
794:2010-01-11
755:2010-01-11
708:2010-01-22
687:2010-01-11
666:2015-09-12
660:World Bank
604:2010-01-22
450:2010-01-10
401:2010-01-10
364:References
248:Background
227:Rima River
95:12°30′43″N
1087:Gusau Dam
1033:Oyo State
995:Jebba Dam
908:Obudu Dam
180:Reservoir
977:Zobe Dam
949:Tiga Dam
872:Kiri Dam
764:cite web
274:Planning
238:hectares
154:Impounds
98:6°11′0″E
76:Location
259:Shadoof
219:Nigeria
80:Nigeria
634:
562:
499:
474:
358:UNESCO
343:cowpea
263:purdah
213:is in
172:Length
164:Height
815:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
598:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
444:(PDF)
429:(PDF)
395:(PDF)
203:11 MW
770:link
632:ISBN
560:ISBN
497:ISBN
472:ISBN
288:Fiat
209:The
175:360m
134:1978
126:1974
628:231
556:236
529:doi
167:48m
1104::
766:}}
762:{{
630:.
589:.
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525:21
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
