Barbarian - Knowledge

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Heaven to rule China. At the same time, they also tried to retain their own indigenous culture. Due to the Manchus' adoption of Han Chinese culture, most Han Chinese (though not all) did accept the Manchus as the legitimate rulers of China. Similarly, according to Fudan University historian Yao Dali, even the supposedly "patriotic" hero Wen Tianxiang of the late Song and early Yuan period did not believe the Mongol rule to be illegitimate. In fact, Wen was willing to live under Mongol rule as long as he was not forced to be a Yuan dynasty official, out of his loyalty to the Song dynasty. Yao explains that Wen chose to die in the end because he was forced to become a Yuan official. So, Wen chose death due to his loyalty to his dynasty, not because he viewed the Yuan court as a non-Chinese, illegitimate regime and therefore refused to live under their rule. Yao also says that many Chinese who were living in the Yuan-Ming transition period also shared Wen's beliefs of identifying with and putting loyalty towards one's dynasty above racial/ethnic differences. Many Han Chinese writers did not celebrate the collapse of the Mongols and the return of the Han Chinese rule in the form of the Ming dynasty government at that time. Many Han Chinese actually chose not to serve in the new Ming court at all due to their loyalty to the Yuan. Some Han Chinese also committed suicide on behalf of the Mongols as a proof of their loyalty. The founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, also indicated that he was happy to be born in the Yuan period and that the Yuan did legitimately receive the Mandate of Heaven to rule over China. On a side note, one of his key advisors, Liu Ji, generally supported the idea that while the Chinese and the non-Chinese are different, they are actually equal. Liu was therefore arguing against the idea that the Chinese were and are superior to the "Yi."

3151:"Whether the Pelasgi were anciently a foreign or Grecian tribe, has been a subject of constant and celebrated discussion. Herodotus, speaking of some settlements held to be Pelaigic, and existing in his time, terms their language 'barbarous;' but Mueller, nor with argument insufficient, considers that the expression of the historian would apply only to a peculiar dialect; and the hypothesis is sustained by another passage in Herodotus, in which he applies to certain Ionian dialects the same term as that with which he stigmatizes the language of the Pelasgic settlements. In corroboration of Mueller's opinion, we may also observe, that the 'barbarous-tongued' is an epithet applied by Homer to the Carians, and is rightly construed by the ancient critics as denoting a dialect mingled and unpolished, certainly not foreign. Nor when the Agamemnon of Sophocles upbraids Teucer with 'his barbarous tongue,' would any scholar suppose that Teucer is upbraided with not speaking Greek; he is upbraided with speaking Greek inelegantly and rudely. It is clear that they who continued with the least adulteration a language in its earliest form, would seem to utter a strange and unfamiliar jargon to ears accustomed to its more modern construction." 3125:"The status of being a foreigner, as the Greeks understood the term does not permit any easy definition. Primarily it signified such peoples as the Persians and Egyptians, whose languages were unintelligible to the Greeks, but it could also be used of Greeks who spoke in a different dialect and with a different accent ... Prejudice toward Greeks on the part of Greeks was not limited to those who lived on the fringes of the Greek world. The Boeotians, inhabitants of central Greece, whose credentials were impeccable, were routinely mocked for their stupidity and gluttony. Ethnicity is a fluid concept even at the best of times. When it suited their purposes, the Greeks also divided themselves into Ionians and Dorians. The distinction was emphasized at the time of the Peloponnesian War, when the Ionian Athenians fought against the Dorian Spartans. The Spartan general Brasidas even taxed the Athenians with cowardice on account of their Ionian lineage. In other periods of history the Ionian-Dorian divide carried much less weight." 2572: 2761:"A look around us at this moment shows what the regression of bourgeois society into Barbarism means. This World War is a regression into Barbarism. The triumph of Imperialism leads to the annihilation of civilization. At first, this happens sporadically for the duration of a modern war, but then when the period of unlimited wars begins it progresses toward its inevitable consequences. Today, we face the choice exactly as Friedrich Engels foresaw it a generation ago: either the triumph of Imperialism and the collapse of all civilization as in ancient Rome, depopulation, desolation, degeneration – a great cemetery. Or the victory of Socialism, that means the conscious active struggle of the 549: 1921:. Groups that conformed to this way of life were, generally speaking, considered Chinese. Those that turned away from it were considered to cease to be Chinese. ... It was the process of acculturation, transforming barbarians into Chinese, that created the great bulk of the Chinese people. The barbarians of Western Chou times were, for the most part, future Chinese, or the ancestors of future Chinese. This is a fact of great importance. ... It is significant, however, that we almost never find any references in the early literature to physical differences between Chinese and barbarians. Insofar as we can tell, the distinction was purely cultural. 1280: 42: 699: 441: 2307:" was formerly used by the Chinese almost innocently in the sense of 'aborigines' to refer to ethnic groups in South China, and Mao Zedong himself once used it in 1938 in a speech advocating equal rights for the various minority peoples. But that term has now been so systematically purged from the language that it is not to be found (at least in that meaning) even in large dictionaries, and all references to Mao's 1938 speech have excised the offending word and replaced it with a more elaborate locution, "Yao, Yi, and Yu." 230: 2024:, he said that if the feudal lords use Yi ritual, then they should be called Yi; If they use Chinese rituals, then they should be called Chinese." Han Yu went on to lament in the same essay that the Chinese of his time might all become Yi because the Tang court wanted to put Yi laws above the teachings of the former kings. Therefore, Han Yu's essay shows the possibility that the Chinese can lose their culture and become the uncivilized outsiders, and that the uncivilized outsiders have the potential to become Chinese. 1883: 1906:," or "Chinese civilization." "There is a sense in which the traditional view of ancient Chinese history is correct (and perhaps it originated ultimately in the first appearance of dynastic civilization): those on the fringes and outside this esoteric event were "barbarians" in that they did not enjoy (or suffer from) the fruit of civilization until they were brought into close contact with it by an imperial expansion of the civilization itself." In a similar vein, Creel explained the significance of Confucian 242: 9020: 1941:) The Middle Kingdom , dominated by the assumption of its cultural superiority, measured outgroups according to a yardstick by which those who did not follow the "Chinese ways" were considered "barbarians." A Theory of "using the Chinese ways to transform the barbarian" as strongly advocated. It was believed that the barbarian could be culturally assimilated. In the Age of Great Peace, the barbarians would flow in and be transformed: the world would be one. 806: 1989:

its being cooked with fire. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned toward each other. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked with fire. Those on the west were called . They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called . They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them did not eat grain-food.

9010: 1560: 1130: 1239:. In Montaigne's view, his own people – the Europeans – were the real "barbarians". In this way, the argument was turned around and applied to the European invaders. With this shift in meaning, a whole literature arose in Europe that characterized the indigenous Indian peoples as innocent, and the militarily superior Europeans as "barbarous" intruders invading a paradisical world. 2049:, "The delusive myth of a Chinese antiquity that abandoned racial standards in favour of a concept of cultural universalism in which all barbarians could ultimately participate has understandably attracted some modern scholars. Living in an unequal and often hostile world, it is tempting to project the utopian image of a racially harmonious world into a distant and obscure past." 1551:

criterion of the we-group, whereas the consciousness of common origin remained secondary. What continued to be important were the factors of language, the acceptance of certain forms of material culture, the adherence to certain rituals, and, above all, the economy and the way of life. Agriculture was the only appropriate way of life for the

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The Vikings, for instance, made for particularly convenient soldiers of fortune . Other 'barbarian' groups, including the Alans, Cumans, and Pechenegs, also found their services to be in demand, particularly from the Byzantine and Turkish empires (Vasary 2005). Perhaps the most famous, and certainly

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The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the , (and other wild tribes around them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called . They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without

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From ancient to modern times the Chinese attitude toward people not Chinese in culture—"barbarians"—has commonly been one of contempt, sometimes tinged with fear ... It must be noted that, while the Chinese have disparaged barbarians, they have been singularly hospitable both to individuals and

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The Chinese had at least two reasons for vilifying and depreciating the non-Chinese groups. On the one hand, many of them harassed and pillaged the Chinese, which gave them a genuine grievance. On the other, it is quite clear that the Chinese were increasingly encroaching upon the territory of these

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used it to characterize the activities of the Spaniards in the New World – representatives of the more technologically advanced, higher European culture – as "barbarous," in a satirical essay published in the year 1580. It was not the supposedly "uncivilized" Indian tribes who were "barbarous", but

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From classical origins the Hellenic stereotype of barbarism evolved: barbarians are like children, unable to speak or reason properly, cowardly, effeminate, luxurious, cruel, unable to control their appetites and desires, politically unable to govern themselves. Writers voiced these stereotypes with

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houses of pleasure, where drinking games were common, small puppets in the aspect of Westerners, in a ridiculous state of drunkenness, were used in one popular permutation of the drinking game; so, in the form of blue-eyed, pointy nosed, and peak-capped barbarians, these puppets were manipulated in

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texts record a belief that the respective natures of the Chinese and the barbarian were incompatible. Mencius, for instance, once stated: "I have heard of the Chinese converting barbarians to their ways, but not of their being converted to barbarian ways." Dikötter says, "The nature of the Chinese

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Evidently, the barbarian tribes at first had individual names, but during about the middle of the first millennium B.C., they were classified schematically according to the four cardinal points of the compass. This would, in the final analysis, mean that once again territory had become the primary

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Christopher I. Beckwith's 2009 "The Barbarians" epilogue provides many references, but overlooks H. G. Creel's 1970 "The Barbarians" chapter. Creel descriptively wrote, "Who, in fact, were the barbarians? The Chinese have no single term for them. But they were all the non-Chinese, just as for the

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Beckwith's second problem is with linguists and lexicographers of Chinese. "If one looks up in a Chinese-English dictionary the two dozen or so partly generic words used for various foreign peoples throughout Chinese history, one will find most of them defined in English as, in effect, 'a kind of

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wrote, "the influence on China of the great fact of alien conquest under the Liao-Jin-Yuan dynasties is just beginning to be explored." During the Qing dynasty, the rulers of China adopted Confucian philosophy and Han Chinese institutions to show that the Manchu rulers had received the Mandate of

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peoples and concludes that the "ancients formed these characters with only one purpose in mind—to describe the different ways of living each of these people pursued." Despite the well-known examples of pejorative exonymic characters (such as the "dog radical" in Di), he claims there is no hidden

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These things show that many times, pre-modern Chinese did view culture (and sometimes politics) rather than race and ethnicity as the dividing line between the Chinese and the non-Chinese. In many cases, the non-Chinese could and did become the Chinese and vice versa, especially when there was a

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entry summarizes the semantic history. "The sense-development in ancient times was (with the Greeks) 'foreign, non-Hellenic,' later 'outlandish, rude, brutal'; (with the Romans) 'not Latin nor Greek,' then 'pertaining to those outside the Roman Empire'; hence 'uncivilized, uncultured,' and later

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in the spring of 1595 the Turks began to strike back against Christian armies and a major European war was detonated. There were advantages for the cossacks no matter which side was winning. Throughout the war there was a steady stream of envoys of foreign rulers coming to the sich to bid for

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Christopher I. Beckwith makes the extraordinary claim that the name "barbarian" should only be used for Greek historical contexts, and is inapplicable for all other "peoples to whom it has been applied either historically or in modern times." Beckwith notes that most specialists in East Asian

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The list of barbarians who have 'come' and 'seen' as mercenaries, before imposing themselves as conquerors, is a long one. The Turkish bodyguard of the 'Abbasid Caliphs in the ninth century of the Christian Era prepared the way for the Turkish buccaneers who carved up the Caliphate into its

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was found in the 17th century). The statue depicts with remarkable realism a dying Celt warrior with a typically Celtic hairstyle and moustache. He sits on his fallen shield while a sword and other objects lie beside him. He appears to be fighting against death, refusing to accept his fate.

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designating the historical "Yi peoples," composed of the characters for 大 "big (person)" and 弓 "bow", implies a big person carrying a bow, someone to perhaps be feared or respected, but not to be despised. However, differing from K. C. Wu, the scholar Wu Qichang believes that the earliest

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for uncivilised people, opposite to Greek or Roman, and in fact, it became a common term to refer to all foreigners among Romans after Augustus age (as, among the Greeks, after the Persian wars, the Persians), including the Germanic peoples, Persians, Gauls, Phoenicians and Carthaginians.

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Furthermore, slave-ownership no longer became the preserve of the rich: all but the poorest of Athenian households came to have slaves in order to supplement the work of their free members. The slaves of Athens that had "barbarian" origins were coming especially from lands around the

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said, "Throughout Chinese history "the barbarians" have been a constant motif, sometimes minor, sometimes very major indeed. They figure prominently in the Shang oracle inscriptions, and the dynasty that came to an end only in 1912 was, from the Chinese point of view, barbarian."

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More information on this Chinese system, and on how it was abolished in the 20th century, can be found in the article "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China," by Magnus Fiskesjö, Social Text 29.4 (2011) (No. 109, Special Issue, "China and the Human"),

2248:狖 "a kind of monkey," but not one "a kind of barbarian" definition. Besides faulting Chinese for lacking a general "barbarian" term, Beckwith also faults English, which "has no words for the many foreign peoples referred to by one or another Classical Chinese word, such as 胡 2741:, Engels had used not the term "Barbarism" but a less resounding formulation: "If the whole of modern society is not to perish, a revolution in the mode of production and distribution must take place." The case has been made that Luxemburg had remembered a passage from the " 86:

A "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to an aggressive, brutal, cruel, and insensitive person, particularly one who is also dim-witted, while cultures, customs and practices adopted by peoples and countries perceived to be primitive may be referred to as

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as "barbarian" or "barbarians." Beckwith concedes that the early Chinese "apparently disliked foreigners in general and looked down on them as having an inferior culture," and pejoratively wrote some exonyms. However, he purports, "The fact that the Chinese did not

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An alternative interpretation emphasizing power and state control as the main distinction at play, rather than the degree of cultural assimilation, is offered in Fiskesjö, Magnus. "On the 'Raw' and the 'Cooked' barbarians of imperial China." Inner Asia 1.2 (1999),

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The Master wanted to settle among the Nine Wild Tribes of the East. Someone said, I am afraid you would find it hard to put up with their lack of refinement. The Master said, Were a true gentleman to settle among them there would soon be no trouble about lack of

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262de) rejected the Greek–barbarian dichotomy as a logical absurdity on just such grounds: dividing the world into Greeks and non-Greeks told one nothing about the second group. Yet Plato used the term barbarian frequently in his seventh letter. In

359:, to deride other Greek tribes and states (such as Epirotes, Eleans, Boeotians and Aeolic-speakers) and also fellow Athenians in a pejorative and politically motivated manner. The term also carried a cultural dimension to its dual meaning. The verb 1949:, "The centrality of culture, rather than race, in the Chinese world view had an important corollary. Nearly always, this translated into a civilizing mission rooted in the premise that 'the barbarians could be culturally assimilated'"; namely 2794:

from King Numedides, whom he strangled upon his throne. The story is clearly slanted to imply that the kingdom greatly benefited from power passing from a decadent and tyrannical hereditary monarch to a strong and vigorous Barbarian usurper.

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After the Song dynasty, many of China's rulers in the north were of Inner Asia ethnicities, such as the Khitans, Juchens, and Mongols of the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the latter ended up ruling over the entire China. Hence, the historian

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This model of Byzantine 'state-owned slave-soldiers' and mercenaries from the Barbarian North of the 'Seventh Climate' was subsequently imitated by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs who also had their own 'Ṣaqālibah' troops and Varangian-like

3211:. "There is at the elite level at least no hint during the archaic period of this sharp dichotomy between Greek and Barbarian or the derogatory and the stereotypical representation of the latter that emerged so clearly from the 5th century." 1710:

apart, and there were a thousand years between them. Yet when they had their way in the Central Kingdoms, their actions matched like the two halves of a tally. The standards of the two sages, one earlier and one later, were identical."

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GSR 1246c. Beckwith criticizes "a kind of X" definitions as "the dictionary maker either could not find out what it was or was too lazy to define it accurately" (2009), 359; compare listing "rakhbīn (a kind of cheese)" as an export from

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in south-eastern Attica after the discovery of a major vein of silver-bearing ore there in 483 BC, while the phenomenon of skilled slave craftsmen producing manufactured goods in small factories and workshops became increasingly common.

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Winkler, Markus; Boletsi, Maria, eds. (31 July 2023). "5.1.1. New Barbarians, Superior Barbarians, Technicized Barbarians: The Semantics of Barbarism in the Manifestoes and Aesthetic Writings of the Avant-Garde Movements, 1900-1930".

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peoples, getting the better of them by trickery, and putting many of them under subjection. By vilifying them and depicting them as somewhat less than human, the Chinese could justify their conduct and still any qualms of conscience.

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The Romans adapted the term in order to refer to anything that was non-Roman. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta points out that the meaning of the word "barbarous" has undergone a semantic change in modern times, after

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n 1816 the Gurkha mercenary tradition began. Although the soldiers known as Gurkhas would fight in the British service and, later, in the Indian service as well, Nepalese rulers also hired out soldiers to other foreign

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the conquering Spaniards. Montaigne argued that Europeans noted the barbarism of other cultures but not the crueler and more brutal actions of their own societies, particularly (in his time) during the so-called

3232:. "Given the relative familiarity of the Karians to the Greeks, it has been suggested that barbarophonoi in the Iliad signifies not those who spoke a non-Greek language but simply those who spoke Greek badly." 2077:

racial bias in the meanings of the characters used to describe these different peoples, but rather the differences were "in occupation or in custom, not in race or origin." K. C. Wu says the modern character

2113:." He believes that after academics read his published explanation of the problems, except for direct quotations of "earlier scholars who use the word, it should no longer be used as a term by any writer." 2172:), which Beckwith claims, "actually means 'wild man, savage'. That is very definitely not the same thing as 'barbarian'." Despite this semantic hypothesis, Chinese-English dictionaries regularly translate 1916:

The fundamental criterion of "Chinese-ness," anciently and throughout history, has been cultural. The Chinese have had a particular way of life, a particular complex of usages, sometimes characterized as

1115:), preserves this old "barbarian" designation in its name – but it no longer consciously retains "barbarian" associations: the inhabitants of the area themselves use the name naturally and unaffectedly. 2343:) "prisoner, slave, captive". Beckwith says it means something like "those miscreants who should be locked up," therefore, "The word does not even mean 'foreigner' at all, let alone 'barbarian'." 1051:– used the term "barbarian" to describe himself. Because he was a noted satirist, this could have indicated self-deprecating irony. It might also have suggested descent from Samosata's original 4397:

were probably most interested in trade. he Chinese frontier generals often hired them as mercenaries , which was a result of the Later Han policy of 'using barbaians to attack barbarians.'

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It now seems that the use of military mercenaries became widespread, with central Mexican groups brought in by the Maya and Maya-Gulf Coast groups penetrating the Central Mexican Highlands.

2005:, or 'cooked barbarians', were tame and submissive. The consumption of raw food was regarded as an infallible sign of savagery that affected the physiological state of the barbarian." 1390:

referred to the incomprehensible, unfamiliar speech (perceived as "babbling", "incoherent stammering") of non-Vedic peoples ("wretch, foreigner, sinful people, low and barbarous".)

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Fiskesjö, Magnus "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China," Social Text 29.4 (2011) (No. 109, Special Issue, "China and the Human"), pp. 57–79. See:

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The statue serves both as a reminder of the Celts' defeat, thus demonstrating the might of the people who defeated them, and a memorial to their bravery as worthy adversaries. As

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has seen widespread use in English. Many peoples have dismissed alien cultures and even rival civilizations, because they were unrecognizably strange. For instance, the nomadic

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to groups that have adopted Chinese culture. And at times they seem to have had a certain admiration, perhaps unwilling, for the rude force of these peoples or simpler customs.

2442:'s Empire, in the north of Modern Mexico, and whom the Aztec people saw as primitive and uncivilized. One of the meanings attributed to the word "Chichimeca" is "dog people". 4320:"During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation...." 2614:, "Exhortatio ad Capesendam Italiam in Libertatemque a Barbaris Vinsicandam" (in English: Exhortation to take Italy and free her from the barbarians) in which he appeals to 4765:

The new goths take their name from the old Goths . The origins and deed of the old Goths were constructed by Roman historians in fear of the Goth as a barbarian outsider .

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Meacham, William (1983). "Origins and Development of the Yueh Coastal Neolithic: A Microcosm of Culture Change on the Mainland of East Asia." In Keightley, David N., ed.,

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was regarded as impermeable to the evil influences of the barbarian; no retrogression was possible. Only the barbarian might eventually change by adopting Chinese ways."

796:, cited above from Homer, came into use not only for the sound of a foreign language but also for foreigners who spoke Greek improperly. In the Greek language, the word 4128:

Beckwith (2009), pp. 361–2. The author describes his belief in religious terms; following his "enlightenment on this issue", he says no scholar who used the word

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or one of its relatives, or make up a new word that explicitly includes the same basic ideas, they cannot express the idea of the 'barbarian' in Chinese.". The usual

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Friedrich Engels, "Anti-Dühring" (1878), quoted in Michael Löwy, "Philosophy of Praxis & Rosa Luxemburg" in "Viewpoint", Online Issue No. 125, November 2, 2012

1520:(771–476 BC), the meanings of four exonyms were expanded. "These included Rong, Yi, Man, and Di—all general designations referring to the barbarian tribes." These 3107:

Plutarch's "Life of Pyrrhos" records his apprehensive remark on seeing a Roman army taking the field against him in disciplined order: "These are not barbarians."

2105:"was used rather loosely for non-Chinese populations of the east. It carried the connotation of people ignorant of Chinese culture and, therefore, 'barbarians'." 4712:. Volume 15 of Schriften zur Weltliteratur/Studies on World Literature. Vol. 2: Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries. Berlin: J. B. Metzler. pp. 1–2. 4486:(2009). "4: Muslim Communities of the European North-Eastern Frontiers: Islam in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth". In Marcinkowski, Christoph (ed.). 738:

came into use on a scale never before seen among the Greeks. Massive concentrations of slaves worked under especially brutal conditions in the silver mines at

4115:. p. 356. Furthermore, "The entire construct is, appropriately enough, best summed up by popular European and American fiction and film treatments such as 2185:

barbarian'. Even the works of well-known lexicographers such as Karlgren do this." Although Beckwith does not cite any examples, the Swedish sinologist

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maxim, "When the Emperor no longer functions, learning must be sought among the 'Four Barbarians,' north, west, east, and south." Professor Creel said,

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foreigner Y and occasionally picked a transcriptional character with negative meaning (in Chinese) to write the sound of his ethnonym, is irrelevant."

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Chinese historical records mention what may now perhaps be termed "barbarian" peoples for over four millennia, although this considerably predates the

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such a way as to occasionally fall down: then, whichever guest to whom the puppet pointed after falling was then obliged by honor to empty his cup of

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However, different thinkers and texts convey different opinions on this issue. The prominent Tang Confucian Han Yu, for example, wrote in his essay

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of ancient India, with the primary meaning of "cruel" and also "stammering" (बड़बड़), implying someone with an unfamiliar language. The Greek word

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Adams, Richard E. W. (1977). "7: Transformations: Epi-Classic Cultures, the Collapse of Classic Cultures, and the rise and fall of the Toltec".

1642:"furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian'," but "Paradoxically the Yi were considered the most civilized of the non-Chinese peoples. 8536: 3278: 3291: 2351:-. There is also no single native Chinese word for 'foreigner', no matter how pejorative," which meets his strict definition of "barbarian.". 9089: 5308: 3430: 1474:

origin of the term "barbarian", at least as is known from the thirty-four centuries of written records in the Greek language. The sinologist

437:. Indeed, in the Greek of this period 'barbarian' is often used expressly to refer to Persians, who were enemies of the Greeks in this war. 83:

and warlike. Many cultures have referred to other cultures as barbarians, sometimes out of misunderstanding and sometimes out of prejudice.

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H. W. Janson, "History of Art: A survey of the major visual arts from the dawn of history to the present day", p. 141. H. N. Abrams, 1977.

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The Master said, The barbarians of the East and North have retained their princes. They are not in such a state of decay as we in China.

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The term "Barbarian" in traditional Chinese culture had several aspects. For one thing, Chinese has more than one historical "barbarian"

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Greeks the barbarians were all the non-Greeks." Beckwith prescriptively wrote, "The Chinese, however, have still not yet borrowed Greek

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As things stand today capitalist civilization cannot continue; we must either move forward into socialism or fall back into barbarism.

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One living outside the pale of the Roman Empire and its civilization, applied especially to the northern nations that overthrew them.

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Pulleyblank, E. G., (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times." In Keightley, David N., ed.

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A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

3115: 3020: 2494: 6425: 536:, which is an ancient Arabic term for the North African inhabitants west of Egypt. The Arabic word might be ultimately from Greek 7150: 3340: 3262: 1599:"as generalized terms denoting 'non-Chinese,' 'foreigners,' 'barbarians'," and a statement such as "the Rong and Di are wolves" ( 6792: 6776: 6573: 3940: 1218:

as barbarians, and subsequent classically oriented historical narratives depicted the migrations associated with the end of the

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noted that, "A certain idealization of the 'noble savage' is to be found fairly often in early Chinese literature", citing the

1603:, Min 1) is "very much like the assertion that many people in many lands will make today, that 'no foreigner can be trusted'." 1462:

into English. Some of the examples include "foreigners," "ordinary others," "wild tribes," "uncivilized tribes," and so forth.

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did not figure largely in archaic literature before the 5th century BC. It has been suggested that the "barbarophonoi" in the

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and follow classical Greek customs, but also for Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world with peculiar dialects. In

4866: 7992: 5358: 5338: 5314: 4917: 4894: 4658: 4618: 4578: 4541: 4497: 4457: 4421: 4349: 4112: 4091: 3083: 3058: 2948: 2615: 2484: 2460: 2456: 1775: 1458:, which is often translated as "barbarians." Despite this conventional translation, there are also other ways of translating 5648: 3005: 802:

expressed both the notions of "language" and "reason", so Greek-speakers readily conflated speaking poorly with stupidity.

341:, emphasizing their otherness. According to Greek writers, this was because the language they spoke sounded to Greeks like 6897: 4803: 4362:

The list of barbarians who have 'come' and 'seen' as mercenaries, before imposing themselves as conquerors, is a long one.

3253:. "a barbarian from a distinguished nation which given the political circumstances of the time might well mean a Persian." 933:, Xenophon's accounts of the Persians and other non-Greeks who he knew or encountered show few traces of the stereotypes. 9084: 7940: 7136: 3554: 2782:. In such fantasy, the negative connotations traditionally associated with "Barbarian" are often inverted. For example, " 67: 3641:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 10–11. Liu believes the Chinese in early China did not originally think of 2222:戎 "weapons, armour; war, warrior; N. pr. of western tribes," "weapon; attack; war chariot; loan for tribes of the West" 8953: 8279: 8024: 5322: 5274: 6215: 4955:

Studia Academica Šumenensia: The Empire and Barbarians in South-Eastern Europe in Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

4746:. Emerald Studies in Alternativity and Marginalization. Bingley, West Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 3. 8274: 8019: 5053: 4935: 4751: 4717: 4038: 3692: 3602: 3497: 3250: 3229: 3208: 3145: 2686: 2287:

above) as "perhaps the only true generic at any time in Chinese literature, was practically the opposite of the word

4084:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

2475:

service in a metropole repeatedly occurred in history as a standard way in which peripheral peoples from and beyond

1451:

between Hua ("Chinese") and Yi (commonly translated as "barbarian") was based on culture and power but not on race.

9069: 8897: 8159: 8012: 8007: 8002: 1782:, in which the insult derived not from the Chinese word but from the character used to write it. For instance, the 1410: 1011: 6341: 6208: 5912: 7963: 7933: 6539: 2295:番 means "foreigner; barbarian; aborigine". The linguist Robert Ramsey illustrates the pejorative connotations of 6368: 5823: 2606:

often called anyone who lived outside of their country a barbarian. As an example, there is the last chapter of

1706:

was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying. Their native places were over a thousand

7289: 7215: 6564: 2316: 2145: 202: 5953: 4979:(H. Cancik & H. Schneider, Eds.; C. F. Salazar, Trans.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from Brill's New Pauly. 3306:, Monier Monier-Williams (1898), Ernst Leumann, Carl Cappeller, pub. Asian Educational Services (Google Books) 2790:'s "Conan" series, is set soon after the "Barbarian" protagonist had forcibly seized the turbulent kingdom of 1297:

were among the many peoples called "Barbarian" by the early Romans. The term continued to be used by medieval

7631: 2479:

regions interact with imperial powers as part of a (semi-)foreign militarised proletariat. Examples include:

2326: 2210:夷 "barbarian, foreigner; destroy, raze to the ground," "barbarian (esp. tribes to the East of ancient China)" 2155: 1855:

that do not exist alphabetically. For the Yao ethnic group, there is a difference between the transcriptions

3380:(Austin) 1993, pp. 1–6, 39–49; Gerhart B. Ladner, "On Roman attitudes towards barbarians in late antiquity" 3328: 1748:

countries are therefore virtuous places where people live long lives. This is why Confucius wanted to go to

5805: 5763: 4434:

by the fifth century the Roman army had effectively been transformed into an army of barbarian mercenaries.

1575:

use compounds of these four generic names in localized "barbarian tribes" exonyms such as "west and north"

1024:, who were kind to Paul and his companions who had been shipwrecked off their coast, are called barbarians 3352: 881:(flat land); for barbarians did not live in cities, making their abodes in the fields like wild animals". 8830: 8566: 8169: 7981: 6044: 5075: 4003:

Zhou Songfang, "Lun Liu Ji de Yimin Xintai" (On Liu Ji's Mentality as a Dweller of Subjugated Empire) in

2449:

of South America used the term "purum awqa" for all peoples living outside the rule of their empire (see

2365: 1490: 1279: 4483: 2729:

Bourgeois society stands at the crossroads, either transition to Socialism or regression into Barbarism.

1970:, the Chinese differentiated "raw" and "cooked" categories of barbarian peoples who lived in China. The 1159:(ruled 241–197 BC) commissioned (220s BC) a statue to celebrate his victory (ca 232 BC) over the Celtic 905:

However, the disparaging Hellenic stereotype of barbarians did not totally dominate Hellenic attitudes.

9049: 8416: 8071: 7020: 5028: 3737:

Jettmar, Karl (1983). "The Origins of Chinese Civilization: Soviet Views." In Keightley, David N., ed.

2533: 548: 31: 4489:

The Islamic World and the West: Managing Religious and Cultural Identities in the Age of Globalisation

2920: 1698:

believed that Confucian practices were universal and timeless, and thus followed by both Hua and Yi, "

9059: 8875: 8426: 8174: 6399: 6028: 5624: 1510: 1236: 570: 35: 1182:

comments, the sculpture conveys the message that "they knew how to die, barbarians that they were".

685:'non-Christian,' whence 'Saracen, heathen'; and generally 'savage, rude, savagely cruel, inhuman.'" 8531: 8478: 8284: 8034: 7860: 7673: 7624: 7560: 2783: 2120:

into Chinese because the concept does not exist in Chinese," meaning a single "completely generic"

1517: 633: 80: 17: 4901: 4777: 2992: 2701:

continued the tradition, echoing the name and reputation of the barbarian outsider early-medieval

1454:

Historically, the Chinese used various words for foreign ethnic groups. They include terms like 夷

817: 518:

In Aramaic, Old Persian and Arabic context, the root refers to "babble confusedly". It appears as

41: 8995: 8621: 7958: 7850: 6350: 6230: 5342: 5318: 5153: 4882: 4416:. The Short Oxford History of Europe (1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 164. 2195: 1399: 63: 57: 3526:

A Theory of Global Civilization: Rationality and the Irrational as the Driving Forces of History

8848: 8352: 7997: 7973: 7923: 7263: 4381:

Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-barbarian Economic Relations

3863:

Dikötter, Frank (1990), "Group Definition and the Idea of 'Race' in Modern China (1793–1949),"

2884: 2627: 2619: 1966: 1935:, "all under heaven." The world was perceived as one homogenous unity named "great community" ( 1475: 1448: 1414: 1096:

as "a land of barbarians", with these inhabitants also known by the manifestly pejorative term

614: 95: 8204: 4648: 4273: 3900: 3416:. Essay Index Reprint Series. Freeport, New York: Books For Libraries Press, Inc. p. 144. 2611: 2091: 1961: 8139: 8103: 7918: 7719: 7195: 5021: 3714:

Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China

2653:

The romantic reaction against reason and civilisation preceded some attempts to rehabilitate

2439: 2438:" to denominate a group of nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes that lived on the outskirts of the 2009: 1702:

was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao.

1699: 1004: 942: 4318: 3450: 3098:

Siculus Diodorus, Ludwig August Dindorf, Diodori Bibliotheca historica – Volume 1 – Page 671

1851:(symbols used to write a language) can provide unique opportunities to write ethnic insults 1526:四夷 "Four Barbarians", most "probably the names of ethnic groups originally," were the Yi or 1151:

provides some insight into the Hellenistic perception of and attitude towards "Barbarians".

960:

makes the difference between Greeks and barbarians one of the central themes of his book on

433:

in the first half of the 5th century BC. Here a hasty coalition of Greeks defeated the vast

9054: 8973: 8865: 8050: 8043: 7714: 6448: 5894: 5583: 5188: 5110: 5044: 4492:. Freiburger sozialanthropologische Studien. Vol. 24. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 87. 2634: 2580: 1864: 1635: 1219: 1075: 1017: 962: 951: 785: 735: 698: 426:

signifies not those who spoke a non-Greek language but simply those who spoke Greek badly.

3983: 3411: 2963:Εκδοτική Αθηνών, ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία: Τουρκοκρατία, Λατινοκρατία, 1980, p. 34 8: 9044: 8860: 8357: 8246: 8209: 8184: 7987: 7838: 7036: 6622: 5249: 4999: 4887:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

4684: 4105:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3316: 2874: 2779: 2623: 2546: 2542: 2291:. It meant simply 'foreign, foreigner' without any pejorative meaning." In modern usage, 1887: 1794:", who primarily live in the mountains of southwest China and Vietnam. When 11th-century 1667:

The Master said, The Way makes no progress. I shall get upon a raft and float out to sea.

1231: 1223: 929: 163: 3108: 2618:

to unite Italy and stop the "barbarian invasions" led by other European rulers, such as

440: 9013: 8526: 8506: 8496: 8369: 8307: 8264: 8078: 7950: 7910: 7865: 7780: 7765: 7663: 7658: 7446: 6468: 4452:. De Gruyter Reference. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1746. 2819: 2083: 2029: 1994: 1771: 1486: 1428: 1424: 1302: 1138: 1105: 811: 731: 430: 206: 6409: 6165: 4824: 3876:

Alam, M. Shahid (2003), "Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms,"

3580:

Alam, M. Shahid (2003), "Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms",

1325:

based on that coast (and who were not necessarily Berbers) were also derived from it.

9064: 8978: 8892: 8571: 8446: 8189: 7843: 7754: 7748: 7709: 7697: 6546: 5747: 4931: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4747: 4713: 4654: 4614: 4574: 4537: 4523: 4493: 4453: 4417: 4345: 4331: 4108: 4087: 4034: 3944: 3688: 3598: 3493: 3315:

Onions, C.T. (1966), edited by, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, page 74,

3246: 3225: 3204: 3141: 3079: 3054: 2944: 2791: 2674: 2514: 2186: 1634:

as "Anc barbarian tribe on east border, any border or foreign tribe." The sinologist

1052: 980:(384–322 B.C.) made derogatory comments in his speeches, using the word "barbarian". 858:, whereas bishops were appointed to supervise entire peoples among the less settled. 434: 3378:

Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition

3179: 2241: 2046: 1650:

Some Chinese classics romanticize or idealize barbarians, comparable to the western

557: 9074: 9023: 8887: 8733: 8589: 8558: 8259: 8057: 7827: 7729: 7668: 7311: 7295: 6782: 6652: 6636: 5880: 5202: 5137: 4980: 4858: 2787: 2734: 2592: 2490: 2133: 1894:

According to the archeologist William Meacham, it was only by the time of the late

1813:(e.g., 腰 "waist", 遙 "distant", 搖 "shake"). During a series of 20th-century Chinese 1703: 1572: 1268: 1079: 1071: 1048: 1009:), and he also uses it to characterise one who merely speaks a different language ( 553: 234: 167: 135: 8411: 4984: 4573:(3 ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (published 2005). p. 277. 3541:

Rationalität. Eine Weltgeschichte. Europäische Kulturgeschichte und Globalisierung

1351:

Many languages define the "Other" as those who do not speak one's language; Greek

460:

was the etymological source for many words meaning "barbarian", including English

229: 8968: 8516: 8114: 7889: 7832: 7546: 7484: 6696: 6142: 4741: 4707: 4608: 4568: 4531: 4527: 4487: 4447: 4411: 4379: 4339: 4335: 4069: 3851: 3841:

See Fiskesjö, "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China."

3773: 3760: 3738: 3303: 3119: 2934: 2698: 2662: 2504: 1903: 1882: 1814: 1783: 1543: 1522: 1418: 1356: 1322: 1207: 1171: 916: 715: 662: 300: 7279: 4709:

Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts

3593:

Suryakanta (1975), Sanskrit Hindi English Dictionary, reprinted 1986, page 417,

2738: 8948: 8943: 8441: 8269: 8219: 8144: 7968: 7805: 7724: 7536: 7325: 7305: 7185: 7156: 7129: 6959: 6949: 6812: 6766: 6383: 6357: 6260: 6051: 5711: 5505: 5428: 5396: 5146: 3594: 3007:

Die Sprachbezeichnungen 'Latinus' und 'Romanus' im Lateinischen und Romanischen

2976: 2742: 2722: 2678: 2638: 2558: 2508: 1946: 1908: 1899: 1471: 1365: 1252: 1147: 1124: 1083: 1063: 1056: 995: 991: 920: 895: 862: 833: 465: 330: 171: 127: 123: 3558: 2275:"prisoner", neither of which meant "barbarian." Beckwith says Tang texts used 2228:狄 "Northern Barbarians – "fire-dogs"," "name of a Northern tribe; low servant" 714:

Greek attitudes towards "barbarians" developed in parallel with the growth of

9038: 8843: 8720: 8693: 8389: 8298: 8231: 8199: 8154: 8149: 7872: 7855: 7467: 7359: 7056: 7014: 6943: 6748: 6432: 6415: 6118: 5590: 5491: 5463: 5382: 5293: 5242: 5195: 4854: 4410:

Bispham, Edward (2008). "5: Warfare and the Army". In Bispham, Edward (ed.).

3639:

Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945

3051:

Chirping like the swallows: Aristophanes' portrayals of the barbarian "other"

2824: 2757:

Luxemburg went on to explain what she meant by "Regression into Barbarism":

1895: 1716: 1482: 1318: 1289: 987: 370: 355:

word. In various occasions, the term was also used by Greeks, especially the

254: 246: 7239: 4825:"MR Online | The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg's Slogan "Socialism or Barbarism"" 8870: 8511: 8254: 8194: 8134: 7906: 7800: 7775: 7770: 7736: 7395: 6438: 5972: 5962: 5901: 5791: 5611: 5484: 5373: 4644: 4604: 4375: 3700: 3659: 2879: 2864: 2854: 2804: 2746: 2658: 2642: 2566: 2562: 2498: 2360: 2264: 1825:") "jackal; the Yao" was replaced twice; first with the invented character 1795: 1779: 1676: 1651: 1624:

region, and generalized references to "barbarian; foreigner; non-Chinese."

1333: 1294: 1203: 1179: 1168: 1059:

settlers", and might have eventually taken up this appellation themselves.

1044: 947: 894:

in the 4th century B.C., for example, called for a war of conquest against

352: 134:, the Romans adapted and applied the term to tribal non-Romans such as the 131: 6521: 373:

meant to behave or talk like a barbarian, or to hold with the barbarians.

8937: 8922: 8855: 8698: 8683: 8673: 8626: 8584: 8576: 8406: 8179: 8085: 7795: 7760: 7273: 6879: 6514: 6316: 6253: 6186: 6097: 6083: 6010: 5846: 5498: 5181: 3696: 3672:

Wandering on the way : early Taoist tales and parables of Chuang Tzu

2834: 2766: 2690: 2603: 2596: 2520: 2402: 1937: 1848: 1564: 1383: 1067: 977: 866: 338: 241: 6936: 2869: 2244:

finds various "a kind of" definitions for plant and animal names (e.g.,

2001:, literally 'raw barbarians', were considered savage and resisting. The 1974:熟番 "cooked barbarians" are sometimes interpreted as Sinicized, and the 1890:

was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China.

1591:"all kinds of barbarians." Creel says the Chinese evidently came to use 592:, A foreigner, one whose language and customs differ from the speaker's. 8932: 8783: 8708: 8678: 8658: 8653: 8616: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8580: 8548: 8241: 8164: 7882: 7822: 7817: 7692: 7413: 7367: 7363: 7257: 7092: 7050: 6676: 6489: 6302: 5979: 5942: 5784: 5604: 5470: 5228: 5160: 4850: 4471:

the most reliable early mercenaries were the Byzantine Varangian Guard.

3695:. See "The Barbarians" chapter, pp. 194–241. Creel refers to the Shang 2940: 2936:

Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea

2814: 2670: 2666: 2607: 2450: 2435: 1844: 1822: 1791: 1621: 1506: 1436: 1199: 911: 841: 776: 666: 647:

An uncultured person, or one who has no sympathy with literary culture.

621:

With the Italians of the Renaissance: One of a nation outside of Italy.

515:(بڑبڑانا) means 'to babble, to speak gibberish, to rave incoherently'. 415: 175: 159: 2098: 2078: 1840: 1829: 1818: 1809:猺 "jackal" from a lexical selection of over 100 characters pronounced 1185: 1100:("thieves with a rough garment in wool"). The region, still known as " 1055:

population – who were likely called "barbarians by later Hellenistic,

805: 345:

represented by the sounds "bar..bar..;" the alleged root of the word

8983: 8773: 8688: 8668: 8501: 8337: 7877: 7059: 6989: 6913: 6760: 6706: 6598: 5874: 5449: 5402: 5263: 5082: 4743:

The Evolution of Goth Culture: The Origins and Deeds of the New Goths

4650:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

3481:

Führer durch die öffenlicher Sammlungen Klassischer altertümer in Rom

2849: 2839: 2809: 2694: 2682: 2576: 2472: 1852: 1833: 1681: 1260: 1256: 1202:) as philosophers – but they regarded their culture as barbaric. The 1152: 1040: 967: 957: 891: 780: 768: 748: 346: 342: 326: 292: 280: 264: 155: 151: 117: 103: 8109: 4848: 3628:, 3 vols. (Macao: East India Company Press, 1815), 1:61 and 586–587. 3398:

Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages

2311:

The Tang dynasty Chinese also had a derogatory term for foreigners,

2216:蛮 "barbarians of the South; barbarian, savage," "Southern barbarian" 2109:

history, including him, have translated Chinese exonyms as English "

8917: 8768: 8663: 8611: 8543: 8399: 8347: 8236: 7810: 7741: 7587: 7179: 6462: 6393: 6136: 5928: 5839: 5256: 5103: 5089: 4950: 4923: 4610:

Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth Century Ukraine

4241: 2829: 2525: 2476: 2398: 2121: 2116:

The first problem is that, "it is impossible to translate the word

2053: 1656: 1264: 1164: 1156: 1101: 1093: 1036: 906: 476: 315: 147: 143: 8468: 7616: 3180:"The Internet Classics Archive | The Seventh Letter by Plato" 1559: 726:

continued in most Greek states, Athens banned this practice under

703: 444:

A preconnesian marble depiction of a barbarian. Second century AD.

79:

is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive,

8793: 8788: 8763: 8728: 8703: 8648: 8491: 8463: 8451: 8394: 7647: 7601: 7580: 7574: 7500: 7383: 7376: 7341: 7173: 7102: 6971: 6806: 6736: 6646: 6553: 6507: 5832: 5567: 5557: 5477: 5412: 5332: 5297: 5174: 4394: 4168:"barbarians; savages" (1992) p. 1410; "savage; Shanghai Jiaotong 3451:

Harmon, A. M. "Lucian of Samosata: Introduction and Manuscripts."

2844: 2762: 2718: 1931: 1695: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1377: 1329: 1314: 1306: 1195: 1191: 1160: 899: 851: 846:

were appointed to sees connected to cities among the "civilized"

772: 756: 739: 579: 532: 407: 270: 218: 214: 210: 4998: 4446:

Snook, Ben (2015). "War and Peace". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.).

126:, the Greeks used the term not only for those who did not speak 8882: 8798: 8778: 8758: 8456: 8421: 8362: 7790: 7785: 7595: 7529: 7477: 7348: 7086: 6906: 6872: 6847: 6616: 6323: 6309: 6288: 6267: 6246: 6159: 6152: 6111: 6090: 6065: 6004: 5867: 5860: 5718: 5697: 5618: 5573: 5537: 5523: 5435: 5418: 5389: 5283: 5235: 5216: 5167: 5013: 4902:

http://socialtext.dukejournals.org/content/29/4_109/57.abstract

2981:

The Way of Herodotus: Travels with the Man who Invented History

2933:

Crespo, Emilio; Giannakis, Georgios; Filos, Panagiotis (2017).

2859: 2538: 2336: 2165: 1799: 1724:夷 as "men of the east" 東方之人也. The dictionary also informs that 1552: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1310: 1089: 1032: 974: 924: 855: 837: 760: 752: 719: 707: 356: 198: 182: 4970:

Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy

4632:

cossack support mercenaries such as the cossacks were needed.

1497:

for foreigners, often in contexts of warfare or tribute. King

8988: 8958: 8927: 8838: 8820: 8753: 8748: 8633: 8431: 8384: 8342: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 7702: 7521: 7510: 7460: 7429: 7334: 7209: 7143: 7077: 7026: 6996: 6886: 6854: 6662: 6580: 6377: 6295: 6281: 6274: 6104: 5853: 5662: 5551: 5456: 5442: 5352: 5289: 5220: 5209: 5096: 5068: 2702: 2697:

to justify/promote enslaving and killing Jews and Slavs. The

2588: 2584: 2446: 2431: 2377: 1539: 1211: 1129: 1021: 984: 937: 798: 764: 727: 508: 487:(stammering). This Indo-European root is also found in Latin 390: 385: 376: 334: 309: 294: 286: 274: 258: 139: 112: 2641:

in 1588, used the term 'savage' ('salvaje') to describe the

1929:

Thought in ancient China was oriented towards the world, or

1309:". In English, the term "Berber" continues to be used as an 970:

approvingly, "Tis meet that Greeks should rule barbarians".

429:

A change occurred in the connotations of the word after the

8963: 8805: 8638: 8521: 8436: 8379: 7422: 7402: 7232: 7166: 7120: 6690: 5777: 5690: 5676: 5634: 4951:"And now, what's going to happen to us without barbarians?" 2778:

Modern popular culture contains such fantasy barbarians as

1980: 1360: 1298: 789:

1.2–7; 3.14) characterises barbarians as slaves by nature.

723: 512: 411: 46: 2519:

Widespread use of ethnic mercenary forces in pre-historic

1082:) in the 15th century (1453 with the fall of capital city 8815: 8810: 8743: 8738: 8374: 7494: 7225: 7202: 7109: 6829: 6822: 6330: 5935: 5921: 5117: 4800:"Philosophy of praxis & Rosa Luxemburg: Michael Löwy" 1215: 4533:

A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes 1–6

4341:

A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes 1–6

1283:

Ransom of Christian slaves held in Barbary, 17th century

722:. Although the enslavement of Greeks for non-payment of 299:) 'city'. The earliest attested form of the word is the 4740:

Spracklen, Karl; Spracklen, Beverley (15 August 2018).

3761:

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage

1627:

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage

998:) – lived about A.D. 5 to about A.D. 67) uses the word 861:

Eventually the term found a hidden meaning through the

702:

Slaves in chains, relief found in Smyrna (present day

7566:

usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized

4685:"Captain Cuellar's Adventures in Connacht and Ulster" 1542:北狄 "northern barbarians." The Russian anthropologist 1447:瑤 "precious jade" in the modern period. The original 1242: 303: 4393:

Of all the barbarian peoples in the Han period, the

2932: 1744:

is associated with benevolence and human longevity.

1328:

The term has also been used to refer to people from

1198:

as heroic individuals – and even (as in the case of

688: 641:

Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners.

192: 4119:." Also see "The Barbarians" epilogue, pp. 320–362. 1877: 1587:"barbarian tribes in the south and the north," and 1186:

Utter barbarism, civilization, and the noble savage

325:for all non-Greek-speaking people, including the 7388:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups) 4912:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. 4739: 4384:. University of California Press. pp. 108–109 3819:D.C Lau tran. (Middlesex:Penguin Books, 1970),128. 3724: 3722: 2921:Abolish Stoning and Barbaric Punishment Worldwide! 2234:Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus 1501:(r. 1250–1192 BC), for instance, fought with the 3943:. Confucianism.com.cn. 2006-10-04. Archived from 3674:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998),315. 3468:Chattering Courtesans and Other Sardonic Sketches 3367:, 2009, 2nd ed., v. 4.0, Oxford University Press. 3122:, The American Forum for Global Education, 2000. 2648: 2354: 1092:(106–43 BC) described the mountain area of inner 9036: 4151: 4149: 4147: 2910:, 1972, p. 149, Simon & Schuster Publishing. 2199:(1957). Compare Karlgrlen's translations of the 2191:Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 2101:"corpse". The historian John Hill explains that 1993:Dikötter explains the close association between 1778:non-Chinese peoples were graphically pejorative 1759: 824:Further changes occurred in the connotations of 4132:"needs to be blamed for such sins of the past". 3719: 1960:Two millennia before the French anthropologist 1274: 491:for "stammer / stammering" (leading to Italian 4704: 3832:說文解字 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1963), 213, 78. 2663:glorified the Germans' Teutonic barbarian past 2415: 2386: 2056:analyzes the origin of the characters for the 1364:"non-Arabic speakers; non-Arabs; (especially) 1002:in its Hellenic sense to refer to non-Greeks ( 406:) ("of incomprehensible speech"), used of the 233:Routes taken by barbarian invaders during the 8065:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction 7632: 5029: 4948: 4144: 3538: 3523: 3355:, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015) 3331:, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015) 3048: 2908:Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary 2405:, who arrived later, were also called either 2330: 2320: 2159: 2149: 1756:could not be realized in the central states. 4174:ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary 3785:3/5, 5/6, 9/14, tr. by Arthur Waley (1938), 1563:A scene of the Chinese campaign against the 1118: 1062:The term retained its standard usage in the 186: 4313:Franklin, Benjamin (first published 1791). 3687:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 194. 2401:ships appeared to sail from the South. The 2040: 1978:生番 "raw barbarians" as not Sinicized. The 1206:indiscriminately characterised the various 869:(c. 485 – c. 585). He stated that the word 503:) and Czech blblati "to stammer". The verb 464:, which was first recorded in 16th century 401: 395: 360: 7639: 7625: 5036: 5022: 4889:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1465: 693: 27:Person said to be uncivilized or primitive 9080:Pejorative terms for in-group non-members 3854:, p. 149. University of California Press. 3776:. p. 440. University of California Press. 3741:. p. 229. University of California Press. 2773: 2749:, and mistakenly attributed it to Engels: 2681:invoked an Asiatic nomad heritage of the 2425: 2020:the following: "When Confucius wrote the 1732:夏, which means Chinese. Elsewhere in the 1616:has both specific references, such as to 1031:About a hundred years after Paul's time, 946:, Prodicus of Ceos calls "barbarian" the 4482: 3984:"百家博谈第十三期：从文天祥与元代遗民看中国的"民族主义"_网易博客网易历史" 3660:http://ctext.org/shang-shu/tribute-of-yu 3109:Foreigners and Barbarians (adapted from 3073: 2919:International Society for Human Rights, 2570: 2466: 2052:The politician, historian, and diplomat 1881: 1558: 1278: 1128: 909:(died 354 B.C.), for example, wrote the 804: 697: 547: 439: 240: 228: 40: 6166:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians 4778:"Rosa Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet"" 4643: 4522: 4409: 4330: 3466:Keith Sidwell, introduction to Lucian: 1654:construct. For instance, the Confucian 915:, a laudatory fictionalised account of 884: 730:in the early 6th century BC. Under the 388:'s works, the term appeared only once ( 68:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 9037: 4603: 4315:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 3626:The Dictionary of the Chinese Language 3483:(Tubingen 1963–71) vol. II, pp 240–42. 3409: 3165:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2995:, Word study tool of ancient languages 2733:Luxemburg attributed her statement to 2708: 2552: 1766:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese 7993:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 7620: 5017: 4566: 4445: 4277:, p. 160. Princeton University Press. 4018:The Discourse of Race in Modern China 3508: 3376:See in particular Ralph W. Mathison, 3167:An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon 3076:The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle 2715:The Crisis of German Social Democracy 2528:units in the armies of (for example) 2128:. "Until the Chinese borrow the word 1847:") "precious jade; the Yao." Chinese 1074:used it widely until the fall of the 209:of North Africa, known in English as 9090:Ancient Greek philosophy of language 5009:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. 3265:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 3078:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 292. 1945:According to the Pakistani academic 1167:(the bronze original is lost, but a 7646: 5966:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people) 4613:. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 154. 4607:(1983). "14: Mercenary Diplomacy". 4166:Far East Chinese-English Dictionary 3852:The Origins of Chinese civilization 3774:The Origins of Chinese civilization 3739:The Origins of Chinese civilization 3571:, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy 3049:Delante Bravo, Chrostopher (2012). 2483:nomadic frontier tribes serving in 1957:漢化 "become Chinese; be sinicized." 1538:西戎 "western barbarians," and Di or 574:gives five definitions of the noun 187: 24: 8954:LGBT themes in speculative fiction 8280:Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien 6045:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD) 4942: 4869:from the original on May 25, 2011. 4555:eleventh-century successor-states. 4374: 4020:. Stanford University Press, p. 3. 3986:. History.news.163.com. 2009-11-17 3903:, Clarendon Press, part 1, p. 229. 3685:The Origins of Statecraft in China 3029:(Liddell & Scott), on Perseus" 3010:, Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1998, p.86 2616:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 1534:南蠻 "southern barbarians," Rong or 1348:meaning "land of the barbarians". 1243:In non-Western historical contexts 627:A rude, wild, uncivilized person. 217:, with the latter thereby being a 25: 9101: 4991: 4103:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 1439:, for instance, was changed from 1386:, the Sanskrit onomatopoeic word 1047:and made part of the province of 1043:, which had been absorbed by the 689:In classical Greco-Roman contexts 526:, itself derived from the Arabic 181:The Greek word was borrowed into 9019: 9018: 9008: 7552:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia 5043: 4842: 4817: 4791: 4770: 4733: 4698: 4677: 4637: 4596: 4560: 4516: 4476: 4439: 4402: 4367: 4185:Beckwith (2009), pp. 356–7. 3292:Apte English–Sanskrit Dictionary 3111:Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks 2422:, literally meaning "Red Hair." 1953:來化 "come and be transformed" or 1878:Cultural and racial barbarianism 1530:東夷 "eastern barbarians," Man or 1493:first recorded specific Chinese 1411:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 1332:, a region encompassing most of 1267:, were called barbarians by the 9009: 7964:Ballantine Adult Fantasy series 6540:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys 4910:The Golden Peaches of Samarkand 4323: 4317:. Chapter XIX. Online version: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4158: 4135: 4122: 4107:. Princeton University Press. 4097: 4076: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4023: 4010: 3997: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3893: 3883: 3870: 3857: 3844: 3835: 3822: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3779: 3766: 3753: 3744: 3731: 3706: 3677: 3664: 3648: 3631: 3618: 3608: 3587: 3574: 3547: 3532: 3517: 3502: 3486: 3473: 3470:(Penguin Classics, 2005) p. xii 3460: 3457:. Loeb Classical Library (1913) 3444: 3435: 3420: 3403: 3390: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3309: 3297: 3284: 3272: 3256: 3235: 3214: 3193: 3172: 3156: 3130: 3101: 3092: 3067: 2471:The entry of "barbarians" into 2457:European and American colonists 1694:In a somewhat related example, 1645: 7137:Jewish-American princess (JAP) 4949:Milosavljević, Monika (2014). 4930:. New York: Crown Publishers. 4413:Roman Europe: 1000 BC – AD 400 4033:. New York: Crown Publishers. 3798:Zhao 17, Waley (1938), p. 108. 3789:, Vintage, pp. 94–5, 108, 141. 3410:Dobson, John Frederic (1967). 3140:. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. 3042: 3013: 2998: 2986: 2970: 2957: 2926: 2913: 2901: 2713:In her 1916 anti-war pamphlet 2649:Twentieth-century barbarianism 2355:Barbarian puppet drinking game 2331: 2321: 2160: 2150: 1863:瑤 "jade" but none between the 1798:authors first transcribed the 1720:character dictionary, defines 351:, which is an echomimetic or 109: 45:19th century portrayal of the 13: 1: 7042:eastern and central europeans 6416:English-speaking Welsh people 4985:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e212470 4536:. OUP USA. pp. 461–462. 4378:(1967). "5: Frontier trade". 4344:. OUP USA. pp. 461–462. 4176:"barbarians" (2003), p. 1131. 4172:"barbarian", (1993) p. 2973; 3941:"孔子之作春秋也，诸侯用夷礼，则夷之；进于中国，则中国之" 3400:. London: Polity, 1991, p. 3. 3294:, "Fool" entry, 3rd ed., Pune 2890: 2673:as an example to his troops, 1760:Pejorative Chinese characters 1431:for non-Chinese peoples were 1344:possibly from the Latin word 792:From this period, words like 631:Sometimes distinguished from 418:. In general, the concept of 94:The term originates from the 4449:Handbook of Medieval Culture 3243:Ancient Greeks West and East 2923:, accessed on 16 August 2024 2547:postcolonial Indian military 2434:civilization used the word " 2236:Project includes Karlgren's 1912:"ritual; rites; propriety". 1393: 1305:) before being replaced by " 1275:Middle East and North Africa 637:(perh. with a glance at 2). 543: 347: 310: 293: 281: 265: 224: 118: 104: 7: 7982:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 7447:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B. 5703:Central and South Americans 3763:, Chinese University Press. 2798: 2263:The third problem involves 2240:definitions. Searching the 2045:According to the historian 1728:is not dissimilar from the 1382:In the ancient Indian epic 1340:comes from the Arabic word 1039:, in the former kingdom of 193: 10: 9106: 9085:Ethnic and religious slurs 4271:Ramsey, Robert S. (1987). 4170:Chinese-English Dictionary 3683:Creel, Herrlee G. (1970). 3136:Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton. 3074:Baracchi, Claudia (2014). 2556: 2513:Turkic mercenaries in the 1817:, this graphic pejorative 1763: 1408: 1397: 1375: 1336:. The name of the region, 1122: 304: 287: 275: 259: 113: 99: 32:Barbarian (disambiguation) 29: 9004: 8910: 8829: 8719: 8557: 8477: 8306: 8297: 8227: 8218: 8127: 8095: 8033: 8020:List of story collections 7949: 7905: 7898: 7861:Occult detective fiction‎ 7682: 7654: 7412: 7358: 7324: 7249: 7119: 7076: 7006: 6981: 6923: 6896: 6864: 6839: 6723: 6608: 6590: 6563: 6531: 6499: 6481: 6367: 6340: 6238: 6229: 6200: 6178: 6128: 6075: 6036: 6027: 5996: 5952: 5911: 5822: 5755: 5746: 5739: 5515: 5372: 5273: 5136: 5127: 5060: 5051: 4484:Kopanski, Ataullah Bogdan 3921:D. C. Lau (1970), p. 103. 3912:Dikötter (1992), pp. 8–9. 3865:Ethnic and Racial Studies 3787:The Analects of Confucius 3365:Oxford English Dictionary 3138:Athens: Its Rise and Fall 3027:"A Greek-English Lexicon" 2763:International Proletariat 2695:pre-civilised nationalism 2657:in the 20th century. The 2416: 2395:Barbarians from the South 2387: 2189:edited two dictionaries: 1805:, they insultingly chose 1119:The Dying Galatian statue 571:Oxford English Dictionary 556:warriors" as depicted in 448:The Romans used the term 396: 361: 321:The Greeks used the term 221:of the word "barbarian". 166:and sometimes later, the 36:Barbarus (disambiguation) 8285:World Fantasy Convention 6057:westernized South Asians 4972:. Oxford, NY: Clarendon. 4883:Beckwith, Christopher I. 4016:Dikötter, Frank (1992). 2784:The Phoenix on the Sword 2769:and its method of war." 2371: 2279:番 or 蕃 "foreigner" (see 2041:Modern reinterpretations 1984:gives this description. 1836:") "the Yao", then with 1518:Spring and Autumn period 1435:. The character for the 1404: 1371: 1313:. The geographical term 814:in 410 by the Barbarians 734:established ca. 508 BC, 613:One outside the pale of 578:, including an obsolete 185:as well, under the form 9070:Greek words and phrases 8353:Fire-breathing monsters 5811:westernized East Asians 5769:westernized East Asians 5154:Black American princess 5006:Encyclopædia Britannica 4987:9789004122598, 20110510 4570:Prehistoric Mesoamerica 4073:(1993), vol. 3, p. 577. 3930:Dikötter (1992), p. 18. 3658:, "Tribute of Yu" from 3241:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. 2786:" (1932), the first of 2579:barbarian serves as an 2459:frequently referred to 2376:When Europeans came to 2196:Grammata Serica Recensa 2136:translation of English 1898:that one can speak of " 1714:The prominent (121 CE) 1466:History and terminology 1400:Little China (ideology) 1247:Historically, the term 694:Historical developments 511:(बड़बड़ाना) as well as 483:is related to Sanskrit 8104:Dungeons & Dragons 7264:Indigenous Australians 4975:Losemann, V. (2006). " 4274:The Languages of China 3539:Silvio Vietta (2012). 3524:Silvio Vietta (2013). 3153: 3127: 3118:June 29, 2011, at the 2774:Modern popular culture 2771: 2755: 2745:", written in 1892 by 2737:, but as was shown by 2731: 2637:, who sailed with the 2628:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2626:, both of France, and 2599: 2426:Pre-Columbian Americas 2309: 1991: 1967:The Raw and the Cooked 1943: 1923: 1891: 1692: 1610: 1568: 1557: 1476:Herrlee Glessner Creel 1321:, and the name of the 1284: 1142: 821: 711: 654:A native of Barbary. 615:Christian civilization 565: 445: 402: 250: 238: 56:This article contains 50: 8170:International Fantasy 7581:non-Jewish boy or man 7196:Rootless cosmopolitan 4253:Beckwith (2009), 359. 4194:Beckwith (2009), 358. 4007:no.4 (2005), 112–117. 3878:Science & Society 3699:inscriptions and the 3645:as a derogatory term. 3582:Science & Society 3441:Aristot. Pol. 1.1252b 3149: 3123: 2759: 2751: 2727: 2574: 2557:Further information: 2467:Barbarian mercenaries 2301: 2010:Warring States period 1986: 1927: 1914: 1885: 1736:, under the entry of 1687: 1605: 1562: 1548: 1427:. Several historical 1409:Further information: 1282: 1132: 919:, the founder of the 818:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre 808: 701: 551: 507:in both contemporary 475:is also found in the 443: 269:) 'barbarian' was an 244: 232: 44: 8974:Supernatural fiction 8051:Fantastic Adventures 6469:Scottish Highlanders 6400:Welsh-speaking elite 5450:Hillbilly / Hilljack 5405:of European descent) 4928:The Chinese Heritage 4286:Beckwith (2009), 360 4031:The Chinese Heritage 3899:Legge, James (1885) 3807:Creel (1970), 59–60. 3716:. SUNY Press. p. 45. 2983:, 2010, pp. 311–315. 2635:Francisco de Cuellar 2633:Spanish sea captain 2092:used interchangeably 1821:(written with the 犭" 1636:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 1220:Western Roman Empire 1076:Eastern Roman Empire 1018:Acts of the Apostles 952:Pittacus of Mytilene 902:for Greek problems. 885:Hellenic stereotypes 394:2.867), in the form 30:For other uses, see 8275:Tolkien's influence 7988:Fantasy Masterworks 7941:Television programs 7749:Fairy tale parodies 5886:westernized Chinese 4849:Howard, Robert E.; 4117:Conan the Barbarian 4082:Hill, John (2009), 3759:Lin Yutang (1972), 3561:on October 27, 2009 3317:The Clarendon Press 3031:. Perseus.tufts.edu 2875:Stateless societies 2780:Conan the Barbarian 2709:Marxist use of term 2612:Niccolò Machiavelli 2553:Early Modern period 2430:In Mesoamerica the 2380:, they were called 2317:traditional Chinese 2203:"four barbarians": 2146:traditional Chinese 2037:change in culture. 1962:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1888:Great Wall of China 1886:The purpose of the 1752:countries when the 1579:, "south and east" 1491:bronze inscriptions 1433:graphic pejoratives 1232:Michel de Montaigne 1224:barbarian invasions 1190:The Greeks admired 1098:latrones mastrucati 1078:, (later named the 164:early modern period 8497:Damsel in distress 8265:Mythopoeic Society 7866:Paranormal romance 7781:Historical fantasy 7766:Fantasy of manners 7720:Children's fantasy 5797:Chinese and Korean 5333:Redskin/Red Indian 4907:Schafer, Edward H. 4859:"The Hyborian Age" 4524:Toynbee, Arnold J. 4332:Toynbee, Arnold J. 4295:Creel (1970), 196. 4221:AD 949, GSR 1013a. 4041:. pp. 106–108 3973:Fairbank, 146–149. 3750:Creel (1970), 198. 3728:Creel (1970), 197. 3712:Pu Muzhou (2005). 3267:A Latin Dictionary 3182:. Classics.mit.edu 2885:White man’s burden 2820:Civilizing mission 2600: 2583:on a 16th-century 2327:simplified Chinese 2156:simplified Chinese 2084:oracle bone script 2030:John King Fairbank 1995:nature and nurture 1892: 1772:Chinese characters 1620:淮夷 peoples in the 1569: 1449:Hua–Yi distinction 1429:Chinese characters 1415:Hua–Yi distinction 1355:was paralleled by 1285: 1214:, and the raiding 1145:The statue of the 1143: 1139:Capitoline Museums 890:much shrillness – 822: 732:Athenian democracy 712: 566: 489:balbutire / balbus 446: 431:Greco-Persian Wars 285:) 'citizen', from 251: 239: 207:indigenous peoples 197:), and used as an 58:special characters 51: 9050:Cultural concepts 9032: 9031: 8906: 8905: 8831:Places and events 8293: 8292: 8123: 8122: 7844:Planetary romance 7755:Fairytale fantasy 7710:Alternate history 7698:Sword and sorcery 7689:Action-adventure 7614: 7613: 7072: 7071: 6767:Northern Italians 6225: 6224: 6196: 6195: 6143:Northeast Indians 6023: 6022: 5735: 5734: 5668:Mexican Americans 5000:"Barbarian" 4968:Hall, E. (1989). 4918:978-0-520-05462-2 4895:978-0-691-13589-2 4660:978-1-4833-6466-7 4620:978-0-87395-654-3 4580:978-0-8061-3702-5 4543:978-0-19-505080-6 4499:978-3-643-80001-5 4459:978-3-11-037761-3 4423:978-0-19-926600-5 4351:978-0-19-505080-6 4230:AD 117, GSR 856a. 4212:AD 590, GSR 178p. 4113:978-0-691-13589-2 4092:978-1-4392-2134-1 3624:Robert Morrison, 3479:Wolfgang Helbig, 3413:The Greek Orators 3387:(1976), pp. 1–25. 3281:SpokenSanskrit.de 3085:978-1-4411-0873-9 3060:978-1-248-96599-3 3004:Johannes Kramer, 2950:978-3-11-053213-5 2675:Russian symbolist 2534:pre-Soviet Russia 2515:Abbasid Caliphate 2497:of the declining 2187:Bernhard Karlgren 1823:dog/beast radical 1786:transcription of 848:gentes barbaricae 605:One not a Greek. 522:or in Old French 318:syllabic script. 249:, 13th century AD 64:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 9097: 9060:Stock characters 9022: 9021: 9012: 9011: 8888:Enchanted forest 8532:Occult detective 8304: 8303: 8260:Lovecraft fandom 8225: 8224: 7929:highest-grossing 7903: 7902: 7890:West‎ern fantasy 7641: 7634: 7627: 7618: 7617: 7607: 7606: 7602:non-Jewish woman 7591: 7585: 7570: 7569: 7556: 7555: 7542: 7541: 7525: 7519: 7506: 7505: 7490: 7489: 7473: 7472: 7456: 7455: 7442: 7435: 7434: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7390: 7379: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7317: 7316: 7312:Pacific Islander 7301: 7300: 7296:Pacific Islander 7285: 7284: 7269: 7268: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7220: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7190: 7169: 7162: 7161: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7097: 7065: 7064: 7046: 7045: 7032: 7031: 6999: 6992: 6974: 6967: 6966: 6955: 6954: 6939: 6932: 6916: 6909: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6857: 6850: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6817: 6802: 6801: 6788: 6787: 6772: 6771: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6716: 6715: 6712:Anglophile Irish 6702: 6701: 6686: 6685: 6682:Anglophile Irish 6672: 6671: 6668:Irish Travellers 6658: 6657: 6653:Irish Travellers 6642: 6641: 6637:Irish Protestant 6628: 6627: 6601: 6583: 6576: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6492: 6474: 6473: 6458: 6457: 6444: 6443: 6428: 6421: 6420: 6405: 6404: 6389: 6388: 6360: 6353: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6236: 6235: 6218: 6211: 6201:Southeast Asians 6189: 6171: 6170: 6155: 6148: 6147: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6068: 6061: 6060: 6047: 6034: 6033: 6016: 6015: 5989: 5988: 5975: 5968: 5967: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5889: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5815: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5772: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5743: 5728: 5727: 5714: 5707: 5706: 5693: 5686: 5685: 5672: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5644: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5586: 5579: 5578: 5563: 5562: 5547: 5546: 5533: 5532: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5423: 5408: 5407: 5392: 5385: 5365: 5364: 5348: 5347: 5328: 5327: 5304: 5302: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5134: 5133: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4871: 4870: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4802:. Archived from 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4528:Somervell, D. C. 4520: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4336:Somervell, D. C. 4327: 4321: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4203:AD186, GSR 551a. 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4101: 4095: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4029:Wu, K. C. 1982. 4027: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3652: 3646: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3557:. Archived from 3551: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3528:. Kindle Ebooks. 3521: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3279:Barbara (entry) 3276: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3220:Hall, Jonathan. 3218: 3212: 3199:Hall, Jonathan. 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3160: 3154: 3134: 3128: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2930: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2788:Robert E. Howard 2735:Friedrich Engels 2699:Goth sub-culture 2602:Italians in the 2593:Antonio Abbondio 2530:Poland-Lithuania 2505:Varangian guards 2493:soldiery in the 2485:pre-modern China 2461:Native Americans 2421: 2419: 2418: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2334: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2271:"foreigner" and 2163: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2134:Standard Chinese 1815:language reforms 1573:Chinese classics 1513:羌 "barbarians." 1303:Berber etymology 1259:, including the 1080:Byzantine Empire 1072:Byzantine Greeks 1053:Semitic-speaking 1020:, the people of 923:, effectively a 873:was "made up of 718:– especially in 562:Germania Antiqua 473:barbara- (बर्बर) 405: 399: 398: 364: 363: 350: 313: 307: 306: 298: 290: 289: 284: 278: 277: 268: 262: 261: 245:Routes taken by 237:, 5th century AD 235:Migration Period 205:to refer to the 196: 190: 189: 170:used it for the 168:Byzantine Greeks 121: 116: 115: 111: 107: 101: 21: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9035: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9000: 8969:Science fiction 8902: 8825: 8715: 8622:Magical weapons 8553: 8517:Fairy godmother 8473: 8417:Talking animals 8289: 8214: 8140:British Fantasy 8119: 8091: 8072:Science Fantasy 8029: 7945: 7894: 7833:Science fantasy 7678: 7650: 7648:Fantasy fiction 7645: 7615: 7610: 7598: 7594: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7545: 7532: 7528: 7513: 7509: 7497: 7493: 7480: 7476: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7425: 7421: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7320: 7308: 7304: 7292: 7288: 7276: 7272: 7260: 7256: 7245: 7238: 7233:Zhyd / Zhydovka 7231: 7224: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7089: 7085: 7068: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7035: 7017: 7013: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6791: 6779: 6775: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6719: 6709: 6705: 6697:Irish Catholics 6693: 6689: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6661: 6649: 6645: 6633: 6631: 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American 5335: 5331: 5323:American Indian 5315:Native American 5311: 5307: 5286: 5282: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5243:Queen / Queenie 5241: 5234: 5227: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5128:North and South 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5056: 5047: 5042: 4997: 4994: 4959: 4957: 4945: 4943:Further reading 4874: 4847: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4601: 4597: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4521: 4517: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4481: 4477: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4407: 4403: 4387: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4328: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4102: 4098: 4081: 4077: 4070:Hanyu Da Cidian 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3653: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3564: 3562: 3555:"The Pechenegs" 3553: 3552: 3548: 3537: 3533: 3522: 3518: 3507: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3461: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3425: 3421: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290:S Apte (1920), 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3261: 3257: 3245:, 1999, p. 60, 3240: 3236: 3219: 3215: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3161: 3157: 3135: 3131: 3120:Wayback Machine 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2943:. p. 218. 2931: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2801: 2776: 2711: 2651: 2569: 2555: 2469: 2440:Triple Alliance 2428: 2413: 2384: 2374: 2357: 2043: 1925:Dikötter says, 1904:Chinese culture 1880: 1859:猺 "jackal" and 1853:logographically 1784:Written Chinese 1768: 1762: 1675:The translator 1648: 1544:Mikhail Kryukov 1485:(1600–1046 BC) 1468: 1421: 1419:Four Barbarians 1407: 1402: 1396: 1380: 1374: 1323:Barbary pirates 1277: 1245: 1208:Germanic tribes 1188: 1127: 1121: 1066:throughout the 917:Cyrus the Great 887: 716:chattel slavery 696: 691: 667:A Barbary horse 663:Barbary pirates 546: 456:The Greek term 301:Mycenaean Greek 247:Mongol invaders 227: 203:Arab conquerors 73: 72: 71: 62:Without proper 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9103: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 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8366: 8365: 8360: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8270:Tolkien fandom 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7998:List of novels 7995: 7990: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 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Marxists.org 4769: 4752: 4732: 4718: 4697: 4676: 4659: 4636: 4619: 4595: 4579: 4559: 4542: 4515: 4498: 4475: 4458: 4438: 4422: 4401: 4366: 4350: 4322: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4264: 4262:Beckwith, 360. 4255: 4246: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4164:For instance, 4157: 4155:Beckwith, 358. 4143: 4141:Beckwith, 357. 4134: 4121: 4096: 4075: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4022: 4009: 3996: 3975: 3966: 3964:Fairbank, 127. 3957: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3892: 3882: 3869: 3856: 3843: 3834: 3821: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3778: 3765: 3752: 3743: 3730: 3718: 3705: 3676: 3663: 3647: 3637:Liu Xiaoyuan, 3630: 3617: 3607: 3595:Orient Longman 3586: 3573: 3546: 3531: 3516: 3501: 3485: 3472: 3459: 3443: 3434: 3419: 3402: 3389: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3308: 3296: 3283: 3271: 3255: 3234: 3213: 3192: 3171: 3155: 3129: 3100: 3091: 3084: 3066: 3059: 3041: 3012: 2997: 2985: 2977:Justin Marozzi 2969: 2956: 2949: 2925: 2912: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2775: 2772: 2743:Erfurt Program 2723:Rosa Luxemburg 2710: 2707: 2677:poets such as 2650: 2647: 2639:Spanish Armada 2591:. Sculpted by 2559:Viking revival 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2536: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2487: 2468: 2465: 2463:as "savages". 2427: 2424: 2397:, because the 2373: 2370: 2356: 2353: 2260:, and so on." 2242:STEDT Database 2230: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2047:Frank Dikötter 2042: 2039: 1947:M. Shahid Alam 1879: 1876: 1764:Main article: 1761: 1758: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1647: 1644: 1638:says the name 1567:in Hunan, 1795 1472:Greek language 1467: 1464: 1443:猺 "jackal" to 1406: 1403: 1395: 1392: 1373: 1370: 1276: 1273: 1253:Turkic peoples 1244: 1241: 1237:religious wars 1210:, the settled 1187: 1184: 1148:Dying Galatian 1135:Dying Galatian 1125:Dying Galatian 1123:Main article: 1120: 1117: 1084:Constantinople 1064:Greek language 1057:Greek-speaking 1035:– a native of 921:Persian Empire 886: 883: 863:folk etymology 834:Late Antiquity 695: 692: 690: 687: 675: 674: 648: 642: 622: 593: 590:Etymologically 558:Philipp Clüver 545: 542: 466:Middle English 435:Persian Empire 226: 223: 124:Ancient Greece 66:, you may see 54: 53: 52: 49:as barbarians. 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9102: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9025: 9017: 9015: 9007: 9006: 9003: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8938:Ghost stories 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8721:Fantasy races 8718: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8694:Shapeshifting 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8567:Hard and soft 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8390:Shapeshifters 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8210:World Fantasy 8208: 8206: 8205:Tähtifantasia 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8175:Japan Fantasy 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7873:Weird fiction 7871: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7856:Urban fantasy 7854: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7314: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7130:Christ killer 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7015:Bulgarophiles 7012: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793:Sheep shagger 6790: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6433:Sheep shagger 6430: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5725: 5720: 5719:Yank / Yankee 5716: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492:Trailer trash 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5343:First Nations 5340: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5319:First Nations 5316: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076:Black Diamond 5073: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5008: 5007: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4937: 4936:0-517-54475-X 4933: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4855:Walt Simonson 4852: 4845: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4806:on 2013-05-11 4805: 4801: 4794: 4779: 4773: 4766: 4755: 4753:9781787146778 4749: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4721: 4719:9783476046116 4715: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4645:Axelrod, Alan 4640: 4633: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605:Gordon, Linda 4602:For example: 4599: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4376:Yu, Ying-shih 4373:For example: 4370: 4363: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4086:, BookSurge, 4085: 4079: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4040: 4039:0-517-54475-X 4036: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4005:Xueshu Yanjiu 4000: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3947:on 2018-07-12 3946: 3942: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3886: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3831: 3830:Shuowen Jieji 3825: 3818: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693:0-226-12043-0 3690: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3670:Victor Mair, 3667: 3661: 3657: 3654:James Legge, 3651: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3611: 3604: 3603:0-86125-248-9 3600: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3498:0-13-389296-4 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3251:90-04-10230-2 3248: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3230:0-226-31329-8 3227: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3209:0-226-31329-8 3206: 3202: 3196: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3146:1-4191-0808-5 3143: 3139: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3053:. p. 9. 3052: 3045: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2993:Palaeolexicon 2989: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2825:Ethnocentrism 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693:cultivated a 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:Shang dynasty 1889: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865:romanizations 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1834:human radical 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:Shuowen Jiezi 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1717:Shuowen Jiezi 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:Shang dynasty 1480: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1319:Barbary Coast 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1281: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255:north of the 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012:1 Corinthians 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:New Testament 986: 981: 979: 976: 973:The renowned 971: 969: 966:, and quotes 965: 964: 959: 955: 953: 950:dialect that 949: 945: 944: 939: 934: 932: 931: 927:text. In his 926: 922: 918: 914: 913: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 819: 815: 813: 807: 803: 801: 800: 795: 794:barbarophonos 790: 788: 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 709: 705: 700: 686: 683: 680: 672: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646: 643: 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 584: 583: 581: 577: 573: 572: 563: 559: 555: 550: 541: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 454: 451: 442: 438: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410:fighting for 409: 404: 403:barbarophonos 393: 392: 387: 382: 378: 374: 372: 371:ancient Greek 368: 358: 354: 349: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 314:, written in 312: 302: 297: 296: 283: 272: 267: 256: 255:Ancient Greek 248: 243: 236: 231: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 184: 179: 177: 174:in a clearly 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 106: 97: 96:Ancient Greek 92: 90: 84: 82: 78: 69: 65: 61: 59: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8996:Urban legend 8898:Magic school 8871:Astral plane 8866:Hollow Earth 8559:Magic system 8512:Dragonslayer 8486: 8407:Skin-walkers 8255:The Inklings 8248:Harry Potter 8247: 8102: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 7980: 7801:Magical girl 7776:High fantasy 7771:Hard fantasy 7737:Dark fantasy 7715:Contemporary 7600: 7579: 7565: 7551: 7547:Reffo / Balt 7534: 7516:non-believer 7515: 7499: 7482: 7465: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7387: 7310: 7294: 7278: 7262: 7214: 7184: 7178: 7155: 7091: 7055: 7041: 7025: 7019: 6963: 6947: 6811: 6797: 6781: 6765: 6711: 6695: 6681: 6667: 6651: 6635: 6621: 6467: 6454:Welsh people 6453: 6439:Welsh people 6437: 6414: 6398: 6382: 6164: 6141: 6056: 6029:South Asians 6009: 5985:also Chinese 5984: 5973:Gaoli bangzi 5963:Ban-jjokbari 5885: 5879: 5810: 5796: 5768: 5723: 5702: 5681: 5667: 5653: 5639: 5623: 5595: 5572: 5556: 5542: 5528: 5485:Swamp Yankee 5417: 5400: 5357: 5337: 5313: 5309:Indian/Injun 5288: 5054:by ethnicity 5045:Ethnic slurs 5004: 4976: 4969: 4958:. Retrieved 4954: 4927: 4909: 4886: 4877:Bibliography 4876: 4875: 4862: 4844: 4833:. Retrieved 4831:. 2014-10-22 4828: 4819: 4808:. Retrieved 4804:the original 4793: 4782:. Retrieved 4772: 4764: 4759:20 September 4757:. Retrieved 4742: 4735: 4725:20 September 4723:. Retrieved 4708: 4700: 4689:. Retrieved 4679: 4670: 4664:. Retrieved 4653:. CQ Press. 4649: 4639: 4630: 4624:. Retrieved 4609: 4598: 4590: 4584:. Retrieved 4569: 4562: 4553: 4547:. Retrieved 4532: 4518: 4509: 4503:. Retrieved 4488: 4478: 4469: 4463:. Retrieved 4448: 4441: 4433: 4427:. Retrieved 4412: 4404: 4392: 4386:. Retrieved 4380: 4369: 4361: 4355:. Retrieved 4340: 4325: 4314: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4272: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4244:(2009), 327. 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4137: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4104: 4099: 4083: 4078: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4030: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3988:. Retrieved 3978: 3969: 3960: 3949:. Retrieved 3945:the original 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3895: 3885: 3877: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3828:Xu Shen 許慎, 3824: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3786: 3781: 3768: 3755: 3746: 3733: 3713: 3708: 3701:Qing dynasty 3684: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3655: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3563:. Retrieved 3559:the original 3549: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3511:On Cannibals 3510: 3504: 3488: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3446: 3437: 3427: 3422: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3396:Arno Borst. 3392: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3311: 3299: 3286: 3274: 3269:, on Perseus 3266: 3258: 3242: 3237: 3221: 3216: 3200: 3195: 3184:. Retrieved 3174: 3169:, on Perseus 3166: 3158: 3150: 3148:, pp. 9–10. 3137: 3132: 3124: 3110: 3103: 3094: 3075: 3069: 3050: 3044: 3033:. 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Janson 1177: 1146: 1144: 1134: 1112: 1108: 1097: 1088: 1061: 1045:Roman Empire 1030: 1025: 1010: 1003: 999: 982: 972: 961: 956: 941: 935: 928: 910: 904: 888: 878: 877:(beard) and 874: 870: 860: 847: 842: 829: 825: 823: 812:Sack of Rome 809: 797: 793: 791: 784: 745: 713: 681: 678: 676: 670: 659: 655: 651: 644: 638: 632: 628: 624: 618: 610: 606: 602: 598: 595: 589: 586: 575: 569: 567: 561: 537: 531: 527: 523: 519: 517: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 470: 461: 457: 455: 449: 447: 428: 423: 419: 397:βαρβαρόφωνος 389: 380: 375: 366: 353:onomatopoeic 322: 320: 252: 180: 132:Ancient Rome 93: 88: 85: 76: 74: 55: 9055:Stereotypes 8923:Epic poetry 8784:Leprechauns 8699:Thaumaturgy 8674:Incantation 8627:Magic sword 8185:Méliès d'Or 8086:Weird Tales 7839:Dying Earth 7818:Mythopoeia‎ 7796:Low fantasy 7761:Fantastique 7216:German Jews 7186:Crypto-Jews 7021:Macedonians 6964:(Mercheros) 6623:Republicans 6515:China Swede 6098:Danchi babu 6011:Benshengren 5847:Ching chong 5748:East Asians 5499:White trash 5182:House Negro 4977:Barbarians" 4511:bodyguards. 4304:Schafer, 23 4059:Wu, 107–108 3697:Oracle bone 3565:October 27, 3509:Montaigne. 3453:in Lucian, 3222:Hellenicity 3201:Hellenicity 2835:Ethnography 2767:Imperialism 2691:Third Reich 2661:in Germany 2604:Renaissance 2597:Leone Leoni 2521:Mesoamerica 2193:(1923) and 2124:from Greek 1849:orthography 1671:refinement. 1630:translates 1589:Manyirongdi 1546:concluded. 1516:During the 1384:Mahabharata 1346:barbaricum, 1287:The native 1172:marble copy 1068:Middle Ages 1026:(Acts 28:2) 978:Demosthenes 867:Cassiodorus 850:such as in 499:and French 414:during the 339:Phoenicians 9045:Barbarians 9039:Categories 8984:Tokusatsu‎ 8933:Fairy tale 8876:Dreamworld 8774:Hobgoblins 8709:Witchcraft 8679:Necromancy 8659:Divination 8654:Demonology 8617:Magic ring 8607:Magic item 8590:Ceremonial 8479:Characters 8400:Werewolves 8338:Elementals 8242:Filk music 8190:Mythopoeic 8025:Publishers 7951:Literature 7911:television 7883:Weird West 7823:Omegaverse 7693:Lost world 7664:Literature 7258:Blackfella 7240:Żydokomuna 7051:Yestonians 6982:Ukrainians 6798:Sardinians 6783:Sardinians 6777:Sardegnolo 6743:Greaseball 6490:Cheesehead 6303:Mat Salleh 6216:Vietnamese 6179:Pakistanis 5980:Sangokujin 5943:Xiao Riben 5785:Sangokujin 5640:Oklahomans 5605:Half-breed 5471:Peckerwood 5275:Indigenous 5229:Pickaninny 5161:Black Buck 4851:Roy Thomas 4835:2018-09-25 4810:2012-11-08 4784:2013-09-30 4691:2013-09-30 4666:2016-08-03 4626:2016-08-02 4586:2016-08-02 4549:2016-07-30 4505:2016-07-30 4465:2016-07-30 4429:2016-07-30 4388:2016-07-29 4357:2016-07-30 3990:2013-09-30 3951:2018-07-12 3880:67.2, 214. 3867:13:3, 421. 3584:67.2, 206. 3428:Protagoras 3343:Wiktionary 3224:, p. 111, 3203:, p. 111, 3186:2018-07-12 3035:2018-07-12 3021:"The term 2965:(in Greek) 2941:De Gruyter 2891:References 2865:Philistine 2815:Chichimeca 2689:, and the 2667:Wilhelm II 2608:The Prince 2451:Promaucaes 2436:Chichimeca 2399:Portuguese 2303:The word " 2267:usages of 1792:Yao people 1776:transcribe 1622:Huai River 1612:This word 1585:Nanyibeidi 1437:Yao people 1398:See also: 1376:See also: 1269:Byzantines 1200:Anacharsis 1016:). In the 943:Protagoras 912:Cyropaedia 843:catholikoi 777:Asia Minor 775:came from 495:, Spanish 493:balbettare 416:Trojan War 176:pejorative 160:Sarmatians 8979:Superhero 8964:Mythology 8861:Lost city 8769:Halflings 8689:Shamanism 8684:Runecraft 8669:Evocation 8527:Magicians 8502:Dark lord 8487:Barbarian 8447:Skeletons 8370:Gargoyles 8348:Familiars 8308:Creatures 8044:Fantastic 8035:Magazines 7878:New weird 7683:Subgenres 7452:immigrant 7440:Barbarian 7414:Outsiders 7250:Oceanians 7180:Conversos 7060:Estonians 7057:Russified 6924:Spaniards 6914:Serbomans 6761:Polentone 6707:West Brit 6599:Grecomans 6522:Finnjävel 6342:Albanians 6231:Europeans 6209:Filipinos 5997:Taiwanese 5875:Jook-sing 5724:Americans 5654:Americans 5543:Canadians 5403:Bahamians 5264:Uncle Tom 5130:Americans 5083:Boerehaat 4924:Wu, K. C. 4829:MR Online 4408:Compare: 4329:Compare: 4130:barbarian 4094:, p. 123. 3901:The Li ki 3341:बड़बड़ाना 3329:Barbarian 3319:, Oxford. 3163:βαρβαρίζω 2850:Mongoloid 2840:Ethnology 2810:Berserker 2792:Aquilonia 2721:theorist 2665:, Kaiser 2624:Louis XII 2577:Sarmatian 2509:Byzantium 2473:mercenary 2289:barbarian 2138:barbarian 2130:barbarian 2118:barbarian 2111:barbarian 1682:Zuo Zhuan 1660:records: 1394:East Asia 1261:Pechenegs 1257:Black Sea 1249:barbarian 1196:Galatians 1192:Scythians 1161:Galatians 1153:Attalus I 1106:Sardinian 1041:Commagene 1000:barbarian 968:Euripides 958:Aristotle 892:Isocrates 871:barbarian 781:Aristotle 769:Phrygians 763:), while 749:Black Sea 710:), 200 AD 682:barbarous 576:barbarian 544:Semantics 505:baṛbaṛānā 501:balbutier 497:balbucear 462:barbarian 381:Statesman 367:barbarízō 362:βαρβαρίζω 357:Athenians 343:gibberish 327:Egyptians 323:barbarian 225:Etymology 162:. In the 156:Illyrians 152:Thracians 136:Germanics 77:barbarian 9065:Warriors 9024:Category 8918:Allegory 8794:Mermaids 8764:Gremlins 8729:Centaurs 8664:Egregore 8645:Schools 8612:Grimoire 8572:Elements 8544:Wild man 8464:Unicorns 8452:Vampires 8395:Werecats 8237:Fanspeak 8145:Crawford 8115:Podcasts 7828:Romantic 7811:Mythpunk 7742:Grimdark 7730:Bangsian 7588:Shkutzim 7485:Japanese 7093:Shi'ites 6950:Catalans 6937:Gachupín 6865:Russians 6724:Italians 6463:Teuchter 6394:Crachach 6317:Wasi'chu 5929:Jjokbari 5913:Japanese 5881:overseas 5840:Chinaman 5682:Chileans 5558:Mestizos 5529:Mexicans 5257:Tar-Baby 5189:Jim Crow 5104:Golliwog 5090:Choc ice 5061:Africans 4926:(1982). 4885:(2009): 4867:Archived 4687:. Ucc.ie 4647:(2013). 4526:(1988). 4395:Hsien-pi 4334:(1988). 4242:Khwarezm 3817:Mencius, 3656:Shangshu 3263:barbarus 3116:Archived 3023:barbaros 2870:Skræling 2830:Hannibal 2799:See also 2765:against 2725:writes: 2685:and the 2671:the Huns 2669:offered 2543:colonial 2491:Germanic 2477:frontier 2281:shengfan 2174:yemanren 2170:yěmánrén 2142:yemanren 2122:loanword 2054:K. C. Wu 2018:Yuan Dao 1999:shengfan 1976:shengfan 1774:used to 1704:King Wen 1657:Analects 1601:Zuozhuan 1553:Hua-Hsia 1388:barbara- 1366:Persians 1353:barbaroi 1338:Barbary, 1265:Kipchaks 1263:and the 1222:as the " 1165:Anatolia 1157:Pergamon 1109:Barbàgia 1102:Barbagia 1094:Sardinia 1037:Samosata 992:St. Paul 963:Politics 930:Anabasis 907:Xenophon 830:barbaroi 786:Politics 751:such as 740:Laureion 554:Germanic 538:barbaria 524:barbarie 485:barbaras 481:barbaros 477:Sanskrit 458:barbaros 450:barbarus 420:barbaros 348:bárbaros 331:Persians 316:Linear B 311:pa-pa-ro 266:bárbaros 260:βάρβαρος 178:manner. 148:Helvetii 144:Iberians 119:barbaroi 114:βάρβαροι 105:barbaros 100:βάρβαρος 89:barbaric 18:Barbaric 9075:Exonyms 9014:Outline 8911:Related 8789:Merfolk 8779:Kobolds 8759:Goblins 8744:Treants 8734:Dwarves 8704:Theurgy 8649:Alchemy 8581:neutral 8549:Witches 8492:Caveman 8457:Zombies 8442:Mummies 8412:Spirits 8363:Dragons 8358:Chimera 8343:Faeries 8160:Gemmell 8155:Gandalf 8110:Féeries 8079:Unknown 7959:Authors 7934:S&S 7674:Sources 7659:History 7575:Shegetz 7537:Chinese 7501:non-Jew 7384:Gypsies 7377:Didicoy 7306:Coconut 7174:Marrano 7103:Raghead 6990:Khokhol 6972:Xarnego 6960:Quinqui 6807:Terrone 6737:Goombah 6677:Shoneen 6647:Knacker 6565:Germans 6554:Gabacho 6508:Chukhna 6369:British 6261:Cracker 6239:General 6129:Indians 6052:Coconut 6037:General 5954:Koreans 5833:Ah Beng 5824:Chinese 5806:Twinkie 5756:General 5712:Wetback 5584:Greaser 5568:Coonass 5478:Redneck 5429:Cracker 5413:Coonass 5298:Unangan 5175:Colored 4960:25 June 4672:powers. 4530:(ed.). 4338:(ed.). 4050:Wu, 109 3890:139–68. 3543:. 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