481:
33:
61:
618:
593:, and a terminal plate is present in the transitional zone. An inner ring-like structure attached to the tubules of the flagellar doublets within the transitional zone has been observed in transverse section. No roots associated with the kinetosome have been observed. In many zoospores, the nucleus lies partially within the aggregation of ribosomes and was invariably situated laterally. Small
569:–lipid globule complex. The microbodies closely appose and almost surround four to six lipid globules (three anterior and one to three laterally), some of which appear bound by a cisterna. Some zoospores appear to contain more lipid globules (this may have been a result of a plane-of-sectioning effect, because the globules were often lobed in the zoospores examined). A
1195:. These salamanders have several subspecies, but they share a common trait: toxicity. A 2012 study demonstrated that no alpine salamanders in the area had the disease, despite its prevalence in the area. Alpine salamanders can produce alkaloid products or other toxic peptides that may be protective against microbes.
1084:
was found in all 3 sites with the highest percentage of amphibians positive for the fungus from the forest road (medium impact; 50%), followed by the mountain forest (low impact; 44%) and village (high impact; 36%). Human influence most likely explains detection of the fungus in the medium and high
817:
specimen from 1938. The study also suggests that chytridiomycosis had been a stable infection in southern Africa from 23 years prior to finding any infected outside of Africa. There is more recent information that the species originated on the Korean peninsula and was spread by the trade in frogs.
669:
that help it digest amphibian cells and use amphibian skin as a nutrient source. Once the zoospore reaches its host, it forms a cyst underneath the surface of the skin, and initiates the reproductive portion of its life cycle. The encysted zoospores develop into zoosporangia, which may produce more
1153:
fungus has caused the decline of 501 amphibian species—about 6.5 percent of the world known total. Of these, 90 have been entirely wiped out and another 124 species have declined by more than 90 percent, and the odds of the affected species recovering to a healthy population are doubtful. However,
722:
can grow within a wide temperature range (4-25 °C), with optimal temperatures being between 17 and 25 °C. The wide temperature range for growth, including the ability to survive at 4 °C gives the fungus the ability to overwinter in its hosts, even where temperatures in the aquatic
552:
often with membrane-bound spheres of ribosomes within the main ribosomal mass. A small spur has been observed, located at the posterior of the cell body, adjacent to the flagellum, but this may be an artifact in the formalin-fixed specimens. The core area of ribosomes is surrounded by a single
988:
have been performed in various locations across the world, the presence of the fungus in
Southeast Asia remains a relatively recent development. The exact process through which the fungus was introduced to Asia is not known, however, as mentioned above, it has been suggested transportation of
1075:
on local amphibian populations in 3 different areas in relation to human interaction: low (an isolated forest atop a mountain people rarely visit), medium (a forest road ~15 km from a village that is used at least once a week), and high (a small village where humans interact with their
1130:, ulcers, and most prominently the change in osmotic regulation often leading to cardiac arrest. The death toll on amphibians is dependent on a variety of factors but most crucially on the intensity of infection. Certain frogs adopt skin sloughing as a defense mechanism for
1134:; however, this is not always effective, as mortality fluctuates between species. For example, the Fletcher frog, despite practising skin sloughing, suffers from a particularly high mortality rate when infected with the disease compared to similar species like
1751:"McMahon, Taegan A. et al "Chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has nonamphibian hosts and releases chemicals that cause pathology in the absence of infection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.1 (2013): 210-215. Web. 01 Nov. 2020"
1043:
where new species of frogs, toads, and other amphibians and reptiles are being discovered on a frequent basis. Scientists simultaneously are swabbing herpetofauna in order to determine if these newly discovered animals possess traces of the fungus.
1121:
can be introduced to an amphibian primarily through water exposure, colonizing the digits and ventral surfaces of the animal's body most heavily and spreading throughout the body as the animal matures. Potential effects of this pathogen are
750:
through chytridiomycosis, the fungus existed on the amphibians as spherical, unicellular organisms, confined to minute patches (80–120 micrometers across). These organisms, unknown at the time, were subsequently identified as
3428:
Lambert, Max R.; Womack, Molly C.; Byrne, Allison Q.; Hernández-Gómez, Obed; Noss, Clay F.; Rothstein, Andrew P.; Blackburn, David C.; Collins, James P.; Crump, Martha L.; Koo, Michelle S.; Nanjappa, Priya (2020-03-20).
346:
The fungal pathogens that cause the disease chytridiomycosis are known to damage the skin of frogs, toads, and other amphibians, disrupting their balance of water and salt and eventually causing heart failure,
1698:
Voyles J, Young S, Berger L, Campbell C, Voyles WF, Dinudom A, Cook D, Webb R, Alford RA, Skerratt LF, Speare R (2009). "Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines".
1089:. This may go unanswered until more research is performed on transmission of the fungus across landscapes. However, recent evidence suggests mosquitoes may be a possible vector which may help spread
645:
released from the zoosporangium. The zoospores are known to be active only for a short period of time, and can travel short distances of one to two centimeters. However, the zoospores are capable of
2280:
767:
The fungus grows on amphibian skin and produces aquatic zoospores. It is widespread and ranges from lowland forests to cold mountain tops. It is sometimes a non-lethal
954:
1235:
Berger L, Speare R, Daszak P, Green DE, Cunningham AA, Goggin CL, Slocombe R, Ragan MA, Hyatt AD, McDonald KR, Hines HB, Lips KR, Marantelli G, Parkes H (July 1998).
1444:
Martel, A.; Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A.; Blooi, M.; Bert, W.; Ducatelle, R.; Fisher, M. C.; Woeltjes, A.; Bosman, W.; Chiers, K.; Bossuyt, F.; Pasmans, F. (2013).
670:
zoospores that can reinfect the host, or be released into the surrounding aquatic environment. The amphibians infected with these zoospores are shown to die from
1749:
McMahon, T. A.; Brannelly, L. A.; Chatfield, M. W.; Johnson, P. T.; Joseph, M. B.; McKenzie, V. J.; Richards-Zawacki, C. L.; Venesky, M. D.; Rohr, J. R. (2013).
1142:
Some amphibian species have been found to adapt to infection after an initial die-off with survival rates of infected and non-infected individuals being equal.
434:
122:
888:
723:
environments are low. The species does not grow well above temperatures of 25 °C, and growth is halted above 28 °C. Infected red-eyed treefrogs (
132:
3561:
2963:
Yang H; H. Baek; R. Speare; R. Webb; S. Park; T. Kim; K.C. Lasat er; S. Shin; S. Son; J. Park; M. Min; Y. Kim; K. Na; H. Lee & S. Park (2008).
3968:
1068:
3536:
R, Lötters, S Kielgast, J Sztatecsny, M Wagner, N Schulte, U Werner, P Rödder, D Dambach, J Reissner, T Hochkirch, A Schmidt, B (2012-04-30).
4033:
843:
may also be spread in the environment by birds and transportation of soils. Infections have been linked to mass mortalities of amphibians in
3877:
2319:
1175:
kills this frog by interfering with external water exchange thereby causing an imbalance with ion exchange which leads to heart failure.
3162:
1237:"Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America"
3352:
DiRenzo, Graziella; Zipkin, Elise; Grant, Evan
Campbell; Royle, J. Andrew; Longo, Ana; Zamudio, Kelly; Lips, Karen (3 October 2018).
3929:
775:. The fungus is associated with host mortality in highlands or during winter, and becomes more pathogenic at lower temperatures.
813:, previously collected from 1879 to 1999 in southern Africa, were examined. The earliest case of chytridiomycosis was found in a
353:
reports. Some amphibian species appear to have an innate capacity to withstand chytridiomycosis infection due to symbiosis with
2773:
in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced
American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China".
740:
has occasionally been found in forms distinct from its traditional zoospore and sporangia stages. For example, before the
3402:
480:
827:), also widely distributed, are also thought to be carriers of the disease due to their inherent low susceptibility to
2165:
Daszak P, Strieby A, Cunningham AA, Longcore JE, Brown CC, Porter D (2004). "Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (
755:. Characteristics of the organisms were suggestive of encysted zoospores; they may have embodied a resting spore, a
335:
283:
2381:
Schloegel LM, Hero JM, Berger L, Speare R, McDonald K, Daszak P (2006). "The decline of the sharp-snouted day frog (
359:. Even within species that generally succumb, some populations survive, possibly demonstrating that these traits or
4094:
4038:
3942:
1209:
326:
3815:
3645:"A salamander's toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra"
3289:"Body size influences energetic and osmoregulatory costs in frogs infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"
2944:
McLeod DS, Sheridan JA, Jiraungkoorskul W, Khonsue W (2008). "A survey for chytrid fungus in Thai amphibians".
1146:
4020:
2118:"Alien predators and amphibian declines: review of two decades of science and the transition to conservation"
60:
3539:
Absence of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus in the terrestrial Alpine salamander, Salamandra atra
1031:
among their amphibian populations. Much effort has been put into classifying herpetofauna in countries like
1093:
Another study in French Guiana reports widespread infection, with 8 of 11 sites sampled being positive for
484:
3805:
3192:
2189:
1085:
areas, however it does not provide an adequate explanation why even isolated amphibians were positive for
3981:
2236:
Lips KR (1999). "Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama".
649:, and can move towards a variety of molecules that are present on the amphibian surface, such as sugars,
2862:
1510:
Garner TW, Perkins MW, Govindarajulu P, Seglie D, Walker S, Cunningham AA, Fisher MC (September 2006).
4048:
3921:
3827:
3193:"Pathogen load predicts host functional disruption: A meta-analysis of an amphibian fungal panzootic"
2084:
1071:). Another study in Cambodia questioned the potential anthropological impact in the dissemination of
355:
2727:"Survey of Turkey's endemic amphibians for chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in Turkey"
2399:
630:. The arrows indicate discharge tubes through which zoospores exit the host cell. Scale bar = 35 μm.
4099:
4089:
4012:
2816:
Rowley J, Chan SK, Tang WS, Speare R, Skerratt LF, Alford RA, Cheung KS, Ho CY, Campbell R (2007).
930:
869:
387:
is derived from the genus of frogs from which the original confirmation of pathogenicity was made (
4104:
3580:"Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions"
3578:
DE MEESTER, Gilles; ŠUNJE, Emina; PRINSEN, Els; VERBRUGGEN, Erik; VAN DAMME, Raoul (2020-10-13).
995:
966:
823:
741:
1989:
Daszak P, Cuningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003). "Infection disease and amphibian population declines".
1109:
Worldwide amphibian populations have been on a steady decline due to an increase in the disease
999:, the American Bullfrog) may be a key component in the dissemination of the fungus, at least in
420:. The initial classification of the pathogen as a chytrid was based on zoospore ultrastructure.
4084:
3973:
3845:
2394:
972:
960:
384:
322:
3431:"Comment on "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity""
2385:): the first documented case of extinction by infection in a free-ranging wildlife species?".
1606:
Symonds EP, Trott DJ, Bird PS, Mills P (2008). "Growth characteristics and enzyme activity in
3809:
1567:
Moss AS, Reddy NS, Dortaj IM, San
Francisco MJ (2008). "Chemotaxis of the amphibian pathogen
1003:. Initial studies demonstrated the presence of the fungus on island states/countries such as
936:
558:
155:
4061:
2726:
876:
A wide variety of amphibian hosts have been identified as being susceptible to infection by
3903:
3656:
3491:
3365:
3300:
3204:
3170:
3116:
2295:
2245:
2129:
1998:
1902:
1707:
1461:
1307:
1248:
1167:
1056:
948:
882:
3238:
Wu, Nicholas C.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Ohmer, Michel E. B.; Franklin, Craig E. (2019-01-27).
8:
2169:) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of amphibians".
835:
populations where it may introduce the disease to new areas. It has also been shown that
802:
689:
364:
330:
3660:
3495:
3369:
3304:
3208:
3120:
2922:
2676:
Bovero S, Sotgiu G, Angelini C, Doglio S, Gazzaniga E, Cunningham AA, Garner TW (2008).
2299:
2249:
2133:
2002:
1906:
1711:
1465:
1311:
1252:
3782:
3753:
3735:
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3329:
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3139:
3104:
2798:
2578:
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2412:
2311:
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2147:
2061:
2036:
2014:
1971:
1926:
1826:
1777:
1750:
1731:
1635:
1544:
1511:
1484:
1445:
1426:
1401:
1383:
912:
707:
701:
695:
683:
662:
605:, which often contain a small number of ribosomes, are densely staining with discoidal
518:
55:
601:
body with stacked cisternae occurred within the cytoplasm outside the ribosomal area.
4056:
3890:
3882:
3787:
3740:
3692:
3680:
3672:
3629:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3543:
3519:
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3460:
3452:
3383:
3334:
3316:
3269:
3261:
3220:
3144:
3039:
2990:
2926:
2887:
2843:
2790:
2751:
2707:
2570:
2488:
2363:
2307:
2257:
2218:
2142:
2117:
2092:
2066:
2010:
1966:
1945:
1918:
1875:
1834:
1782:
1723:
1680:
1627:
1588:
1549:
1489:
1331:
1323:
1276:
1271:
1236:
1188:
894:
2802:
2582:
2535:
2416:
2315:
2265:
2151:
2018:
1975:
1735:
3777:
3769:
3730:
3722:
3664:
3643:
Lüddecke, Tim; Schulz, Stefan; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Vences, Miguel (2018-09-04).
3599:
3591:
3499:
3442:
3373:
3324:
3308:
3251:
3212:
3134:
3124:
3029:
2980:
2918:
2877:
2833:
2782:
2741:
2697:
2562:
2523:
2478:
2404:
2353:
2303:
2253:
2208:
2137:
2056:
2048:
2006:
1961:
1930:
1910:
1865:
1818:
1772:
1762:
1715:
1670:
1639:
1619:
1580:
1539:
1531:
1479:
1469:
1421:
1413:
1375:
1315:
1266:
1256:
1204:
1110:
1077:
924:
906:
784:
451:
349:
311:
186:
102:
3947:
3895:
2969:
in free-ranging populations of amphibians on mainland Asia: survey in South Korea"
1158:
was not as primary a driver of amphibian declines as found by the previous study.
1060:
3129:
1443:
1294:
Rosa, Ines Di; Simoncelli, Francesca; Fagotti, Anna; Pascolini, Rita (May 2007).
918:
852:
729:) recovered from their infections when incubated at a temperature of 37 °C.
725:
626:
598:
92:
32:
4025:
3480:"Skin defenses of North American salamanders against a deadly salamander fungus"
1187:, or have biological protections against the fungus. One such salamander is the
329:
around the world, in a global decline towards multiple extinctions, part of the
3916:
3868:
3833:
3644:
3312:
2702:
2677:
2483:
2458:
1755:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1454:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1241:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1123:
671:
112:
3709:
Daszak, Peter; Berger L; Cunningham AA; Hyatt AD; Green DE; Speare R. (1999).
3668:
3547:
2786:
2566:
2527:
2408:
1623:
1584:
1295:
4078:
3676:
3613:
3579:
3511:
3456:
3320:
3265:
3224:
3080:
Mendoza JA, Gaertner JP, Holden J, Forstner MR, Hahn D (2011). "Detection of
2649:
Lovich R, Ryan MJ, Pessier AP, CLaypool B (2008). "Infection with the fungus
2096:
1327:
942:
848:
844:
746:
638:
429:
3986:
3595:
3447:
3430:
3216:
3057:
Gaertner JP, Mendoza JA, Forstner MR, Neang T, Hahn D (2011). "Detection of
1767:
1719:
1474:
1261:
3791:
3773:
3744:
3726:
3684:
3621:
3464:
3407:
3387:
3338:
3273:
3148:
3043:
2994:
2930:
2891:
2847:
2822:
in Hong Kong in native amphibians and in the international amphibian trade"
2794:
2755:
2711:
2574:
2492:
2367:
2222:
2070:
2052:
1922:
1879:
1838:
1786:
1727:
1684:
1631:
1592:
1553:
1535:
1493:
1417:
1335:
990:
900:
602:
562:
40:
1280:
4007:
3955:
1127:
1024:
839:
can survive and grow in moist soil and on bird feathers, suggesting that
590:
447:
389:
340:
1914:
1893:
Di Rosa I, et al. (2007). "The
Proximate Cause of Frog Declines?".
1516:
globally infects introduced populations of the North
American bullfrog,
1319:
1154:
these conclusions were criticized by later studies, which proposed that
3934:
3479:
3256:
3239:
1830:
1387:
1052:
772:
654:
646:
586:
315:
48:
3960:
3537:
3503:
3240:"Epidermal epidemic: unravelling the pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis"
2358:
2337:
2213:
1870:
1853:
1675:
1654:
3999:
3378:
3353:
3287:
Wu, Nicholas C.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2018-02-27).
3034:
3009:
2985:
2964:
2882:
2838:
2817:
2746:
2035:
Weldon C, du Preez LH, Hyatt AD, Muller R, Spears R (December 2004).
1809:
1366:
1215:
1064:
1008:
1004:
867:
has been implicated in the extinction of the sharp-snouted day frog (
860:
582:
570:
566:
545:
533:
522:
506:
72:
47:
growing on a freshwater arthropod (a) and algae (b); scale bars = 30
3839:
3542:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT).
2943:
2549:
Gaertner JP, Forstner MR, O'Donnell L, Hahn D (2009). "Detection of
1822:
1379:
617:
3994:
3862:
3820:
3708:
2725:
Erismis UC, Konuk M, Yoldas T, Agyar P, Yumuk D, Korcan SE (2014).
1854:"Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature"
1032:
1020:
768:
666:
642:
594:
554:
549:
464:
425:
2626:
Lehtinen RM, Kam Y-C Richards CL (2008). "Preliminary surveys for
831:
infection. The bullfrog often escapes captivity and can establish
3427:
2861:
Kusrini MD, Skerratt LF, Garland S, Berger L, Endarwin W (2008).
2548:
1036:
756:
650:
606:
514:
510:
502:
487:
of a frozen intact zoospore and sporangia of the chytrid fungus (
469:
3711:"Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines"
3577:
1748:
1509:
801:
and subsequently spread to other parts of the world by trade in
3908:
3008:
Wei, Y.; K. Xu; D.-Z. Zhu; X.-F. Chen & X.-L. Wang (2010).
3007:
2164:
2085:"Frog-Killing Fungus Found to Have Origins on Korean Peninsula"
1012:
856:
794:
517:
and smooth-walled, roughly spherical, inoperculate (without an
405:, "one who climbs", referring to a genus of poison dart frogs.
360:
82:
3642:
2863:"Chytridiomycosis in frogs of Mount Gede Pangrango, Indonesia"
1293:
544:
in size, have an elongate–ovoid body with a single, posterior
525:. Each sporangium produces a single tube to discharge spores.
416:
was until recently considered the single species of the genus
3105:"Widespread Occurrence of Bd in French Guiana, South America"
3102:
3079:
2962:
2905:
Fisher MC, Garner TW, Walker SF (2009). "Global emergence of
2769:
Bai, C.; T. W. Garner & Y. Li (2010). "First evidence of
1097:
infection for at least one species. This study suggests that
1016:
1000:
832:
809:). In this study, 697 archived specimens of three species of
492:
231:
3354:"Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host–pathogen coexistence"
3056:
2860:
1566:
759:, or a parasitic form of the fungus that is non-pathogenic.
541:
2657:
below sea level in the
Coachella Valley, California, USA".
1803:
Piotrowski JS, Annis S, Longcore JE (2004). "Physiology of
1653:
Berger L, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Longcore JE (December 2005).
1040:
798:
468:, the formation of colonial thalli with multiple sporangia
266:
260:
254:
242:
228:
210:
204:
192:
2675:
2190:"Possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid
970:), and endemic frog species, the Beysehir frog in Turkey (
2909:
and amphibian chytridiomycosis inspace, time, and host".
2648:
2380:
2034:
1697:
1652:
762:
589:. Nine interconnected props attach the kinetosome to the
421:
272:
219:
2768:
2625:
2438:) from Three National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska, USA".
1851:
3351:
2724:
1946:"Predicting the Distribution of the Amphibian Pathogen
1802:
1234:
3758:
in Water: Quarantine and Disease Control Implications"
3751:
3103:
Courtois EA, Gaucher P, Chave J, Schmeller DS (2015).
2281:"Infectious disease and amphibian population declines"
1450:
sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians"
1355:
2278:
1605:
1051:
to be prevalent throughout the country in areas near
637:
has two primary life stages: a sessile, reproductive
432:
has corroborated the view, with the closest match to
284:
275:
245:
216:
207:
195:
3237:
2815:
2335:
1988:
1063:(frogs collected from streets around the town), and
1019:. Soon thereafter, mainland Asian countries such as
269:
263:
257:
251:
248:
239:
225:
222:
201:
198:
189:
2553:in endemic salamander species from Central Texas".
1439:
1437:
236:
213:
3752:Johnson, Megan L.; Speare, Richard (August 2003).
2904:
1852:Woodhams DC, Alford RA, Marantelli G (June 2003).
2965:"First detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus
2505:
2456:
1798:
1796:
548:(19–20 μm long), and possess a core area of
375:The generic name is derived from the Greek words
4076:
3061:in frogs from different locations in Cambodia".
2338:"Chytrid fungus parasitizing the wild amphibian
1434:
3286:
2595:
2030:
2028:
1571:and its response to a variety of attractants".
1402:"Etymologia: Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans"
363:of species are being subjected to evolutionary
3477:
2463:infection in the mountain yellow-legged frog (
1793:
1505:
1503:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1183:Some amphibian species are actually immune to
1069:Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity
3478:Pereira, K. E.; Woodley, S. K. (2021-01-11).
3084:on amphibians in Pursat Province, Cambodia".
2187:
1356:Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Nichols DK (1999). "
744:that decimated populations of the water frog
3560:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2181:
2025:
1845:
1742:
1655:"Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid
1101:is more widespread than previously thought.
339:, also causes chytridiomycosis and death in
2621:
2619:
2459:"Effect of temperature on host response to
1646:
1560:
1500:
1342:
1067:(frogs collected from a national preserve:
171:Longcore, Pessier & D.K. Nichols (1999)
2336:Herrera RA, Steciow MM, Natale GS (2005).
2279:Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003).
2115:
778:
31:
3781:
3734:
3603:
3446:
3377:
3328:
3255:
3138:
3128:
3033:
2984:
2881:
2837:
2745:
2701:
2678:"Detection of chytridiomycosis caused by
2482:
2429:
2398:
2357:
2212:
2141:
2060:
1965:
1869:
1776:
1766:
1674:
1543:
1483:
1473:
1425:
1270:
1260:
1228:
1059:(frogs collected from the local market),
462:primarily in the formation of germ tubes
2616:
2506:Byrne MW, Davie EP, Gibbons JW (2008). "
2037:"Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus"
616:
479:
3345:
2235:
1892:
1364:, a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians".
1296:"The proximate cause of frog declines?"
1104:
892:), the southern two-lined salamander (
333:. A recently described second species,
4077:
2457:Andre SE, Parker J, Briggs CJ (2008).
2342:(Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Argentina"
763:Habitat and relationship to amphibians
576:
310:, is a fungus that causes the disease
3844:
3843:
3573:
3571:
3531:
3529:
1807:, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians".
1076:environment on a daily basis). Using
528:
4049:4ee65289-91d2-4025-b3ef-8f7a131e0994
3400:
910:), Blanco River Springs Salamander (
886:), the mountain yellow-legged frog (
509:. The fungus in the epidermis has a
2923:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073435
1943:
1099:Bd (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)
1027:, and China reported incidences of
13:
3702:
3568:
3526:
3190:
2682:in the endangered sardinian newt (
2188:Johnson ML, Speare R (July 2005).
922:), Jollyville Plateau Salamander (
472:, and a lower thermal preference.
14:
4116:
3799:
3535:
3403:"The Worst Disease Ever Recorded"
2818:"Survey for the amphibianchytrid
1512:"The emerging amphibian pathogen
1448:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
1161:One amphibian in particular that
979:
3018:in Heilongjiang Province, China"
2596:Brodman R, Briggler JT (2008). "
2308:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x
2258:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97185.x
2143:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00013.x
2011:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x
1967:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00028.x
1210:Decline in amphibian populations
958:), the Rio Grande Leopard frog (
732:
327:devastated amphibian populations
185:
59:
3636:
3471:
3421:
3394:
3280:
3244:Journal of Experimental Biology
3231:
3184:
3155:
3096:
3073:
3050:
3010:"First Early-spring survey for
3001:
2956:
2937:
2898:
2854:
2809:
2762:
2718:
2686:), in Southern Sardinia, Italy"
2669:
2642:
2589:
2542:
2499:
2450:
2423:
2374:
2329:
2272:
2229:
2158:
2109:
2077:
1982:
1937:
1886:
1691:
946:), the eastern spadefoot toad (
540:, which are typically 3–5
321:Since its discovery in 1998 by
3854:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3828:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3816:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3756:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3191:Wu, Nicholas C. (April 2023).
3082:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3059:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3012:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2967:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2907:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2820:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2771:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2680:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2651:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2628:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2598:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2551:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2508:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2461:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2432:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2192:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1805:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1657:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1608:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1599:
1569:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1514:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1394:
1358:Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis
1287:
1147:Australian National University
1055:(in a village <5 km),
984:While most studies concerning
952:), the southern leopard frog (
940:), the southern cricket frog (
916:), Barton Springs Salamander (
489:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
414:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
408:
180:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
165:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
25:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1:
2911:Annual Review of Microbiology
2870:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
2826:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
2604:larvae in southern Indiana".
2346:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
1663:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
1222:
1165:has affected greatly was the
714:
641:and a motile, uniflagellated
612:
475:
3762:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3715:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3130:10.1371/journal.pone.0125128
2734:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2690:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2471:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1145:According to a study by the
1047:In Cambodia, a study showed
624:sporangia in the skin of an
485:Scanning electron micrograph
370:
7:
2946:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
2288:Diversity and Distributions
2122:Diversity and Distributions
2116:Kats LB, Ferrer RP (2003).
1198:
1178:
934:, the western chorus frog (
789:It has been suggested that
661:also contains a variety of
10:
4121:
3313:10.1038/s41598-018-22002-8
2703:10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.712
2484:10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.716
898:), San Marcos Salamander (
782:
3852:
3669:10.1007/s00114-018-1579-4
3605:10067/1718680151162165141
2787:10.1007/s10393-010-0307-0
2567:10.1007/s10393-009-0229-x
2528:10.1656/1528-7092-7.3.551
2409:10.1007/s10393-005-0012-6
1624:10.1007/s11046-008-9135-y
1585:10.3852/mycologia.100.1.1
383:(earthen pot), while the
356:Janthinobacterium lividum
161:
154:
56:Scientific classification
54:
39:
30:
23:
2602:Ambystoma jeffersonianum
955:Lithobates sphenocephala
931:Ambystoma jeffersonianum
880:, including wood frogs (
870:Taudactylus acutirostris
705:) but not mosquitofish (
442:was discovered in 2013:
308:amphibian chytrid fungus
4095:Fungi described in 1999
3596:10.1111/1749-4877.12492
3448:10.1126/science.aay1838
3401:Yong, Ed (2019-03-28).
3358:Ecological Applications
3217:10.1111/1365-2435.14245
2684:Euproctus platycephalus
2516:Southeastern Naturalist
2383:Taudactylus acutiostris
2340:Leptodactylus ocellatus
1768:10.1073/pnas.1200592110
1720:10.1126/science.1176765
1475:10.1073/pnas.1307356110
1262:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031
996:Lithobates catesbeianus
967:Euproctus platycephalus
964:), the Sardinian newt (
824:Lithobates catesbeianus
779:Geographic distribution
742:2003 European heat wave
681:also infects crayfish (
573:has not been observed.
446:, which mainly affects
3774:10.3201/eid0908.030145
3727:10.3201/eid0506.990601
2655:Lithobates berlandieri
2171:Herpetological Journal
2053:10.3201/eid1012.030804
1536:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0494
1518:Lithobates catesbeiana
1418:10.3201/eid2207.ET2207
1412:(7): 1282. July 2016.
993:carrier species (e.g.
973:Pelophylax caralitanus
961:Lithobates berlandieri
631:
495:
438:. A second species of
3810:University of Alabama
3649:The Science of Nature
3086:Herpetological Review
3063:Herpetological Review
2659:Herpetological Review
2632:Herpetological Review
2606:Herpetological Review
2440:Herpetological Review
937:Pseudacris triseriata
904:), Texas Salamander (
620:
585:lies adjacent to the
559:endoplasmic reticulum
513:bearing a network of
483:
147:B. dendrobatidis
3806:Chytrid Fungi Online
2436:Lithobates sylvatica
2238:Conservation Biology
2041:Emerging Infect. Dis
1168:Lithobates clamitans
1105:Effect on amphibians
949:Scaphiopus holbrooki
883:Lithobates sylvatica
821:American bullfrogs (
803:African clawed frogs
435:Chytridium confervae
3661:2018SciNa.105...56L
3584:Integrative Zoology
3496:2021AnCon..24..552P
3484:Animal Conservation
3370:2018EcoAp..28.1948D
3305:2018NatSR...8.3739W
3209:2023FuEco..37..900W
3167:www.amphibiaweb.org
3121:2015PLoSO..1025128C
2430:Reeves MK (2008). "
2300:2003DivDi...9..141D
2250:1999ConBi..13..117L
2194:in the environment"
2134:2003DivDi...9...99K
2003:2003DivDi...9..141D
1915:10.1038/nature05941
1907:2007Natur.447....4R
1712:2009Sci...326..582V
1466:2013PNAS..11015325M
1460:(38): 15325–15329.
1320:10.1038/nature05941
1312:2007Natur.447....4R
1253:1998PNAS...95.9031B
1149:estimates that the
677:Besides amphibians
663:proteolytic enzymes
577:Flagellum structure
565:, and an extensive
456:B. salamandrivorans
444:B. salamandrivorans
397:is from the Greek
336:B. salamandrivorans
331:Holocene extinction
123:Batrachochytriaceae
3441:(6484): eaay1838.
3293:Scientific Reports
3257:10.1242/jeb.191817
3197:Functional Ecology
3163:"Chytridiomycosis"
2465:Lithobates muscosa
2089:The New York Times
1140:Lim. tasmaniensis.
913:Eurycea pterophila
889:Lithobates muscosa
708:Gambusia holbrooki
696:Orconectes virilis
684:Procambarus alleni
632:
529:Zoospore structure
496:
4072:
4071:
4057:Open Tree of Life
3846:Taxon identifiers
3504:10.1111/acv.12666
2512:Eurycea cirrigera
2359:10.3354/dao064247
2214:10.3354/dao065181
1950:in the New World"
1871:10.3354/dao055065
1706:(5952): 582–585.
1676:10.3354/dao068051
1189:alpine salamander
1113:, caused by this
1091:B. dendrobatidis.
895:Eurycea cirrigera
581:A nonfunctioning
300:), also known as
176:
175:
16:Species of fungus
4112:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4029:
4028:
4026:NHMSYS0020774201
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3841:
3840:
3795:
3785:
3748:
3738:
3697:
3696:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3607:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3379:10.1002/eap.1792
3364:(8): 1948–1962.
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3259:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3169:. Archived from
3159:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3035:10.3354/dao02172
3005:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2986:10.3354/dao02098
2960:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2883:10.3354/dao01981
2867:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2839:10.3354/dao01861
2813:
2807:
2806:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2747:10.3354/dao02742
2731:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2653:in a non-native
2646:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2318:. Archived from
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2167:Rana catesbeiana
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2032:
2023:
2022:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1948:B. dendrobatidis
1941:
1935:
1934:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1406:Emerg Infect Dis
1398:
1392:
1391:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1205:Pathogenic fungi
1132:B. dendrobatidis
1111:chytridiomycosis
1095:B. dendrobatidis
1087:B. dendrobatidis
1082:B. dendrobatidis
1078:quantitative PCR
1073:B. dendrobatidis
1049:B. dendrobatidis
1029:B. dendrobatidis
986:B. dendrobatidis
925:Eurycea tonkawae
907:Eurycea neotenes
878:B. dendrobatidis
873:) in Australia.
865:B. dendrobatidis
841:B. dendrobatidis
837:B. dendrobatidis
829:B. dendrobatidis
791:B. dendrobatidis
785:Chytridiomycosis
753:B. dendrobatidis
738:B. dendrobatidis
720:B. dendrobatidis
679:B. dendrobatidis
659:B. dendrobatidis
635:B. dendrobatidis
622:B. dendrobatidis
538:B. dendrobatidis
499:B. dendrobatidis
460:B. dendrobatidis
452:chytridiomycosis
450:and also causes
440:Batrachochytrium
424:analysis of the
418:Batrachochytrium
385:specific epithet
312:chytridiomycosis
296:
292:
288:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
167:
134:Batrachochytrium
103:Chytridiomycetes
64:
63:
45:B. dendrobatidis
35:
21:
20:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4100:Parasitic fungi
4090:Chytridiomycota
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3848:
3802:
3705:
3703:Further reading
3700:
3641:
3637:
3576:
3569:
3553:
3552:
3534:
3527:
3476:
3472:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3399:
3395:
3350:
3346:
3285:
3281:
3236:
3232:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3115:(4): e0125128.
3101:
3097:
3078:
3074:
3055:
3051:
3006:
3002:
2961:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2903:
2899:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2814:
2810:
2767:
2763:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2674:
2670:
2647:
2643:
2624:
2617:
2594:
2590:
2547:
2543:
2504:
2500:
2455:
2451:
2434:in wood frogs (
2428:
2424:
2400:10.1.1.602.3591
2379:
2375:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2234:
2230:
2201:Dis. Aquat. Org
2196:
2186:
2182:
2163:
2159:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2033:
2026:
1991:Divers. Distrib
1987:
1983:
1944:Ron SR (2005).
1942:
1938:
1901:(7144): E4–E5.
1891:
1887:
1858:Dis. Aquat. Org
1850:
1846:
1823:10.2307/3761981
1801:
1794:
1747:
1743:
1696:
1692:
1651:
1647:
1604:
1600:
1565:
1561:
1524:Biology Letters
1508:
1501:
1442:
1435:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1380:10.2307/3761366
1354:
1343:
1306:(7144): E4–E5.
1292:
1288:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1201:
1181:
1107:
982:
919:Eurycea sosorum
853:Central America
787:
781:
771:and possibly a
765:
735:
726:Litoria chloris
717:
627:Atelopus varius
615:
579:
561:, two to three
531:
478:
411:
373:
297:-droh-bə-ty-dis
294:
290:
286:
235:
188:
184:
172:
169:
163:
150:
93:Chytridiomycota
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4105:Fungus species
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4053:
4043:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3837:
3834:Index Fungorum
3824:
3812:
3801:
3800:External links
3798:
3797:
3796:
3768:(8): 915–921.
3749:
3721:(6): 735–748.
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3635:
3590:(3): 336–353.
3567:
3525:
3490:(4): 552–567.
3470:
3420:
3393:
3344:
3279:
3230:
3203:(4): 900–914.
3183:
3154:
3095:
3072:
3049:
3028:(3): 241–244.
3016:Rana dybowskii
3000:
2955:
2936:
2897:
2876:(3): 187–194.
2853:
2808:
2781:(1): 241–244.
2761:
2740:(2): 153–157.
2717:
2696:(3): 712–715.
2668:
2641:
2615:
2588:
2541:
2522:(3): 551–555.
2510:occurrence in
2498:
2477:(3): 716–720.
2449:
2422:
2373:
2328:
2325:on 2008-12-26.
2271:
2244:(1): 117–125.
2228:
2180:
2157:
2108:
2091:. 2018-05-10.
2076:
2047:(12): 2100–5.
2024:
1997:(2): 141–150.
1981:
1960:(2): 209–221.
1936:
1885:
1844:
1792:
1741:
1690:
1645:
1618:(3): 143–147.
1612:Mycopathologia
1598:
1559:
1530:(3): 455–459.
1499:
1433:
1393:
1374:(2): 219–227.
1341:
1286:
1247:(15): 9031–6.
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1180:
1177:
1124:hyperkeratosis
1106:
1103:
1080:, evidence of
981:
980:Southeast Asia
978:
807:Xenopus laevis
793:originated in
783:Main article:
780:
777:
764:
761:
734:
731:
716:
713:
672:cardiac arrest
614:
611:
578:
575:
530:
527:
477:
474:
410:
407:
372:
369:
325:, the disease
174:
173:
170:
159:
158:
152:
151:
144:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
113:Rhizophydiales
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
51:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4117:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Aquatic fungi
4083:
4082:
4080:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:"Survival of
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:on 2016-05-26
3172:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Dis Aquat Org
3019:
3017:
3013:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:Dis Aquat Org
2970:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:Dis Aquat Org
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2665:(3): 315–317.
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2638:(3): 317–318.
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2612:(3): 320–321.
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2352:(3): 247–52.
2351:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:(2): 141–50.
2293:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:(2): 99–110.
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Sihanoukville
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
987:
977:
975:
974:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:
943:Acris gryllus
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
874:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:South America
846:
845:North America
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
776:
774:
770:
760:
758:
754:
749:
748:
747:Rana lessonae
743:
739:
733:Varying forms
730:
728:
727:
721:
712:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
675:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:zoosporangium
636:
629:
628:
623:
619:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
471:
467:
466:
461:
458:differs from
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
406:
404:
401:, "tree" and
400:
396:
395:dendrobatidis
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
344:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
298:
280:
182:
181:
168:
166:
160:
157:
156:Binomial name
153:
149:
148:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3853:
3832:
3826:
3814:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3718:
3714:
3655:(9–10): 56.
3652:
3648:
3638:
3587:
3583:
3538:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3438:
3434:
3423:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:The Atlantic
3406:
3396:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3171:the original
3166:
3157:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2832:(2): 87–95.
2829:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2737:
2733:
2720:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2630:in Taiwan".
2627:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2561:(1): 20–26.
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2331:
2320:the original
2291:
2287:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2207:(3): 181–6.
2204:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2100:. Retrieved
2088:
2079:
2044:
2040:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1761:(1): 210–5.
1758:
1754:
1744:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1669:(1): 51–63.
1666:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1214:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1136:Lim. peronii
1135:
1131:
1126:, epidermal
1118:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1048:
1046:
1028:
994:
991:asymptomatic
985:
983:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
901:Eurycea nana
899:
893:
887:
881:
877:
875:
868:
864:
840:
836:
828:
822:
820:
814:
810:
806:
790:
788:
766:
752:
745:
737:
736:
724:
719:
718:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
678:
676:
658:
634:
633:
625:
621:
603:Mitochondria
580:
563:mitochondria
537:
532:
501:infects the
498:
497:
488:
463:
459:
455:
443:
439:
433:
417:
413:
412:
402:
398:
394:
388:
380:
376:
374:
354:
348:
345:
334:
320:
307:
302:
301:
179:
178:
177:
164:
162:
146:
145:
133:
44:
41:Zoosporangia
24:
18:
4008:NatureServe
3956:iNaturalist
3299:(1): 3739.
2979:(1): 9–13.
2917:: 291–310.
2446:(1): 68–70.
1864:(1): 65–7.
1817:(1): 9–15.
1610:isolates".
1128:hyperplasia
1025:South Korea
655:amino acids
591:plasmalemma
503:keratinized
448:salamanders
409:Systematics
390:Dendrobates
379:(frog) and
341:salamanders
4079:Categories
3548:1030045649
3414:2019-03-28
3177:2016-05-27
3092:: 542–545.
3069:: 546–548.
2952:: 199–204.
2177:: 201–207.
2102:2018-05-20
1954:Biotropica
1579:(1): 1–5.
1223:References
1053:Phnom Penh
773:saprophyte
715:Physiology
702:O. immunis
690:P. clarkii
647:chemotaxis
613:Life cycle
587:kinetosome
507:amphibians
476:Morphology
323:Lee Berger
316:amphibians
89:Division:
4013:2.1016469
3693:253637272
3677:0028-1042
3630:221862886
3614:1749-4877
3556:cite book
3520:232030040
3512:1367-9430
3457:0036-8075
3321:2045-2322
3266:1477-9145
3225:0269-8463
2555:EcoHealth
2395:CiteSeerX
2393:: 35–40.
2387:EcoHealth
2097:0362-4331
1810:Mycologia
1573:Mycologia
1367:Mycologia
1328:0028-0836
1216:Ranavirus
1065:Siem Reap
1009:Indonesia
1005:Hong Kong
861:Australia
815:X. laevis
667:esterases
583:centriole
571:rumposome
567:microbody
550:ribosomes
546:flagellum
534:Zoospores
523:sporangia
519:operculum
377:batrachos
371:Etymology
365:selection
141:Species:
79:Kingdom:
73:Eukaryota
3995:MycoBank
3974:11332651
3917:Fungorum
3883:60032393
3878:AusFungi
3869:Q1543914
3863:Wikidata
3821:MycoBank
3792:12967488
3745:10603206
3685:30291447
3622:32965720
3465:32193293
3388:30368999
3339:29487313
3274:30559300
3250:(Pt 2).
3149:25902035
3109:PLOS ONE
3044:21268987
3014:in wild
2995:19899344
2931:19575560
2892:19244970
2848:18286805
2803:24321977
2795:20372969
2756:25266902
2712:18689659
2583:23997421
2575:19424755
2536:84713825
2493:18689660
2417:11114174
2368:15997823
2316:16838374
2266:86205459
2223:16119886
2152:85969277
2071:15663845
2019:16838374
1976:84272576
1923:17538572
1880:12887256
1839:21148822
1787:23248288
1736:52850132
1728:19900897
1685:16465834
1632:18568420
1593:18488347
1554:17148429
1494:24003137
1360:gen. et
1336:17538572
1199:See also
1179:Immunity
1117:fungus.
1033:Cambodia
1021:Thailand
769:parasite
651:proteins
643:zoospore
595:vacuoles
555:cisterna
515:rhizoids
505:skin of
465:in vitro
293:-ree-əm
119:Family:
69:Domain:
3935:2627503
3783:3020615
3736:2640803
3657:Bibcode
3492:Bibcode
3435:Science
3366:Bibcode
3330:5829222
3301:Bibcode
3205:Bibcode
3140:4406614
3117:Bibcode
2296:Bibcode
2246:Bibcode
2130:Bibcode
2062:3323396
1999:Bibcode
1931:4421285
1903:Bibcode
1831:3761981
1778:3538220
1708:Bibcode
1700:Science
1640:8545084
1545:1686185
1485:3780879
1462:Bibcode
1427:4918143
1388:3761366
1362:sp. nov
1308:Bibcode
1281:9671799
1249:Bibcode
1193:S. atra
1037:Vietnam
811:Xenopus
757:saprobe
607:cristae
511:thallus
470:in vivo
399:dendron
361:alleles
306:or the
129:Genus:
109:Order:
99:Class:
4062:858873
4046:NZOR:
4039:109871
4000:450228
3987:109124
3961:320144
3922:450228
3909:998631
3790:
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