714:
1189:
1350:
unaided heavy cavalry to break disciplined formations"—a small body of gendarmes had been sufficient, in the center, to rout infantry columns that were already engaged with other infantry. Beyond this tactical utility, another reason for cavalry's continued importance is evident from the final episode of the battle: the French gendarmes were the only troops who could reasonably be expected to accept an opponent's surrender, as the Swiss and French infantry had no inclination towards taking prisoners. The cavalry was, according to Hall, "almost intuitively expected to heed these entreaties without question".
803:
the French position; on 10 April, d'Avalos occupied the village of
Ceresole d'Alba, about five miles (8 km) southeast of the French. Enghien's officers urged him to attack immediately, but he was determined to fight on ground of his own choosing; on the morning of 14 April, the French marched from Carmagnola to a position some three miles (5 km) to the southeast and awaited d'Avalos's arrival. Enghien and Montluc felt that the open ground would give the French cavalry a significant tactical advantage. By this point, the French army consisted of around 11,000–13,000 infantry, 600
1293:
as high as 12,000. A large number of officers were killed, particularly among the landsknechts; many of those who survived were taken prisoner, including Ramón de
Cardona, Carlo Gonzaga, and Eriprando Madruzzo. The French casualties were smaller, but numbered at least 1,500 to 2,000 killed. These included many of the officers of the Gascon and Gruyères infantry contingents, as well as a large portion of the gendarmerie that had followed Enghien. The only French prisoner of note was Des Thermes, who had been carried along with Sanseverino's retreating Italians.
833:
1517:, 230–231. The major source for Montluc's speech before Francis, and the ensuing debate, is Montluc's own autobiography; Oman writes that "his narrative cannot always be trusted, since he sees himself in the limelight at every crisis", but also notes that "it seems hardly credible that Montluc could have invented his whole graphic tale of the dispute at the council board, and his own impassioned plea for action". The requirement for Enghien's subordinates to agree to a battle is recorded by Du Bellay; Montluc does not mention it.
1155:—had meanwhile started down the slope towards Sanseverino. Montluc, noting that the disorder of the Italians had forced them to a standstill, suggested that De Tais attack Madruzzo's advancing column of landsknechte instead; this advice was accepted, and the French formation turned left in an attempt to strike the landsknechte in the flank. Madruzzo responded by splitting his column into two separate portions, one of which moved to intercept the French while the other continued up the slope towards the Swiss waiting at the crest.
1246:
243:
1233:
mistreatment of the Swiss garrison of Mondovì the previous
November. Most of the landsknechts' officers were killed; and while contemporary accounts probably exaggerate the numbers of the dead, it is clear that the German infantry had ceased to exist as a fighting force. Seeing this, Sanseverino decided that the battle was lost and marched away to Asti with the bulk of the Italian infantry and the remnants of Baglioni's Florentine cavalry; the French light cavalry, meanwhile, joined in the pursuit of the landsknechts.
841:
right and left wings of the French line. On the far right of the French position was a body of light cavalry, consisting of three companies under Des
Thermes, Bernadino, and Mauré, with a total strength of around 450–500 men. To their left was the French infantry under De Tais, numbering around 4,000, and, farther to the left, a squadron of 80 gendarmes under Boutières, who was nominally the commander of the entire French right wing. The center of the French line was formed by thirteen companies of veteran
1135:
210:
1143:
along the entire
Imperial line. At the southern end of the battlefield, the French light cavalry drove Baglioni's Florentines back into Sanseverino's advancing infantry, and then proceeded to charge directly into the infantry column. The Italian formation held, and Des Thermes himself was wounded and captured; but by the time Sanseverino had dealt with the resulting disorder and was ready to advance again, the fight in the center had already been decided.
1131:, observing the engagement, described it as "a pretty sight for anyone who was in a safe place and unemployed, for they played off on each other all the ruses and stratagems of petty war." As the extent of each army's position was revealed, Enghien and d'Avalos both brought up their artillery. The ensuing cannonade continued for several hours, but had little effect because of the distance and the considerable cover available to the troops on both sides.
1263:
mounted arquebusiers, which had been stationed at
Racconigi and had started towards the battlefield after hearing the initial artillery exchange. These arquebusiers, dismounting to fire and then remounting, were able to harass the Imperial column sufficiently to slow its retreat. Meanwhile, the French and Swiss infantry of the center, having reached Ceresole, had turned about and returned to the battlefield; Montluc, who was with them, writes:
1993:, 237. Oman, praising Madruzzo's tactical skill in effecting the division, quotes Du Bellay's description of the movement: "Seeing that the French had changed their plan, the Imperialists made a parallel change, and of their great battalion made two, one to fight the Swiss, the other the French, yet so close to each other that seen sideways they still looked one great mass." Hall calls the movement "an extremely difficult maneuver".
37:
2788:
250:
217:
1662:, 232–234. Oman notes that there are a variety of figures available for the strength of the French army; he gives "figures somewhat lower than Montluc's... and somewhat higher than Du Bellay's...". Hall gives the lower number for the infantry but the higher number for the heavy cavalry, in both cases from Lot, and notes that only around 500 of the heavy cavalry were actually gendarmes.
1198:
1255:
again failed to break the
Imperial column. Enghien, now joined by Dampierre's light cavalry, made a third charge, which again failed to achieve a decisive result; fewer than a hundred of the French gendarmes remained afterwards. Enghien believed the battle to be lost—according to Montluc, he intended to stab himself, "which ancient Romans might do, but not good
2133:, 238. Oman suggests that the contemporary casualty figure of 5,000 out of 7,000 is exaggerated, but notes that Giovio's list of casualties records that "practically all their captains were killed". Black merely notes the landsknechts' casualties as "more than 25 percent" (Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire", 43).
1344:
The interest of modern military historians in the battle has centered primarily on the role of small arms and the resulting carnage among the infantry in the center. The arrangement of pikemen and arquebusiers used was regarded as too costly, and was not tried again; in subsequent battles, arquebuses
1241:
On the northern end of the battlefield, events had unfolded quite differently. Dampierre's cavalry routed Lannoy's company of light horse; the
Italians and the contingent from Gruyères, meanwhile, broke and fled—leaving their officers to be killed—without offering any real resistance to the advancing
1292:
The casualties of the battle were unusually high, even by the standards of the time, and are estimated at 28 percent of the total number of troops engaged. The smallest numbers given for the
Imperial dead in contemporary accounts are between 5,000 and 6,000, although some French sources give figures
1254:
On the first charge, Enghien's cavalry penetrated a corner of the
Imperial formation, pushing through to the rear and losing some of the volunteers from Paris. As Cardona's ranks closed again, the French cavalry turned and made a second charge under heavy arquebus fire; this was far more costly, and
1170:
made close-quarters fighting extremely bloody. The mixed infantry was normally placed in separate clusters, with the arquebusiers on the flanks of a central column of pikemen; at Ceresole, however, the French infantry had been arranged with the first rank of pikemen followed immediately by a rank of
1267:
When we heard at Ceresole that M. d'Enghien wanted us, both the Swiss and we Gascons turned toward him—I never saw two battalions form up so quick—we got into rank again actually as we ran along, side by side. The enemy was going off at quick march, firing salvos of arquebuses, and keeping off our
1142:
The skirmishing finally came to an end when it seemed that Imperial cavalry would attack the French arquebusiers in the flank; Montluc then requested assistance from Des Thermes, who advanced with his entire force of light cavalry. D'Avalos, observing the French movement, ordered a general advance
1126:
As d'Avalos's troops, marching from Ceresole, began to arrive on the battlefield, both armies attempted to conceal their numbers and position from the other; Enghien had ordered the Swiss to lie on the ground behind the crest of the ridge, while only the left wing of the Imperial army was initially
802:
Enghien, having learned of the Imperial advance, left a blocking force at Carignano and assembled the remainder of his army at Carmagnola, blocking d'Avalos's route to the besieged city. The French cavalry, shadowing d'Avalos's movements, discovered that the Imperial forces were headed directly for
1228:
until the squadron of heavy cavalry under Boutières charged into the landsknechts' flank, shattering their formation and driving them down the slope. The Imperial heavy cavalry, which had been on the landsknechts' right, and which had been ordered by d'Avalos to attack the Swiss, recoiled from the
840:
Enghien's troops were positioned along the crest of a ridge that was higher in the center than on either side, preventing the wings of the French army from seeing each other. The French army was divided into the traditional "battle", "vanward", and "rearward" corps, corresponding to the center and
1262:
The news of the landsknechts' defeat reached Cardona's troops at about the same time that it had reached Enghien; the Imperial column turned and retreated back towards its original position. Enghien followed closely with the remainder of his cavalry; he was soon reinforced by a company of Italian
1349:
and from the flanks of larger formations of pikemen. Ceresole is also of interest as a demonstration of the continuing role of traditional heavy cavalry on the battlefield. Despite the failure of Enghien's charges—the French, according to Bert Hall, held to their belief in "the effectiveness of
1296:
Despite the collapse of the Imperial army, the battle proved to be of little strategic significance. At the insistence of Francis I, the French army resumed the siege of Carignano, where Colonna held out for several weeks. Soon after the city's surrender, Enghien was forced to send twenty-three
1232:
The Swiss and Gascon infantry proceeded to slaughter the remaining landsknechte—whose tight order precluded a rapid retreat—as they attempted to withdraw from the battlefield. The road to Ceresole was littered with corpses; the Swiss, in particular, showed no mercy, as they wished to avenge the
849:
and a captain named St. Julian. To their left was Enghien himself with three companies of heavy cavalry, a company of light horse, and the volunteers from Paris—in total, around 450 troopers. The left wing was composed of two columns of infantry, consisting of 3,000 of the recruits from
1127:
visible to the French. D'Avalos sent out parties of arquebusiers in an attempt to locate the French flanks; Enghien, in turn, detached about 800 arquebusiers under Montluc to delay the Imperial advance. The skirmishing between the arquebusiers continued for almost four hours;
1242:
Imperial infantry. As Cardona's infantry moved past the original French line, Enghien descended on it with the entire body of heavy cavalry under his command; the subsequent engagement took place on the reverse slope of the ridge, out of sight of the rest of the battlefield.
1920:, 235. The Imperial cannon were divided among two batteries near a pair of farms in front of the Imperial center and right wing, while the French artillery, similarly split, was adjacent to the Swiss in the center and the Gruyères contingent on the left.
1800:, 234–235. The ridge occupied by d'Avalos' troops shared the same peculiarity of having a high center separating the two wings from each other; d'Avalos found that a knoll in the center was the only place from which he could observe his entire position.
1249:
The second phase of the battle, including the rout of the Neapolitan cavalry and the landsknechts, Sanseverino's withdrawal, Enghien's cavalry attacks, the retreat of the Spanish-German infantry, and the return of the French and Swiss infantry from
586:
line crumbled, and Enghien led a series of ineffectual and costly cavalry charges against Spanish and German infantry before the latter were forced to surrender by the arrival of the victorious Swiss and French infantry from the center.
756:. The French were of the opinion that d'Avalos would be forced to attempt a relief of the besieged city, at which point he could be forced into a battle; but as such pitched battles were viewed as very risky undertakings, Enghien sent
2566:, 189–190. Hall writes of the episode—and the slaughter of much of the Imperial infantry despite their attempts to surrender—that "the new brutalities of sixteenth century warfare could hardly have been more cruelly exemplified".
1696:, 234. Hall explicitly attributes much of the uncoordinated action during the battle to the poor visibility along the line. Black also mentions the topography as a source of confusion (Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire,"43).
2333:, 240–241. Hall quotes Montluc: "more than half were slain, because we dispatched as many of those people as we could get our hands on". Oman notes that the prisoners included about 2,530 Germans and 630 Spaniards.
2006:, 186–187. Hall notes that the later 16th-century system of arranging the infantry in square formations, with the arquebusiers drawn back into the center for protection, was probably not fully in place at Ceresole.
1645:, 186. Hall notes that Montluc, by his own account, told Enghien, "Sir sir, what more could you have desired of God Almighty to find the enemy... in the open field, neither hedge nor ditch to obstruct you?"
2869:
Mémoires de très noble et très illustre Gaspard de Saulx, seigneur de Tavanes, Mareschal de France, admiral des mers de Levant, Gouverneur de Provence, conseiller du Roy, et capitaine de cent hommes d'armes
1223:
The Swiss, seeing the French engage one of the two columns of landsknechte, finally descended to meet the other, which had been slowly moving up the hillside. Both masses of infantry remained locked in a
2553:, 188–189. Hall notes that Enghien "certainly had reason to expect better results than his charging troops achieved", as Cardona's infantry had been "in some disarray" when the French charges began.
2415:, 241. Oman notes the deaths of five captains of the Gascon infantry—la Molle, Passin, Barberan, Moncault, and St. Geneviève—as well as all the captains of the Gruyères band, including Descroz and
1963:, 236. Oman, citing Du Bellay and Montluc, notes that Des Thermes, "thinking that he would have been better followed", drove deep into the enemy infantry before being unhorsed and taken prisoner.
2389:, the Baron of Gunstein, two brothers Scaliger—Christopher and Brenno—Michael Preussinger, Jacob Figer, etc. etc.". Madruzzo was so heavily wounded as to be believed dead, but later recovered.
1761:, 234. The heavy cavalry companies, commanded by Crusol, d'Accier, and Montravel, were also under-strength; the company of light horse, commanded by d'Ossun, was not, numbering about 150 men.
1138:
The first phase of the battle, including the Imperial advance, the rout of the Florentine cavalry, the division of the landsknechts, and the advance and retreat of the Spanish heavy cavalry.
760:, to Paris to ask Francis for permission to fight one. Montluc apparently convinced Francis to give his assent—contingent on the agreement of Enghien's captains—over the objections of the
740:, a prince with no experience commanding an army. Francis also sent additional troops to the Piedmont, including several hundred heavy cavalry, some companies of French infantry from
292:
799:. D'Avalos recognized the relative weakness of his cavalry, but considered it to be compensated by the experience of his infantry and the large number of arquebusiers in its ranks.
713:
1568:, 231. Hall gives lower numbers than Oman, noting that they are estimates by Ferdinand Lot, and is the source for the specific proportion of arquebusiers in the Imperial army.
1162:
infantry had by this time adopted a system in which arquebusiers and pikemen were intermingled in combined units; both the French and the Imperial infantry contained men with
391:
2100:, 238. Oman notes that the actions of the Imperial cavalry are not mentioned in any French chronicle of the battle, but that Giovio records that they "disgraced themselves".
5134:
1175:
In this way we should kill all their captains in the front rank. But we found that they were as ingenious as ourselves, for behind their first line of pikes they had put
356:
562:
of the battlefield, many of the individual actions of the battle were uncoordinated. The battle opened with several hours of skirmishing between opposing bands of
331:
1585:
the Spanish officers had come to think little of the French gendarmerie, and believed that arquebusiers would always get the better of them, if properly covered".
578:
infantry, with both sides suffering terrific casualties. In the southern part of the battlefield, Italian infantry in Imperial service were harried by French
285:
4264:
2843:
1326:
757:
361:
3273:
4284:
3199:
2176:, 239. Oman is critical of Enghien, who "lost all count of how the battle was progressing elsewhere... forgetting the duties of a commander-in-chief".
548:
424:
5202:
278:
5306:
1496:, 230. Oman notes that Du Bellay, seemingly having some dislike for Montluc, avoids identifying the messenger in his chronicle, describing him as
1179:. Neither side fired till we were touching—and then there was a wholesale slaughter: every shot told: the whole front rank on each side went down.
4749:
1937:, 235. Hall notes that the artillery "was kept well back... and officers on both sides took care not to expose unshielded infantry to its fire".
1268:
horse, when we saw them. And when they descried us only 400 paces away, and our cavalry making ready to charge, they threw down their pikes and
4244:
1722:, 234. Oman notes that the full strength of the three companies should have been 650 troopers, rather than the smaller number actually present.
1598:, 231–232, 234. The blocking force probably consisted of the companies of French infantry that had arrived as reinforcements during the winter.
1259:"—when St. Julian, the Swiss commander, arrived from the center of the battlefield and reported that the Imperial forces there had been routed.
2070:, 237. The Swiss waited until the French were "within twelve pike-lengths of their immediate adversaries" before starting from their position.
1333:, who accompanied Enghien, also makes some mention of the events in his memoirs. The most extensive account from the Imperial side is that of
1280:
Perhaps as many as half of the Imperial infantry were killed as they were attempting to surrender; the remainder, about 3,150 men, were taken
5207:
4294:
791:
Charles V, set off from Asti towards Carignano. His total force included 12,500–18,000 infantry, of which perhaps 4,000 were arquebusiers or
551:. Despite having inflicted substantial casualties on the Imperial troops, the French subsequently failed to exploit their victory by taking
602:
met in the center, it also demonstrates the continuing role of traditional heavy cavalry on a battlefield largely dominated by the emerging
3899:
3257:
1581:, 231. Oman writes that d'Avalos related this view to Des Thermes, who had been captured by the Imperial troops, telling him that "after
1171:
arquebusiers, who were ordered to hold their fire until the two columns met. Montluc, who claimed to have devised the scheme, wrote that:
2146:, 238. Baglioni's Florentines had been able to reform without incident, as they were not pursued by the French after the initial clash.
5246:
2423:
and a large number of volunteers, including d'Accier, D'Oyn, Montsallais, de Glaive, Rochechouart, Courville, and several dozen more.
5114:
4218:
2896:
2527:, 188. Hall notes that the Imperial army, despite being better equipped with small arms, suffered more casualties than the French.
2501:, 243. Oman notes that Giovio is "oddly wrong" in reversing the positions of the Swiss and the Gascons in the initial French line.
582:
attacks and withdrew after learning that the Imperial troops of the center had been defeated. In the north, meanwhile, the French
1018:
911:
776:. Montluc, returning to Italy, brought with him nearly a hundred volunteers from among the young noblemen of the court, including
737:
646:, and the Imperial army, under d'Avalos. The French position, centered on Turin, reached outward to a series of fortified towns:
536:
155:
49:
4198:
2816:
598:. Known among military historians chiefly for the "great slaughter" that occurred when columns of intermingled arquebusiers and
85:
417:
3336:
5331:
5326:
4972:
3083:
3934:
3803:
3430:
3426:
5316:
5067:
5062:
4430:
3836:
3479:
2932:
761:
381:
242:
1321:
A number of detailed contemporary accounts of the battle have survived. Among the French chronicles are the narratives of
674:, and a number of others; d'Avalos, meanwhile, controlled a group of fortresses on the periphery of the French territory:
5129:
4249:
972:
890:
861:
The Imperial line formed up on a similar ridge facing the French position. On the far left, facing Des Thermes, were 300
497:
3118:
858:
deployed as light cavalry; they were commanded by Dampierre, who was also given command of the entire French left wing.
4896:
4213:
4149:
3871:
3851:
3326:
3058:
3021:
2769:
2670:
1276:, pressing about him and asking for quarter, for fear of us of the infantry, who were wanting to cut all their throats.
371:
366:
5261:
4365:
819:—threatening to march home if they were not paid; the news of the impending battle restored some calm to their ranks.
5301:
4962:
4871:
4269:
3813:
3366:
2996:
1534:, 231. A full list of names is given by Du Bellay and includes Dampierre, St. André, Vendôme, Rochefort, and Jarnac.
410:
836:
The initial dispositions of the opposing armies; the French troops are shown in blue and the Imperial troops in red.
5311:
5162:
3846:
3330:
3108:
854:
and 2,000 Italians, all under the command of Sieur Descroz. On the extreme left of the line were about 400 mounted
4538:
4473:
2231:, sieur de Tavannes; according to his own narrative, he told Enghien that "the cup must be drained to the dregs" (
694:. The two armies occupied themselves primarily with attacking each other's outlying strongholds. Boutières seized
209:
5099:
4891:
4678:
4478:
4027:
3962:
3548:
3450:
5017:
4533:
3977:
3861:
1284:. A few, including the Baron of Seisneck, who had commanded the German infantry contingents, managed to escape.
5119:
5057:
4856:
4274:
3987:
3967:
3939:
3856:
3831:
3691:
3499:
3406:
3346:
3313:
2738:
2704:
2641:
2592:
752:. In January 1544, Enghien laid siege to Carignano, which was defended by Imperial troops under the command of
5082:
4911:
4668:
5234:
5212:
5167:
5109:
5087:
4901:
4673:
4355:
4144:
4129:
3214:
3078:
3031:
765:
764:, who complained that a defeat would leave France exposed to an invasion by d'Avalos's troops at a time when
451:
4463:
1787:, 235. The archers had been detached from the companies of heavy cavalry with which they normally operated.
1042:
846:
5104:
5072:
4603:
4468:
3904:
3284:
3093:
2889:
2402:, 241. Oman considers the loss of 500 men reported in some French chronicles to be "obviously understated".
1450:, had been raised by the Count of Gruyères from his own lands, rather than being traditional levies of the
524:
486:
481:
476:
466:
456:
446:
302:
28:
5092:
4425:
2838:
Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des guerres d'Italie aux guerres de religion, 1494–1562
5077:
4977:
4608:
4060:
3992:
2961:
1735:, 234. The squadron under Boutières was also under-strength; it should have included a hundred troopers.
1029:
878:
471:
346:
4528:
4435:
1857:, 231, 236. Cardona's infantry consisted primarily of veterans from the African campaigns of Charles V.
5321:
5012:
4375:
4022:
3909:
3821:
3793:
3420:
3390:
3195:
3026:
336:
225:
4395:
4350:
2693:
877:. To their right was d'Avalos himself, together with the small force of about 200 heavy cavalry under
4931:
4881:
4739:
4638:
4134:
4007:
3972:
3924:
3826:
3438:
3322:
3011:
2981:
2976:
316:
3556:
4876:
4759:
4719:
4658:
4653:
4593:
4012:
4002:
3788:
3491:
3402:
3103:
2609:
2283:
1214:
815:. The battle came at a fortunate time for Enghien, as his Swiss troops were—as they had before the
635:
5256:
4335:
3568:
3088:
2214:, 239. Oman refers to Du Bellay and Montluc for accounts of the "slaughter in the second charge".
2193:, 239. Oman compares the action here—"purely a matter of infantry versus cavalry"—to that of the
5286:
4926:
4784:
4628:
4568:
4518:
4420:
4017:
3982:
3929:
3564:
3434:
3398:
3128:
3001:
2986:
2882:
2385:, 241. Oman notes that Giovio provides a full list of the slain captains, including "the heir of
623:
4119:
2621:
5296:
5291:
5217:
4789:
4724:
4228:
4114:
3997:
3957:
3601:
3394:
3053:
3043:
1547:, 231. The landsknechts in question were veteran troops, and had been specially equipped with
1454:; Oman cites Giovio's description of the men having been "raised from all regions of the Upper
1451:
1337:. Despite a number of inconsistencies with other accounts, it provides, according to historian
1301:, which had been invaded by Charles V. Left without a real army, Enghien was unable to capture
1188:
695:
4360:
2252:, 240. Oman is skeptical of Montluc's claim here, noting that "Montluc loves a tragic scene".
2049:, 237. Hall gives a similar translation of Montluc's quote (but uses "a great slaughter" for
4663:
4073:
3894:
3783:
3722:
3650:
3560:
3261:
2941:
2859:
Military Memoirs: Blaise de Monluc, The Habsburg-Valois Wars, and the French Wars of Religion
796:
777:
769:
351:
5197:
4598:
4385:
4345:
4304:
3278:
1774:, 232–235. Descroz was given the command because the Count of Gruyères had not yet arrived.
5172:
4841:
4804:
4794:
4734:
4633:
4613:
4508:
4320:
4139:
3016:
3006:
1310:
1269:
1091:
870:
376:
4698:
4488:
4410:
1479:, 230. Oman notes that the garrison of Carignano included some of d'Avalos's best troops.
8:
5241:
4997:
4982:
4866:
4846:
4799:
4779:
4583:
4578:
4523:
4493:
4259:
3884:
3841:
3798:
3727:
3696:
3467:
3446:
3412:
3318:
3288:
3219:
3063:
3036:
2936:
2194:
2053:); he notes that it is unclear how Montluc "escaped the carnage he helped create" (Hall,
1890:, 235. Montluc's arquebusiers were drawn from the French and Italian infantry companies.
1612:
1080:
926:
733:
699:
667:
558:
Enghien and d'Avalos had arranged their armies along two parallel ridges; because of the
386:
321:
160:
45:
4987:
4688:
2386:
2108:
2106:
1844:, 236. The Imperial heavy cavalry was positioned directly across from Enghien's cavalry.
994:
886:
5002:
4992:
4967:
4921:
4886:
4453:
4330:
4203:
3701:
3681:
3341:
3229:
2956:
2727:
2630:
2581:
2419:, the governor of Mondovì. Among the heavy cavalry, the dead included two of Enghien's
1748:, 234. St. Julian commanded six of the companies, and William Frülich the other seven.
1054:
874:
788:
4325:
4254:
2850:. Edited by P. Courteault. 3 volumes. Paris: 1911–25. Translated by Charles Cotton as
5182:
5124:
4957:
4729:
4703:
4693:
4683:
4618:
4573:
4503:
4483:
4458:
4405:
4380:
3645:
3172:
3113:
3068:
2927:
2765:
2744:
2734:
2710:
2700:
2676:
2666:
2647:
2637:
2617:
2598:
2588:
2103:
1206:
921:
842:
816:
683:
575:
540:
139:
134:
3203:
873:, Prince of Salerno. In the center were the 7,000 landsknechte under the command of
4814:
4809:
4774:
4754:
4513:
4390:
4289:
4193:
3655:
3495:
2864:
2808:
2228:
1709:, 234. Oman suggests that this division seems to have been a theoretical one here.
1330:
1322:
1128:
1113:
1067:
866:
643:
515:
5192:
3224:
832:
795:; he was only able to gather about 800–1,000 cavalry, of which less than 200 were
570:
exchange, after which d'Avalos ordered a general advance. In the center, Imperial
5257:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
5007:
4947:
4861:
4769:
4643:
4623:
4588:
4370:
4340:
4279:
3889:
3879:
3775:
3660:
3552:
3509:
3269:
3177:
3048:
2416:
1582:
1281:
4916:
2475:, 242–243. Oman puts the battle on June 2, while Knecht has it occur on June 4.
4851:
4764:
4648:
4400:
4223:
4208:
4109:
4083:
4068:
3949:
3544:
3538:
3442:
3209:
3123:
3073:
2951:
2905:
1306:
917:
615:
591:
544:
143:
3356:
1455:
1297:
companies of Italian and Gascon infantry—and nearly half his heavy cavalry—to
1245:
1134:
5280:
4415:
3265:
3182:
2991:
2714:
2688:
2662:
Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics
1447:
1166:
interspersed in the larger columns of pikemen. This combination of pikes and
1159:
808:
804:
753:
707:
619:
603:
599:
528:
461:
326:
100:
87:
74:
2680:
2651:
2602:
1976:, 236. The source for Montluc's role in this incident is his own narrative.
1676:
5187:
5177:
4906:
4445:
4299:
4124:
3640:
3416:
3098:
2946:
2822:
2793:
2757:
2748:
2722:
1338:
1334:
1256:
1225:
721:
595:
434:
270:
4498:
2282:, 240. The arquebusiers had been detached to watch over the fords on the
2227:, 239–240. Oman notes that the third charge was apparently encouraged by
1416:, 229. Oman, citing Du Bellay, describes the new fortifications as "five
889:; they were flanked, on the far right, by 300 Italian light cavalry under
4088:
3914:
3483:
3361:
2660:
1459:
1273:
1210:
784:
659:
571:
4078:
1611:, 232. The other route available to d'Avalos was a sweep south through
1229:
pikes and fled to the rear, leaving Carlo Gonzaga to be taken prisoner.
851:
749:
741:
698:, near Vercelli, and laid siege to Ivrea; d'Avalos, meanwhile, captured
4952:
3686:
2966:
2372:, 241. Oman does not consider the higher French numbers to be probable.
1346:
1313:. The end of the war saw a return to the status quo in northern Italy.
1167:
663:
655:
651:
559:
1305:. D'Avalos, meanwhile, routed a fresh force of Italian infantry under
718:
Portrait of Alfonso d'Avalos, Marchese del Vasto, in Armor with a Page
675:
638:
in 1538. By the winter of 1543–1544, a stalemate had developed in the
3919:
3676:
3576:
3351:
3253:
3187:
1616:
1176:
812:
792:
745:
626:
in August 1543; meanwhile, Imperial-Spanish forces had advanced from
567:
2312:, 240. Hall gives a similar translation of Montluc's account (Hall,
1341:, "valuable notes on points neglected by all the French narrators".
4093:
2971:
1548:
862:
703:
687:
671:
647:
639:
627:
583:
563:
532:
881:. The Imperial right wing was composed of around 5,000 German and
5251:
5222:
3732:
3717:
2874:
1417:
1298:
1272:
to the horsemen. You might see fifteen or twenty of them round a
1163:
1152:
855:
773:
579:
36:
4188:
3742:
3737:
3514:
2420:
963:
882:
869:; flanking them to the right were 6,000 Italian infantry under
725:
402:
1403:, 229. D'Avalos had captured Mondovì only a short time before.
5229:
3503:
3167:
2815:. Edited by V. L. Bourrilly and F. Vindry. 4 volumes. Paris:
1302:
691:
631:
552:
78:
3572:
3487:
783:
D'Avalos, having waited for the arrival of a large body of
679:
3465:
2833:. Edited by D. Visconti. Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1957.
1197:
1865:
1863:
1823:
1821:
1819:
634:, which had been left in French hands at the end of the
811:; Enghien and d'Avalos each had about twenty pieces of
2695:
Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I
702:, only fifteen miles south of Turin, and proceeded to
3220:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1860:
1816:
2783:
2729:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
2346:, 240. Oman cites Giovio's account for this detail.
1146:
845:, numbering about 4,000, under the joint command of
2726:
2692:
2665:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2629:
2580:
1903:, 235. Hall also mentions the skirmishing (Hall,
1679:, which was less than a month's worth of back pay.
902:(listed from north to south along the battlefield)
758:Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc
5278:
2840:. Paris: École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1962.
2286:, some eight miles (13 km) away from the battle.
1420:, good curtains between them, and a deep ditch".
3764:
732:As the two armies returned to winter quarters,
2614:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
1329:, both of whom were present at the scene. The
535:region of Italy. A French army, commanded by
3409:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2890:
2852:The Commentaries of Messire Blaize de Montluc
1675:, 232. Francis had sent some forty thousand
1619:that would have exposed his flank to Enghien.
418:
286:
3084:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2861:. Edited by Ian Roy. London: Longmans, 1971.
927:Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquis del Vasto
549:Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquis del Vasto
300:
2206:Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire", 43; Hall,
2155:Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire", 43; Oman,
2079:Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire", 43; Hall,
1236:
2897:
2883:
2764:. Vol. G–R. New York: Facts on File.
523:) took place on 14 April 1544, during the
425:
411:
293:
279:
249:
216:
5203:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2813:Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay
2699:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2627:
1213:engaged in a push of pike (engravings by
5208:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2233:"'Monsieur, il faut boire cette calice'"
1244:
1133:
831:
712:
5307:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
4199:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1092:Ferrante Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno
5279:
5152:
2865:Saulx, Gaspard de, Seigneur de Tavanes
2687:
2578:
539:, defeated the combined forces of the
5151:
5047:
5046:
4170:
4048:
3763:
3622:
3590:
3527:
3464:
3379:
3302:
3242:
3156:
3145:
2917:
2916:
2878:
1019:François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien
912:François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien
738:François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien
537:François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien
514:
406:
274:
3480:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2972:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2721:
2658:
2445:Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire", 43.
1446:, 230. The Swiss, while trained as
42:Bataille de Cérisoles, 14 avril 1544
5183:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3303:
1309:and the Count of Pitigliano at the
973:Philip de Lannoy, Prince of Sulmona
891:Philip de Lannoy, Prince of Sulmona
13:
4150:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3623:
2904:
2809:Du Bellay, Martin, Sieur de Langey
2779:
748:, and a force of quasi-Swiss from
14:
5343:
3380:
3243:
3124:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2871:. Château de Lugny: Fourny, 1653.
1316:
5235:Criollos in the colonial society
5163:Spanish missions in the Americas
4285:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2786:
2616:18, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 34–43.
1196:
1187:
1121:
432:
248:
241:
215:
208:
35:
5262:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
3146:
2817:Société de l'histoire de France
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2461:
2448:
2439:
2426:
2405:
2392:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2319:
2302:
2289:
2272:
2255:
2238:
2217:
2200:
2179:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2090:
2073:
2060:
2039:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1923:
1910:
1893:
1876:
1847:
1834:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1682:
1665:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1601:
1588:
1571:
1554:
1537:
1520:
827:
3591:
3314:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3022:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1503:
1482:
1465:
1436:
1423:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1359:
642:between the French, under the
594:during the latter half of the
196:~5,000–6,000+ dead or wounded,
16:1544 battle in Piedmont, Italy
1:
5213:General Archive of the Indies
4474:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4145:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4130:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3079:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3032:War of the Spanish Succession
2997:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2572:
193:~1,500–2,000+ dead or wounded
5327:Military history of Piedmont
4171:
3285:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3215:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3194:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3109:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2632:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558
2612:. "Dynasty Forged by Fire."
1287:
988:Spanish and German infantry
590:Ceresole was one of the few
7:
5317:Battles of the Italian Wars
4049:
3765:Administrative subdivisions
2962:War of the League of Cognac
1151:The French infantry—mostly
898:Order of battle at Ceresole
10:
5348:
4479:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4464:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4366:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3528:
3264:), Western United States (
3157:
3027:Portuguese Restoration War
2803:Blaise de Monluc historien
2579:Arnold, Thomas F. (2006).
1043:William Frülich of Soleure
847:William Frülich of Soleure
614:The opening of the war in
609:
257:Battle of Ceresole (Italy)
5247:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5158:
5147:
5053:
5042:
4940:
4834:
4827:
4712:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4534:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4444:
4313:
4275:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4237:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4135:Barcelona Trading Company
4102:
4059:
4055:
4044:
3948:
3900:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
3870:
3812:
3774:
3770:
3759:
3710:
3669:
3633:
3629:
3618:
3597:
3534:
3475:
3407:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3386:
3309:
3260:, Central United States (
3249:
3163:
3152:
3141:
2992:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2977:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2923:
2912:
2854:(London: A. Clark, 1674).
1107:Florentine light cavalry
1074:French (Gascon) infantry
1053:
1050:
1047:
993:
990:
987:
916:
907:
822:
527:, outside the village of
495:
442:
312:
202:
187:
166:
149:
128:
56:
52:at the end of the battle.
34:
26:
21:
5332:Italian War of 1542–1546
5302:Battles involving France
5188:Quito painting tradition
5178:Cusco painting tradition
4539:García López de Cárdenas
4529:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4436:Felipe González de Ahedo
4356:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2933:Conquest of the Americas
2831:Historiarum sui temporis
1500:without giving his name.
1353:
1345:were used primarily for
1237:Engagements in the north
1215:Hans Holbein the Younger
772:were expected to attack
736:replaced Boutières with
574:clashed with French and
525:Italian War of 1542–1546
304:Italian War of 1542–1546
179:~12,500–18,000 infantry,
172:~11,000–13,000 infantry,
29:Italian War of 1542–1546
5312:Battles involving Spain
4973:Comuneros (New Granada)
4750:Balearic Islands (1558)
4469:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4396:Ruy López de Villalobos
4351:Miguel López de Legazpi
4265:García de Toledo Osorio
3129:Western Sahara conflict
3119:Independence of Morocco
3059:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3002:Piracy in the Caribbean
2987:French Wars of Religion
2733:. New York: AMS Press.
2628:Blockmans, Wim (2002).
1147:"A wholesale slaughter"
618:had been marked by the
5218:Colonial Spanish Horse
4892:Colonia del Sacramento
4115:Spanish treasure fleet
3692:Royal Decree of Graces
2659:Hall, Bert S. (1997).
2583:The Renaissance at War
1278:
1251:
1181:
1139:
837:
729:
696:San Germano Vercellese
150:Commanders and leaders
4376:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4336:Juan Sebastián Elcano
3651:Council of the Indies
3012:Spanish–Moro conflict
2982:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2942:Treaty of Tordesillas
2587:. Smithsonian Books.
1265:
1248:
1217:, early 16th century)
1173:
1137:
835:
770:Henry VIII of England
716:
516:[tʃereˈzɔːle]
188:Casualties and losses
174:~1,500–1,850 cavalry,
48:, 1836–1837) depicts
5173:Mesoamerican Codices
4897:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4735:Siege of Castelnuovo
4321:Christopher Columbus
4140:Consulate of the Sea
4120:Casa de Contratación
3711:Titles and positions
3104:Spanish–American War
3094:Liberal constitution
2937:Asia and the Pacific
2829:. Volume 3, part 1,
2762:Encyclopedia of Wars
1311:Battle of Serravalle
871:Ferrante Sanseverino
865:light cavalry under
624:Franco-Ottoman fleet
499:Full list of battles
229:Location within Alps
226:class=notpageimage|
4902:Cartagena de Indias
4524:Diego de Mazariegos
4494:Pere Fages i Beleta
4361:Sebastián de Ocampo
3842:Provincias Internas
3814:Captaincies General
3728:Municipal president
3697:School of Salamanca
3468:Spanish East Indies
3447:Misiones Orientales
3319:Spanish West Indies
3283:, Central America (
3230:Pyrénées-Orientales
3183:Union with Portugal
3074:Napoleonic invasion
3054:War of Jenkins' Ear
2857:Monluc, Blaise de.
2756:Phillips, Charles;
2564:Weapons and Warfare
2551:Weapons and Warfare
2538:Weapons and Warfare
2525:Weapons and Warfare
2512:Weapons and Warfare
2469:Renaissance Warrior
2357:Weapons and Warfare
2327:Weapons and Warfare
2314:Weapons and Warfare
2263:Weapons and Warfare
2246:Weapons and Warfare
2208:Weapons and Warfare
2195:Battle of Marignano
2187:Weapons and Warfare
2170:Weapons and Warfare
2114:Weapons and Warfare
2081:Weapons and Warfare
2055:Weapons and Warfare
2051:"une grande tuerie"
2030:Weapons and Warfare
2017:Weapons and Warfare
2004:Weapons and Warfare
1987:Weapons and Warfare
1931:Weapons and Warfare
1905:Weapons and Warfare
1884:Weapons and Warfare
1690:Weapons and Warfare
1656:Weapons and Warfare
1643:Weapons and Warfare
1562:Weapons and Warfare
1528:Renaissance Warrior
1511:Renaissance Warrior
1490:Renaissance Warrior
1473:Renaissance Warrior
904:
734:Francis I of France
566:and an ineffectual
181:~800–1,000 cavalry,
156:François de Bourbon
97: /
81:, present-day Italy
50:François de Bourbon
46:Jean-Victor Schnetz
5198:Academia Antártica
5153:Other civil topics
4519:Pánfilo de Narváez
4421:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4386:Andrés de Urdaneta
4346:Juan Ponce de León
4331:Ferdinand Magellan
4305:Bernardo de Gálvez
4204:Indian auxiliaries
3702:Trial of residence
3682:Laws of the Indies
3466:Asia and Oceania (
3327:Dominican Republic
2636:. London: Arnold.
1369:, 180; Blockmans,
1367:Renaissance at War
1252:
1140:
1068:Sieur de Boutières
1055:Eriprando Madruzzo
1001:Gruyères infantry
896:
875:Eriprando Madruzzo
838:
789:Holy Roman Emperor
778:Gaspard de Coligny
730:
644:Sieur de Boutières
511:Battle of Ceresole
44:(oil on canvas by
22:Battle of Ceresole
5322:Conflicts in 1544
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5143:
5142:
5048:Spanish conquests
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
4823:
4822:
4504:Pedro de Alvarado
4489:Gaspar de Portolà
4484:Pedro de Valdivia
4459:Francisco Pizarro
4411:Nicolás de Ovando
4406:Alonso de Ercilla
4381:Alonso de Salazar
4214:Ships of the line
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3586:
3585:
3543:Northern Africa (
3539:Equatorial Guinea
3523:
3522:
3460:
3459:
3375:
3374:
3298:
3297:
3289:Spanish Caribbean
3262:Spanish Louisiana
3238:
3237:
3173:Crown of Castille
3137:
3136:
3114:Spanish Civil War
3089:Adams–Onís Treaty
3069:Nootka Convention
3017:Thirty Years' War
3007:Eighty Years' War
2928:Catholic Monarchs
2918:Timeline–immersed
2844:Monluc, Blaise de
2827:Pauli Iovii Opera
2689:Knecht, Robert J.
2032:, 187–188; Oman,
1371:Emperor Charles V
1331:Sieur de Tavannes
1327:Blaise de Montluc
1207:Swiss mercenaries
1119:
1118:
1085:Italian infantry
979:Italian infantry
903:
817:Battle of Bicocca
684:Casale Monferrato
541:Holy Roman Empire
506:
505:
457:League of Cambrai
400:
399:
269:
268:
260:Show map of Italy
140:Holy Roman Empire
135:Kingdom of France
124:
123:
5339:
5149:
5148:
5115:Chibchan Nations
5044:
5043:
5013:Santiago de Cuba
4872:Guadalupe Island
4832:
4831:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4514:Diego de Almagro
4391:Antonio de Ulloa
4295:Ambrosio Spinola
4290:Pedro de Zubiaur
4260:Alfonso d'Avalos
4250:Antonio de Leyva
4194:Army of Flanders
4179:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4045:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3588:
3587:
3561:Peñón of Algiers
3525:
3524:
3462:
3461:
3377:
3376:
3300:
3299:
3282:
3240:
3239:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3064:Seven Years' War
3037:Queen Anne's War
2914:
2913:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2836:Lot, Ferdinand.
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2775:
2752:
2732:
2718:
2698:
2684:
2655:
2635:
2606:
2586:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2229:Gaspard de Saulx
2221:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1498:"un gentilhomme"
1486:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1363:
1323:Martin Du Bellay
1200:
1191:
1129:Martin Du Bellay
1114:Rodolfo Baglioni
995:Ramón de Cardona
905:
901:
895:
887:Ramón de Cardona
883:Spanish infantry
867:Rodolfo Baglioni
807:, and 900–1,250
762:Comte de St. Pol
518:
472:League of Cognac
437:
427:
420:
413:
404:
403:
307:
305:
295:
288:
281:
272:
271:
261:
252:
251:
245:
233:
232:Show map of Alps
219:
218:
212:
161:Alfonso d'Avalos
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
101:44.805°N 7.845°E
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
58:
57:
39:
19:
18:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5266:
5242:Old inquisition
5154:
5139:
5049:
5022:
4978:Trinidad (1797)
4948:La Noche Triste
4936:
4932:San Juan (1797)
4882:San Juan (1595)
4819:
4708:
4548:Notable battles
4543:
4509:Martín de Ursúa
4440:
4371:Alonso de Ojeda
4341:Juan de la Cosa
4326:Pinzón brothers
4309:
4280:John of Austria
4255:Martín de Goiti
4233:
4173:
4154:
4098:
4051:
4032:
3944:
3940:Terra Australis
3935:Río de la Plata
3880:Castilla de Oro
3866:
3808:
3804:Río de la Plata
3766:
3747:
3706:
3665:
3661:Santa Hermandad
3625:
3606:
3602:Terra Australis
3593:
3582:
3549:Spanish Morocco
3530:
3519:
3510:Northern Taiwan
3471:
3456:
3427:Río de la Plata
3382:
3371:
3305:
3304:Central America
3294:
3276:
3245:
3234:
3178:Crown of Aragon
3159:
3148:
3133:
3049:Bourbon Reforms
2919:
2908:
2903:
2801:Courteault, P.
2792:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:Further reading
2772:
2760:, eds. (2005).
2755:
2741:
2707:
2673:
2644:
2595:
2575:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2417:Charles du Dros
2410:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2222:
2218:
2205:
2201:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1373:, 72–73; Oman,
1364:
1360:
1356:
1319:
1290:
1239:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1149:
1124:
1045:and St. Julian
924:
909:
900:
830:
825:
612:
592:pitched battles
547:, commanded by
529:Ceresole d'Alba
507:
502:
491:
438:
433:
431:
401:
396:
357:Lagny-sur-Marne
308:
303:
301:
299:
265:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
253:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
228:
222:
221:
220:
198:~3,150 captured
197:
182:
180:
175:
173:
142:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
82:
77:, southeast of
75:Ceresole d'Alba
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:1544 in France
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5058:Canary Islands
5054:
5051:
5050:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4912:Túpac Amaru II
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4857:Bogotá savanna
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4765:Spanish Armada
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:White Mountain
4656:
4654:Cape Celidonia
4651:
4649:English Armada
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4426:Juan Fernández
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Diego Columbus
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4229:Army of Africa
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Spanish Armada
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Manila galleon
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3624:Administration
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3545:Western Sahara
3541:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3443:Banda Oriental
3424:
3410:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3258:Coastal Alaska
3250:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2906:Spanish Empire
2902:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2855:
2841:
2834:
2820:
2806:
2805:. Paris, 1908.
2798:
2797:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:978-0816028511
2770:
2753:
2739:
2719:
2705:
2685:
2672:978-0801869945
2671:
2656:
2642:
2625:
2607:
2593:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2460:
2447:
2438:
2425:
2404:
2391:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2318:
2301:
2288:
2271:
2254:
2237:
2216:
2199:
2178:
2161:
2148:
2135:
2122:
2102:
2089:
2072:
2059:
2038:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1939:
1922:
1909:
1892:
1875:
1859:
1846:
1833:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1681:
1664:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1600:
1587:
1570:
1553:
1536:
1519:
1502:
1481:
1464:
1460:Lake of Geneva
1435:
1422:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1318:
1317:Historiography
1315:
1307:Pietro Strozzi
1289:
1286:
1238:
1235:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1148:
1145:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:Light cavalry
1095:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1061:Heavy cavalry
1058:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1023:Heavy cavalry
1021:
1016:
1013:
1012:Heavy cavalry
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
970:
967:
966:light cavalry
961:
958:
955:
954:Light cavalry
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
915:
829:
826:
824:
821:
787:dispatched by
622:to a combined
616:northern Italy
611:
608:
504:
503:
496:
493:
492:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
310:
309:
298:
297:
290:
283:
275:
267:
266:
256:
247:
246:
240:
239:
238:
237:
224:
223:
214:
213:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
177:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:French victory
118:
114:
113:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5344:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:1544 in Spain
5295:
5293:
5292:1544 in Italy
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Tapada limeña
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5045:
5041:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Montes Claros
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Vienna (1529)
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Hernán Cortés
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4446:Conquistadors
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Juan de Ayala
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Duke of Savoy
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Dollar (Peso)
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4043:
4029:
4028:Santo Domingo
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:New Andalusia
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Santo Domingo
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3776:Viceroyalties
3773:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3381:South America
3378:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:Spanish Texas
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:North America
3241:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Franche-Comté
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:Giovio, Paolo
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:Axelrod, Alan
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2723:Oman, Charles
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:Black, Jeremy
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2471:, 490; Oman,
2470:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2329:, 188; Oman,
2328:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2265:, 187; Oman,
2264:
2258:
2251:
2248:, 187; Oman,
2247:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2210:, 187; Oman,
2209:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2189:, 187; Oman,
2188:
2182:
2175:
2172:, 187; Oman,
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2116:, 187; Oman,
2115:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2083:, 187; Oman,
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1989:, 187; Oman,
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1933:, 186; Oman,
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1886:, 187; Oman,
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1692:, 186; Oman,
1691:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1658:, 186; Oman,
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1564:, 186; Oman,
1563:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1530:, 490; Oman,
1529:
1523:
1516:
1513:, 490; Oman,
1512:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1492:, 490; Oman,
1491:
1485:
1478:
1475:, 490; Oman,
1474:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Swiss cantons
1449:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:pike and shot
1156:
1154:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1122:Initial moves
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1048:Landsknechte
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:Carlo Gonzaga
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
984:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
923:
919:
913:
906:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Carlo Gonzaga
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
834:
820:
818:
814:
810:
809:heavy cavalry
806:
805:light cavalry
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Pirro Colonna
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
723:
722:oil on canvas
719:
715:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
607:
605:
604:pike and shot
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
512:
501:
500:
494:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
436:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
405:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Isle of Wight
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
306:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
273:
244:
227:
211:
201:
195:
192:
191:
186:
178:
171:
170:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
127:
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:44.805; 7.845
80:
76:
71:
68:
67:
64:14 April 1544
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
5168:Architecture
5063:The Americas
4927:Newfoundland
4917:Túpac Katari
4907:Cuerno Verde
4842:Tenochtitlan
4744:
4674:Valenciennes
4431:Luis Fajardo
4300:Blas de Lezo
4245:Duke of Alba
4125:Spanish Road
3963:Buenos Aires
3872:Governorates
3641:Ayuntamiento
3634:Organization
3099:Carlist Wars
2947:Italian Wars
2868:
2858:
2851:
2848:Commentaires
2847:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2812:
2802:
2794:Italy portal
2761:
2728:
2694:
2661:
2631:
2613:
2582:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1343:
1339:Charles Oman
1335:Paolo Giovio
1320:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1240:
1231:
1226:push of pike
1222:
1211:landsknechte
1174:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1125:
1104:Des Thermes
897:
860:
839:
828:Dispositions
801:
785:landsknechts
782:
731:
717:
636:previous war
620:fall of Nice
613:
596:Italian Wars
589:
572:landsknechts
564:arquebusiers
557:
520:
510:
508:
498:
435:Italian Wars
372:2nd Boulogne
367:1st Boulogne
352:Saint-Dizier
341:
129:Belligerents
41:
27:Part of the
5135:Philippines
5100:El Salvador
4720:Capo d'Orso
4604:St. Quentin
4579:Rome (1527)
4238:Strategists
3988:Guadalajara
3915:New Navarre
3910:New Castile
3895:La Luisiana
3847:Puerto Rico
3837:Philippines
3794:New Granada
3484:Philippines
3445:(Uruguay),
3441:(Bolivia),
3391:New Granada
3331:Puerto Rico
3277: [
3147:Territories
2967:Encomiendas
2387:Fürstenberg
2284:Maira River
1813:, 231, 236.
1347:skirmishing
1274:man-at-arms
1270:surrendered
392:Beachy Head
104: /
5281:Categories
4805:Somosierra
4795:Manila Bay
4669:Nördlingen
4609:Gravelines
4089:Columnario
4061:Currencies
3978:Concepción
3950:Audiencias
3925:New Toledo
3890:La Florida
3723:Corregidor
3687:Papal bull
3592:Antarctica
3500:Micronesia
2957:Golden Age
2819:, 1908–19.
2740:0404145795
2706:0521417961
2643:0340720387
2594:0060891955
2573:References
2540:, 188–190.
2499:Art of War
2486:Art of War
2473:Art of War
2456:Art of War
2434:Art of War
2413:Art of War
2400:Art of War
2383:Art of War
2370:Art of War
2344:Art of War
2331:Art of War
2310:Art of War
2297:Art of War
2280:Art of War
2267:Art of War
2250:Art of War
2225:Art of War
2212:Art of War
2191:Art of War
2174:Art of War
2159:, 238–239.
2157:Art of War
2144:Art of War
2131:Art of War
2118:Art of War
2098:Art of War
2087:, 237–238.
2085:Art of War
2068:Art of War
2047:Art of War
2034:Art of War
1991:Art of War
1974:Art of War
1961:Art of War
1950:, 235–236.
1948:Art of War
1935:Art of War
1918:Art of War
1901:Art of War
1888:Art of War
1871:Art of War
1855:Art of War
1842:Art of War
1829:Art of War
1811:Art of War
1798:Art of War
1785:Art of War
1772:Art of War
1759:Art of War
1746:Art of War
1733:Art of War
1720:Art of War
1707:Art of War
1694:Art of War
1673:Art of War
1660:Art of War
1630:Art of War
1609:Art of War
1596:Art of War
1579:Art of War
1566:Art of War
1545:Art of War
1532:Art of War
1515:Art of War
1494:Art of War
1477:Art of War
1444:Art of War
1431:Art of War
1414:Art of War
1401:Art of War
1388:Art of War
1375:Art of War
1257:Christians
1177:pistoleers
1168:small arms
964:Neapolitan
960:Dampierre
949:Commander
940:Commander
863:Florentine
793:musketeers
728:, c. 1533)
664:Moncalieri
656:Savigliano
652:Carmagnola
606:infantry.
560:topography
347:Serravalle
337:Landrecies
89:44°48′18″N
5110:Nicaragua
5088:Guatemala
4998:Pichincha
4983:Chacabuco
4922:Pensacola
4867:Mataquito
4847:Cajamarca
4828:New World
4800:Trafalgar
4704:Alhucemas
4584:Landriano
4569:Comuneros
4555:Old World
4499:Joan Orpí
4219:Royalists
3993:Guatemala
3920:New Spain
3857:Venezuela
3832:Guatemala
3789:New Spain
3784:Columbian
3677:Exequatur
3577:Cape Juby
3431:Argentina
3254:New Spain
3188:Gibraltar
2952:Habsburgs
2715:782155832
2622:1040-5992
1617:Racconigi
1613:Sommariva
1549:corselets
1433:, 229–30.
1288:Aftermath
1250:Ceresole.
1101:~450–500
946:Strength
937:Strength
813:artillery
797:gendarmes
766:Charles V
746:Languedoc
700:Carignano
668:Villanova
568:artillery
521:Cérisoles
487:1551–1559
482:1542–1546
477:1536–1538
467:1521–1526
452:1499–1504
447:1494–1498
387:Bonchurch
362:Montreuil
317:Perpignan
92:7°50′42″E
5120:Colombia
5105:Honduras
5018:Asomante
5003:Ayacucho
4993:Carabobo
4968:Curalaba
4745:Ceresole
4639:Gembloux
4599:Mühlberg
4314:Mariners
4172:Military
4094:Doubloon
4079:Maravedí
4023:Santiago
3930:Paraguay
3656:Germania
3496:Caroline
3451:Malvinas
3435:Paraguay
3395:Colombia
3337:Trinidad
3204:Sardinia
3044:Bourbons
2725:(1979).
2691:(1994).
2681:35521720
2652:47901198
2603:62341645
2467:Knecht,
1526:Knecht,
1509:Knecht,
1488:Knecht,
1471:Knecht,
1458:and the
1418:bastions
1365:Arnold,
1282:prisoner
1164:firearms
1007:Descroz
985:Descroz
922:Imperial
852:Gruyères
750:Gruyères
742:Dauphiné
704:garrison
688:Vercelli
672:Chivasso
648:Pinerolo
640:Piedmont
630:towards
628:Lombardy
584:infantry
533:Piedmont
342:Ceresole
183:~20 guns
176:~20 guns
167:Strength
69:Location
5252:Asiento
5223:Mustang
5083:Yucatán
5078:Chiapas
4958:Tucapel
4790:Passaro
4740:Algiers
4730:Preveza
4699:Tetouan
4694:Vitoria
4684:Bitonto
4624:Antwerp
4619:Lepanto
4574:Bicocca
4050:Economy
3973:Charcas
3968:Caracas
3862:Yucatán
3733:Regidor
3718:Alcalde
3646:Cabildo
3553:Tripoli
3492:Mariana
3439:Charcas
3415:(Peru,
3399:Ecuador
3362:Bonaire
3357:Curazao
3342:Jamaica
3270:Florida
2749:4505705
2421:squires
2316:, 188).
2057:, 187).
1907:, 187).
1448:pikemen
1299:Picardy
1153:Gascons
1088:~6,000
1081:De Tais
1077:~4,000
1051:~7,000
1039:~4,000
1004:~3,000
991:~5,000
982:~2,000
918:Spanish
908:French
856:archers
774:Picardy
708:fortify
676:Mondovì
610:Prelude
600:pikemen
580:cavalry
531:in the
519:; also
5230:Castas
4988:Boyacá
4963:Guiana
4953:Iguape
4877:Recife
4815:Mactan
4810:Annual
4775:Rocroi
4770:Leiden
4755:Djerba
4689:Bailén
4644:Ostend
4629:Azores
4224:Legión
4189:Tercio
4182:Armies
4084:Escudo
4013:Panamá
4008:Mexico
4003:Manila
3958:Bogotá
3743:Vecino
3738:Syndic
3569:Béjaïa
3529:Africa
3515:Tidore
3403:Panama
3367:Belize
3274:Mexico
3200:Sicily
3196:Naples
3158:Europe
2768:
2747:
2737:
2713:
2703:
2679:
2669:
2650:
2640:
2620:
2601:
2591:
2562:Hall,
2549:Hall,
2536:Hall,
2523:Hall,
2514:, 188.
2510:Hall,
2497:Oman,
2488:, 243.
2484:Oman,
2458:, 242.
2454:Oman,
2436:, 241.
2432:Oman,
2411:Oman,
2398:Oman,
2381:Oman,
2368:Oman,
2359:, 217.
2355:Hall,
2342:Oman,
2325:Hall,
2308:Oman,
2299:, 240.
2295:Oman,
2278:Oman,
2269:, 240.
2261:Hall,
2244:Hall,
2223:Oman,
2185:Hall,
2168:Hall,
2142:Oman,
2129:Oman,
2120:, 238.
2112:Hall,
2096:Oman,
2066:Oman,
2045:Oman,
2036:, 237.
2028:Hall,
2019:, 187.
2015:Hall,
2002:Hall,
1985:Hall,
1972:Oman,
1959:Oman,
1946:Oman,
1929:Hall,
1916:Oman,
1899:Oman,
1882:Hall,
1873:, 235.
1869:Oman,
1853:Oman,
1840:Oman,
1831:, 236.
1827:Oman,
1809:Oman,
1796:Oman,
1783:Oman,
1770:Oman,
1757:Oman,
1744:Oman,
1731:Oman,
1718:Oman,
1705:Oman,
1688:Hall,
1671:Oman,
1654:Hall,
1641:Hall,
1632:, 232.
1628:Oman,
1607:Oman,
1594:Oman,
1577:Oman,
1560:Hall,
1543:Oman,
1442:Oman,
1429:Oman,
1412:Oman,
1399:Oman,
1390:, 229.
1386:Oman,
1377:, 213.
1036:Swiss
885:under
823:Battle
726:Titian
690:, and
462:Urbino
377:Solent
117:Result
5125:Chile
5093:Petén
5068:Aztec
4887:Bahia
4862:Penco
4852:Cusco
4780:Downs
4760:Tunis
4679:Ceuta
4664:Breda
4614:Malta
4594:Tunis
4589:Pavia
4103:Trade
4018:Quito
3983:Cusco
3822:Chile
3557:Tunis
3504:Palau
3421:Chile
3352:Aruba
3347:Haiti
3281:]
3210:Milan
3168:Spain
1583:Pavia
1456:Rhone
1354:Notes
1303:Milan
1110:~300
1026:~200
1015:~450
969:~300
957:~400
943:Unit
934:Unit
843:Swiss
692:Ivrea
632:Turin
576:Swiss
553:Milan
545:Spain
332:Düren
322:Muros
144:Spain
79:Turin
73:Near
5130:Inca
5073:Maya
5008:Guam
4941:Lost
4713:Lost
4634:Mons
4074:Real
3998:Lima
3885:Cuba
3827:Cuba
3799:Perú
3575:and
3573:Ifni
3565:Oran
3488:Guam
3417:Acre
3413:Peru
3323:Cuba
3202:and
2766:ISBN
2745:OCLC
2735:ISBN
2711:OCLC
2701:ISBN
2677:OCLC
2667:ISBN
2648:OCLC
2638:ISBN
2618:ISSN
2599:OCLC
2589:ISBN
1677:écus
1615:and
1325:and
1209:and
1158:The
1064:~80
768:and
744:and
710:it.
706:and
680:Asti
660:Susa
543:and
509:The
327:Nice
61:Date
4835:Won
4562:Won
3670:Law
3567:,
3287:),
3268:),
724:by
5283::
3571:,
3563:,
3559:,
3555:,
3551:,
3547:,
3502:,
3498:,
3494:,
3490:,
3486:,
3449:,
3437:,
3433:,
3419:,
3405:,
3401:,
3397:,
3329:,
3325:,
3279:es
3272:,
3198:,
2935:,
2867:.
2846:.
2825:.
2811:.
2743:.
2709:.
2675:.
2646:.
2597:.
2235:).
2105:^
1862:^
1818:^
1462:".
929:)
914:)
893:.
780:.
686:,
682:,
678:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
555:.
3579:)
3506:)
3482:(
3470:)
3453:)
3429:(
3423:)
3393:(
3333:)
3321:(
3291:)
3256:(
3206:)
2898:e
2891:t
2884:v
2774:.
2751:.
2717:.
2683:.
2654:.
2624:.
2605:.
2197:.
1551:.
925:(
920:–
910:(
720:(
513:(
426:e
419:t
412:v
294:e
287:t
280:v
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