2525:
996:
1136:
776:
2512:
the road between
Grunwald and Łodwigowo, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the memorial site. Between 2014 and 2019, archaeologists from Scandinavia and Poland investigated an area of approximately 450 hectares (1,100 acres) with metal detectors and located the main battle site according to Ekdahl's predictions. In 2017, the team found approximately 65 crossbow bolts and 20 arrowheads, as well as parts of spurs, stirrups, gauntlets, etc. As of 2020, archaeologists had discovered about 1,500 artifacts of which about 150 are linked to the battle. Among them are a Teutonic clasp to fasten coat with the Gothic inscription ‘Ave Maria’, a seal with the image of a pelican feeding its young with blood, two well preserved axes, and Teutonic coins.
2748:
1865:
2423:
219:
6554:
2551:
2443:
2328:
2320:
1994:
333:
1881:
1893:
2709:
2200:
1981:, lost the Kraków banner. However, it was soon recaptured and fighting continued. Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his reserves—the second line of his army. Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen then personally led 16 banners, almost a third of the original Teutonic strength, to the right Polish flank, and Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his last reserves, the third line of his army. The melee reached the Polish command and one knight, identified as Lupold or Diepold of Kökeritz, charged directly against King Władysław II Jagiełło. Władysław's secretary,
248:
48:
409:
361:
351:
288:
236:
3528:
312:
260:
188:
1193:, agreed to mediate the dispute. A truce was signed on 8 October 1409 and was set to expire on 24 June 1410. Both sides used this time to prepare for war, gathering troops and engaging in diplomatic maneuvering. Both sides sent letters and envoys accusing each other of various wrongdoings and threats to the Christendom. Wenceslaus, who received a gift of 60,000 florins from the order, declared that Samogitia rightfully belonged to the order and only Dobrzyń Land should be returned to Poland. The order also paid 300,000
176:
542:
1810:
207:
1942:, of a German letter. Written a few years after the battle, it cautioned the new Grand Master to look out for feigned retreats of the kind that had been used in the Great Battle. Stephen Turnbull asserts that the Lithuanian tactical retreat did not quite fit the formula of a feigned retreat; such a retreat was usually staged by one or two units (as opposed to almost an entire army) and was swiftly followed by a counterattack (whereas the Lithuanians had returned late in the battle).
373:
272:
6808:
6817:
549:
1841:). The armies formed opposing lines along a northeast–southwest axis. The Polish–Lithuanian army was positioned in front and east of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg. Polish heavy cavalry formed the left flank, Lithuanian light cavalry the right flank and various mercenary troops made up the center. Their men were organized in three lines of wedge-shaped formations about 20 men deep. The Teutonic forces concentrated their elite heavy cavalry, commanded by Grand Marshal
2390:. The museum, which is open during summers, has an exhibition space of 275 square metres (2,960 sq ft) in which it displays archaeological finds from the battlefield, original and reproduced medieval weapons, reconstructed flags from the battle, as well as various maps, drawings, and documents related to the battle. In 2018, the museum was visited by about 140,000 people. Construction of a larger year-round museum at an estimated cost of 30 million
6829:
397:
2068:
1124:
385:
300:
2670:
1695:
1845:, against the Lithuanians. The order, which was the first to organize their army for the battle, hoped to provoke the Poles or Lithuanians into attacking first. Their troops, wearing heavy armor, had to stand in the scorching sun for several hours waiting for an attack. One chronicle suggested that they had dug pits that an attacking army would fall into. They also attempted to use
1951:
2299:, as both Poland and Lithuania were for a long time, the order had difficulties recruiting new volunteer crusaders. The Grand Masters then needed to rely on mercenary troops, which proved an expensive drain on their already depleted budget. The internal conflicts, economic decline, and tax increases led to unrest and the foundation of the
2090:, put total casualties at 8,000 dead "on both sides". However, the wording is vague and it is unclear whether it meant a total of 8,000 or 16,000 dead. A papal bull from 1412 mentioned 18,000 dead Christians. In two letters written immediately after the battle, Władysław II Jagiełło mentioned that Polish casualties were small (
2381:
granite depicting two faces of knights, a bundle of eleven 30-metre (98 ft)-high flagpoles with emblems of the Polish–Lithuanian army, and a sculptural map depicting the supposed positions of the armies before the battle. Presumed locations where Władysław II Jagiełło and
Vytautas had their main
1907:
described this development as a complete annihilation of the entire
Lithuanian army. According to Długosz, the Order assumed that victory was theirs, broke their formation for a disorganized pursuit of the retreating Lithuanians, and gathered much loot before returning to the battlefield to face the
2704:
takes place on 15 July. In 2010, a pageant reenacting the event and commemorating the battle's 600th anniversary was held. It attracted 200,000 spectators who watched 2,200 participants playing the role of knights in a re-enactment of the battle. An additional 3,800 participants played peasants and
2515:
The 2014-2019 surveys have been criticsed due to inconsistent publications and not following scientific techniques established by battlefield archeology. These include preservation of findings, lack of survey maps and inconsistent recording of GPS data. There has also been a lack of funding from
2511:
published his long-held hypothesis that the traditionally accepted location of the battlefield was incorrect. He believed that the surveys near the chapel ruins were actually around the site of the
Teutonic Order's camp. According to Ekdahl's theory, the main battlefield was located northeast of
2254:
The siege of
Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. The Polish–Lithuanian forces left garrisons in the fortresses they had taken and returned home. However, the order quickly recaptured most of the castles. By the end of October only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands.
2843:
In 2014, the
Russian Military Historical Society stated that Russian troops and their allies defeated the German knights in the Battle of Grunwald. In July 2017, billboards appeared on the streets of Russian cities with statements that seemed to attribute the victory in the battle of Grunwald to
2811:
in August 1944: "After five, six weeks we shall leave. But by then Warsaw, the capital, the head, the intelligence of this former 16–17 million Polish people will be extinguished, this Volk that has blocked our way to the east for 700 years and has stood in our way ever since the First Battle of
2479:
were carried out in 1958–1960 in the run-up to the 550th anniversary, connected to the construction of the memorial site and museum. The government showed great interest in the excavations and sent helicopters and 160 soldiers to help. Research continued in later decades, but yielded very little
2286:
permanently resolved the territorial disputes. The Poles and
Lithuanians were unable to translate the military victory into territorial or diplomatic gains. However, the Peace of Thorn imposed a heavy financial burden on the order from which they never recovered. They had to pay an indemnity in
2105:
The defeat of the
Teutonic Order was resounding. According to Teutonic payroll records, only 1,427 men reported back to Marienburg to claim their pay. Of 1,200 men sent from Danzig, only 300 returned. Between 203 and 211 brothers of the Order were killed, out of 270 that participated in battle,
2010:
At that time the reorganized
Lithuanians returned to the battle, attacking von Jungingen from the rear. The Teutonic forces were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and advancing Lithuanian cavalry. As von Jungingen attempted to break through the Lithuanian lines, he was
2142:
for burial on 19 July. The bodies of lower-ranking
Teutonic officials and 12 Polish knights were buried at the church in Tannenberg. The rest of the dead were buried in several mass graves. The highest-ranking Teutonic official to escape the battle was Werner von Tettinger, Komtur of Elbing
1521:
While outnumbered, the Teutonic army had advantages in discipline, military training and equipment. They were particularly noted for their heavy cavalry, although only a small percentage of the Order's army at Grunwald were heavily armoured knights. The Teutonic army was also equipped with
4650:
chapter=Schlacht bei Tannenberg/ Erfolg und Scheitern von Siegesmythen|series=Deutsch-Polnische Erinnerungsorte: Geteilt/Gemeinsam| volume=Geteilt/Gemeinsam|publisher=Ferdinand Schöningh|year= 2012|editors=Robert Traba, Peter Oliver Loew, Maciej Górny, Kornelia Kończal|publisher=Ferdinand
1783:, Władysław II Jagiełło decided against crossing the river at such a strong, defensible position. The army would instead bypass the river crossing by turning east, towards its sources, where no other major rivers separated his army from Marienburg. The march continued east towards Soldau (
2547:'s summary, almost all accounts of the battle made before the 1960s were more influenced by romantic legends and nationalistic propaganda than by fact. Historians have since made progress towards dispassionate scholarship and reconciliation of the various national accounts of the battle.
1849:, but a light rain dampened their powder and only two cannon shots were fired. As Władysław II Jagiełło delayed, the Grand Master sent messengers with two swords to "assist Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas in battle". The swords were meant as an insult and a provocation. Known as the "
1514:) and artillery units is unknown. Estimates, often biased by political and nationalistic considerations, were produced by various historians. German historians tend to present lower numbers, while Polish historians tend to use higher estimates. The high-end estimates by Polish historian
1864:
2480:
results with the exception of the area around the ruined chapel. Several mass graves were found at the chapel: remains of six people in the vestibule, 30 people next to the southern wall, more than 130 people in three pits adjacent to the chapel, and about 90 people in the
2467:
when he visited the battlefield in 1842, but they have not survived to the present day. The first amateur archeological research was carried out in 1911 in hopes of finding the mass graves mentioned by Jan Długosz at the church of Stębark. The church was surveyed with
2819:
banners, Russians saw the battle as a victory of a Polish–Lithuanian–Russian coalition against invading Germans. However, the ethnic composition of the men under these banners cannot be determined as Smolensk had rebelled against Vytautas in 1404 and 1408. Chronicler
1663:. The overall commander of the joint Polish–Lithuanian force was King Władysław II Jagiełło; however, he did not directly participate in the battle. The Lithuanian units were commanded directly by Grand Duke Vytautas, who was second in command, and helped design the
2046:, a group of knights sympathetic to Poland. According to the order, von Renys lowered his banner, which was taken as a signal of surrender and led to the panicked retreat. The legend that the order was "stabbed in the back" was echoed in the post-World War I
5618:
2570:
The Battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. In Lithuania, the victory is synonymous with the Grand Duchy's political and military peak. It was a source of national pride during the age of
945:(1415–1480). is a comprehensive and detailed account written several decades after the battle. The reliability of this source suffers not only from the long gap since the events, but also from Długosz's alleged biases against Lithuanians.
1969:, the Teutonic forces concentrated on the Polish right flank. Six of von Walenrode's banners did not pursue the retreating Lithuanians, instead joining the attack on the right flank. A particularly valuable target was the royal banner of
746:. The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. For centuries, it has been re-interpreted in that part of Europe as an inspiration of
1501:
provided the number of banners, the principal unit of each cavalry: 51 for the Teutons, 50 for the Poles and 40 for the Lithuanians. However, it is unclear how many men were under each banner. The structure and number of infantry units
1758:
The river crossing remained secret until Hungarian envoys, who were attempting to negotiate a peace, informed the Grand Master. As soon as Ulrich von Jungingen grasped the Polish–Lithuanian intentions, he left 3,000 men at Schwetz
1158:
started. Lithuania supported it and the order threatened to invade. Poland announced its support for the Lithuanian cause and threatened to invade Prussia in return. As Prussian troops evacuated Samogitia, Teutonic Grand Master
2496:
were found. In 1958–1990, only 28 artefacts were found connected to the battle: ten crossbow bolts, five arrowheads, a javelin head, two sword pieces, two gun bullets, six pieces of gauntlets, and two small arms bullets.
2235:). Only eight castles remained in Teutonic hands. The besiegers of Marienburg expected a speedy capitulation and were not prepared for a long siege, suffering from lack of ammunition, low morale, and an epidemic of
1931:(1399), when the Lithuanian army had been dealt a crushing defeat and Vytautas himself had barely escaped alive. This theory gained wider acceptance after the discovery and publication, in 1963 by Swedish historian
2219:), remaining on the battlefield for three days and then marching an average of only about 15 km (9.3 mi) per day. The main forces did not reach heavily fortified Marienburg until 26 July. This delay gave
5630:
4550:"(Review) Sven Ekdahl, In Search of the Battlefield of Tannenberg (Grunwald) of 1410. New Research with Metal Detectors in 2014–2019, Vilnius 2019, pp. 279. : On the Problems of Battlefield Research"
592:
2736:) have a street named after the battle. In Belarus, interest in the battle began to grow in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 2010, Belarus issued postage stamps for the 600th anniversary. Since 2008,
1795:). Later, in the self-serving testimonies of the survivors before the Pope, the order claimed that Von Jungingen was so enraged by the alleged atrocities that he swore to defeat the invaders in battle.
2484:. Many remains showed signs of traumatic injuries. Some skeletons showed signs of being burned and moved. Mass burials, including of women and children, were also found in the villages of Gilgenburg (
839:
2767:
generally saw the Teutonic knights as heroic and noble men who brought Christianity and civilization to the east, although many came to the region with more material motives. In August 1914, during
1903:
Vytautas, supported by the Polish banners, started an assault on the left flank of the Teutonic forces. After more than an hour of heavy fighting, the Lithuanian light cavalry began a full retreat.
2705:
camp followers. The pageant's organisers believe that the event has become the largest re-enactment of medieval combat in Europe. The reenactment attracts about 60,000 to 80,000 visitors annually.
2524:
4633:
1252:). To keep their plans secret and mislead the order, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas organized several raids into border territories, thus forcing the order to keep their troops in place.
2223:
enough time to organize a defense. Władysław II Jagiełło also sent his troops to other Teutonic fortresses, which often surrendered without resistance, including the major cities of Danzig (
1205:, for mutual military assistance. Sigismund attempted to break the Polish–Lithuanian alliance by offering Vytautas a king's crown; Vytautas' acceptance would have violated the terms of the
5504:
Knoll, Paul W. (1983). "In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. Review of Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410, Quellenkritische Untersuchungen, vol. I: Einführung und Quellenlage by S. Ekdahl".
2287:
silver in four annual installments. To meet these payments, the order borrowed heavily, confiscated gold and silver from churches, and increased taxes. Two major Prussian cities, Danzig (
2681:
Under Communist rule over Poland, memory to the battle was monopolized by the state. Memory to the battle was instrumentalized for justifying the new borders, under which Poland annexed
1908:
Polish troops. He made no mention of the Lithuanians, who later returned to the battlefield. Thus Długosz portrayed the battle as a single-handed Polish victory. This view contradicted
1735:. On 24 June, Władysław II Jagiełło and Czech mercenaries arrived in Wolbórz. Three days later the Polish army was already at the meeting place. The Lithuanian army marched out from
2102:) mentioned that only half of the Lithuanians returned, but it is unclear how many of those casualties are attributable to the battle and how many to the later siege of Marienburg.
621:
585:
4921:
1216:
By December 1409, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy: their armies would unite into a single massive force and march together towards Marienburg (
6867:
4894:
7802:
7777:
2295:), revolted against the tax increases. The defeat at Grunwald left the Teutonic Order with few forces to defend their remaining territories. Since Samogitia became officially
1375:
1240:), a central location from where troops could respond to an invasion from any direction rather quickly. Sizable garrisons were left in the eastern castles of Ragnit, Rhein (
2532:
1163:
declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. The order hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately, and began by invading
2355:
was killed. In 1901, a large memorial stone was erected for the fallen Grand Master in the midst of the chapel ruins for the 200th anniversary of the coronation of King
1719:. This maneuver, which required precision and intense coordination among multi-ethnic forces, was accomplished in about a week, from 24 to 30 June. Polish soldiers from
578:
2401:
was erected by the Lithuanians near the monument site to commemorate the 610th anniversary of the battle. The monument was unveiled by Lithuanian and Polish presidents
2170:
on 11 November 1410. Only those who were expected to pay ransom were kept. Considerable ransoms were recorded; for example, the mercenary Holbracht von Loym had to pay
1220:), capital of the Teutonic Order. The order, who took a defensive position, did not expect a joint attack and were preparing for a dual invasion—by the Poles along the
2339:, who had prophesied the downfall of the Teutonic Order, at the location of the battle. When the order regained the territory of the battlefield, the new grand master
2111:
1423:
641:
1842:
1457:
750:(to advance legends or mythology) and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century, the battle was used in
2019:
as the killer. Surrounded and leaderless, the Teutonic Order began to retreat. Part of the routed units retreated towards their camp. This move backfired when the
1564:
Soldiers from twenty-two different states and regions, mostly Germanic, joined the Order's army. Teutonic recruits known as guest crusaders included soldiers from
646:
4882:
25 июля – Памятная дата военной истории России. В этот день в 1410 году русские войска и их союзники одержали победу над немецкими рыцарями в Грюнвальдской битве.
813:
and archaeological excavations in 2014–2017 proved that the actual site was south of Grünfelde (Grunwald). Władysław II Jagiełło referred to the site in Latin as
6014:
5130:
2115:
1966:
1558:
1554:
762:
decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation.
5593:
4397:
5016:
2367:
5303:
5248:
4946:
2362:
In 1960, for the 550th anniversary, a museum and monuments were constructed a little northeast of the chapel ruins. The grounds were designed by sculptor
1333:
6741:
995:
2027:: the camp was surrounded by wagons serving as an improvised fortification. However, the defense was soon broken and the camp was ravaged. According to
1048:. While the border regions became an uninhabited wilderness, the order gained very little territory. The Lithuanians first gave up Samogitia during the
837:
in 1891. The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg ("fir hill" or "pine hill" in German). Thus, there are three commonly used names for the battle:
6784:
2836:. The Teutonic Order was portrayed as the medieval forerunners of Hitler's armies, while the battle itself was seen as the medieval counterpart to the
1791:) and then moved east in parallel with the Polish–Lithuanian army. According to the Order's propaganda, the latter ravaged the village of Gilgenburg (
6946:
4760:
4357:
7822:
7310:
6471:
5945:
Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum cruciferi sanno Christi 1410 (Chronicle of the battle, written in 1410–1411, just after the battle)
2824:
praised the Smolensk banners, who fought bravely and, according to him, were the only banners from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania not to retreat. In
5249:"Different points of view on the Battle of Grunwald/Tannenberg 1410 from Poland and Germany and their roots in handwritten and printed traditions"
914:
There are few contemporary, reliable sources about the battle, and most were produced by the Polish. The most important and trustworthy source is
6697:
5947:
918:, which was written within a year of the battle by an eyewitness. Its authorship is uncertain, but several candidates have been proposed: Polish
5803:
Tanajewski, Dariusz; Odoj, Romuald; Oszczak, Bartlomiej; Godlewska, Patrycja; Grazawski, Kazimierz; Mockun, Slawomir; Drej, Szymon (June 2014).
1627:
commanded an expeditionary corps and the Moldavian king was so brave that the Polish troops and their king honoured him with a royal sword, the
7636:
6228:
5929:
1307:
1286:
108:
4375:
2501:
1932:
1346:
803:
1497:
The precise number of soldiers involved has proven difficult to establish. None of the contemporary sources provided reliable troop counts.
7213:
7074:
6254:
6077:
1829:
In the early morning of 15 July, both armies met in an area covering approximately 4 km (1.5 sq mi) between the villages of
6187:
7817:
6007:
2492:). The massacre in Gilgenburg was known from written sources, but the burial in Faulen was unexpected. In the fields, very few items of
2343:
built a chapel dedicated to Saint Mary and it was consecrated in March 1413. It was destroyed by the Poles when they invaded during the
2138:, were executed by order of Vytautas after the battle. The bodies of von Jungingen and other high-ranking officials were transported to
7632:
6840:
5701:
1131:
between 1260 and 1410; the locations and dates of major battles, including the Battle of Grunwald, are indicated by crossed red swords.
724:
4526:
2335:
Ideas about commemorating the battle rose right after the event. Władysław II Jagiełło wanted to build a monastery dedicated to Saint
4902:
2779:(Olsztyn), and framed it as revenge for the Polish–Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier. To cement this symbolism, Germany built the
1261:
6222:
6204:
6342:
6210:
2771:, Germany won a battle against Russia near the site. When the Germans realized its propaganda potential, they named the battle the
2697:
was reduced, but the symbol of Grunwald did not disappear. Until end of the 1980s, July 15 was an important official memorial day.
2359:. The inscription was chiseled in 1960 and the stone was removed from the chapel ruins and placed inscription facing down in 1984.
1103:. The conflict was also motivated by trade considerations: the order controlled the lower reaches of the three largest rivers (the
5174:
4439:
2591:. The Teutonic Order was portrayed as bloodthirsty invaders and Grunwald as a just victory achieved by a small, oppressed nation.
1183:(Bromberg) and sacked several towns. The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz. The Samogitians attacked Memel (
7546:
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7002:
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6774:
6734:
6163:
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1880:
982:. An anonymous letter, discovered in 1963 and written between 1411 and 1413, provided important details on Lithuanian maneuvers.
7113:
6963:
6688:
6240:
5221:"Battlefield Archaeology at Grunwald (Tannenberg, Žalgiris): A Polish-Scandinavian Research Project during the period 2014–2017"
1787:), although no attempt was made to capture the town. The Teutonic army followed the Drewenz River north, crossed it near Löbau (
1135:
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7332:
7315:
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7293:
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7164:
7159:
7154:
7142:
7137:
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1830:
791:
775:
673:
602:
90:
39:
1965:
While the Lithuanians were retreating, heavy fighting broke out between Polish and Teutonic forces. Commanded by Grand Komtur
1067:. Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned King of Poland and became known as Władysław II Jagiełło, thus creating a
6872:
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and was demolished in 1720. Over time, the location of the chapel became associated with the location where Grand Master
20:
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6041:
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1711:, a designated meeting point about 80 km (50 mi) from the Prussian border, where the joint army crossed the
7832:
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6669:
6410:
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2561:, Poland for the battle's 500th anniversary. It was destroyed during World War II by the Germans and rebuilt in 1976.
180:
6650:
4713:
1076:
7404:
6920:
6452:
6023:
5309:
1743:. They arrived in Czerwińsk on the same day the Poles crossed the river. After the crossing, Masovian troops under
1652:
452:
2747:
2455:
Several artifacts from the battlefield are known from historical record, for example stone balls in the church of
2098:) and Jan Długosz listed only 12 Polish knights who had been killed. A letter by a Teutonic official from Tapiau (
1982:
1533:
Both armies were composed of troops from several states and lands, including numerous mercenaries, primarily from
1518:
of 39,000 Polish–Lithuanian and 27,000 Teutonic men have been cited in Western literature as "commonly accepted".
930:
7678:
6925:
6915:
6620:
4969:
4634:"VU rektorius apie Žalgirio mūšį ir istorinį lūžį: regione atsirado nauja valdžia ir galybė – Lietuva ir Lenkija"
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1818:
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2166:. Most of the commoners and mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on condition that they report to
7497:
7419:
5724:
2655:
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2215:
After the battle, the Polish and Lithuanian forces delayed their attack on the Teutonic capital in Marienburg (
1190:
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102:
7665:
7171:
7062:
6779:
6750:
6458:
6049:
5568:
5403:
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2079:
1072:
557:
211:
53:
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1870:
Retreat of Lithuanian light cavalry (battle location and initial army positions according to an 1836 map by
7615:
7409:
7120:
6524:
6518:
6248:
5856:
5805:"Ground Penetrating Radar Data Acquisition and Analyses at the Most Holy Trinity Church in Stebark, Poland"
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caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the
7660:
1667:
of the campaign. Vytautas actively participated in the battle, managing both Lithuanian and Polish units.
1036:, the Teutons conquered and converted the Prussians by the 1280s and shifted their attention to the pagan
616:
7772:
7551:
7521:
7466:
7461:
7012:
4738:
2118:, Grand Treasurer Thomas von Merheim, Marshal of Supply Forces Albrecht von Schwartzburg, and ten of the
1928:
1128:
736:
292:
1985:, saved the king's life, gaining royal favor and becoming one of the most influential people in Poland.
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6071:
2606:
during a three-day celebration attended by some 150,000 people. About 60 other towns and villages in
1209:
and created Polish-Lithuanian discord. At the same time, Vytautas managed to obtain a truce from the
6877:
2489:
2382:
camps were marked with artificial mounds and flagpoles. The battle site is one of Poland's national
1515:
1439:
1172:
7578:
7541:
6031:
4922:"Žalgiris, Tannenberg, Grunwald? How to call 1410 Polish–Lithuanian victory against German knights"
2717:
2620:
2607:
2469:
1640:
1202:
1083:, responded by publicly contesting the sincerity of Jogaila's conversion, bringing the charge to a
1037:
1014:
681:
264:
252:
192:
5212:
Das Soldbuch des Deutschen Ordens, Teil. II : Indices mit personengeschichtlichen Kommentaren
2442:
2319:
7827:
7588:
7566:
7556:
7320:
7298:
7280:
7100:
6955:
6852:
6483:
6382:
6288:
5834:
5526:
2550:
2476:
2043:
1624:
1541:. Bohemian mercenaries fought on both sides. The Silesian mercenaries were led in battle by Duke
1452:
1100:
6553:
6156:
4991:
Places of Fighting for Lithuania's Freedom In the Expanse of Nemunas, Vistula and Dauguva rivers
2372:
2015:, Dobiesław of Oleśnica thrust a lance through the Grand Master's neck, while Długosz presented
1087:. The territorial disputes continued over Samogitia, which had been in Teutonic hands since the
971:
7655:
7533:
7258:
7241:
7208:
6356:
6283:
5762:
5686:
5152:"The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments"
4698:
2643:
2356:
2348:
2300:
1751:
joined the Polish–Lithuanian army. The massive force began its march north towards Marienburg (
1470:
1080:
401:
304:
7424:
7201:
7130:
6535:
6298:
5151:
5087:
4816:
2327:
1993:
1707:
The first stage of the Grunwald campaign was the gathering of all Polish–Lithuanian troops at
1236:). To counter this perceived threat, Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated his forces in Schwetz (
7760:
7688:
7571:
7561:
7397:
7125:
6444:
6293:
5718:
5360:
4872:[The implementation of the project "Memorable Dates of Military History" continues].
2825:
2737:
2263:
2194:
2123:
2051:
2047:
1978:
1676:
1612:
999:
The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania within their vassals between 1386 and 1434
829:, meaning "green forest" in German. The Lithuanians followed suit and translated the name as
719:
in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of
712:
5971:
5838:
5194:
7392:
7263:
6888:
6764:
6678:
6438:
6362:
6108:
5322:
The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385–1569
5220:
5012:
3174:
2837:
2772:
2701:
2572:
2352:
2296:
2240:
2151:
2107:
1672:
1597:
1198:
1160:
1155:
1088:
747:
697:
464:
7722:
7268:
7228:
6368:
6260:
2755:
propaganda poster from 1920 depicts a Teutonic knight threatened by a Pole and a socialist
2274:
during the lifetimes of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas, although another two wars—the
2031:, more knights died there than on the battlefield. The battle lasted for about ten hours.
1075:
removed the religious rationale for the order's activities in the area. Its grand master,
8:
7362:
6789:
6398:
5964:
2784:
2780:
2708:
2428:
Traditional view of army movements and battlefield location according to descriptions by
2340:
2220:
2087:
2016:
1764:
1683:
1593:
947:
867:
859:
413:
6973:
1206:
968:
963:. Other Polish sources include two letters written by Władysław II Jagiełło to his wife
7622:
7384:
7251:
7236:
7183:
7147:
7040:
6611:
6595:
6512:
6429:
6348:
6314:
6266:
6151:
6114:
6054:
5923:
5883:
Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality
5513:
5492:
5268:
4997:(English ed.). Vilnius: The General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania.
2615:
2259:
on 10 October 1410. Following other brief engagements, both sides agreed to negotiate.
2256:
2255:
Władysław II Jagiełło raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the order in the
2163:
2035:
1748:
1033:
1004:
979:
922:
875:
636:
445:
6639:
5809:
14th SGEM GeoConference on Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining
2628:), prominently featuring the battle in one of the chapters. In 1960, Polish filmmaker
2402:
2023:
turned against their masters and joined the manhunt. The knights attempted to build a
1919:
in 1909, they proposed that the retreat had been a planned maneuver borrowed from the
7683:
7502:
7478:
7414:
7327:
7218:
6930:
6857:
6583:
6216:
5909:
5886:
5864:
5844:
5820:
5804:
5789:
5768:
5747:
5728:
5672:
5651:
5605:
5580:
5553:
5532:
5496:
5462:
5447:
5413:
5385:
5366:
5347:
5325:
5290:
5273:
5235:
5186:
5159:
5115:
5093:
5072:
5065:
5051:
5028:
4998:
4961:
4942:
4822:
4571:
2724:
commemorated to the 600 anniversary of the battle. At least three cities in Ukraine (
2595:
2554:
2336:
2199:
2083:
2072:
1589:
1139:
1060:
960:
899:
755:
365:
5816:
4869:
2799:
policies as a continuation of the order's historical mission. For example, SS Chief
2150:
Polish and Lithuanian forces took several thousand captives. Among these were Dukes
2042:) banner, and he was beheaded without a trial. He was the founder and leader of the
951:
is a mid-15th-century manuscript with images and Latin descriptions of the Teutonic
223:
47:
7647:
7507:
7446:
7379:
7357:
7337:
7196:
7176:
7045:
6589:
6464:
6423:
6392:
6169:
5812:
5482:
5474:
5439:
5399:
5339:
5263:
4561:
4549:
2800:
1973:. It seemed that the order were gaining the upper hand, and at one point the royal
1916:
1632:
1523:
1391:
1359:
1053:
1022:
883:
815:
in loco conflictus nostri, quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus, dicto Grunenvelt
488:
478:
468:
7693:
5214:, Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz (in German), Böhlau
2666:), and various organizations. 72 streets in Lithuania are named after the battle.
1291:
570:
7698:
7451:
7067:
7050:
6571:
6175:
5951:
5666:
5317:
4897:[Russia's victory in the Battle of Grunwald is a new historical "fact"].
2808:
2733:
2629:
2599:
2528:
2283:
2177:
1974:
1958:
1924:
1850:
1846:
1822:
1814:
1804:
851:
843:
751:
743:
720:
716:
240:
5992:
5981:
5569:"Archäologische Forschungen auf dem Schlachtfeld von Grunwald/Tannenberg (1410)"
4446:(in Polish). Polish Historical Society and the Historical Magazine "Mówią wieki"
2391:
2267:
1092:
1018:
7456:
4376:"Wmurowano kamień węgielny pod budowę całorocznego Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem"
2588:
2506:
2433:
2266:
was signed in February 1411. Under its terms, the order ceded the Dobrin Land (
2248:
2204:
2139:
1937:
1871:
1767:
and marched the main force to organize a line of defense on the Drewenz River (
1720:
1716:
1664:
1616:
1210:
1164:
1147:
1068:
1064:
1045:
1010:
891:
808:
786:
Traditionally, the battle's location was thought to be in the territory of the
732:
728:
708:
693:
337:
154:
5695:. Vol. 1. Translated by Leonora B. Lang. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier.
3164:
2821:
2663:
2659:
2429:
1997:
After the Battle of Grunwald: The Solidarity of the Northern Slavs (1924), by
1904:
1809:
1668:
1498:
942:
7796:
5878:
5609:
5584:
5294:
5277:
5239:
5190:
5107:
5055:
5042:
5040:
Burleigh, Michael (June 1985). "The German Knight: Making of A Modern Myth".
5032:
4965:
4575:
4398:"Memorial stone to mark Lithuanian-Polish victory against Teutonic crusaders"
4199:
2764:
2651:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2544:
2485:
2363:
2173:
2020:
2003:
1792:
1755:), capital of Prussia, on 3 July. The Prussian border was crossed on 9 July.
1728:
1407:
1221:
1071:
between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The official
1029:
964:
377:
228:
123:
110:
6719:
5848:
5786:
Myth, Memory, and the First World War in Scotland: The Legacy of Bannockburn
5536:
5351:
4989:
4566:
2307:, in 1441. This in turn led to a series of conflicts that culminated in the
1639:
lands (present-day Belarus and Ukraine). Among them were three banners from
916:
Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410
7610:
7367:
7108:
6404:
6234:
5478:
5175:"The Turning Point in the Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald/Žalgiris) in 1410"
4764:
4458:
2804:
2790:
2647:
2406:
1998:
1954:
1920:
1648:
1233:
952:
937:
did not survive, a short summary from the 16th century has been preserved.
280:
276:
5690:
2610:
also erected Grunwald monuments for the anniversary. About the same time,
2448:
Proposed army movements and battlefield locations according to Sven Ekdahl
1838:
1784:
1772:
1680:
799:
94:
7512:
6807:
6600:
6530:
5772:
5423:
3348:
3258:
2768:
2611:
2347:
of 1414, but it was quickly rebuilt. The chapel fell to ruins during the
1780:
1527:
1229:
1171:, catching the Poles by surprise. The order burned the castle at Dobrin (
1084:
700:. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership was killed or taken prisoner.
418:
58:
6816:
5517:
2516:
the Polish government for reliable research of the entire battlefield.
2155:
1856:
1249:
1184:
6997:
6992:
6138:
6132:
5976:
5487:
2795:
2694:
2344:
2279:
2275:
2067:
2024:
1679:, commanded the Polish army, but that is highly doubtful. More likely,
1628:
1565:
1542:
1320:
1176:
1143:
1040:. For about 100 years, the order raided Lithuanian lands, particularly
822:
6828:
4684:
4334:
3215:
2536:
2456:
2039:
1834:
1760:
1732:
1245:
1237:
1123:
795:
5885:(Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center.
2833:
2729:
2716:
The battle is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. In 2010, the
2493:
2271:
2236:
2099:
1708:
1656:
1644:
1180:
1041:
321:
5781:
5619:"W sprawie okupu za jeńców krzyżackich z Wielkiej Wojny (1409–1411)"
2603:
2558:
2288:
2232:
2224:
2167:
2144:
1970:
1768:
1724:
1225:
802:, Ludwikowice) to the south. However, research by Swedish historian
7755:
6707:
5384:. Vilnius: National Museum Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania.
2816:
2481:
2034:
The Teutonic Order attributed the defeat to treason on the part of
1776:
1636:
1620:
1585:
1550:
1511:
1026:
975:
919:
834:
759:
689:
5407:
4699:
The holiday of Hriunvaldska vulytsia (Свято Грюнвальдської вулиці)
2828:, the Battle of Grunwald was styled as an ethnic struggle between
2292:
2228:
6883:
4895:"Победа России в Грюнвальдской битве — новый исторический «факт»"
4870:"Продолжается реализация проекта «Памятные даты военной истории»"
2776:
2721:
2378:
2216:
1752:
1736:
1712:
1660:
1604:
1581:
1573:
1538:
1534:
1507:
1503:
1217:
1168:
1112:
1108:
1091:
in 1404. Poland also had territorial claims against the order in
990:
316:
98:
2669:
1694:
4926:
4637:
4223:
3803:
2135:
2119:
1950:
1788:
1740:
1608:
1577:
1569:
1096:
1059:
In 1385, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania agreed to marry Queen
978:. German sources include a concise account in the chronicle of
866:. Its names in the languages of other involved peoples include
5802:
5702:"Jan Žižka at Grunwald: from mercenary to Czech national hero"
5528:
The Great War with the Teutonic Knights in the years 1409–1411
5463:"Analysis of Visitor Attendance at Polish Tourism Attractions"
4464:
4189:
4187:
3455:
3365:
3363:
4835:
4589:
2829:
2741:
2686:
2646:
which commemorated the battle and was later installed in the
2398:
1194:
1104:
956:
5972:
Account by Jan Dlugosz, written sixty years after the battle
5305:
Tabards on, visors down: fans relive 1410 Battle of Grunwald
4008:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
2533:
1st Infantry Regiment of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
2459:(Tannenberg) and a metal helmet with holes in the church of
2181:, amounting to more than 30 kg (66 lb) of silver.
1874:
and contradicted by archaeological excavations in 2014–2017)
5346:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija.
5114:. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
4482:
4184:
3360:
2725:
2131:
1546:
16:
1410 battle between the Teutonic Order and Poland–Lithuania
5782:"Medieval Battlefields and National Narratives, 1830–1918"
5438:
5112:
God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795
4358:"Frekwencja w atrakcjach turystycznych w latach 2016–2018"
4247:
4205:
3501:
3499:
3354:
3287:
3285:
3264:
3221:
2982:
2980:
2472:
in 2013 but little evidence of the mass graves was found.
1945:
1099:), but the two states had been largely at peace since the
6868:
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
4317:
4315:
4313:
4088:
4027:
4025:
4023:
3989:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3878:
3842:
3830:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3752:
3750:
3708:
3674:
3672:
3635:
3633:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3380:
3378:
3338:
3336:
3091:
2677:(left) during the annual recreation of the battle in 2003
1241:
1187:). However, neither side was ready for a full-scale war.
4852:
4850:
4363:(in Polish). Polska Organizacja Turystyczna. p. 69.
4298:
3854:
3720:
3591:
3540:
3309:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2921:
2919:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2775:, despite it having actually taken place much closer to
2712:
Belarusian stamp for the 600th anniversary of the battle
2654:. The battle has lent its name to military decorations (
5412:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
5131:"Die Flucht der Litauer in der Schlacht bei Tannenberg"
4771:
4276:
4274:
4136:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3496:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3407:
3405:
3282:
2997:
2995:
2977:
2740:
is hosted by a private museum of medieval culture near
2106:
including much of the Teutonic leadership—Grand Master
1988:
739:
as the dominant regional political and military force.
715:, with other territorial disputes continuing until the
5546:
Making a great ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania
4666:
4613:
4601:
4527:"Two axes from the Battle of 1410 found near Grunwald"
4506:
4494:
4310:
4235:
4211:
4160:
4148:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4020:
3977:
3943:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3820:
3818:
3791:
3762:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3696:
3669:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3557:
3555:
3511:
3479:
3375:
3333:
3270:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3147:
3145:
3007:
2936:
2934:
2883:
2881:
2594:
In 1910, to mark the 500th anniversary of the battle,
2386:, as designated on 4 October 2010, and tracked by the
1853:", they became one of the national symbols of Poland.
5668:
Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities
4847:
4818:
Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising
4259:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3205:
3203:
3132:
3130:
3103:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3062:
3042:
3019:
2958:
2946:
2916:
2893:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
1857:
Battle begins: Lithuanian attack and retreat maneuver
4783:
4440:"Z dziejów badań archeologicznych pól grunwaldzkich"
4271:
4172:
4112:
4100:
3960:
3779:
3657:
3645:
3567:
3417:
3402:
3297:
3246:
2992:
1957:
fights a Teutonic knight (detail from a painting by
703:
Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the
4654:
4470:
4408:
4337:(in Polish). Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku
4286:
4124:
4076:
4049:
3890:
3866:
3815:
3732:
3684:
3615:
3603:
3579:
3552:
3467:
3390:
3321:
3227:
3188:
3142:
2931:
2878:
2239:. The order appealed to their allies for help, and
790:, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (
600:
5863:. Campaign Series. Vol. 122. London: Osprey.
5861:Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights
5742:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2011). "Battle of Grunwald".
5442:; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000).
5256:Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
5064:
4548:Strzyż, Piotr; Wrzosek, Jakub (13 December 2021).
3434:
3200:
3127:
3115:
3074:
3059:
2853:
2793:later exploited the sentiment by portraying their
2535:during commemoration of the battle of Žalgiris in
1779:. On 11 July, after meeting with his eight-member
1596:, brought 200 men for the Order, but support from
1044:, as it separated the order in Prussia from their
758:campaigns before and during World War II. Only in
6022:
5650:(in Russian). Vol. 2. Издательство Полигон.
4335:"Historia Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku"
2270:) to Poland and agreed to resign their claims to
1549:, who was supported by knights from the Silesian
817:. Later, Polish chroniclers interpreted the word
7794:
4761:"Our Grunwald Festival to be held for 10th time"
4685:The holiday of the street (Свято вулиці (відео))
4644:
2071:The battle as depicted in the Berner Chronik of
1739:on 3 June and joined the Ruthenian regiments in
1611:produced two full banners, under the command of
974:and letters sent by Jastrzębiec to Poles in the
6698:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
5833:
5594:"Žalgirio mūšis ir lietuvių istorinė tradicija"
5089:Commemorations and the shaping of modern Poland
3461:
711:and suffered minimal territorial losses at the
7079:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
6785:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5344:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties
2211:for two months by the Polish–Lithuanian forces
1912:and has been challenged by modern historians.
1698:Map of army movements in the Grunwald campaign
1118:
991:Lithuanian Crusade and Polish–Lithuanian union
779:The most important source about the battle is
7803:Battles of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
6749:
6735:
6008:
4547:
2783:, which became the tomb of the national hero
2412:
2184:
1142:fighting with Teutonic knights (14th-century
586:
5840:An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500
5446:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History.
5062:
4901:(in Ukrainian). 16 July 2017. Archived from
4631:
4229:
4193:
3369:
2207:, which served as the Teutonic capital, was
955:captured during the battle and displayed in
529:
521:
477:Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode
7075:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)
7063:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
5362:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
5011:
4947:"Žalgirio mūšis Lietuvos istorikų darbuose"
4941:
4841:
4524:
4014:
4002:
3836:
2394:(6.5 million euros) started in April 2019.
2251:promised financial aid and reinforcements.
2038:(Mikołaj of Ryńsk), commander of the Culm (
6921:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
6742:
6728:
6305:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629)
6015:
6001:
5928:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5760:
5741:
5664:
5591:
5543:
4821:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 242.
4711:
4253:
3848:
3597:
3097:
2397:In July 2020, a large stone with engraved
2323:Memorials at the battlefield built in 1960
2062:
1686:commanded the Polish troops in the field.
593:
579:
548:
6926:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
6916:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
5761:Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1976). "Tatars".
5524:
5486:
5267:
5156:The Military Orders: History and Heritage
5085:
4919:
4595:
4565:
3315:
3109:
2632:used the book as the basis for his film,
1775:). The river crossing was fortified with
1262:List of banners in the Battle of Grunwald
7214:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)
5968:, a catalog of captured Teutonic banners
5855:
5788:. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.
5767:. Vol. V. Boston: Juozas Kapočius.
5338:
5324:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
5158:. Vol. 3. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
5039:
4805:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 121.
4777:
4739:"Grunwald, the Great Belarusian Victory"
4525:Boguszewski, Marcin (2 September 2020).
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4217:
4206:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
4166:
4154:
4142:
4070:
4031:
3983:
3954:
3937:
3920:
3908:
3884:
3797:
3773:
3756:
3714:
3702:
3678:
3639:
3522:
3505:
3490:
3384:
3355:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
3342:
3291:
3276:
3265:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
3222:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
3013:
2925:
2910:
2746:
2707:
2668:
2549:
2523:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2198:
2066:
1992:
1949:
1808:
1693:
1615:. Serving among the Czechs was possibly
1134:
1122:
994:
985:
774:
672:, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the
7823:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
6775:History of Polish intelligence services
6519:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession
6255:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession
5899:
5699:
5685:
5648:История военного искусства VI – XVI вв.
5460:
5358:
5209:
5172:
4880:from the original on 18 November 2014.
4672:
4355:
3872:
3585:
3534:
3473:
3163:
3053:
3036:
2952:
2565:
2475:The first more thorough archaeological
2388:National Institute of Cultural Heritage
2377:. The monuments included an obelisk of
1946:Battle continues: Polish–Teutonic fight
1689:
1643:led by Władysław II Jagiełło's brother
7795:
7728:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5988:600th anniversary celebrations in 2010
5720:The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795
5616:
5398:
5301:
5246:
5218:
5149:
5128:
5106:
4987:
4856:
4814:
4736:
4660:
4619:
4607:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4321:
4304:
4265:
4094:
3809:
3449:
3209:
3085:
3001:
2940:
2815:Due to the participation of the three
1798:
833:. The name Žalgiris was first used by
7121:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
6723:
5996:
5877:
5779:
5716:
5645:
5503:
5409:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
5379:
5316:
5284:
4789:
4715:Грунвальд у беларускай гістарыяграфіі
4632:Pumprickaitė, Nemira (15 July 2020).
4420:
4280:
4241:
4178:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4082:
4058:
4043:
3971:
3896:
3860:
3824:
3785:
3741:
3726:
3690:
3663:
3651:
3624:
3609:
3573:
3561:
3546:
3428:
3411:
3396:
3327:
3303:
3252:
3240:
3194:
3151:
3136:
3121:
3068:
2986:
2971:
2887:
2872:
2759:
1886:Right-flank Polish–Lithuanian assault
1702:
1651:under the command of the future Khan
1267:Various estimates of opposing forces
1073:Lithuanian conversion to Christianity
742:The battle was one of the largest in
574:
561:Battle site on a map of modern Poland
7311:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
6964:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
6241:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory
6078:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
5566:
5444:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
4476:
4437:
4414:
4373:
4292:
1989:Battle ends: Teutonic Order defeated
798:) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (
788:monastic state of the Teutonic Order
765:
7547:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
6472:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War
5843:. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
5837:; Johnson, Edgar Nathaniel (1937).
5154:. In Mallia-Milanes, Victor (ed.).
4920:Balčiūnas, Andrius (15 July 2020).
2078:A note sent in August by envoys of
1156:uprising in Teutonic-held Samogitia
526:203–211 out of 270 brothers killed
21:Battle of Grunwald (disambiguation)
13:
7818:Battles involving the Golden Horde
5744:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
5573:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae
5461:Kruczek, Zygmunt (November 2015).
5269:10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2019.157
4737:Čajčyc, Alexander (15 July 2010).
4554:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae
2282:of 1422—would be waged before the
1255:
1201:, who had ambitions regarding the
14:
7844:
6565:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918)
5938:
5746:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press.
5550:Central European University Press
5302:Fowler, Jonathan (17 July 2010),
2744:and includes battle reenactment.
1898:Polish heavy-cavalry breakthrough
1032:. With support from the pope and
692:, decisively defeated the German
7333:War of the Holy League 1683–1699
7036:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
6827:
6815:
6806:
6552:
6497:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)
6147:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
6093:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
6083:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)
5977:Museum of the Battle of Grunwald
5531:. Ministry of National Defence.
5285:Evans, Geoffrey Charles (1970).
5017:"Žalgiris: neatsakyti klausimai"
4887:
4862:
4808:
4795:
4753:
4730:
4705:
4702:. Zakhidny Kuryer. 15 July 2010.
4690:
4678:
4625:
4541:
4518:
4390:
4367:
4349:
4327:
2441:
2421:
1891:
1879:
1863:
1631:. Vytautas gathered troops from
1603:Poland brought mercenaries from
1526:that could shoot lead and stone
1228:) and the Lithuanians along the
1179:after a 14-day siege, conquered
547:
540:
407:
395:
383:
371:
359:
349:
343:Vassals, allies and mercenaries:
331:
310:
298:
286:
270:
258:
246:
234:
217:
205:
199:Vassals, allies and mercenaries:
186:
174:
46:
7316:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676
7306:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634
7294:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621
7247:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618
7165:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629
7160:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625
7155:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618
7143:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611
7138:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629
7031:Władysław the White's rebellion
7018:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
7003:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
6969:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
6621:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
6343:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War
6183:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
5982:Battle of Grunwald re-enactment
5404:"Didysis karas su Kryžiuočiais"
5071:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books.
4912:
3157:
2575:and inspired resistance to the
2465:Frederick William IV of Prussia
2331:Ruins of the Chapel of St. Mary
7498:Greater Poland uprising (1848)
7289:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
7058:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
6703:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
6289:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars
6164:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
6120:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
5811:. Vol. Book 1, volume 1.
5725:University of Washington Press
5525:Kuczynski, Stephen M. (1960).
5086:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2004).
2753:German National People's Party
2720:released a jubilee coin of 20
2656:Order of the Cross of Grunwald
2477:excavations of the battlefield
2245:Wenceslaus, King of the Romans
1647:, the Tatar contingent of the
1191:Wenceslaus, King of the Romans
1079:, supported by Hungarian King
1077:Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein
1050:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84)
1021:(Kulmerland) and launched the
678:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
674:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
40:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1:
7405:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667
7373:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
7046:1444 war against the Ottomans
6873:German–Polish War (1028–1031)
6863:German–Polish War (1003–1018)
6780:List of wars involving Poland
6491:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
6478:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
6418:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
6411:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
6377:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
6335:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War
6329:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War
6323:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War
6309:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War
6050:Mongol invasions of Lithuania
6024:Lithuanian wars and conflicts
5700:Richter, Jan (16 July 2010).
5665:Potashenko, Grigoriĭ (2008).
5592:Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2010).
5173:Ekdahl, Sven (Summer 2010a).
4803:Der Warschauer Aufstand 1944.
2847:
2673:A re-enactor dressed as King
2635:Knights of the Teutonic Order
7415:War of the Bar Confederation
7410:War of the Polish Succession
6525:War of the Bar Confederation
6229:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War
6223:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War
6211:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War
6205:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War
6188:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War
5908:] (in Russian). Moscow.
5135:Zeitschrift für Ostforschung
5092:. Indiana University Press.
4712:Saganovich, Gennady (2002).
3175:Jagiellonian Digital Library
2683:a quarter of pre-war Germany
2057:
1915:Starting with an article by
1671:stated that the low-ranking
487:Kuno von Lichtenstein
7:
7773:Russian invasion of Ukraine
7666:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
7462:War of the Fourth Coalition
7114:campaign of Stephen Báthory
6453:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War
5817:10.5593/SGEM2014/B11/S5.063
5544:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2006).
5365:. Oxford University Press.
5210:Ekdahl, Sven, ed. (2010b),
5063:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
5021:Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos
3462:Thompson & Johnson 1937
2803:told Nazi Germany's leader
2691:new government in the 1970s
2432:and map first published by
2130:) and Heinrich Schaumburg,
1929:Battle of the Vorskla River
1129:State of the Teutonic Order
1119:War, truce and preparations
1115:) in Poland and Lithuania.
794:) to the west, Tannenberg (
735:and marked the rise of the
684:, led respectively by King
10:
7849:
7813:Battles involving Moldavia
7751:Operation Uphold Democracy
7486:War of the Sixth Coalition
7474:War of the Fifth Coalition
7420:Polish–Russian War of 1792
6795:Warfare in Medieval Poland
6770:History of the Polish Army
6659:June Uprising in Lithuania
6088:Battle of the Vikhra River
5380:Jučas, Mečislovas (2009).
4815:Richie, Alexandra (2013).
4720:Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд
2640:1939 New York World's Fair
2500:In 2009 Swedish historian
2413:Archaeological excavations
2191:Siege of Marienburg (1410)
2188:
2185:Further campaign and peace
2054:of the battle until 1945.
1802:
1619:, future commander of the
1259:
1002:
909:
688:(Jogaila), and Grand Duke
670:First Battle of Tannenberg
390:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
372:
350:
299:
287:
259:
247:
218:
206:
187:
175:
18:
7736:
7713:
7674:
7661:Białystok Ghetto uprising
7646:
7606:
7597:
7532:
7491:French invasion of Russia
7437:
7350:
7279:
7192:
7172:Northern War of 1655–1660
7099:
7090:
7026:
6954:
6945:
6908:
6848:
6839:
6801:
6757:
6751:Polish wars and conflicts
6687:
6668:
6649:
6610:
6578:French invasion of Russia
6564:
6547:
6505:
6276:
6249:Northern Seven Years' War
6197:
6101:
6064:
6040:
6030:
4651:Schöningh|pages=296-297}}
4529:. PAP – Science in Poland
4356:Kruczek, Zygmunt (2019).
3812:, pp. 243, 256, 257.
2519:
2305:Alliance against Lordship
2126:, Komtur of Brandenburg (
2080:King Sigismund of Hungary
1588:). Two Hungarian nobles,
1487:
1474:
1461:
1443:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
887:
879:
871:
612:
535:
514:
501:
428:
164:
143:Polish–Lithuanian victory
65:
45:
37:
32:
7833:Battles involving Poland
7579:Second Silesian Uprising
6896:1156 war against Germany
6893:1146 war against Germany
6032:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
5950:10 November 2021 at the
5901:
5835:Thompson, James Westfall
5784:. In Plain, Gill (ed.).
5647:
5617:Pelech, Markian (1987).
5598:Naujasis Židinys – Aidai
5359:Johnson, Lonnie (1996).
4714:
2807:on the first day of the
2718:National Bank of Ukraine
2621:The Knights of the Cross
2470:ground-penetrating radar
2112:Friedrich von Wallenrode
1813:Teutonic Order presents
1203:Principality of Moldavia
1038:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
770:
682:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
7778:Military aid to Ukraine
7589:Third Silesian Uprising
7557:First Silesian Uprising
7552:Polish–Czechoslovak War
7321:Battle of Chocim (1673)
7299:Battle of Chocim (1621)
6484:Battle of Khotyn (1673)
6383:Battle of Khotyn (1621)
5984:(every year on 15 July)
5687:Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas
4801:Wlodzimierz Borodziej:
4687:. News.IF. 28 July 2010
4567:10.23858/FAH34.2021.012
2642:, Poland exhibited the
2209:unsuccessfully besieged
2063:Casualties and captives
1843:Frederic von Wallenrode
1625:Alexander I of Moldavia
1458:Edgar Nathaniel Johnson
1453:James Westfall Thompson
1101:Treaty of Kalisz (1343)
848:Schlacht bei Tannenberg
737:Polish–Lithuanian union
530:Casualties and captives
522:Casualties and captives
97:(Ludwigsdorf), western
7656:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
7599:World War II in Poland
7259:Zebrzydowski rebellion
7242:Moldavian Magnate Wars
7209:Siege of Danzig (1577)
6357:Zebrzydowski rebellion
6284:Moldavian Magnate Wars
5900:Gumilev, Lev (2024).
5764:Encyclopedia Lituanica
5717:Stone, Daniel (2001).
5646:Разин, Е. А. (1999).
5567:Odoj, Romuald (2014).
5479:10.2478/tour-2014-0019
5382:The Battle of Grünwald
4988:Batūra, Romas (2010).
4465:Tanajewski et al. 2014
4378:(in Polish). Dzieje.pl
2756:
2713:
2678:
2644:King Jagiello Monument
2562:
2540:
2357:Frederick I of Prussia
2349:Protestant Reformation
2332:
2324:
2301:Prussian Confederation
2212:
2203:After the battle, the
2075:
2007:
1962:
1826:
1699:
1471:Alfred Nicolas Rambaud
1151:
1132:
1081:Sigismund of Luxemburg
1000:
904:Bătălia de la Grünwald
903:
895:
863:
855:
847:
783:
696:, led by Grand Master
676:. The alliance of the
448:, Lithuanian commander
429:Commanders and leaders
402:Bishopric of Pomesania
73:15 July 1410
7761:2003 invasion of Iraq
7689:Operation Ostra Brama
7584:Polish–Lithuanian War
7398:Battle of Berestechko
7126:War against Sigismund
6900:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
6632:Polish–Lithuanian War
6626:Lithuanian–Soviet War
6445:Battle of Berestechko
6294:War against Sigismund
6072:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
5780:Symes, Carol (2016).
5308:, AFP, archived from
5287:Tannenberg, 1410–1914
5247:Ekdahl, Sven (2019).
5219:Ekdahl, Sven (2018).
5150:Ekdahl, Sven (2008).
5129:Ekdahl, Sven (1963).
5067:The Northern Crusades
5013:Bumblauskas, Alfredas
4438:Drej, Szymon (2015).
4374:Libudzka, Agnieszka.
2826:Soviet historiography
2750:
2738:Our Grunwald Festival
2711:
2675:Władysław II Jagiełło
2672:
2553:
2527:
2330:
2322:
2315:Battlefield memorials
2202:
2195:Peace of Thorn (1411)
2124:Marquard von Salzbach
2116:Kuno von Lichtenstein
2070:
2052:German historiography
2048:stab-in-the-back myth
2011:killed. According to
1996:
1979:Marcin of Wrocimowice
1967:Kuno von Lichtenstein
1953:
1927:had been used in the
1819:Władysław II Jagiełło
1812:
1697:
1677:Zyndram of Maszkowice
1613:John Sokol of Lamberg
1559:Hans von Motschelnitz
1555:Dietrich von Kottulin
1260:Further information:
1138:
1126:
998:
986:Historical background
933:. While the original
927:Władysław II Jagiełło
872:Бітва пад Грунвальдам
781:Cronica conflictus...
778:
713:Peace of Thorn (1411)
686:Władysław II Jagiełło
515:Casualties and losses
439:Władysław II Jagiełło
124:53.48611°N 20.12472°E
7542:Polish–Ukrainian War
7393:Khmelnytsky Uprising
6956:Polish–Teutonic wars
6765:Early modern warfare
6679:Lithuanian partisans
6439:Khmelnytsky Uprising
6109:Samogitian uprisings
5633:on 28 September 2011
5629:(52). Archived from
5228:Przegląd Historyczny
5141:(12). Archived from
4491:, pp. 241, 246.
2838:Battle of Stalingrad
2773:Battle of Tannenberg
2573:Romantic nationalism
2566:Poland and Lithuania
2463:which was gifted to
2384:Historical Monuments
2353:Ulrich von Jungingen
2241:Sigismund of Hungary
2108:Ulrich von Jungingen
1690:Course of the battle
1681:marshal of the Crown
1659:cavalry troops from
1598:Sigismund of Hungary
1199:Sigismund of Hungary
1161:Ulrich von Jungingen
972:Wojciech Jastrzębiec
941:by Polish historian
856:bitwa pod Grunwaldem
698:Ulrich von Jungingen
558:class=notpageimage|
465:Ulrich von Jungingen
89:Between villages of
19:For other uses, see
7639:during World War II
7425:Kościuszko Uprising
7389:1644 Tatar Invasion
7363:Fedorovych uprising
7354:1624 Tatar Invasion
7281:Polish–Ottoman wars
7233:1593 Tatar Invasion
7225:1589 Tatar Invasion
7202:Battle of Lubieszów
7131:Battle of Stångebro
7101:Polish–Swedish wars
7008:Thirteen Years' War
6878:Miecław's Rebellion
6853:Polish–Veletian War
6790:Polish Armed Forces
6758:General and related
6536:Kościuszko Uprising
6435:1644 Tatar Invasion
6399:Fedorovych uprising
6389:1624 Tatar Invasion
6299:Battle of Stångebro
6157:Battle of Pabaiskas
5965:Banderia Prutenorum
5623:Zapiski Historyczne
4598:, pp. 164–165.
4232:, pp. 228–230.
4208:, pp. 142–144.
4097:, pp. 105–107.
3863:, pp. 152–153.
3729:, pp. 148–149.
3549:, pp. 485–486.
3170:Banderia Prutenorum
2989:, pp. 106–107.
2785:Paul von Hindenburg
2781:Tannenberg Memorial
2702:battle re-enactment
2685:, while losing the
2341:Heinrich von Plauen
2309:Thirteen Years' War
2221:Heinrich von Plauen
2088:Stibor of Stiboricz
2017:Mszczuj of Skrzynno
1837:) and Ludwigsdorf (
1799:Battle preparations
1765:Heinrich von Plauen
1684:Zbigniew of Brzezia
1600:was disappointing.
1594:Stibor of Stiboricz
1268:
948:Banderia Prutenorum
939:Historiae Polonicae
888:Грюнвальдская битва
880:Грюнвальдська битва
603:Polish–Lithuanian–
441:, supreme commander
421:from Western Europe
414:Bishopric of Sambia
120: /
7766:Occupation of Iraq
7746:War in Afghanistan
7623:Invasion of Poland
7518:fighting in Poland
7439:Poland partitioned
7385:Ostryanyn uprising
7237:Nalyvaiko Uprising
7184:Great Northern War
7148:Battle of Kircholm
7041:Battle of Grotniki
7013:War of the Priests
6986:Battle of Grunwald
6689:Restored Lithuania
6612:Interwar Lithuania
6596:Revolution of 1905
6513:Great Northern War
6430:Ostryanyn uprising
6349:Battle of Klushino
6315:Battle of Kircholm
6267:Nalyvaiko Uprising
6126:Battle of Grunwald
6115:Lithuanian Crusade
6055:Lithuanian Crusade
5906:from Rus to Russia
5671:. Kaunas: Šviesa.
4943:Baranauskas, Tomas
2760:Germany and Russia
2757:
2714:
2679:
2616:Henryk Sienkiewicz
2563:
2541:
2333:
2325:
2257:Battle of Koronowo
2213:
2076:
2036:Nicholas von Renys
2029:Cronica conflictus
2013:Cronica conflictus
2008:
1983:Zbigniew Oleśnicki
1963:
1910:Cronica conflictus
1827:
1703:March into Prussia
1700:
1266:
1152:
1133:
1034:Holy Roman Emperor
1005:Lithuanian Crusade
1001:
980:Johann von Posilge
961:Vilnius Cathedrals
935:Cronica conflictus
931:Zbigniew Oleśnicki
821:("green field" in
784:
666:Battle of Žalgiris
662:Battle of Grunwald
451:Mercenary Captain
446:Vytautas the Great
129:53.48611; 20.12472
54:Battle of Grunwald
33:Battle of Grunwald
7808:Conflicts in 1410
7788:
7787:
7723:Racibórz Conflict
7715:People's Republic
7709:
7708:
7684:Operation Tempest
7562:Polish–Soviet War
7503:November Uprising
7479:Austro-Polish War
7467:Prussian campaign
7433:
7432:
7328:Great Turkish War
7269:Battle of Humenné
7264:Thirty Years' War
7252:Battle of Kłuszyn
7229:Kosiński uprising
7219:Battle of Byczyna
7086:
7085:
6998:Gollub War (1422)
6993:Hunger War (1414)
6941:
6940:
6931:Battle of Legnica
6882:1072 war against
6858:Battle of Cedynia
6717:
6716:
6670:Soviet occupation
6584:November Uprising
6545:
6544:
6369:Battle of Humenné
6363:Thirty Years' War
6261:Kosiński uprising
6217:Glinski rebellion
5915:978-5-17-153493-6
5892:978-0-929700-25-0
5870:978-1-84176-561-7
5857:Turnbull, Stephen
5826:978-619-7105-07-0
5734:978-0-295-98093-5
5692:History of Russia
5657:978-5-89173-041-0
5600:(in Lithuanian).
5559:978-963-7326-58-5
5506:The Polish Review
5453:978-9986-810-13-1
5440:Kiaupa, Zigmantas
5419:978-9986-9216-9-1
5400:Kiaupa, Zigmantas
5391:978-609-95074-5-3
5372:978-0-19-510071-6
5340:Ivinskis, Zenonas
5197:on 15 August 2016
5165:978-0-7546-6290-7
5121:978-0-19-925339-5
5099:978-0-253-34429-8
5078:978-0-14-026653-5
5023:(in Lithuanian).
5004:978-9955-423-91-1
4956:(in Lithuanian).
4844:, pp. 82–83.
4722:(in Belarusian).
4696:Ivasiv, Natalia.
4636:(in Lithuanian).
4444:jandlugosz.edu.pl
4307:, pp. 45–46.
4244:, pp. 17–19.
4230:Christiansen 1997
4194:Christiansen 1997
4046:, pp. 85–86.
4017:, pp. 74–75.
3887:, pp. 48–49.
3717:, pp. 36–37.
3370:Christiansen 1997
2974:, pp. 57–58.
2658:), sports teams (
2555:Grunwald Monument
2368:Witold Cęckiewicz
2337:Bridget of Sweden
2140:Marienburg Castle
2084:Nicholas II Garai
2073:Diebold Schilling
1771:) near Kauernik (
1727:, and those from
1607:and Bohemia. The
1590:Nicholas II Garai
1495:
1494:
1173:Dobrzyń nad Wisłą
1127:Territory of the
1061:Jadwiga of Poland
1046:branch in Livonia
920:deputy chancellor
896:Bitva u Grunvaldu
766:Names and sources
756:Soviet propaganda
655:
654:
569:
568:
510:11,000–27,000 men
507:16,000–39,000 men
366:Pomerania-Stettin
160:
159:
7840:
7679:Italian Campaign
7648:Ghetto uprisings
7635:, and
7604:
7603:
7567:Battle of Warsaw
7508:January Uprising
7447:Denisko uprising
7380:Pavlyuk uprising
7358:Zhmaylo uprising
7338:Battle of Vienna
7197:Danzig rebellion
7097:
7096:
6974:Battle of Płowce
6952:
6951:
6947:Jagiellon Poland
6909:Mongol invasions
6846:
6845:
6831:
6819:
6810:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6590:January Uprising
6556:
6424:Pavlyuk uprising
6393:Zhmaylo uprising
6170:Crusade of Varna
6152:Battle of Ašmena
6038:
6037:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5994:
5993:
5958:
5933:
5927:
5919:
5902:от Руси к России
5896:
5874:
5852:
5830:
5799:
5776:
5757:
5738:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5696:
5682:
5661:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5613:
5588:
5563:
5540:
5521:
5500:
5490:
5457:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5422:. Archived from
5395:
5376:
5355:
5335:
5313:
5298:
5281:
5271:
5253:
5243:
5225:
5215:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5193:. Archived from
5169:
5146:
5145:on 18 July 2011.
5125:
5103:
5082:
5070:
5059:
5036:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4968:. Archived from
4951:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4907:
4906:
4905:on 24 June 2018.
4891:
4885:
4884:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4845:
4842:Bumblauskas 2010
4839:
4833:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4741:. Belarus Digest
4734:
4728:
4727:
4709:
4703:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4569:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4435:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4018:
4015:Bumblauskas 2010
4012:
4006:
4003:Bumblauskas 2010
4000:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3941:
3935:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3837:Baranauskas 2011
3834:
3828:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3628:
3622:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3415:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2975:
2969:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2801:Heinrich Himmler
2618:wrote the novel
2602:was unveiled in
2583:policies of the
2539:on 15 July 1930.
2510:
2445:
2425:
2376:
2278:of 1414 and the
2110:, Grand Marshal
2050:and preoccupied
1941:
1917:Vaclaw Lastowski
1895:
1883:
1867:
1817:as gift to King
1516:Stefan Kuczyński
1440:Stefan Kuczyński
1392:Zigmantas Kiaupa
1360:Andrzej Nadolski
1269:
1265:
1232:towards Ragnit (
1224:towards Danzig (
1207:Ostrów Agreement
1154:In May 1409, an
1054:Treaty of Dubysa
1023:Prussian Crusade
969:Bishop of Poznań
889:
881:
873:
842:
812:
725:balance of power
705:subsequent siege
607:
595:
588:
581:
572:
571:
551:
550:
544:
493:
483:
473:
412:
411:
410:
400:
399:
398:
388:
387:
386:
376:
375:
374:
364:
363:
362:
354:
353:
352:
336:
335:
334:
315:
314:
313:
303:
302:
301:
291:
290:
289:
275:
274:
273:
263:
262:
261:
251:
250:
249:
239:
238:
237:
222:
221:
220:
210:
209:
208:
191:
190:
189:
179:
178:
177:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
93:(Grünfelde) and
80:
78:
67:
66:
50:
30:
29:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7784:
7732:
7705:
7699:Warsaw Uprising
7670:
7642:
7593:
7534:Second Republic
7528:
7452:Napoleonic Wars
7429:
7346:
7275:
7188:
7082:
7068:Battle of Orsha
7051:Battle of Varna
7022:
6937:
6904:
6889:Siege of Głogów
6835:
6834:
6823:
6799:
6753:
6748:
6718:
6713:
6683:
6664:
6645:
6640:Klaipėda Revolt
6606:
6572:Napoleonic Wars
6560:
6559:
6541:
6501:
6272:
6193:
6176:Battle of Varna
6097:
6060:
6026:
6021:
5956:
5952:Wayback Machine
5941:
5936:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5903:
5893:
5871:
5827:
5796:
5754:
5735:
5707:
5705:
5679:
5658:
5649:
5636:
5634:
5560:
5454:
5429:
5427:
5426:on 3 March 2008
5420:
5392:
5373:
5332:
5312:on 21 July 2010
5251:
5223:
5200:
5198:
5166:
5122:
5100:
5079:
5005:
4994:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4949:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4910:
4899:Republic.com.ua
4893:
4892:
4888:
4876:. 3 July 2014.
4868:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4767:. 20 July 2018.
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4726:(1–2): 152–168.
4716:
4710:
4706:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4436:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4254:Petrauskas 2010
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3961:
3953:
3944:
3936:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3849:Sužiedėlis 1976
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3598:Potashenko 2008
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3098:Sužiedėlis 2011
3096:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3043:
3035:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2854:
2850:
2809:Warsaw Uprising
2762:
2734:Ivano-Frankivsk
2630:Aleksander Ford
2600:Antoni Wiwulski
2589:Russian Empires
2568:
2557:was erected in
2529:Military parade
2522:
2504:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2403:Gitanas Nausėda
2370:
2317:
2284:Treaty of Melno
2231:), and Elbing (
2197:
2189:Main articles:
2187:
2178:Prague groschen
2114:, Grand Komtur
2065:
2060:
1991:
1975:standard-bearer
1959:Wojciech Kossak
1948:
1935:
1925:feigned retreat
1899:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1851:Grunwald Swords
1847:field artillery
1823:Wojciech Kossak
1815:Grunwald Swords
1807:
1805:Grunwald Swords
1801:
1705:
1692:
1584:, and Stettin (
1456:
1334:Jerzy Ochmański
1290:
1264:
1258:
1256:Opposing forces
1244:) near Lötzen (
1121:
1089:Peace of Raciąż
1007:
993:
988:
912:
838:
806:
773:
768:
744:medieval Europe
721:war reparations
717:Treaty of Melno
658:
657:
656:
651:
608:
604:
601:
599:
565:
564:
563:
562:
560:
554:
553:
552:
527:
497:
489:
479:
469:
457:
424:
408:
406:
396:
394:
384:
382:
370:
360:
358:
355:Guest crusaders
348:
340:
332:
330:
326:
311:
309:
297:
285:
271:
269:
257:
245:
241:Pomerania-Stolp
235:
233:
216:
204:
185:
173:
149:
128:
126:
122:
119:
114:
111:
109:
107:
106:
105:
76:
74:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7846:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7828:1410 in Europe
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7738:Third Republic
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7572:Kiev offensive
7569:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7459:
7457:Peninsular War
7454:
7449:
7443:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7390:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7291:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7261:
7256:
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5940:
5939:External links
5937:
5935:
5934:
5914:
5897:
5891:
5879:Urban, William
5875:
5869:
5853:
5831:
5825:
5800:
5795:978-1611487763
5794:
5777:
5758:
5753:978-0810849143
5752:
5739:
5733:
5714:
5704:. Radio Prague
5697:
5683:
5677:
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5643:
5614:
5589:
5564:
5558:
5541:
5522:
5501:
5458:
5452:
5436:
5418:
5396:
5390:
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5371:
5356:
5336:
5331:978-0198208693
5330:
5314:
5299:
5282:
5244:
5216:
5207:
5170:
5164:
5147:
5126:
5120:
5108:Davies, Norman
5104:
5098:
5083:
5077:
5060:
5037:
5009:
5003:
4985:
4975:on 4 June 2019
4939:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4886:
4861:
4846:
4834:
4828:978-1466848474
4827:
4807:
4794:
4782:
4770:
4752:
4729:
4704:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4643:
4624:
4622:, p. 183.
4612:
4610:, p. 179.
4600:
4596:Dabrowski 2004
4588:
4540:
4517:
4515:, p. 258.
4505:
4503:, p. 265.
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4419:
4407:
4404:. 29 May 2020.
4389:
4366:
4348:
4326:
4324:, p. 186.
4309:
4297:
4285:
4270:
4258:
4256:, p. 224.
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4196:, p. 228.
4183:
4181:, p. 166.
4171:
4159:
4147:
4145:, p. 342.
4135:
4123:
4121:, p. 164.
4111:
4109:, p. 162.
4099:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4048:
4036:
4019:
4007:
3988:
3976:
3974:, p. 168.
3959:
3942:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3851:, p. 337.
3841:
3829:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3788:, p. 149.
3778:
3761:
3746:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3668:
3666:, p. 142.
3656:
3654:, p. 141.
3644:
3629:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3576:, p. 139.
3566:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3510:
3508:, p. 338.
3495:
3478:
3466:
3464:, p. 940.
3454:
3433:
3431:, p. 486.
3416:
3414:, p. 106.
3401:
3389:
3374:
3372:, p. 227.
3359:
3357:, p. 139.
3347:
3332:
3320:
3318:, p. 614.
3316:Kuczynski 1960
3308:
3306:, p. 130.
3296:
3294:, p. 336.
3281:
3269:
3267:, p. 137.
3257:
3255:, p. 132.
3245:
3226:
3214:
3199:
3187:
3156:
3141:
3126:
3114:
3110:Balčiūnas 2020
3102:
3100:, p. 123.
3090:
3073:
3058:
3041:
3018:
3006:
3004:, p. 175.
2991:
2976:
2957:
2955:, p. 292.
2945:
2930:
2915:
2892:
2890:, p. 138.
2877:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2761:
2758:
2693:, anti-German
2567:
2564:
2521:
2518:
2488:) and Faulen (
2447:
2440:
2439:
2434:Johannes Voigt
2427:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2366:and architect
2316:
2313:
2264:Peace of Thorn
2249:Livonian Order
2205:Malbork Castle
2186:
2183:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2021:camp followers
1990:
1987:
1947:
1944:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:Johannes Voigt
1869:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1833:, Tannenberg (
1800:
1797:
1721:Greater Poland
1717:pontoon bridge
1704:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1675:of the Crown,
1665:grand strategy
1545:the White, of
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1402:15,000–21,000
1400:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:12,000–15,000
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1257:
1254:
1211:Livonian Order
1165:Greater Poland
1148:Malbork Castle
1120:
1117:
1069:personal union
1065:Union of Kreva
1030:Prussian clans
1015:military order
1013:, a crusading
1011:Teutonic Order
1003:Main article:
992:
989:
987:
984:
911:
908:
864:Žalgirio mūšis
772:
769:
767:
764:
733:Eastern Europe
709:Malbork Castle
694:Teutonic Order
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
613:
610:
609:
598:
597:
590:
583:
575:
567:
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556:
555:
546:
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539:
538:
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536:
533:
532:
524:
517:
516:
512:
511:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
496:
495:
485:
475:
460:
458:
456:
455:
449:
442:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
423:
422:
416:
404:
392:
380:
368:
356:
338:Teutonic Order
329:
327:
325:
324:
319:
307:
295:
283:
267:
255:
243:
231:
226:
214:
212:Masovia-Warsaw
196:
195:
183:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
158:
157:
155:Livonian order
151:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
88:
86:
82:
81:
71:
63:
62:
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7845:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
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7814:
7811:
7809:
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7800:
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7752:
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7735:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7694:Lwów uprising
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7637:contributions
7634:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7616:Eastern Front
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7590:
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7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
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7539:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7523:
7522:Eastern Front
7519:
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7509:
7506:
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7025:
7019:
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7009:
7006:
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7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6987:
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6887:
6885:
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6859:
6856:
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6809:
6805:
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6756:
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6722:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
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6686:
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6641:
6638:
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6630:
6627:
6624:
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6622:
6619:
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6613:
6609:
6602:
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6563:
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6550:
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6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
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6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
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6495:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6297:
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6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6230:
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6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
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6202:
6200:
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6184:
6181:
6177:
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6173:
6171:
6168:
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6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6073:
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6069:
6067:
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6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6013:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
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5946:
5943:
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5931:
5925:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
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5765:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5678:9785430052508
5674:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5644:
5632:
5628:
5625:(in Polish).
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5575:(in German).
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:Frost, Robert
5315:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5137:(in German).
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5043:History Today
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4859:, p. 99.
4858:
4853:
4851:
4843:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4804:
4798:
4792:, p. 86.
4791:
4786:
4780:, p. 27.
4779:
4778:Burleigh 1985
4774:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4708:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4675:, p. 52.
4674:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4479:, p. 62.
4478:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4417:, p. 58.
4416:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4377:
4370:
4359:
4352:
4336:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4301:
4295:, p. 64.
4294:
4289:
4283:, p. 72.
4282:
4277:
4275:
4268:, p. 45.
4267:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4220:, p. 78.
4219:
4218:Turnbull 2003
4214:
4207:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4169:, p. 74.
4168:
4167:Turnbull 2003
4163:
4157:, p. 75.
4156:
4155:Turnbull 2003
4151:
4144:
4143:Ivinskis 1978
4139:
4133:, p. 17.
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4085:, p. 88.
4084:
4079:
4073:, p. 69.
4072:
4071:Turnbull 2003
4067:
4061:, p. 87.
4060:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4034:, p. 68.
4033:
4032:Turnbull 2003
4028:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4005:, p. 74.
4004:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3986:, p. 79.
3985:
3984:Turnbull 2003
3980:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3957:, p. 66.
3956:
3955:Turnbull 2003
3951:
3949:
3947:
3940:, p. 64.
3939:
3938:Turnbull 2003
3934:
3932:
3930:
3923:, p. 61.
3922:
3921:Turnbull 2003
3917:
3911:, p. 53.
3910:
3909:Turnbull 2003
3905:
3899:, p. 83.
3898:
3893:
3886:
3885:Turnbull 2003
3881:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3839:, p. 25.
3838:
3833:
3827:, p. 78.
3826:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3800:, p. 43.
3799:
3798:Turnbull 2003
3794:
3787:
3782:
3776:, p. 45.
3775:
3774:Turnbull 2003
3770:
3768:
3766:
3759:, p. 44.
3758:
3757:Turnbull 2003
3753:
3751:
3744:, p. 77.
3743:
3738:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3715:Turnbull 2003
3711:
3705:, p. 36.
3704:
3703:Turnbull 2003
3699:
3693:, p. 76.
3692:
3687:
3681:, p. 35.
3680:
3679:Turnbull 2003
3675:
3673:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3642:, p. 33.
3641:
3640:Turnbull 2003
3636:
3634:
3627:, p. 63.
3626:
3621:
3619:
3612:, p. 64.
3611:
3606:
3600:, p. 41.
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3564:, p. 56.
3563:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3525:, p. 29.
3524:
3523:Turnbull 2003
3519:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:Ivinskis 1978
3502:
3500:
3493:, p. 25.
3492:
3491:Turnbull 2003
3487:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3399:, p. 74.
3398:
3393:
3387:, p. 30.
3386:
3385:Turnbull 2003
3381:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3345:, p. 21.
3344:
3343:Turnbull 2003
3339:
3337:
3330:, p. 51.
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3292:Ivinskis 1978
3288:
3286:
3279:, p. 20.
3278:
3277:Turnbull 2003
3273:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3243:, p. 16.
3242:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3197:, p. 11.
3196:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3154:, p. 10.
3153:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3056:, p. 44.
3055:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3039:, p. 43.
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3016:, p. 92.
3015:
3014:Turnbull 2003
3010:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2943:, p. 98.
2942:
2937:
2935:
2928:, p. 28.
2927:
2926:Turnbull 2003
2922:
2920:
2913:, p. 26.
2912:
2911:Turnbull 2003
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2875:, p. 75.
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:Tannenberg."
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:New York City
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:Russification
2578:
2577:Germanization
2574:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:William Urban
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2364:Jerzy Bandura
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:) and Thorn (
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2004:The Slav Epic
2000:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1821:(painting by
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:Lesser Poland
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:10,000–11,000
1414:
1412:19,000–20,000
1411:
1409:
1408:Marian Biskup
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:15,000–18,000
1379:
1377:
1376:Jan Dąbrowski
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:20,000–25,000
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:22,000–27,000
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:16,000–17,000
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Hans Delbrück
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1248:) and Memel (
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Vistula River
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:In 1230, the
1006:
997:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
965:Anne of Cilli
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:'s secretary
928:
924:
923:Mikołaj Trąba
921:
917:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
777:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
606:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
573:
559:
543:
534:
531:
525:
523:
520:Unknown; see
519:
518:
513:
509:
506:
505:
500:
494:
492:
486:
484:
482:
476:
474:
472:
466:
463:Grand Master
462:
461:
459:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
435:
433:
432:
427:
420:
417:
415:
405:
403:
393:
391:
381:
379:
378:Duchy of Oels
369:
367:
357:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
328:
323:
320:
318:
308:
306:
296:
294:
284:
282:
278:
268:
266:
256:
254:
244:
242:
232:
230:
227:
225:
224:Masovia-Płock
215:
213:
203:
202:
201:
200:
194:
184:
182:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
156:
152:
147:
146:
142:
139:
138:
133:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
84:
83:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
7790:
7627:Polish
7611:World War II
7368:Smolensk War
7109:Livonian War
7092:Commonwealth
6985:
6841:Piast Poland
6822:
6691:(since 1990)
6651:World War II
6506:18th century
6480:(1672–1676)
6461:(1655–1660)
6459:Northern War
6441:(1648–1657)
6407:(1632–1634)
6405:Smolensk War
6379:(1620–1621)
6365:(1618–1648)
6345:(1605–1618)
6311:(1600–1611)
6277:17th century
6237:(1558–1583)
6235:Livonian War
6198:16th century
6172:(1443–1444)
6125:
6122:(1409–1411)
6102:15th century
6065:14th century
6042:13th century
5963:
5905:
5882:
5860:
5839:
5808:
5785:
5763:
5743:
5719:
5706:. Retrieved
5691:
5667:
5635:. Retrieved
5631:the original
5626:
5622:
5601:
5597:
5576:
5572:
5545:
5527:
5512:(3): 67–76.
5509:
5505:
5473:(1): 47–56.
5470:
5466:
5443:
5428:. Retrieved
5424:the original
5408:
5381:
5361:
5343:
5321:
5310:the original
5304:
5289:. Hamilton.
5286:
5259:
5255:
5231:
5227:
5211:
5201:17 September
5199:. Retrieved
5195:the original
5182:
5178:
5155:
5143:the original
5138:
5134:
5111:
5088:
5066:
5047:
5041:
5024:
5020:
4990:
4977:. Retrieved
4970:the original
4957:
4953:
4931:. Retrieved
4925:
4913:Bibliography
4903:the original
4898:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4864:
4837:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4765:Belteleradio
4755:
4745:16 September
4743:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4719:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4680:
4673:Kruczek 2015
4668:
4656:
4646:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4579:. Retrieved
4557:
4553:
4543:
4533:18 September
4531:. Retrieved
4520:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4450:18 September
4448:. Retrieved
4443:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4382:17 September
4380:. Retrieved
4369:
4351:
4341:17 September
4339:. Retrieved
4329:
4300:
4288:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4039:
4010:
3979:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3873:Ekdahl 2010a
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3659:
3647:
3605:
3593:
3586:Richter 2010
3581:
3569:
3542:
3535:Ekdahl 2010b
3530:
3474:Rambaud 1898
3469:
3457:
3392:
3350:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3217:
3190:
3180:21 September
3178:. Retrieved
3173:(in Latin).
3169:
3165:Długosz, Jan
3159:
3139:, p. 9.
3124:, p. 3.
3117:
3105:
3093:
3071:, p. 8.
3054:Johnson 1996
3037:Johnson 1996
3009:
2953:Gumilev 2024
2948:
2842:
2814:
2805:Adolf Hitler
2794:
2791:Nazi Germany
2789:
2763:
2715:
2699:
2689:. Under the
2680:
2648:Central Park
2633:
2625:
2619:
2593:
2569:
2542:
2514:
2499:
2474:
2454:
2407:Andrzej Duda
2396:
2392:Polish złoty
2361:
2334:
2304:
2268:Dobrzyń Land
2261:
2253:
2214:
2171:
2149:
2104:
2095:
2092:paucis valde
2091:
2077:
2044:Lizard Union
2033:
2028:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1999:Alfons Mucha
1964:
1955:Muslim Tatar
1921:Golden Horde
1914:
1909:
1902:
1828:
1757:
1723:gathered in
1706:
1653:Jalal al-Din
1649:Golden Horde
1602:
1563:
1532:
1520:
1496:
1483:
1424:Daniel Stone
1383:8,000–11,000
1308:Eugene Razin
1287:Karl Heveker
1215:
1189:
1175:), captured
1153:
1095:and Gdańsk (
1093:Dobrzyń Land
1058:
1025:against the
1019:Chełmno Land
1008:
953:battle flags
946:
938:
934:
915:
913:
830:
826:
818:
814:
785:
780:
741:
702:
669:
665:
661:
659:
626:
605:Teutonic War
490:
480:
470:
453:Jalal al-Din
342:
341:
281:Golden Horde
198:
197:
165:Belligerents
52:
38:Part of the
25:
7513:World War I
6710:(2003–2011)
6672:(1944–1990)
6634:(1919–1920)
6628:(1918–1919)
6614:(1918–1940)
6603:(1914–1918)
6601:World War I
6592:(1863–1864)
6586:(1830–1831)
6574:(1803–1815)
6531:War of 1792
6527:(1768–1774)
6521:(1733–1735)
6515:(1700–1721)
6493:(1683–1699)
6474:(1666–1671)
6455:(1654–1667)
6420:(1633–1634)
6337:(1626–1629)
6331:(1621–1625)
6325:(1617–1618)
6269:(1594–1596)
6263:(1591–1593)
6257:(1587–1588)
6251:(1563–1570)
6243:(1577–1582)
6231:(1534–1537)
6225:(1512–1522)
6213:(1507–1508)
6207:(1500–1503)
6190:(1492–1494)
6166:(1431–1435)
6111:(1401–1409)
6074:(1340–1392)
6057:(1283–1422)
5488:11089/18348
4933:21 November
4857:Davies 2005
4661:Fowler 2010
4620:Ekdahl 2008
4608:Ekdahl 2008
4560:: 159–162.
4513:Ekdahl 2018
4501:Ekdahl 2018
4489:Ekdahl 2018
4322:Ekdahl 2008
4305:Ekdahl 2019
4266:Ekdahl 2019
4095:Pelech 1987
3810:Ekdahl 2018
3537:, p. .
3450:Kiaupa 2002
3210:Ekdahl 1963
3086:Ekdahl 2018
3002:Ekdahl 2008
2941:Davies 2005
2822:Jan Długosz
2769:World War I
2664:FK Žalgiris
2660:BC Žalgiris
2612:Nobel Prize
2505: [
2502:Sven Ekdahl
2430:Jan Długosz
2371: [
1936: [
1933:Sven Ekdahl
1905:Jan Długosz
1781:war council
1745:Siemowit IV
1673:swordbearer
1669:Jan Długosz
1528:projectiles
1512:crossbowmen
1499:Jan Długosz
1347:Sven Ekdahl
1230:Neman River
1140:Lithuanians
1085:papal court
1017:, moved to
943:Jan Długosz
807: [
804:Sven Ekdahl
752:Nazi German
748:romanticism
444:Grand Duke
419:Mercenaries
322:Wallachians
153:Decline of
148:Territorial
127: /
59:Jan Matejko
7797:Categories
7633:resistance
7177:The Deluge
6465:The Deluge
6139:Gollub War
6133:Hunger War
5957:(in Latin)
4790:Symes 2016
4281:Knoll 1983
4242:Stone 2001
4179:Urban 2003
4131:Stone 2001
4119:Urban 2003
4107:Urban 2003
4083:Jučas 2009
4059:Jučas 2009
4044:Jučas 2009
3972:Urban 2003
3897:Jučas 2009
3861:Urban 2003
3825:Jučas 2009
3786:Urban 2003
3742:Jučas 2009
3727:Urban 2003
3691:Jučas 2009
3664:Urban 2003
3652:Urban 2003
3625:Jučas 2009
3610:Jučas 2009
3574:Urban 2003
3562:Jučas 2009
3547:Разин 1999
3429:Разин 1999
3412:Frost 2015
3397:Jučas 2009
3328:Jučas 2009
3304:Urban 2003
3253:Urban 2003
3241:Stone 2001
3195:Jučas 2009
3152:Jučas 2009
3137:Jučas 2009
3122:Evans 1970
3069:Jučas 2009
2987:Frost 2015
2972:Jučas 2009
2888:Urban 2003
2873:Jučas 2009
2848:References
2796:Lebensraum
2777:Allenstein
2700:An annual
2695:propaganda
2596:a monument
2345:Hunger War
2297:christened
2280:Gollub War
2276:Hunger War
2247:, and the
2227:), Thorn (
2152:Konrad VII
2025:wagon fort
1803:See also:
1633:Lithuanian
1629:Szczerbiec
1566:Westphalia
1553:including
1543:Konrad VII
1321:Max Oehler
1278:Lithuanian
1177:Bobrowniki
1144:bas-relief
868:Belarusian
860:Lithuanian
823:Low German
819:Grunenvelt
632:Marienburg
115:20°07′29″E
112:53°29′10″N
77:1410-07-15
6981:Great War
6034:(to 1795)
5924:cite book
5708:16 August
5610:1392-6845
5585:2719-7069
5497:130962104
5295:468431737
5278:2544-8730
5262:: 41–65.
5240:0033-2186
5191:0024-5089
5056:0018-2753
5033:1392-0448
4966:1392-0456
4874:histrf.ru
4576:2719-7069
4477:Odoj 2014
4415:Odoj 2014
4293:Odoj 2014
2834:Germanics
2730:Drohobych
2638:. At the
2624:(Polish:
2494:militaria
2272:Samogitia
2237:dysentery
2164:Pomerania
2160:Casimir V
2154:of Oels (
2100:Gvardeysk
2058:Aftermath
1839:Łodwigowo
1785:Działdowo
1777:stockades
1773:Kurzętnik
1709:Czerwińsk
1645:Lengvenis
1637:Ruthenian
1617:Jan Žižka
1281:Teutonic
1272:Historian
1181:Bydgoszcz
1146:from the
1042:Samogitia
876:Ukrainian
840:‹See Tfd›
800:Łodwigowo
617:Czerwińsk
317:Silesians
305:Moravians
293:Bohemians
193:Lithuania
95:Łodwigowo
7756:Iraq War
6708:Iraq War
5948:Archived
5881:(2003).
5859:(2003).
5849:19683883
5689:(1898).
5537:20499549
5518:25777993
5402:(2002).
5352:70309981
5342:(1978).
5320:(2015).
5179:Lituanus
5110:(2005).
5015:(2010).
4954:Istorija
4945:(2011).
4878:Archived
3167:(1448).
2844:Russia.
2817:Smolensk
2626:Krzyżacy
2614:-winner
2486:Dąbrówno
2482:sacristy
2379:Silesian
2311:(1454).
2156:Oleśnica
2128:Ushakovo
1831:Grunwald
1793:Dąbrówno
1763:) under
1749:Janusz I
1657:Armenian
1641:Smolensk
1621:Hussites
1586:Szczecin
1551:nobility
1524:bombards
1250:Klaipėda
1185:Klaipėda
976:Holy See
900:Romanian
835:Maironis
831:Žalgiris
827:Grünwald
792:Grunwald
690:Vytautas
680:and the
637:Koronowo
627:Grunwald
622:Dąbrówno
502:Strength
265:Smolensk
253:Moldavia
91:Grunwald
85:Location
7631:,
7629:history
7520:on the
6884:Bohemia
5467:Tourism
4581:8 April
2765:Germans
2722:hryvnia
2608:Galicia
2537:Ukmergė
2531:of the
2457:Stębark
2436:in 1836
2217:Malbork
2120:komturs
2040:Chełmno
1835:Stębark
1761:Świecie
1753:Malbork
1737:Vilnius
1733:Wolbórz
1715:over a
1713:Vistula
1661:Podolia
1605:Moravia
1582:Bavaria
1574:Austria
1539:Bohemia
1535:Silesia
1508:archers
1504:pikemen
1491:23,000
1484:Average
1478:86,000
1475:163,000
1465:35,000
1462:100,000
1447:27,000
1434:21,000
1418:21,000
1386:19,000
1370:15,000
1341:12,000
1328:15,000
1315:11,000
1302:11,000
1246:Giżycko
1238:Świecie
1218:Malbork
1169:Kuyavia
1113:Daugava
1109:Vistula
1063:in the
1052:in the
910:Sources
884:Russian
796:Stębark
760:postwar
729:Central
707:of the
642:Tuchola
491:†
481:†
471:†
150:changes
99:Masuria
75: (
6661:(1941)
6642:(1923)
6580:(1812)
6538:(1794)
6447:(1651)
6432:(1638)
6426:(1637)
6401:(1630)
6395:(1625)
6371:(1619)
6359:(1606)
6351:(1610)
6317:(1605)
6219:(1508)
6141:(1422)
6135:(1414)
5960:Photos
5912:
5889:
5867:
5847:
5823:
5792:
5771:
5750:
5731:
5675:
5654:
5637:1 June
5608:
5583:
5556:
5535:
5516:
5495:
5450:
5430:31 May
5416:
5388:
5369:
5350:
5328:
5293:
5276:
5238:
5189:
5185:(56).
5162:
5118:
5096:
5075:
5054:
5050:(35).
5031:
5001:
4979:4 June
4964:
4960:(81).
4927:LRT.lt
4825:
4638:LRT.lt
4574:
2732:, and
2604:Kraków
2585:German
2559:Kraków
2520:Legacy
2490:Ulnowo
2461:Mielno
2289:Gdańsk
2233:Elbląg
2225:Gdańsk
2168:Kraków
2158:) and
2145:Elbląg
2136:Sambia
2096:modico
1971:Kraków
1789:Lubawa
1769:Drwęca
1741:Hrodna
1725:Poznań
1655:, and
1609:Czechs
1578:Swabia
1570:Frisia
1488:43,000
1444:39,000
1431:11,000
1428:27,000
1399:11,000
1396:18,000
1367:10,000
1364:20,000
1325:23,000
1296:10,500
1275:Polish
1226:Gdańsk
1195:ducats
1097:Danzig
852:Polish
844:German
467:
277:Tatars
181:Poland
140:Result
103:Poland
61:(1878)
5904:[
5773:95559
5514:JSTOR
5493:S2CID
5252:(PDF)
5234:(2).
5224:(PDF)
4995:(PDF)
4973:(PDF)
4950:(PDF)
4361:(PDF)
2830:Slavs
2742:Minsk
2687:Kresy
2509:]
2399:Vytis
2375:]
2303:, or
2293:Toruń
2229:Toruń
2174:kopas
2132:voigt
1940:]
1731:, in
1299:6,000
1234:Neman
1105:Neman
1027:pagan
957:Wawel
892:Czech
825:) as
811:]
771:Names
668:, or
647:Golub
437:King
279:from
5930:link
5910:ISBN
5887:ISBN
5865:ISBN
5845:OCLC
5821:ISBN
5790:ISBN
5769:OCLC
5748:ISBN
5729:ISBN
5710:2012
5673:ISBN
5652:ISBN
5639:2010
5606:ISSN
5581:ISSN
5554:ISBN
5533:OCLC
5448:ISBN
5432:2010
5414:ISBN
5386:ISBN
5367:ISBN
5348:OCLC
5326:ISBN
5291:OCLC
5274:ISSN
5236:ISSN
5203:2021
5187:ISSN
5160:ISBN
5116:ISBN
5094:ISBN
5073:ISBN
5052:ISSN
5029:ISSN
4999:ISBN
4981:2019
4962:ISSN
4935:2023
4823:ISBN
4747:2021
4583:2024
4572:ISSN
4535:2021
4452:2021
4384:2021
4343:2021
3182:2021
2832:and
2726:Lviv
2587:and
2579:and
2405:and
2262:The
2193:and
2172:150
2094:and
2086:and
1923:. A
1747:and
1635:and
1592:and
1557:and
1547:Oels
1537:and
1167:and
1111:and
967:and
959:and
925:and
754:and
731:and
660:The
528:See
229:Belz
70:Date
5962:of
5813:doi
5602:7–8
5483:hdl
5475:doi
5264:doi
5232:CIX
4562:doi
4402:LRT
2598:by
2543:In
2176:of
2162:of
2147:).
2134:of
1561:.
1455:and
1289:and
1242:Ryn
1197:to
727:in
57:by
7799::
5926:}}
5922:{{
5819:.
5807:.
5727:.
5723:.
5621:.
5604:.
5596:.
5579:.
5577:27
5571:.
5552:.
5548:.
5510:28
5508:.
5491:.
5481:.
5471:25
5469:.
5465:.
5406:.
5272:.
5260:13
5258:.
5254:.
5230:.
5226:.
5181:.
5177:.
5133:.
5046:.
5027:.
5025:26
5019:.
4952:.
4924:.
4849:^
4763:.
4718:.
4570:.
4558:34
4556:.
4552:.
4442:.
4422:^
4400:.
4312:^
4273:^
4186:^
4051:^
4022:^
3991:^
3962:^
3945:^
3928:^
3817:^
3764:^
3749:^
3734:^
3671:^
3632:^
3617:^
3554:^
3513:^
3498:^
3481:^
3436:^
3419:^
3404:^
3377:^
3362:^
3335:^
3284:^
3229:^
3202:^
3144:^
3129:^
3076:^
3061:^
3044:^
3021:^
2994:^
2979:^
2960:^
2933:^
2918:^
2895:^
2880:^
2855:^
2840:.
2787:.
2751:A
2728:,
2662:,
2650:,
2507:de
2409:.
2373:pl
2243:,
2122:.
2082:,
2001:,
1977:,
1938:de
1623:.
1580:,
1576:,
1572:,
1568:,
1530:.
1510:,
1506:,
1213:.
1107:,
1056:.
906:.
902::
898:,
894::
890:,
886::
882:,
878::
874:,
870::
862::
858:,
854::
850:,
846::
809:de
664:,
101:,
6743:e
6736:t
6729:v
6016:e
6009:t
6002:v
5932:)
5918:.
5895:.
5873:.
5851:.
5829:.
5815::
5798:.
5775:.
5756:.
5737:.
5712:.
5681:.
5660:.
5641:.
5627:2
5612:.
5587:.
5562:.
5539:.
5520:.
5499:.
5485::
5477::
5456:.
5434:.
5394:.
5375:.
5354:.
5334:.
5297:.
5280:.
5266::
5242:.
5205:.
5183:2
5168:.
5139:1
5124:.
5102:.
5081:.
5058:.
5048:6
5035:.
5007:.
4983:.
4958:1
4937:.
4831:.
4749:.
4724:9
4663:.
4640:.
4585:.
4564::
4537:.
4467:.
4454:.
4386:.
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3875:.
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3476:.
3452:.
3224:.
3212:.
3184:.
3112:.
3088:.
2143:(
1961:)
1825:)
1759:(
1502:(
1150:)
594:e
587:t
580:v
79:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.